DOCSLIB.ORG

Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems: a Comprehensive Outlook on Current and Emerging Mitigation and Control Approaches

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems: a Comprehensive Outlook on Current and Emerging Mitigation and Control Approaches microorganisms Review Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Outlook on Current and Emerging Mitigation and Control Approaches Assaf Sukenik 1,* and Aaron Kaplan 2 1 The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, Migdal 14950, Israel 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +972-4-900-8233 Abstract: An intensification of toxic cyanobacteria blooms has occurred over the last three decades, severely affecting coastal and lake water quality in many parts of the world. Extensive research is being conducted in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the driving forces that alter the ecological balance in water bodies and of the biological role of the secondary metabolites, toxins included, produced by the cyanobacteria. In the long-term, such knowledge may help to develop the needed procedures to restore the phytoplankton community to the pre-toxic blooms era. In the short-term, the mission of the scientific community is to develop novel approaches to mitigate the blooms and thereby restore the ability of affected communities to enjoy coastal and lake waters. Here, we critically review some of the recently proposed, currently leading, and potentially emerging Citation: Sukenik, A.; Kaplan, A. mitigation approaches in-lake novel methodologies and applications relevant to drinking-water Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal treatment. Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Outlook on Current Keywords: cyanobacteria; harmful bloom; bloom prevention; oxidative stress; water treatment and Emerging Mitigation and Control Approaches. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ microorganisms9071472 1. Introduction Academic Editor: Konstantinos Cyanobacteria (also known as Cyanophyta, Cyanoprokaryota, Chloroxybacteria, and Ar. Kormas blue-green algae) constitute the largest, most diverse, and most widely distributed group of photosynthetic organisms. They were the first to perform oxygenic photosynthesis, splitting Received: 10 June 2021 the water molecule and providing O2 to the atmosphere. Accordingly, they played a major Accepted: 6 July 2021 role in many biogeochemical processes that revolutionary impacted the biosphere [1–3], Published: 9 July 2021 including nutrient availability and the development of heterotrophs and O2-consuming organisms. Presently, cyanobacteria are important primary producers contributing to the Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral plankton, benthos, epiphyton, and epilithon in various aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. with regard to jurisdictional claims in Over the last few decades, they have become mostly known for their notorious blooms in published maps and institutional affil- various water bodies. The bloom-forming genera Microcystis, Anabaena (Dolichospermum), iations. Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, and Lyngbya often dominate the spring–fall assemblages in water bodies. This is being attributed to global warming and anthropogenic activities leading to eutrophication. Cyanobacteria proliferate under favorable conditions of nutrient abundance, warm Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. water temperature, calm weather conditions, and the presence of light, often to the extent Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. of forming a bloom. The ability of many toxic strains to optimize their location in the water This article is an open access article column is a meaningful ecological advantage. This is accomplished through buoyancy distributed under the terms and regulation, which is determined by the balance between gas vesicles inflation and the conditions of the Creative Commons ballast [4]. Consequently, many species of planktonic cyanobacteria accumulate at the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// surface, particularly in the morning after consuming a significant portion of their reserve creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ carbohydrates during the dark, and form floating scums. This surface accumulation 4.0/). Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071472 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms Microorganisms 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1472 2 of 24 face, particularly in the morning after consuming a significant portion of their reserve car- bohydrates during the dark, and form floating scums. This surface accumulation provide the cyanobacteria with better access to CO2 and light while, at the same time, shading the provide the cyanobacteria with better access to CO2 and light while, at the same time, watershading column the water below. column In addition, below. allelopathy In addition, and allelopathy competitive and exclusion competitive support exclusion cyano- bacteriasupport blooms cyanobacteria and the blooms domination and the of dominationthe planktonic of thealgal planktonic assemblage algal [5]. assemblage The prolifera- [5]. tionThe of proliferation toxic cyanobacteria of toxic cyanobacteriais further augmented is further by augmentedlow grazing bypressure. low grazing Blooms pressure. of cya- nobacteriaBlooms of cyanobacteriaare undesirable are due undesirable to the accumulation due to the accumulationand rotting of and stagnant rotting biomass, of stagnant re- sultingbiomass, inresulting taste and in odor taste problems. and odor problems.More importantly, More importantly, as many species as many produce species an produce array ofan toxins, array of cyanobacteria toxins, cyanobacteria blooms constitute blooms constitute a serious a health serious hazard health referred hazard referred to as cyano- to as bacterialcyanobacterial harmful harmful algal algalblooms blooms (cyanoHAB (cyanoHABs).s). This Thishas attracted has attracted the attention the attention of both of both re- gionalregional and and national national water water and and nature nature authorities authorities,, as well as well as the as the general general public public affected affected by cyanoHABs.by cyanoHABs. TThoughhough cyanoHAB cyanoHABss and their environmental, health health,, and social consequences have been reviewed duringduring thethe lastlast threethree decades decades and and recently recently updated updated [6 –[68–],8], it isit imperativeis imperative to tocritically critically review review current current and and emerging emerging approaches approaches to mitigate to mitigate and controland control cyanoHABs, cyanoHABs, their theirecological ecological impact, impact and their, and effect their oneffect consumers on consumers via drinking via drinking water or water recreational or recreational activities. activities.Here, we Here focus, we on focus three on domains three domains that cover that thecover main the levelsmain levels of cyanoHAB of cyanoHAB treatment treat- mentand control: and control: the prevention the prevention of bloom of bloom development, development, in lake/reservoir in lake/reservoir treatment, treatment, and and in indrinking/potable drinking/potable water water treatment treatment (Figure (Figure1). 1). We We do do not not wish wish to provide to provide a comprehensive a comprehen- sivereview review for each for each component; component instead,; instead, we critically we critically evaluate evaluate the methodologies the methodologies currently cur- rentlyproposed proposed to mitigate, to mitigate, eliminate, eliminate and control, and control toxic cyanobacteria toxic cyanobacteria blooms, blooms as well, as as possible well as possiblefuture developments. future developments. Figure 1. Schematic presentation of strategies and techniques implemented to prevent the development of cyanoHAB and to mitigate potential impacts on aquatic ecosystemecosystem andand potablepotable water.water. 2. Prevention Prevention of of Bloom Bloom Development Development 2.1. Early Detection 2.1. Early Detection Naturally, reliable and sensitive approaches capable of the early detection of cyanoHABs Naturally, reliable and sensitive approaches capable of the early detection of cyano- are vital for their effective mitigation. A comprehensive analysis of the methodologies used HABs are vital for their effective mitigation. A comprehensive analysis of the methodolo- for monitoring biotic and abiotic parameters is beyond the scope of the present paper as they giesdiffer used substantially, for monitoring mainly biotic due and to the abiotic size of parameters the water bodyis beyond (for a the detailed scope review, of the present see [9]). paperNevertheless, as they differ it is worth substantially, mentioning mainly that amongdue to the size wide of range the water of monitoring body (for techniques a detailed reviewand devices, see [9]). used Nevertheless, by water authorities it is worth and managersmentioning of waterthat among bodies, the fluorescence wide range probes of mon- are itoringhighly effectivetechniques because and devices they allow used for by the water real-time authorities continuous and monitoringmanagers of of water cyanobacteria bodies, and algae. The deployment of such water quality monitoring systems with multi-sensor probes in tandem with fluorescence devices allows one to follow temporal variations to be Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1472 3 of 24 monitored using the concentration of chlorophyll and accessory pigments as surrogates for phytoplankton, including cyanobacteria in water [10,11]. In addition, very fast progress is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii. Retrieved From
    Cyanobacterium Cylindro I. Current Status and Distribution Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (previously Anabaenopsis raciborskii) a. Range Global/Continental Wisconsin Native Range Great Lakes strain may have originated in South America1 Figure 1: U.S. Distribution Map2 Figure 2: Midwest Distribution Map2 Abundance/Range Widespread: Tropical and subtropical regions1 Not applicable Locally Abundant: Some temperate areas of northern Lake Michigan basin6, Lake hemisphere1; low levels of toxins Erie1, and a few southern reported in Indiana3 Wisconsin lakes; however there are no detectable toxins4 Sparse: Undocumented Undocumented Range Expansion Date Introduced: First described in Indonesian island of 1980’s or earlier4 Java, 19125 Rate of Spread: Rapid under optimal conditions; Rapid in temperate regions; 357,592 cells/mL in Lake Lemon, U.S. strain may have Indiana3 originated in South America1 Density Risk of Monoculture: High High Facilitated By: Warm temperature, eutrophic Warm temperature, eutrophic conditions conditions b. Habitat Lakes, reservoirs, streams, rivers, ponds, shallow systems Tolerance Chart of tolerances: Increasingly dark color indicates increasingly optimal range1,6,,,,,,7 8 9 10 11 12 Page 1 of 7 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Aquatic Invasive Species Literature Review Preferences Low flow; low water level; low nitrogen to phosphorous ratio; high water temperature; stable thermal stratification; increased retention time; high pH; high sulfate concentration; anoxia in at least some strata; high turbidity; high incident irradiation; low macrophyte biomass1; high total phosphorus and chl-a3; requires high levels of reactive phosphorous13,14 c. Regulation Noxious/Regulated: Not regulated Minnesota Regulations: Not regulated Michigan Regulations: Not regulated Washington Regulations: Secondary Species of Concern II. Establishment Potential and Life History Traits a.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanobacteria and Cyanophage Contributions to Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in an Oligotrophic Oxygen-Deficient Zone
    The ISME Journal https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0452-6 ARTICLE Cyanobacteria and cyanophage contributions to carbon and nitrogen cycling in an oligotrophic oxygen-deficient zone 1,2 1,3 4,5 1 1,6 Clara A. Fuchsman ● Hilary I. Palevsky ● Brittany Widner ● Megan Duffy ● Michael C. G. Carlson ● 1 4 1 1 1 Jacquelyn A. Neibauer ● Margaret R. Mulholland ● Richard G. Keil ● Allan H. Devol ● Gabrielle Rocap Received: 21 June 2018 / Revised: 20 April 2019 / Accepted: 26 May 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract Up to half of marine N losses occur in oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs). Organic matter flux from productive surface waters is considered a primary control on N2 production. Here we investigate the offshore Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) where a secondary chlorophyll a maximum resides within the ODZ. Rates of primary production and carbon export from the mixed layer and productivity in the primary chlorophyll a maximum were consistent with oligotrophic waters. However, sediment trap carbon and nitrogen fluxes increased between 105 and 150 m, indicating organic matter production within the ODZ. Metagenomic and metaproteomic characterization indicated that the secondary chlorophyll a maximum was Prochlorococcus fi 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: attributable to the cyanobacterium , and numerous photosynthesis and carbon xation proteins were detected. The presence of chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaea and the nitrite oxidizer Nitrospina and detection of nitrate oxidoreductase was consistent with cyanobacterial oxygen production within the ODZ. Cyanobacteria and cyanophage were also present on large (>30 μm) particles and in sediment trap material. Particle cyanophage-to-host ratio exceeded 50, suggesting that viruses help convert cyanobacteria into sinking organic matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Cyanobacteria Blooms and Their Toxins In
    Harmful cyanobacteria blooms and their toxins in Clear Lake and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California) 10-058-150 Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) Prepared for: Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board 11020 Sun Center Drive, Suite 200 Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Prepared by: Cécile Mioni (Project Director) & Raphael Kudela (Project co-Director) University of California, Santa Cruz - Institute of Marine Sciences Dolores Baxa (Project co-Director) University of California, Davis – School of Veterinary Medicine Contract manager: Meghan Sullivan Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board _________________ With technical contributions by: Kendra Hayashi (Project manager), UCSC Thomas Smythe (Field Officer) and Chris White, Lake County Water Resources Scott Waller (Field Officer) and Brianne Sakata, EMP/DWR Tomo Kurobe (Molecular Biologist), UCD David Crane (Toxicology), DFG-WPCL Kim Ward, SWRCB/DWQ Lenny Grimaldo (Assistance for Statistic Analyses), Bureau of Reclamation Peter Raimondi (Assistance for Statistic Analyses), UCSC Karen Tait, Lake County Health Office Abstract Harmful cyanobacteria and their toxins are growing contaminants of concern. Noxious toxins produced by HC, collectively referred as cyanotoxins, reduce the water quality and may impact the supply of clean water for drinking as well as the water quality which directly impacts the livelihood of other species including several endangered species. USEPA recently (May 29, 2008) made the decision to add microcystin toxins as an additional cause of impairment for the Klamath River, CA. However, harmful cyanobacteria are some of the less studied causes of impairment in California water bodies and their distribution, abundance and dynamics, as well as the conditions promoting their proliferation and toxin production are not well characterized.
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions for Managing Cyanobacterial Blooms
    Solutions for managing cyanobacterial blooms A scientific summary for policy makers This report was prepared by the SCOR-IOC Scientific Steering Committee of the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms research programme GlobalHAB, with contributions from colleagues. GlobalHAB (since 2014) is an international programme that aims to improve understanding and prediction of HABs in aquatic ecosystems, and management and mitigation of their impacts, and is sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. Authors: M.A. Burford (Griffith University), C.J. Gobler (Stony Brook University), D.P. Hamilton (Griffith University), P.M. Visser (University of Amsterdam), M. Lurling (Wageningen University), G.A. Codd (University of Dundee). For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as: M.A. Burford et al. 2019. Solutions for managing cyanobacterial blooms: A scientific summary for policy makers. IOC/UNESCO, Paris (IOC/INF-1382). This summary was prepared by academics from various universities and regions. This summary of solutions is published as a brief information with the understanding that the GlobalHAB sponsors, and contributing authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of appropriate professionals should be sought. Furthermore, the sponsors, and the authors do not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in the text. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of SCOR and IOC. Design by Liveworm Studio, Queensland College of Art, Griffith University.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural, Functional and Molecular Basis of Cyanophage-Cyanobacterial Interactions and Its Significance
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(11), pp. 2591-2608, 7 February, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.970 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2012 Academic Journals Review Structural, functional and molecular basis of cyanophage-cyanobacterial interactions and its significance P. Singh1, S. S. Singh2#, A.Srivastava1, A. Singh1 and A. K. Mishra1* 1Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India. 2GGV,Blaspur,Chattisgarh,India Accepted 5 May, 2011 The cyanophages are double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ds-DNA) viruses, infecting cyanobacteria which are the first oxygenic photosynthesizers and significant nitrogen fixers of the biosphere. The evolutionary findings of the cyanophages do not truly reflect their actual time of origin. They show extreme diversification in morphology, habitat, host range and molecular attributes. They infect and establish an association with the cyanobacterial cells through one of the two modes of multiplication, that is, lytic or lysogenic type which might be dependent upon the environmental signals, such as nutritional status, the presence of any pathogenic condition and the relative concentration of either the control of repressor's operator/clear 1 (Cro/CI) protein that embody the bistable genetic switched regulators that are responsible to a large extent for the functioning of any of the above cycle. Various environmental factors that affect the stability and sustenance of the phages were meticulously reviewed. Genetic exchange and gene shuffling might be responsible for the enormous structural, functional, ecological and molecular diversity of the cyanophages. The cyanophages maintain the ecological equilibrium by keeping the nutrient cycling and microbial diversity at an appropriate level.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Engineering of Marine Cyanophages Reveals Integration but Not Lysogeny in T7-Like Cyanophages
    www.nature.com/ismej ARTICLE OPEN Genetic engineering of marine cyanophages reveals integration but not lysogeny in T7-like cyanophages 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 Dror Shitrit , Thomas Hackl , Raphael Laurenceau✉ , Nicolas Raho , Michael C. G. Carlson , Gazalah Sabehi , Daniel A. Schwartz , Sallie W. Chisholm 2 and Debbie Lindell 1 © The Author(s) 2021 Marine cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on earth, spanning vast regions of the oceans and contributing significantly to global primary production. Their viruses (cyanophages) greatly influence cyanobacterial ecology and evolution. Although many cyanophage genomes have been sequenced, insight into the functional role of cyanophage genes is limited by the lack of a cyanophage genetic engineering system. Here, we describe a simple, generalizable method for genetic engineering of cyanophages from multiple families, that we named REEP for REcombination, Enrichment and PCR screening. This method enables direct investigation of key cyanophage genes, and its simplicity makes it adaptable to other ecologically relevant host-virus systems. T7-like cyanophages often carry integrase genes and attachment sites, yet exhibit lytic infection dynamics. Here, using REEP, we investigated their ability to integrate and maintain a lysogenic life cycle. We found that these cyanophages integrate into the host genome and that the integrase and attachment site are required for integration. However, stable lysogens did not form. The frequency of integration was found to be low in both lab cultures and the oceans. These findings suggest that T7-like cyanophage integration is transient and is not part of a classical lysogenic cycle. The ISME Journal; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01085-8 INTRODUCTION for other viruses in the environment [30].
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Characterisation of the Bundooravirus Genus and Phylogenetic Investigation of the Salasmaviridae Bacteriophages
    viruses Article Isolation and Characterisation of the Bundooravirus Genus and Phylogenetic Investigation of the Salasmaviridae Bacteriophages Cassandra R. Stanton 1 , Daniel T. F. Rice 1, Michael Beer 2, Steven Batinovic 1,† and Steve Petrovski 1,*,† 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; [email protected] (C.R.S.); [email protected] (D.T.F.R.); [email protected] (S.B.) 2 Department of Defence Science and Technology, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally. Abstract: Bacillus is a highly diverse genus containing over 200 species that can be problematic in both industrial and medical settings. This is mainly attributed to Bacillus sp. being intrinsically resistant to an array of antimicrobial compounds, hence alternative treatment options are needed. In this study, two bacteriophages, PumA1 and PumA2 were isolated and characterized. Genome nucleotide analysis identified the two phages as novel at the DNA sequence level but contained proteins similar to phi29 and other related phages. Whole genome phylogenetic investigation of 34 phi29-like phages resulted in the formation of seven clusters that aligned with recent ICTV classifications. PumA1 and PumA2 share high genetic mosaicism and form a genus with another phage named WhyPhy, more recently isolated from the United States of America. The three phages within this cluster are the only candidates to infect B. pumilus. Sequence analysis of B. pumilus phage resistant mutants Citation: Stanton, C.R.; Rice, D.T.F.; revealed that PumA1 and PumA2 require polymerized and peptidoglycan bound wall teichoic acid Beer, M.; Batinovic, S.; Petrovski, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanotoxin and Cyanobacteria Monitoring in Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake 2015-2017
    SCCWRP #1010 Final Report June 2018 CYANOTOXIN AND CYANOBACTERIA MONITORING IN LAKE ELSINORE AND CANYON LAKE 2015 -2017 Prepared by: Dr. Meredith Howard, Biological Oceanographer, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project SWAMP -MR-RB8-2018-0004 Cyanotoxin and Cyanobacteria Monitoring in Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake 2015-2017 Meredith Howard 1Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA May 2018 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks the boat operations crews of the City of Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake for providing boat time for sample collection. The author thanks the following individuals for assistance: Avery Tatters and David Caron (taxonomic identifications), Raphael Kudela and Kendra Hayashi (cyanotoxin analysis), Miranda Roethler (figures, maps and sample collection), Carly Beck and Justin VanderWaal (sample collection), John Rudolph and Chris Stransky (AMEC Foster Wheeler) and Heather Boyd for project management. Funding was provided by the State of California Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) through the Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Harmful cyanobacteria blooms (cyanoHABs) have gained national attention in recent years due to the global increase in frequency, severity and spatial extent of blooms. CyanoHABs cause many water quality issues and can cause illness and mortality in humans, domestic pets, wildlife and livestock. As such, there is a growing recognition that water quality programs should include these biological contaminants, and cyanotoxins should be considered in ecological and human health risk assessments (Chapman, 2015, Brooks et al., 2016). Health advisory thresholds have been developed by EPA for drinking water and draft recreational water quality criteria have been proposed. California established health-based trigger thresholds to protect human and canine health in recreational waterbodies for three cyanotoxins, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a.
    [Show full text]
  • SHORT NOTE Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii (Nostocales
    Fottea 9(1): 45–47, 2009 45 SHORT NOTE Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria): A brief historic overview and recent discovery in the Assiniboine River (Canada) Hedy J. KLING Algal Taxonomy and Ecology Inc. 31 Laval Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2X8 Canada; e-mail: hkling@mts. net Abstract: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wo ł o s z y ń s k a ) se e n a y y a et su b b a Ra j u is a freshwater planktonic nitrogen fixing filamentous toxic cyanobacterium (blue-green alga, cyanoprokaryote) belonging to the order Nostocales. Historically, it was thought to be a tropical or subtropical alga but in the past 26 years since it was recorded in Hungary in 1978, it has been found in increasing abundance in rivers and shallow water bodies in temperate regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, North America and South America by several ­­­­researchers including most recently bR a n c o & se n n a (1991), Pa d i s á k (1997), ch a P m a n & sc h e l s k e (1997), Fa b b R o et al. (1996), dv o ř á k & ha š l e R (2007). ko m á R e k & ko m á R k o v á (2003) give a comprehensive summary of the nomenclature changes, phenotypic plasticity and historic distribution record to 2002. ko m á R e k & ko m á R k o v á (2003) note the first European record was by SKUJA in his 1937 documentation of Greek and middle Asian algae.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Phytoplankton ID SHEET
    Aphanizomenon spp. Notes about Aphanizomenon: Freshwater Toxin: Saxitoxin N-fixation: Yes Phytoplankton Cyanophyta – Cyanophyceae – Nostocales 4 described species ID SHEET Trichomes solitary or gathered in small or large fascicles (clusters) with trichomes arranged in parallel layers. TARGET ALGAE Dillard, G. (1999). Credit: GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab Anabaena spp. Anabaena spp. Notes about Anabaena: (now Dolichospermum) (now Dolichospermum) akinete Toxin: Anatoxin-a N-fixation: Yes Cyanophyta – Cyanophyceae – Nostocales More than 80 known species heterocyte Trichomes are straight, curved or coiled, in some species with mucilaginous colorless envelopes, mat forming. heterocyte akinete Credit: GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab Credit: GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab Dillard, G. (1999). Credit: GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab Notes about Cylindrospermopsis: Toxin: Cylindrospermopsin N-fixation: Yes Cyanophyta – Cyanophyceae – Nostocales Around 10 known species Trichomes are straight, bent or spirally coiled. Cells are cylindrical or barrel-shaped pale blue- green or yellowish, with aerotypes. Heterocytes nWater Laboratories/CyanoLab and akinetes are terminal. Gree Credit: Cylindrospermopsis spp. Cylindrospermopsis spp. Straight morphotype Curved morphotype Dillard, G. (1999). Notes about Microcystis: K Toxin: Microcystin N-fixation: No Cyanophyta – Cyanophyceae – Chroococcales Around 25 known species Colonies are irregular, cloud-like with hollow spaces and sometimes with a well developed outer margin. Cells are spherical with may
    [Show full text]
  • Persistent Bloom of Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii
    Acta Botanica Brasilica - 30(2): 222-231. April-June 2016. ©2016 doi: 10.1590/0102-33062015abb0334 The necessity of management in a lake of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot: nitrogen levels connected to a persistent bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Cleber Cunha Figueredo1*, Gabriela von Rückert2 and Alessandra Giani1 Received: December 23, 2015 Accepted: March 17, 2016 . ABSTRACT Conservational studies of the threatened Atlantic Forest biome are frequently restricted to terrestrial ecosystems. We know little about the water bodies, specially considering that this biome covers the third largest system of lakes in Brazil. Some of these lakes are located inside the protected “Rio Doce State Park”, but many others are found outside this reserve. Th ese external lakes are seldom studied, but understanding their response to human activities is essential for the conservation and the protection of the lakes inside the Park. We evaluated the eff ects of degradation in a lake outside the Park, which shows a constant bloom of the toxic invasive cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Phytoplankton, climate and physico-chemical variables were assessed from 2011 to 2013 to evaluate which were the major determinants of the lake dynamics. Despite the seasonal changes, the lake was always eutrophic, and cyanobacteria, transparency and nutrients were the major indicators of water characteristics. Th e lake seems to be nitrogen-limited and cyanobacteria were negatively correlated with nitrogen levels, since the constantly dominant C. raciborskii is a superior competitor for N. We suggest that the monitoring of nitrogen levels is fundamental to establish management strategies to avoid harmful algae blooms in this Atlantic Forest lake.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Cyanotoxins in Florida's Lakes, Reservoirs And
    Assessment of Cyanotoxins in Florida’s Lakes, Reservoirs and Rivers by Christopher D. Williams BCI Engineers and Scientists, Inc. Lakeland, FL. John W. Burns Andrew D. Chapman Leeanne Flewelling St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, FL. Marek Pawlowicz Florida Department of Health/Bureau of Laboratories Jacksonville, FL. Wayne Carmichael Wright State University Dayton, OH. 2001 Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are population increases of algae above normal background levels and are defined by their negative impacts on the environment, the economy, and human health. Historically, many of Florida's largest and most utilized freshwater and estuarine systems have been plagued by occasional blooms of harmful algae. During the last decade, however, the frequency, duration, and concentration levels of these blooms in freshwater and brackish water have increased significantly, primarily due to changes in land utilization, changes in hydrology, increases in nutrient runoff, loss of aquatic vegetation, and a climate that is very conducive to algal growth and proliferation. In 1998, the Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Task Force was established to determine the extent to which HABs pose a problem for the state of Florida. Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) were identified as top research priorities due to their potential to produce toxic chemicals and contaminate natural water systems. In June 1999, the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) initiated a collaborative study in conjunction with the Florida Marine Research Institute, the Florida Department of Health, and Wright State University to determine the geographical distribution of various types of toxin-producing blue-green algae in Florida's surface waters and to positively identify any algal toxins present in these waters.
    [Show full text]