Corporations Recruit Personal Computers

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Apples in Education, Medicine, Space Technology, $3.00 • Volume Ill The Personal Computer Magazine Baseball, and more ... appe

VOL 3. NO 1. OUR COVER

Apple, the personal computer magazine, is published by Apple Computer, Inc., 20525 Mariani Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014. EDITOR: Monte Lorenzet MANAGING EDITOR: Tony Dirksen ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Neil Fitelson CONTRIBUTORS: Dirk van Nuouys, Nancy K. Dirksen, Ron Perrotta, Don Rutherford PRODUCTION COORDINATOR: Tricia Willcoxon EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Karen Steele DESIGNER: Gordon Mortensen, Mortensen Design Burt Rutan is an Apple owner in the classic mold-a bright and unassum­ ART DIRECTORS: Gordon Mortensen, ing innovator. Rutan designs some of Phil Raymond today's most inventive aircraft. Among his planes are home-built tandem-wing © 1982, Apple Computer, Inc. Reproduction craft that are noted tor being fast, fuel without permission is prohibited. Apple, Apple etticient, and sate. Computer, Inc., and the Apple logo are registered Our story describing how he uses trademarks. Apple computers ("Apples Aloft,'' page 32) echoes a pattern we've heard ABOUT THIS I SS UE before. Rutan bought his first Apple system tor a specific application (main­ If you're a regular reader of Apple Maga­ taining a mailing list), but he soon dis­ zine, you 've probably noticed that this issue covered that the computer could do looks different. In the past, our covers have much more. Now he uses a squadron highlighted the computer's image in the per­ of Apples to help him design aircraft. sonal computer revolution. Our new format One of his latest designs provides puts people more directly into the picture. the backdrop tor our cover: the Soli­ taire, a sailplane prototype that prom­ When you come right down to it, the real ises to bring him prominence in the story we 're following is the people revolu­ world of soaring. He's also started a tion, and the way folks like yourself are company called SCALED, which will using personal computers to discover, cre­ produce scaled-down versions of com­ ate, and enrich their lives. That's pretty mercial and military craft. heady stuff. And fascinating. The cover illustration is an oil paint­ Who would know, for example, what a ing by Braldt Braids, a Dutch illustrator spectacular view at 20,000 feet or a bubbly now based in New York. The cover for­ mat was created by Apple Magazine's flute of champagne have to do with per­ new designer and art director, Gordon sonal computers? Burt Rutan and John Mortensen. Wright would-and so will you, after you read the stories about these two remark­ able men and their companies. In fact, this whole issue is packed with stories about people in businesses using Apple computers. Some companies are large and well-known, like JC Penney, Arthur Young, and Pepperidge Farm. Oth­ ers, such as Cybix- which makes an Apple-based system for designing wooden cabinets-are just starting out, opening up brand-new and exciting markets. This is the first issue of Apple Magazine to be published on a three times yearly schedule. That's not very often, compared to most magazines. But considering that we typically print and distribute half a million copies of each issue, Apple Magazine is actually the largest circulation personal computer publication around. Bigger and better. We think it computes.

Monte Lorenzet May, 1982 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS Page

Guess Who's Coming to Apple ... Arthur Young, Pepperidge Farm, Rockwell, Ford, and 2 by Mike Malone others join the ranks of corporate Apple users.

COMPILER 6

The ~s Have It America's favorite pastim.e enters the Computer by Neil Fitelson Age.

Page 2 The Micro In Medicine Apple compurers save lives-and money-in a by Prudence Lindsay Minnesota hospital.

Also: rehearsing reality, brewing with Apple, life at the threshold.

Profile: John Wright Apples in the Wine Country: A perfect blend for the 14 by A. Richard Immel champagne makers of Domaine Chandon.

Astro·Apple An eye on the shuttle, an ear to the heavens. Plus: a 18 by Patty Winter guide for amateur space enthusiasts.

Page 14 Apple Graphics In Business Companies employ computer graphics to produce 22 by Barbara G. Gibson presentations and increase profits.

FEATURE SECTION: APPLE·AIDED DESIGN 27

Beyond Breadboarding Circuit designers create musical chips, anesthesia 28 by Ron lscoff monitors, and other devices with Apple systems.

A Designer for the Cabinet Shop Cabinetmakers discover the latest tool of their trade: 30 by Renee Olsen the personal computer.

Page 18 The New Drafting An affordable, two-dimensional drafting system 31 by Virginia Bennett offers features found only in expensive computerized systems.

Apples Aloft Entrepreneur/pi lot/experimenter Burt Rutan uses 32 by John Joss Apple systems to design new aircraft.

Apples On: Electronic mail, a family business, education, solar 34 design, and psychology.

Apple At A Glance A summary of Apple products. 39 Page 22

Page 31

BY MIKE MALONE APPLE COMPUTER'S PRODUCTS ARE RAPIDLY FILLING THE BOARDROOMS, OFFiCES, AND LABORATORIES OF ITS NEW CORPORATE PEERS.

"'C. desktop tools available to business have increased in sophistication during the last decade-electronic calculators have replaced adding machines; mini-cassettes supplanted bulky tape recorders; even telephone systems have been designed to do more than ever before. Now the latest tool-the personal computer-is quickly finding a permanent place on the desks of executives and managers. The increasing use of desktop computers in business, par­ ~ ticularly by small firms, had long been recognized by market i5 (/) watchers as inevitable. After all, the power and flexibility of the 0 I W personal computer (especially when armed with the latest busi­ :Z 0 ness software) make it an unmatched tool for helping busi­ ~ a: nesses tackle everyday problems, from inventory control to t; ::J payroll, memo-writing to forecasting, record-keeping to tax _J _J preparation. GUESS WHO ' S COMING

What hadn't been obvious until recently is in 80 offices for tax planning and returns, stra­ Several of the Apple /// systems are equipped that large corporations face similar chal­ tegic planning, graphics, forecasting, and with the ProFile mass-storage hard disk. The lenges at a departmental level. For that rea­ management training; ProFile disks are netwo'rked around a larger son, these large firms have also begun to look • E. F. Hutton Life Insurance Company, where centralized disk, allowing Pepperidge Farm closely at what personal computers can do more than 300 field agents use Apple systems managers to download up to five million char­ for them . to do word processing and financial analysis, acters of information at a time from the cen­ Of course, large corporations-with their and to custom-tailor life insurance policies for tralized disk, and then analyze that computer centers and multimillion-dollar their customers. information at each manager's separate work mainframe computers-already have vast The list goes on and on . These companies station. amounts of data processing power at their and the others described in case studies on Pepperidge Farm acquired its first Apple command. But, for the day-to-day activities of these pages have discovered that the combi­ two and one-half years ago and has not individual managers and scientists, this pro­ nation of low price, high power, and availability stopped purchasing since, says Zezima. cessing power is all but beyond reach, its cost of business software make an Apple com­ When the Apple ///was introduced, the com­ prohibitive and its results slow-sometimes puter the ideal desktop tool , quickly paying for pany moved up to it. days, sometimes weeks. With a personal itself in improved employee productivity, and The Apples have had an almost revolution­ computer, results are virtually instantaneous. ary effect upon mostof the company's depart­ That 's why many companies have turned ments. In the past, Zezima says, business to Apple computers to give their employees plans that could take weeks to put together­ localized processing power. Apple itself has "These tools allow us to with a resulting loss of time and flexibility­ responded to this burgeoning market with a now take hours. "We spend more time on National Accounts Program designed to offer exercise our expertise analysis and less on number-crunching. And an integrated purchase and support package at a higher level." it's saved us a lot of money. to large corporate customers. "You can run a business more efficiently by Several large firms now use Apple systems putting computer power in the hands of the for a variety of tasks, among them: people who make the decisions. And it's a lot • Rockwell International, where Apple com­ reducing the strain on central corporate com­ easier to teach a manager to use an Apple puters are used by the Corporate Planning puter systems. than it is to teach a computer specialist how to Department to generate business graphics run a firm ." and perform specialized types of analysis and PEPPERIDGE FARM Apparently the management of Pepper­ calculations; idge Farm agrees. The firm now has more • Ford Motor Company, where Apple systems Food giant Pepperidge Farm of Norwalk, than 300 trained Apple users. are used for financial modeling and engineer­ Connecticut, estimates that it has more than The company is also studying the possibil­ ing graphics; 900 distinct applications for its 50 Apple Ills at ity of linking together all of their Apple systems • Procter and Gamble, where more than 250 10 different plant locations. into a single communications network sup­ Apple computers are used in offices around According to Peter J. Zezima, manager of ported by a large central computer. The result­ the world for financial analysis, data acquisi­ computer services, his firm 's Apple Ills are ing system, Zezima says, would further tion and control, and word processing; being used for everything from market fore­ enhance their use of electronic mail, word • Touche Ross & Co., a "big eight " accounting casting to production scheduling, labor stud­ processing, graphics, distributed processing, firm that uses Apple/// and Apple II computers ies to simulations and profit/loss analysis. and other applications.

AUDITING . .. WITH AN APPLE

s more companies have computer­ more, the client can 't always provide the the transfer of information from the company's ized their financial records, their necessary computer time to run it." computer. The client's staff tells the Arthur A external auditors have had to mod­ The AuditComputer makes it possible for Young professionals how the computerized files ify testing procedures to keep Arthur Young auditors to examine and test are stored. Then, the information is transferred pace with the new technology, records without major disruptions to the client. to a large-capacity, 20-megabyte hard disk, Arthur Young & Company of New York, a Arthu r Young's computer-trained auditors first either by direct transfer using telecommunica­ "big eight" accounting firm, has been a leader transfer selected financial data from a compa­ tions from the client's system to the Arthur in adapting to computerized auditing, and ny's mainframe computer system onto the Young offices, or by copying from floppy disks among the first to recognize how personal AuditComputer's "hard disk." The information created on the client 's system. computers could help their auditing proce­ on the disk is then analyzed using special audit Once the financial information is loaded onto dures. For the past four years, they've been software developed for the Apple ///; the client the hard disk, Arthur Young's auditors use their using Apple lls in offices all around the country often does not have to provide additional com­ own Apple /// audit software to sample, ana­ for financial planning and other tasks. puter time for audit testing. The records can be lyze, and review it. If there's an enormous data Today, Arthur Young is using the Apple ///to reviewed and sampled without any risk to the requirement-such as reviewing millions of help them perform audit testing more efficiently information contained in the client's files. transactions-the analysis must still be and effectively. Integrated into a larger system The AuditComputer was developed because performed directly on the client's system. called the AuditComputer,™it's the latest devel­ Arthur Young auditors wanted to examine and "Because it's adaptable to a variety of audit­ opment in the firm 's commitment to the test client records produced on a wide variety ing applications," explains Richardson, "the increased use of microcomputers. of mainframe and minicomputer systems. With AuditComputer gives us a tool that's both flexi­ "In the past, we've depended only on out­ the AuditComputer, auditors have direct and ble and cost-effective. We expect it to have a side service centers, or run our audit software easy access to all the data they need to per­ significant impact on our audit testing." directly on the client's system," explains Rick form their own analyses. -Tony Dirksen Richardson, Arthur Young's national director Arthur Young's computer auditors typically of computer auditing. "But our software can't need the help of the client's programming staff ™AuditComputer is a trademark of be compatible with every system, and what's only at the beginning of the audit, to facilitate Arthur Young & Company.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1 4 GUESS WHO ' S COMING

THE BANK OF LOUISVILLE mass-storage disks) that are used for every­ Boston office. thing from computation to word processing. Laventhol's introduction to Apple came With 135Apple II systems, the Bank of Lou­ And that's just the beginning, says Potts. As when Sneider bought his own system in 1978. isville, Kentucky, is the world's largest finan­ the bank grows, so will its use of Apple com­ It wasn't until the nextyear, however, after he cial user of Apple computers-and probably puters. Furthermore, the Apples have begun acquired a copy of the VisiCalc®program, that the largest financial user of any personal com­ to pay for themselves in an unexpected way. Sneider began to use the system extensively puter product. Some of the software that the bank developed for servicing clients. (VisiCa/c is an "elec­ The Bank of Louisville has a long history of for its own use will be marketed to other banks tronic worksheet" that allows the user to cre­ using the latest in technology to help its as well. ate financial models in a familiar employees improve customer service. Until row-and-column format.) 1978, the bank used card-programmed calcu­ LAVENTHOL & HORWATH Soon afterward, representatives of Laven­ lators to help its 27 branches process install· thol's corporate offices in Philadelphia came ment loans. In August of that year, curious Laventhol & Horwath, one of America's to Boston to watch Sneider's Apples in action. about the newly-born personal computer largest accounting and consulting firms, has They were impressed- and decided to industry, bank executives decided to acquire more than 50 Apple systems in its offices acquire Apples for their own offices. an Apple II system and test its effectiveness across the country They are being used for a "We've discovered a phenomenal number vis-a-vis the calculators. wide range of applications, including prepar- of ways for using the Apples to help our cli­ "We looked at a lot of systems and decided ents, whatever their business orientation­ to go with Apple," says Robert W Potts, vice real estate, health care, leisure, president of the microcomputer department. manufacturing, wholesale, or retail,'' says "We were impressed by both its price and its "It's a lot easier to Sneider. "The machines have easily paid for flexibility." teach a manager themselves. Applications for the computers began to to use an Apple than "And we keep on adding to them. Right appear soon after they were installed. In a now we're expanding the use of Apples as short time, the branch offices were using their it is to teach a intelligent terminals hooked into the time­ Apple systems (equipped with modems) to computer specialist how sharing networks we've used for years, and transmit real estate data from the main office to run a firm." we're investigating the advantages of local to the branches. They also figured that if infor­ networking." II mation could flow one way, it could flow the Mike Malone is a freelance writer and a former business reporter other. Soon the branches were using their with the San Jose Mercury-News. Apples to send loan applications to the central ing forecasts and feasibility studies for clients; More on how other businesses are using office. creating business plans for new company Apple systems: As the system now stands, each branch start-ups; doing tourism studies for govern­ • Dumaine Chandon ...... page 14 has two Apple systems: one with two disk ment agencies; and performing any additional • TRW ...... page 20 drives and a letter-quality printer for data pro­ financial and tax planning analyses that cli­ • Bloomingdale's ...... page 22 cessing and data transfer; the other with one ents may require. • Bell & Howell ...... page 24 disk drive and a thermal printer for loan calcu­ "These tools allow us to exercise our • Rutan Aircraft ...... page 32 lations. In addition, there are dozens of Apples expertise at a higher level,'' explains Allen • JCPenney ...... page 34 at the main office (some connected to large, Sneide r, an audit practice partner in the firm's ® VisiCalc is the registered trademark of VisiCorp.

$100,000,000,000,000 ANa-cOUNTING

uestion: What financial market than 80 clients. The company produces four the largest foreign exchange manager in the amounts to more than $100 trillion publications that analyze the movements of 27 Netherlands, and possibly the world's largest Q per year and affects nearly every­ currencies and forecast buy and sell signals exporter of natural gas. one in the United States, yet over various time frames, from one day to five "It helps our decision-making to see up-to· involves only a few private investors? years. "We do much of our analysis on the the-minute graphs of currency movements Answer: The international currency Apples," says Dr. Charles Ramond, president of before the European market opens,'' explains exchange. Predex. Tjeerd J. J. de Vries, treasurer of Gasunie. The Firms doing business internationally have to In addition, the firm offers the Predex Tele­ information is sent in the evening from New be concerned with daily fluctuations in cur­ screen® Service, sending clients daily updated York via an electronic mail phone call. and is rency exchange rates-the official conversion comparisons, forecasts, and graphs of the five waiting for Gasunie in the Netherlands at the rates between different world currencies that major currencies. Using software developed at start of business the following day. allow, for example, dollars to be exchanged for Predex, an Apple computer in New York can Ramond says that an important factor in Deutsche marks, or yen for French francs. communicate with other Apples anywhere in Predex's choice of an Apple-based system was To hedge against losses created by sudden the world, without the aid of a time-sharing the dedication of Apple Computer's dealers, changes in these rates, international firms computer. who have served Predex by making systems often buy or sell contracts for delivery or "We could get the actual figures to them any and support available to the company's clients acceptance of currencies at a future date. By number of ways,'' Ramond says. "But there's around the world. doing so, they're able to lock in rates of no substitute for Tele$creen's graphic descrip­ As for the machines themselves, Ramond exchange that they believe are favorable. tion of movements in currency rates. says, "the Apples have done everything we Predex of New York City has been one of the "We've gotten a very favorable response wanted them to do." He realizes that he could most successful firms at forecasting and pre­ from our clients about the Telescreen Service. go to larger computers, but says, "we'll proba­ dicting changes in the international currency It reduces one of their major concerns- the bly stick with the Apples for a number of years. exchange market. The firm uses Apple com­ fear of not getting the full story of the market Aftt3r all, you don't need an elephant gun to puters to compile pertinent financial data, fore­ as fast as the other guy." shoot goldfish." cast future movements, and predict day-to-day Current clients of the. Telescreen Service -Ron Perrotta market changes. include Colgate-Palmolive, McDonald's Corpo­ Predex provides this information for more ration, Hygrade Food Company, and Gasunie, ®Telescreen is the registered trademark of Predex Corporation.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 5 HE A'S HAVE IT firm that specializes in the players involved. sports business, helped the "The better the broadcast, The Oakland P\s of the new management build a front­ the more listeners you have, 1 early 1970s were an office staff, select an advertis­ which leads to higher ratings, awesome baseball ing agency, and develop a higher ad revenues for the team. From 1971 through 1975, comprehensive marketing station-and higher rights fees they won five straight American approach. These changes, for the P\s." League Western Division pen­ combined with the team's per­ ADDING DRAMA nants, capturing consecutive formance, raised the P\s to new TO THE GAME World Series titles in '72, '73, heights of success at the gate. The P\s Apple system is and '74. " Most fans aren't involved in equipped with three Disk II Between 1976 and 1979, pennant races and won-loss drives, a Silentype® printer, a however, the franchise began records," points out Matt D.C. Hayes Micromodem,™ to come apart at the seams. Levine, Pacific Select presi­ two monitors (one for computer The nucleus of stars from the dent. "Three-fourths of them operator Jay Alves, one for the championship teams- Reggie attend five or fewer games a announcers), and Edge 1.000 Jackson, Vida Blue, Joe Rudi, season, and winning is only one software, written in the Pascal Gene Tenace, Rollie Fingers, factor in how they spend their language by Dr. Richard Cra­ Sal Bando-either played out entertainment dollar." mer, Pacific Select's director of their options or were traded. In addition to helping with research and development. A Attendance plummeted from new marketing strategies that third monitor is being added to 1,075,518 in 1975 to less than put nearly a half-million more the team's TV broadcast booth 310,000 in 1979. people in the seats, Pacific this season. The P\s attendance Select also advised the P\s on a Before each game (the com­ rebounded to 840,000-plus dur­ variety of baseball matters, puter travels with the team on ing the 1980 season, thanks including media relations, ways the road), files containing up-to­ largely to the popularity of new to increase the value of radio date information on the P\s and manager Billy Martin. and television rights, as well as their opponents are down­ Walter Haas, Jr., who pur­ new approaches to game tac­ loaded over telephone lines chased the team in the fall of tics and to streamlining scout­ from a DEC-10 located in Phila­ 1980 from Charlie Finley, has ing and farm system analysis. delphia. The mainframe, which revitalized the franchise with All involve an Apple II Plus, houses data on all the teams in the help of P\s president Roy affectionately dubbed the P\s the American League, also per­ Eisenhardt and executive vice "Green Apple." forms analyses on game president Wally Haas. Last First the company intro­ records logged and uploaded year, despite the major league duced the computer into the by Alves using Edge 1.000. baseball strike that cut 25 team's radio broadcast booth to Available information on home games from their sched­ provide announcers Lon Sim­ each player includes: his cur­ ule, the club drew a record mons and Bill King quick rent and last-year batting aver­ 1,311, 761 fans. Oakland also access to a wealth of statistical ages; his batting average-to­ won the American League information. According to date against the starting Western Division pennant. Pacific Select vice president pitcher, the opposing team, and But the P\s winning season Thomas Black, "The idea was all left- and right-handed was only one factor contribut­ to enhance the quality of the pitchers; home and away aver­ ing to the dramatic turnaround broadcast by adding fabric to ages; and batting averages for in attendance. Pacific Select what the announcers had to the player's last 5 and 10 games. Corp, a marketing consulting say about the teams and ball- As if that weren't enough,

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 6 player performance analyses League Scouting Bureau on (such as "Leads team in home thousands of high school, col­ BREWING WITH APPLE runs, doubles, and RBis ... lege, and professional players. Batting .317 with runners on In addition to listing biographi- The art of brewing beer has and .366 with runners in scor­ cal details (address, age, evolved slowly over centuries, ing position ... Scores runner height, weight, salary, position, with techniques passed down from third base with less than organization, etc.), the data from generation to generation. two outs 30 % of the time . ..") base also includes scouting But respect for the wisdom of are also at Alves's fingertips. reports on each player's abili- experience doesn't prevent the Because of the volume of ties in 10 areas: hitting, power, best brewers from applying data available to them, Sim­ speed, base running, arm today's technology to their art. mons and King preselect the strength, accuracy, fielding, Dr. Joe Owades, director of types of information they want range, baseball instinct, and the Center for Brewing Studies loaded at various stages of the aggressiveness. and a consultant to brewers game. For example, the first Data files also contain valu- across the U.S., has 25 years time each player comes to the able scouting notes ("Never of experience in the business. plate, according to Alves, they hits to right-center .. . Great One of his services is the generally want to see the man's arm ... Throws out runners at development of new recipes, batting averages against the third with consistency ...") use- known in the trade as "mash starting pitcher and the oppos­ ful in the assessing of players. bills." With his Apple II com- ing team; the second time up, The system comes in puter and an off-the-shelf copy his averages versus left- and extremely handy prior to the of VisiCa/c, Dr. Owades has set right-handed pitching. The annual amateuP draft, as well up a quick way to test the broadcasters then weave the as when the P\s are contem- chemical validity of his recipes. details into their play-by-play plating trades. "Say the P\s He enters potential mash bills commentary want to evaluate all the second into his own template, which "The computer gives us basemen in the Yankee and contains formulas for the rela- instant information," says Sim­ Red Sox organizations under tionships among various ingre- mons. "You don't have to 25 years of age with a total rat- dients, final alcohol content, thumb through 50 pounds of ing of 45 points or more," sug- and cost. With a few key- paper to get the information gests Black. Instead of wading strokes he can then determine, you need to know" through file cabinets and for example, how an increase The system is fast and flexi­ spending hours collating the in the amount of corn affects ble enough for the announcers material, "They can rifle the alcohol content, brewing to stray from their pre-game through the data base and get time, and cost of beer. plan and make special requests a printout within minutes." The proof of the brew is still as the contest unfolds. If, for The data base, which con- in the drinking, of course, and instance, the P\s Tony Armas is tains scouting information on now Dr. Owades spends less at the plate with a runner on the 100-plus players in the Oak- time calculating mash bills and second, King or Simmons land organization, also enables more time evaluating flavors. might ask for Armas's batting the front office to monitor and At the Schaefer Brewing average with runners in scoring assign personnel throughout Company in Allentown, Penn- position. Or, if a pitcher appears the P\s farm system. sylvania, biochemist Charlie to be tiring, they can quickly Pacific Select is now Baird has incorporated an get an update on how many approaching other major Apple II into his quality assur- pitches he has thrown (plus league teams with the idea of ance procedures. Baird has how many were balls, strikes, adding Apple-based information written a program to compile fouled off), as well as how management systems to their taste-test analyses, comparing many batters he has been daily operations. They've up to five separate brews for 21 behind in the ball-strike count. already sold a system to the different characteristics. "It helps the announcers add Chicago White Sox that will "What it's doing is looking for drama to the game," says allow the team to keep track of statistical differences between Levine. 2000 players. According to Black, products," he explains. "The In addition to providing King the reception of other teams taste-test analysts are always and Simmons with a steady has been highly favorable. generating unmanageable col- flow of information, Alves also "There are so many applica- lections of numerical ratings. records every event in the tions in baseball where the This program gives them an game pitch-by-pitch and saves portable power of this Apple- easy way to identify the statisti- the data to diskette. based system may be cally significant differences SCOUTING SIMPLIFIED harnessed-broadcasting, among various brews." The Apple II Plus also figures media relations, player evalua- Like personal computer heavily in the P\s ongoing scout­ tion, and team tactics-that its users in other fields, Baird has ing efforts aimed at keeping the use will become the norm in found VisiCa/c an "invaluable" organization stocked with top­ three to five years." tool. "I use it as a one- notch players. - Neil Fite/son dimensional data base," he A data base management says. "Product goes into the system developed by Pacific ® Silentype is the registered trademark warehouse in chronological Select is used to store and of Apple Computer, Inc. sequence, but it comes out as ™D.C. Hayes Micromoden is a classify information compiled trademark of Hayes Microcomputer it's needed. VisiCa/c is the best by P\s scouts and the Major Products, Inc. way I've found yet to maintain

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 7 records." He also uses The year Leslie Roy, a third­ further by putting an Apple in Data· FactorijID to track cus­ generation hops grower, control of a drying kiln. By pro­ tomer complaints, which can decided to tame the proliferat­ gramming the computer to take usually be traced to a quality­ ing paperwork with an Apple continuous measurements of control problem in distribution computer. Now he keeps his temperature, air flow, and rela­ procedures. By keeping all records in an organized, acces­ tive humidity, and make adjust­ complaints in a computerized sible data base. ments as appropriate, Kranzler data base, Baird can find geo­ Roy is collecting data on the hopes to speed the drying proc­ graphical and chronological yields of different varieties of ess and to keep fuel costs at a patterns to help him identify the hops and the results of different bare minimum. source of any problem. growing techniques, in order to -Susan Luttner IT STARTS WITH THE HOPS make more informed decisions. ® The Data Factory is the registered Although hops have little to He is also keeping more trademark of Micro Lab, Inc. do with the alcoholic effects of detailed payroll records, in an beer, they have much to do effort to determine exactly how with the flavor. Originally added the farm's resources are split as a preservative, hops have between hops and apple pro­ LIFE AT THE THRESHOLD become an essential ingredi­ duction. The Roys had been ent, contributing the distinctive, doing cost studies by hand for Disaster strikes. Hundreds, bittery taste to the brew. years, but they had always had maybe thousands, of people Because of their rapid a fairly large uncertainty factor are affected. Who has the growth, hop plants are particu­ in their calculations. resources to help? larly sensitive to the availability The Apple computer also Threshold America, a non­ of fertilizer and water. To ensure lets the Roys take advantage of profit, crisis-intervention organi­ a successful crop, the farmer agricultural software, such as zation, often works behind the must keep scrupulous records the hop-drying simulation pro­ scenes during emergencies to of how much of each has been gram developed by Dr. Glenn coordinate relief operations. put on the field, and when. Kranzler and Marvin Stone at Since a fast response and During the month-long har­ Washington State University in accurate information are vest, the growers have to work Pullman. The program allows essential in a crisis, Threshold hard and fast. Many farms hops growers to test out vari­ uses the most current techno­ have a crew in the field 24 ous drying strategies, telling logical tools to help them hours a day, cutting the vines them how long each process quickly develop solutions. and transporting them to other would take and how much fuel Among those tools is an Apple. workers at the picking it would use. In early 1982, a disastrous machines. The plants will then The drying, which is critical storm struck close to Thresh­ need no more attention until to the quality of the hops, is an old's Marin County, California, early spring. Because of the energy-intensive operation that home; killing 38 people, injuring changing labor requirements, has become increasingly more than a thousand, and hops farmers must employ expensive. In the standard destroying 231 residences. both a permanent staff and a technique used by most Damage was estimated at back-up crew of temporary farmers, green hop cones are more than $300 million. workers who know how to culti­ spread in the drying kilns to a Threshold took on the monu­ vate and harvest hops. depth of 35-40 inches. Air mental task of coordinating All of these considerations heated to about 140 degrees is relief during the critical first add up to a huge bookkeeping blown up through the hops, to days of the storm. And Apple headache. With 800 acres of bring moisture content from 80 lent three additional computers hop plants under cultivation, percent to 9 percent. to the rescue operation. Roy Farms, Inc., in Washington With Kranzler's and Stone's "We began to monitor the state's Yakima Valley, was program, the farmer can storm on December 31 ,'' says awash in records: soil quality manipulate drying variables, Renwick Breck, chairman of records, irrigation records, pest such as initial moisture content, Threshold, "and continued doc­ control records, crop yield drying temperature, and airflow umenting it until the end of Jan­ records, fertilization records, rate, to see what procedure uary With our information, we and employment records. Last would work best with the avail­ were able to see the extent of able equipment. The program the mud damage, and make also models non-conventional immediate damage assess­ methods such as layer drying, ments that triggered aid from recirculation, and reverse flow. Federal relief programs." "There are significant sav­ Countless businesses and ings to be realized,'' says homeowners benefitted from Kranzler. "On the Roys's farm, Breck's list of public and private for example, an energy savings agencies with resources to of 10 percent would mean donate. He also developed more than a $5000 reduction in solutions for the victims' long­ their fuel costs." term needs-solutions such as Initial response to the pro­ organizing financial institutions gram has been enthusiastic. to offer low-interest rebuilding The researchers are now plan­ loans, since mud damage is ning to take the process a step not covered by most insurance.

8 APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 pits. Inside, with student pilots REHEARSING REALITY: at the controls, the full-scale SIMULATIONS OF FLIGHT simulators closely imitate the sensations big planes give in EDWARDS AIR FORCE the air. BASE, 1968. Stooping into the Full-scale flight simulators, cockpit, the cadet anchors him­ however, are astronomically self in the pilot's seat. Through expensive, and used only by a small window he can see the commercial and military pilots. shine of distant stars and, In fact, for the price of a single, below, the curve of the earth 's cockpit-style simulator, a flight horizon. school could purchase an air­ For a moment, he blinks port full of light airplanes. uncertainly at the console Don Sellars and his friends "What we are trying to do is beneath the window, a console figured that new video and to meet emergency needs by mounted with a short, pistol­ computer technologies could matching resources with peo­ gripped control stick. Getting a allow them to simulate the flight ple in need,'' says Breck. "But feel for the craft, he tips the of a small craft at a relatively at the same time we are inter­ pistol grip in either direction, low price. ested in preventing that same making the horizon tip as the The group first created a crisis from repeating itself." earth slides from view. Righting huge videotape file of scenes APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY the stick puts the earth back shot from the cockpit of a small Threshold's activities have where it should be, gliding by at plane, showing gauges and reached around the world. the bottom of the window. Nos­ indicators, the terrain below, "What we're really doing is ing the stick forward would put and the distant horizon. A stu­ using appropriate technologies the craft into a fatal earthward dent pilot views these scenes to meet human needs at home plunge, while pulling it back like a movie. At certain critical and abroad,'' says Breck. "After would cause the sensitive ship points-such as the take-off Threshold got its first Apple, our to cut itself loose from orbit, and landing-the videotape ability to solve problems rising toward emptiness. stops and the student is asked increased a thousandfold. We Cruising soundlessly in the to make the kinds of decisions are using Apple computers in velvet night of space, the boy that pilots make in the air. After many highly undercapitalized worries that he might make a the student makes a choice, places where technology hasn 't mistake. the computer branches to the gone before." Fortunately, the cadet isn 't in section of the videotape that For example, Threshold was any danger. The lifelike "win­ shows what would result. asked by SEVA (the Society of dow on space" is actually a A variety of situations are Epidemiology and Voluntary flight simulator-a learning stored on the tape, including Assistance) to develop a blind­ machine that allows a student crosswinds, heavy traffic, and ness eradication survey for pilot to experience flying with­ other problems that a pilot Nepal. Three Apple computers out ever leaving the ground. might potentially face. were sent to Nepal to gather Fourteen years ago, flight simu­ Looking through all that vide­ and sort medical records taken lators were the exclusive prop­ otape, remembering each from 120 villages and 47,000 erty of government and scene's location, selecting the Nepalese. The researchers ran industrial organizations who appropriate scenes, and the Apple computers­ were preparing an elite to haz­ assembling them in the correct powered by car batteries­ ard the moon. Today, a similar order was a gigantic task, continuously for a month at the sort of simulation is available involving thousands of possibili­ high Himalayan altitudes. Using on an Apple computer. ties and commands. Sellars this information, Threshold Don Sellars is vitally con­ and his group chose an Apple II completed a Nepalese blind­ cerned with things aloft. His Plus because it could be linked ness prevention model that firm, Jeppesen Sanderson of easily to a videotape recorder, may be used by other Third Colorado, makes aeronautical and could readily handle the World countries. charts to be carried into the mountain of references and Eventually, Threshold hopes cockpits of commercial air­ cues necessary for assembling to create a science applica­ liners. Sellars's work, in a a simulation. tions center where all its docu­ sense, is piloting the pilots. First they excluded some mentation will be available. Currently, he's producing scenes by limiting themselves Breck hopes to offer space or flight-training programs for to the critical parts of a stu­ ocean travel simulations at the companies like Cessna, Beech, dent's flight training, the parts center using Apples. The cen­ and Hughes Helicopter, includ­ that benefit most from simula­ ter will be able to offer a world ing flight training simulations tion . Their first production, of places to visit because that use Apple computers. The called "Flying Into a Terminal Threshold has an electronic Apple simulators, of course, do Control Area,'' deals with library of more than 2000 TV less than today's full-scale flight approaches to large airports. news stories and documenta­ simulators-enormous It's no small thing for a begin­ ries covering a full spectrum of machines run by masses of ner in a light plane to enter this events. computers and servo motors­ airspace, where the air traffic -JudyAnn Christensen which are virtual replicas of can be fast and heavy. commercial or military cock- Next, they divided the simu-

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 9 ------==- - - = - ---

Control," since it indicated that be undergoing radiation students were personally treatment for cancer. caught up in the weighing and The thickness of a patient's making of judgments. body in various treatment areas Harry Felderman, who com­ affects the amount of radiation puterizes the firm's learning received, because the thicker programs, explains that "Simu­ portions attenuate the radiation lation doesn't replace the beam more than thinner por­ printed word, but it does give tions do. In treatment, however, students an experience that the doctor wants to be able to books cannot. deliver equal doses across the Obviously, this simulator treatment area, which requires doesn't recline for takeoff or determining the various levels bank on hard turns. It is a sim­ of thickness. ple window on flight, something "There are several methods like the old space simulators at of doing this," Keyes says, Edwards Air Force Base. But "such as photographing the considering that those simula­ area to be treated and trying to lated flight into a succession of tors helped put men on the reconstruct the image, much invisible decision areas. "Fly­ moon, the concept is pretty the way a mapping center ing" the simulation into each of darn potent. might go about it. I think our these areas triggers important method, however, will prove to questions about what to do -Pete Lundstrom be the fastest and most next. As the questions are cor­ economical." rectly answered, the simulation Keyes's approach is fairly lets the student continue to the A CAMERA ON simple. He shines a pattern of next decision area. THE COMPUTER dots onto the treatment area. A This two-part approach closed-circuit television camera helped Sellars and his crew Digitizers convert video photographs the dot pattern on produce manageable and use­ signals from a camera into in­ the patient and the Dithertizer II ful simulations. It drew on a 60- formation a computer can under­ transfers the image to the minute catalog of videotaped stand. While the process itself Apple computer. scenes that could be "flown" is not new, it has only recently Once the image has been by a student, start to finish, in become possible to use it with stored in the computer's mem­ seven to twelve minutes. personal computers such as the ory, Keyes enters the location On the combination Apple II system. of crucial treatment points. computer/videotape monitor A video camera about the Knowing these points and the screen, the student sees what same size as a standard home direct position of the camera a small plane pilot might see in movie camera is used to take a allows Keyes to construct a the air-the plane's control photograph. Instead of saving three-dimensional image of the panel, other planes in the area, the photo on film, however, the patient's treatment area. and, ahead, an urban airport. digitizer subdivides the image "If we're treating the chest As the flight continues into thousands of dots. Each area, all the way up to the toward the airport, the simula­ dot is given a value, and those neck, the surface thickness is tion enters the first unseen values are fed into the com­ going to vary," Keyes explains. decision area. The narrator tells puter. The computer can then "The center portion may be 20 the student to contact the air­ be used to analyze the dots centimeters thick and a portion port's control tower. "How do that make up the image, or to closer to the neck might only you want to do this?" the voice reconstruct the image on the be 10 centimeters. If we're asks, and suggests four possi­ computer screen. aware of these varying thick­ bilities involving radio frequen­ Anticipating what is sure to ness levels, we can put a com­ cies and protocols. Then the be a growing market, two com­ pensation filter in the path of simulated flight freezes in mid­ panies have developed video the radiation beam for treat­ air; the choices are displayed digitizers specifically for use ment of the neck area, to even on the screen; and the student with the Apple computer. The out the dosage." answers using the Apple key­ Micro Works of Del Mar, Califor­ AS THE BUG TURNS board or indicating an answer nia, offers the DS-65 Digisector, Pictures of an entirely differ­ directly on the screen with a while Computer Station of St. ent nature are being digitized "light pen." The Apple reads the Louis, Missouri, markets the and studied on the University of choice, looks up the videotape Dithertizer II. California at Berkeley campus. sequence that displays the con­ "Having the digitizing proc­ In the Department of Entomo­ z sequences, and the flight ess available on a microcompu­ logical Sciences, Division of g w 0 resumes. ter has been a big break­ Biological Control, researchers a: Sellars discovered that when through for those of us involved are using an Apple II and DS-65 ill students finished the program in medical work," says Dave Digisector to record the move­ (§ z ::J they wanted to start it over Keyes of Washington Univer­ ments of tiny mites before and w ::;;; again, exploring the possibilities sity's Department of Physics. after they are exposed to z they had bypassed the first Keyes is currently using the pesticides. 0 time. This was cause for joy Dithertizer II and his Apple II "This system provides us a:~ ti; among the writers of "Terminal Pl us to study patients who will with the fastest possible :::0 _J "======'! ~ APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1 10 method of observing the in­ processing industry Tradition­ 2, No. 2), they do think it may sects' movements before they ally, experimenters have manu­ be possible to create a primi­ are exposed to a pesticide, ally analyzed each dish, which tive inter-species language that then determining whether sometimes yielded imprecise allows communication between they've been affected by the results. "Relying on the naked doves and humans. materials we're testing," eye to count colonies can One of the research groups explains James B. Hoy, one of result in mistakes," explains featured in the dolphin story, the researchers involved with Penny Norman of Computer the Institute for Delphinid the project. Sight. "The organisms are Research, has started a The mites in question are small, and will tend to grow monthly newsletter to describe small-less than a millimeter together, so the eye has diffi­ their activities and disseminate long-so a close-up attach­ culty distinguishing the sepa­ information about whales and ment is fitted on a video cam­ rate clusters." dolphins. For information, write era to record their movements. Laser and minicomputer to the Institute at Box Dolphin, The video picture is then digi­ systems designed for colony Marathon Shores, Florida Keys, tized at one-tenth second inter­ counting range in price from FL 33052. vals and the changing location $10,000 to $25,000. With the The Institute has also got­ of the mites is recorded. Apple II , comparable speeds &ten together with the people "We don't digitize the entire and resolution can be obtained who make the alphaSyn­ image," explains Hoy, "only a at a fraction of the price. tauri® keyboard (featured in small band of each picture that Using a 48K Apple II running "From Arias to Avant Garde" in includes an individual insect. As a high-speed language called the same issue) to produce a the bug moves to the right or to XPLO, with a digitizing card and program that generates the the left, an adjustment is made camera, the Computer Sight sounds used in their dolphin by the computer program so system performs the image communications research. The that the portion of the picture processing necessary to pick program is available from Syn­ that is being digitized also out bacterial colonies from the tauri Corp., 3506 Waverly, Palo moves to the right or the left. background, to judge when Alto, CA 94306. Cost is $39.95; This allows us to zero in on individual colonies have and all proceeds go to the Insti­ what it is we'd like to see-the merged, and then to make an tute. You 'll need a Mountain insect itself." actual count of the colonies. Computer MusicSystem® to run I According to Hoy, video digi­ The system can also categorize the program. l tizing was chosen because it is each colony by size, shape, The other synthesizer manu­ much less expensive than color, and density facturer featured in that issue, recording the insects' activity "The system gives us the Passport Designs, has released on film; and analyzing the speed we want, a clear, high­ a new version of their keyboard results is much less tedious resolution picture, and the kind that, like the alphaSyntauri, than standard frame-by-frame of accuracy that was only avail­ uses the Mountain Computer observations. able in expensive systems a MusicSystem; for more infor­ "If you've ever spent several few years ago," Norman says. mation write them at 785 Main hours watching time-lapse films "We really couldn't ask for Street, Half Moon Bay, CA of insects crawling around, you more." 94019. Both synthesizer com­ know just how tiring these kinds -Betsy Gilbert panies still offer their demon­ of experiments are," Hoy says. stration recordings: COLONY COUNTING UPDATE alphaSyntauri will send you a Computer Sight, the com­ record for $1, a cassette tape pany that developed Dr. Hoy's for $2; Passport offers a dem­ movement detection system, In past issues of Apple Mag­ onstration record for $2. has developed a package that azine, we've spotlighted some FROM COMPUTER TO PRINT makes it possible for an Apple of today's most exciting appli­ ~ At least one of the computer to measure the cations for personal computers. [ authors featured in the growth of bacterial colonies in But for every Apple user we ;=> story about writers who Petri dishes. profile, there are a thousand use Apple-based word process­ This procedure, known as others discovering new poten­ ing ("Apple Writers," Vol. 2, No. "colony counting," is a widely tials for their computers. Some­ 2) has moved from an Apple II used experimental tool in medi­ times, they're using their to an Apple Ill now that word cal research and in the food systems in ways that bear processing software is availa­ resemblance to the people ble for the Apple Ill. Rob Swi­ we've already chronicled. gart has been using an Apple Ill ~ From Japan, for exam­ computer with the Apple Writer J. · pie, comes word that one Ill program to write a screen­ animal psychology research play of his first novel, Little laboratory uses an Apple com­ America. puter to measure the learning One author not mentioned in capacity of doves. Although the story, Michael Berlyn of researchers on the project Aspen, Colorado, has gone don't expect to discover that from book to computer publish­ doves have the linguistic abili­ ing. Author of Crystal Phoenix ties of dolphins (see "Digital and The Integrated Man, Berlyn Dolphins," Apple Magazine, Vol. has recently produced a series

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO 1 11 of adventure games for the information for the computer. Apple computer: 00-Topos, All the information handled by Cyborg, and Congo. They' re the Apple Ill is stored in units available from most computer called "files ." The file manager dealers. For more information, establishes a directory/subdi­ contact Sentient Software at rectory file structure, and allows Box 4929, Aspen, CO 81612. Of course, you don't have to you to manipulate information ® alphaSyntauri is the registered trademark of think about all these steps while within the files themselves. Syntauri Corp. you're making a Since all Apple ///files are ® MusicSystem is the registered trademark of Mountain Computer, Inc. call, because the SOS-based, you can easily telephone com­ transfer them within your sys­ HOW APPLES WORK: SOS pany employs tem, or embed a file you've a system that created with one program automatically (such as a VisiCa/c Ill financial (Editor's note: You don't have operates everything for you. model) directly into another pro­ to know how an Apple com­ Similarly, a computer employs gram (such as an Apple Writer puter works in order to use it, an "operating system" so the ///-based report). any more than you have to user can do a lot of compli­ Device Manager. Imagine you understand how an engine cated things with a few instruc­ wanted to write a program to works in order to drive a car. tions. send financial data to an office But many readers have Early in the history of com­ in another part of the country. asked us to cover some of the puting, the "computer opera­ technical features of Apple's tor" was a person who man­ Towould do this,connect you Ii·r ,~...-;- ' " systems on these pages. We 're ually performed different the Apple /11 to a . ~r: ' answering their requests with chores, such as loading device called a ..· ·- ·

this column, in which we 'II punched cards or setting banks "modem"' which _,, · . explain in non-technical terms of switches. Since then, we've allows you to - many of the parts and proc­ automated most functions of transmit data over telephone esses behind our computers. the computer operator by writ­ lines. Without an operating sys­ In this first column, we ing programs that make it pos­ tem like SOS, you would have describe the advantages of one sible for these chores to be to write a program that runs of the more invisible- but handled by the computer itself. the modem directly. You'd need indispensable-Apple Ill fea­ The collection of programs that to learn the modem's own spe­ tures: SOS"', its Sophisticated replaces the operator is part of cial commands and character­ Operating System.) the "operating system." istics, and then modify all your Pressing a key In the past, personal com­ files into the format that the on a computer puter operating systems have modem demanded. sets off an been simple file handlers capa­ But that's like learning how intricate chain of ble of only a few control func­ to build a watch, when all you electronic events. tions. But as personal computer want is the right time. SOS, on The computer hardware has become more the other hand, already has a identifies the key from the key­ complex-and as programmers "device driver" that can run the board; looks at the program have set out to do more with modem. To use the device that's being run to decide what that hardware-operating sys­ driver in a program, all you to do; and then takes appropri­ tems have also evolved toward have to do is activate the ate actions, such as displaying a more sophisticated level of modem, and tell the computer a graph on the screen, per­ control. to transfer your financial data forming calculations, operating file to the modem "file." You a disk drive, or controlling never have to learn anything some other process. about the modem itself­ The person using the com­ somebody else (the person puter doesn 't see all these who wrote the SOS device electronic events, because the driver) has already done that entire process is automatic and Thus, Apple created SOS- the work for you. virtually instantaneous. To Apple //l's Sophisticated Operat­ Memory Manager. In addition understand how it works, think ing System- which is the first to controlling external devices of the telephone system. Mak­ operating system to bring a such as disk drives or modems, ing a call looks simple complete range of services to SOS manages the memory enough-you dial a number a personal computer. This, in within the Apple /// itself, and and talk with someone on turn, allows users and program­ allows you to take advantage of another phone. The complexity mers of the Apple ///to do more that memory without concern of the intervening steps, how­ things with greater simplicity for specific memory locations ever, is staggering. Hundreds of than ever before possible. within the computer (long the switches toggle to make the Four of the principal parts of bane of serious programmers). right connections; voice signals SOS are: a file manager, a are carried over miles of wire device manager, a memory to a specific destination and manager, and an interrupt/event then converted back to sound; handler. a record of the call is kept for File Manager. The SOS File billing purposes. Manager controls the flow of

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO 1 12 an automated system. They the most common ailments. As wanted what Dr. Tilelli a result, Dr. Tilelli assigned one describes as "a bedside data Apple computer the sole task acquisition system able to col­ of keeping watch over the res­ late, order, and display a contin­ piratory functions of all uous stream of data." patients. This Apple system He and his colleagues soon regularly measures the amount As a result, SOS makes it ruled out the large mainframe of air being administered by the possible for the Apple /II user to systems specifically designed ventilator to each patient, and develop the largest VisiCa/c for intensive care wards. They collects data from a mass models available on any per­ were too expensive ($75,000 spectrometer, a device that sonal computer, furnishing and up), and "centered on a determines how well the lungs ample work space for business single manufacturer's inter­ are performing by analyzing the models and other applications. ests," as Dr. Tilelli puts it. Also, components of expired air. It makes it possible for a pro­ when a centralized mainframe The tenth Apple system is grammer to take full advantage would be down, the intensive located at the central nurses' of the special graphics (and care ward would be down. So station, a spot where nurses other) features of the Apple /II they began to look at smaller and physicians are apt to without identifying specific computers. gather. Here they can check on memory locations. "We wanted a simple design, patients by calling up informa­ Interrupt/event Handler. Com­ software that was easy to tion on the computer. puters are like people-they're write, and a system that would What about the future? Dr. often trying to do more than make it easy to communicate Tilelli's interests include echo­ one thing at a time. The SOS between the monitors and the cardiography, which uses sonar interrupt/event handler allows computers. Apple offered us to produce an image of the you to interrupt the computer this flexibility and expandibility heart. "I'm working on routing so it can respond to several at about $3000 per bed instead the output of an echocardio­ things at once. of $8000 or more." graph to the Apple, so its dis­ It's possible to interrupt non­ The intensive care unit now play will be projected on the SOS computers (such as the has 10 Apple computers-one computer's screen. Using a joy­ Apple II), but the programmer for each bed, one to monitor stick, we can digitize cardiac has to understand many details respiratory functions, and one dimensions in the heart. about how the hardware works. at the central nurses' station. " From these measurements, With SOS, the programmer has Nurses use the bedside we can evaluate disturbances a set of built-in tools that make Apples to chart observations in the ability of the heart to con­ the interrupt capabilities auto­ on each patient. They enter tract, and initiate therapy ear­ matic. For the final users of the information on drugs and intra­ lier than would have been Apple /// system, venous fluids administered, on possible before." all this makes for ,.Iii ,'; :'."' · "'.'; •: blood pressure, temperature, Dr. Tilelli is also thinking a capable sys- pulse, color of patient, and about expanding the Apple's tern that can do "I current bedside role. "It should state of consciousness. Gone more than any are the days of the clipboards be possible to automate ther­ computer its size. ~::e:::::::!!l and charts once used to tabu­ apy as well," he explains. "For '"SOS is a trademark of Apple late this information. example, the computer could Computer, Inc. In addition, each Apple sys­ sense a 10 percent change in tem regularly collects and ana­ blood pressure. and change THE MICRO IN MEDICINE lyzes input from the various therapy accordingly. I could monitors attached to the patient. even see the day when the Children in the intensive care Dr. Tilelli says that one of the Apple could supervise the unit at the St. Paul, Minnesota, main reasons for selecting majority of monitoring and ther­ Children's Hospital are con­ Apple computers was that they apeutic tasks." stantly observed with monitor­ could be connected to virtually - Prudence Lindsay ing devices that keep tabs on all existing monitor systems. just about every vital sign; "We have to translate and including respiratory functions, standardize the different moni­ oxygen saturation of blood, and tor outputs so the Apple can determination of cardiac output. understand them. By using a While the monitors are 12-bit analog connector from invaluable, says pediatrician Dr. Data Acquisitions, a RS-232 John Tilelli, "the sheer volume serial interface card, and an of information from them was IEEE-488 card, we have been becoming overwhelming. Not able to communicate with each only was there a lot of tabula­ device separately. As new mon­ tion involved, but some types of itors come along, we'll be able output required tedious calcula­ to design interfaces individually." tions for analysis." Although children in the To handle the output, to sim­ intensive care unit can be suf­ plify the calculations, and to fering from any disease or free the nurses for more critical injury, respiratory disorders tasks, the hospital decided on (such as asthma) are among

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1 13

Profile: John Wright by A. Richard Immel

When the folks from Moel & Chandon, Frances largest champagne maker (and one of its most prestigious-it produces Dom Perignon) decided to make an aristocratic sparkling wine in California s Napa Valley nine years ago, little did they suspect that one day their crafty American counterparts would be mixing apples with the grapes.

ctually it's not as heretical as it seems. These are Apples with a capital A, as in personal computer, A and the resulting blend is turning out to be as suc­ cessful as the fine cuvees that have made Yount- ----ville's Domaine Chandon one of the premier sparkling wine producers of America. The responsible party is John Wright, president and chief exec­ utive officer of Domaine Chandon. In his boots and countryish attire, the 48-year-old Wright combines the informal insouciance of a gentleman winegrower with the astute, analytical sense of a management consultant. The Apples were probably inevitable. "It started about two years ago, just before the crush," Wright says. "Ideally, we like to be able to track each grower's grapes-where they are at any point, what the composition of our juice is, what tank it's in, and so forth. We've always done that-but rather laboriously-and I thought it would be nifty to have a microcomputer around to see if we could keep on top of things." So Wright drove over the mountain to Santa Rosa and bought an Apple 11 from a local computer dealer. Domaine Chandon _J _J w hasn't been the same since. Cll a.. ::;; His first efforts were met with some ('j 0 skepticism. The computer was known ~ 0 somewhat unaffectionately as "John's ;.: I Toy," and the fact he brought in this inter­ a.. ti loper at the height of the grape harvest (') § (Domaine Chandon 's busiest time of year) I a.. didn't help. But once Wright started put- PROFILE : JOHN WRIGHT

ting the Apple through its paces, the initial pie, Domaine Chandon 's winemaker is putting gramming. A number of employees are grumbling gave way to curiosity, then accept­ the finishing touches on an inventory control trained to use the mini, but there is no in­ ance, and finally enthusiastic endorsement. program that will allow the winery to track house data processing department. With the help of a couple off-the-shelf grapes from the vineyard to the bottle. The Wright tried to use the central computer for programs-VisiCalc, the popular electronic reason? To establish correlations that haven 't business analysis, but found it didn't work out. spreadsheet program, and DB Master,™ a been possible to establish before. The Apple "It's not terribly useful as a management tool , data base manager manufactured by Stone­ also prepares business forecasts and presen­ because you have to try to tell a programmer ware, lnc.-and a couple of homebrew pro­ tations that wind up in the boardroom of Moet­ what you're looking for before he does any­ grams cooked up by a part-time geophysicist Hennessy, the parent company, in France. thing. When he comes back, he often doesn't and laboratory assistant, Domaine Chandon give you exactly what you want." is looking after its affairs· in ways old Dom FROM MAINFRAMES TO MICROS Cost was also a major factor. "We have an Perignon, the seventeenth century French Wright's decision to try the Apple was outside consultant and he's pretty darn effi­ monk who perfected champagne, never largely the result of happenstance, and his cient, but he still costs so many bucks an hour. dreamed about. wariness of the destructive "mystique" that If I see that what he gives me isn 't going to be "We did our budgeting for that first year to­ so easily grows around conventional data what I want, he has to go back and start all tally on VisiCalc, because it simplifies things processing operations. over again." so fantastically, " Wright says. The winery's Domaine Chandon has long used a central­ From his reading on the subject, Wright chief financial officer started using the com­ ized minicomputer to handle its bulk "number had become aware of microcomputers but he puter because of the program, and when he didn't know much about them. Then he toured began coming in after-hours to get time on the Apple Computer's Cupertino facilities and got machine, Wright bought another one. Do­ a run-down on some business-oriented pro­ maine Chandon now has three Apple "We did our budgeting grams, such as Desktop/Plan™ and VisiCalc. systems-one that Wright shuttles between "That got me thinking ," Wright recalls. "It his office and his home, one used by the firm's for that first year totally wasn 't too long before the crush and I chief financial officer, and a third in the winery on VisiCalc." thought, 'I could really use that.' So I guess I itself. · needed that spark and some idea of what Indeed, what started as a personal man­ these computers could do." agement tool for the chief executive has His beginnings were tentative. He grown into a broad-based and sophisticated crunching" accounting duties, such as pay­ swapped some wine for programming to system that not only churns out financial re­ rolls and various accounts receivable and "customize" his first data base, but things ports and government forms, but also is used payable functions. But Wright deliberately in­ didn't really start rolling until the DB Master increasingly in winery operations. For exam- sisted on using an outside consultant for pro- program came out. Wright now has the entire VisiCalc series from VisiCorp (including Visi­ Calc, VisiPlot, VisiTrend and VisiDex), DB I Master, and, yes, even a couple of games (Gorgon and Apple Panic). Wright claims he doesn't have much time to play the games. He takes the computer home frequently ("When my wife allows me , that is; sometimes she wants to kick it out"), but he tends to get wrapped up in business work. Like most savvy computer execs, he's aware of the value of games to break the com­ puter ice with chilly employees. Even this has its limits, though. Workers in the wine labora­ tory claim he locked up their copy of Space Invaders and took away the game paddles during the last harvest season when he real­ ized he wasn't getting output for about two weeks. In common with other personal computer converts, Wright finds he spends more time on the machine than he anticipated before he bought it. "I'm not a night person," he says. "But with the computer there's something there-the interaction, the action, I don't know what it is-but I can really work on the computer at late hours and not feel fatigued or ready to go to bed." But even totting up the time he spends on it, "I would still come to the conclusion it was worth it. I've spent a lot of hours, but they're pleasurable." Although the Apples were used initially

Angled bottles in "riddling room" are given a quarter-turn by hand every day so sediments can settle out, and later be removed.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1 16 PROFIL E : J OH N WRI GH T

tory of what was in every tank,'' Wright says. chine at one time to manipulate the numbers." "So I said, 'Oh, we can do that on the Apple.' " Edwards soon found it was no problem at all. "I think we'll actually get away with two BATTLE OF THE DISK diskettes for all of the bulk inventory for a whole year. That's a lot of information." At first, Dyer was less than enthused. "I Edwards also sees the Apple as "a very had trouble seeing it as anything other than an friendly machine that people don't seem to be accounting system," she says. Wright's first afraid to touch." example, which was slow, clumsy and compli­ As much as they've done already, John cated, did nothing to change her mind. He fi­ Wright feels that he and his Apple handlers nally put on VisiCa/c where the quantities have only scratched the surface of what can could be easily logged in and a running total be done with their micros. In the winery, for kept of tank capacities. example, winemaker Dyer is enthusiastic "We had a battle," Wright says, "because I about new ways the computer will help her only had one VisiCa/c master disk and I'd control the winemaking process. want to be using it and she'd want to be using "The idea is not to replace anything or any­ it. She'd lock it up in her desk so that I wouldn't one, but to develop a system that allows more more for data processing functions­ steal it. It sort of made a believer out of her. " complete control and access to data that al­ financial forecasts, inventory tracking, and (Dyer recalls the turning point differently: "I ready exists," she says. Adds Edwards, "I the like- Wright still feels "the real value of a think the intent here is to keep it more on the microcomputer is providing me as chief exec­ winemaker's level and less on the machine's utive officer with fantastic access to informa­ level.'' In other words, it's important to keep tion and the ability to manipulate this "The idea is . .. to develop the micro in its place as a tool, "a very handy information, on my own, in a reasonable per­ 'gofer' that can access a lot of information in a a system that allows iod of time." short time and put it up on the screen." more complete control As befits the chief executive of a fast­ PLAN M FOR MITTERANO and access to data." growing concern, Wright is toying with more visionary ideas. "We're looking at a hard disk One example occurred just after Francois system now and a network," he says. The net­ Mitterand was elected president of France work would tie together a half-dozen Apples last year. Wright had prepared three contin­ think he took my records away from me,'' she throughout the winery complex. Wright would gent business forecasts-Plans A, Band C­ explains.) also like to get a computer correlation of to provide for different degrees of growth. The Already the ability to pinpoint and quantify weather and grape quality, computer-assisted day after the election he got a call from the places and processes where wine is lost for wine tasting, an analysis of Domaine Chan­ / head office inviting him to Paris to discuss one reason or another (such as in filtration, or don's restaurant operations, and an electronic how the changed political climate might affect inefficient settling of solids) has saved Do­ linkup to the parent company in France. business plans for Moet-Hennessy and its maine Chandon a great deal of money In one Indeed, as John Wright ·sits on the edge of subsidiaries. case, Wright says, "Analysis on the computer his eight-foot round desk and gazes out of his "I went right to the Apple and produced showed that if we bought a special $50,000 glass-walled office at acres of leafing grape­ Plan M for Mitterand and had it running in half lees filter it would pay for itself in one year. So vines, the possibilities seem endless. "I've a day," Wright says. "I could never have done we did that." probably got a hundred possible applications that by hand." "Now we're getting a little more sophisti­ if I ever get around to them," he says. ti Wright has also used the computer to de­ cated," Wright says. Bob Edwards and Dyer DB Master is a trademark of DB Master Associates. velop some fancy graph presentations for a are developing a program to keep track of Desktop/Plan is a trademark of Marton, Inc. business meeting with top French executives bulk wine inventory When it's finished it will Dick Immel, a freelance writer and amateur winema­ ker based in Moraga, California, was formerly on the in New York. "I took the Apple with me to New account for improperly measured tanks, a staff of the Wall Street Journal. York, plugged it into a TV set, and threw the common problem, and allow the winemaker pre-programmed graphs up on the screen. It to analyze the contents of various tanks and was like a slide show except it's more fun with pose "What if?" blending questions. a computer." Since then his French col­ A geophysicist who got tired of the San leagues have asked him if the same thing Francisco rat race, Edwards started working would work in France. "They're looking into in the wine lab during the grape crush last fall it,'' he says. and then got hired to stay on and create some Meanwhile, back in Yountville, the third Ap­ special programs. With his background in per­ ple found its way into the winery- much to forming seismological analysis on large main­ the initial consternation, it should be said, of frame computers, Edwards was dubious at Dawnine Sample Dyer, Domaine Chandon's fi rst about the Apple's capabilities. "When I winemake r. Keeping up with Domaine Chan­ was in engineering, if you talked about a desk­ don's production of more than 200,000 cases top computer they just snickered and said a year of sparkling wine requires some 400 that if it wasn't as big as a room, then obvi­ tons of grapes a day from 18 different vine­ ously it didn't have any room inside it. I wasn't yards during the peak of the harvest. (Do­ too sure what the Apple could do. I didn't maine Chandon buys about 70 percent of its know if I could get enough files into the ma- grapes from other growers.) Then, after the grapes are crushed, it's essential to be able to Enormous 14,100-gallon barrels-set find which of the 87 tanks will hold more juice. horizontally instead of in standard "Dawnine was getting a little up-tight about vertical position-store champagne the length of time it took her to get an inven- during primary fermentation.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 17

by Patty Winter

Physics and astronomy have come a long way since Sir Isaac Newton first used an apple tor scientific discovery in 1665. To­ day, modem Apples assist space shuttle experiments, allow us to hear the "music of the spheres, " simulate the orbits of planets and spacecraft-and teach stu­ dents why that earlier apple fell on Sir Isaac's head.

omputers have thrust space exploration into the S 21st century Without their calculative powers, we could have never flown astronauts to the moon or seen with telescopes into the deepest skies. But as scientists set out on these investigations of space, they some­ times discover that large central­ ized computers don't meet all their needs. It's not surprising, therefore, that a new generation of computers plays an important role in the new generation of space exploration ex­ emplified by the space shuttle. Rockwell International, the com­ pany that builds shuttles for NASA, is also responsible for coordinating what goes on inside them. Bill Car­ roll is developing a color graphics program on an Apple /// that will make the task much easier. Carroll is part of Rockwell's Payload Inte­ gration team that determines what combination of experiments on each shuttle flight will produce an acceptable center of gravity His goal is to do as much of that plan­ ning as possible with computer graphics. Center of gravity is jmportant with any aircraft, but especially with ASTRO·APPLE

"the world's largest glider," a spacecraft that when Columbia's mission was shortened and running a simulation of what actually goes on has no engine power as it lands. If the center experimenters had to make the most of re­ at LURE, the Lunar Ranging Experiment at of gravity is too far forward when the shuttle maining time. Harris's primary Apple system the University of Hawaii observatory. LURE is reenters the earth's atmosphere, the craft was connected to three disk drives, a color part of a worldwide network of stations gath­ could become unstable; too far back, and part monitor, a printer, and a small control box with ering information on continental drift and the of the shuttle's tail might overheat danger­ a joystick and two buttons. An auxiliary Apple earth's rotation rate. Program manager Mack­ ously. A great deal of care must be taken to transferred onto diskettes the shuttle's nick uses his Apple to help laser operators at produce a safe center of gravity, and that can "ephemeris" (computed positions for the en­ the observatory work more efficiently. take a lot of slogging through numbers. tire mission), generated by a NASA main­ LURE's current target for laser shots is a Carroll has taken steps toward speeding up frame computer after the shuttle's final orbit one-meter diameter, earth-orbiting satellite the process. His Apple/// program asks for the correction. called LAGEOS (Laser Geodetic Satellite). weight, length, and desired position of the One disk drive held ephemeris data; a sec­ The return time of the laser pulses, when cor­ payload within the cargo bay, then creates ond contained maps of the earth in 30-by-30 related with times from the other stations, two graphic displays on a color monitor. At the degree segments; and a third drive held the helps pin down the location of each station. bottom of the screen is a side view of the shut­ SIR-A simulation programs. Harris could call This information allows geophysicists to de­ tle, showing the payload in the assigned posi­ tect the small land mass movements of conti­ tion. On a chart above that, a funnel-shaped nental drift. In the future, the lasers will be plot compares payload weight with cargo bay aimed at small reflectors placed on the moon length. Harris created a graphics by Apollo astronauts. A light payload can be placed almost any­ program ... (to) show the Finding such small targets with only oscillo­ where in the bay, but as cargo weight in­ scope pulses for feedback can be frustrating, creases, its position must be nearer to the radar's path on screen due to uncertainties in the satellite's orbit and shuttle's own center of gravity. All combina­ maps of the earth. pointing errors in the telescope. In Macknick's tions of payloads must fall within an accept­ Apple simulation, the image on the screen in­ able envelope of locations to be safe. From dicates where a satellite is supposed to be­ the information entered by the operator, the but that's not usually where it is. To get a return computer calculates the center of gravity and up any portion of the shuttle's planned journey beam from the satellite requires moving the plots a dot on the chart; if the dot falls within and display the path of the radar. aim point of the laser (represented by the the envelope, a payload there will be safe. Whenever the radar path passed over an square) until the echo is heard. Several refinements are still being made, area the SIR-A experimenters wanted to pho­ Random returns have been programmed such as making it possible to simulate shuttle tograph, Harris turned on the simulated radar, into the simulation to duplicate false signals. payloads that are stacked or arranged side­ causing a color change in the path on the Ap­ In light of all this, Macknick jokingly suggests by-side across the length of the cargo bay. ple system's video display screen. As a fur­ that his simulation is almost too real. Also, each payload's own center of gravity is ther visual aid, colored brackets appeared "I can sit my operators down in front of this now assumed to be in the physical center of along the path as the shuttle moved, indica­ thing, and they'll go a thousand shots without the package, which is not always the case. ting restraints such as astronaut sleep peri­ finding the target. It's exactly like what they do ods, rotation of the shuttle, and closure of the every day at work." EYE OF THE SHUTTLE cargo bay doors. Macknick is ready to adapt the program so Once the sequencing charts had been pre­ it can be used directly with observatory equip­ For Henry Harris of NASA's Jet Propulsion pared and delivered to the payload com­ ment when LURE gets its own Apple system. Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, one mander, Harris and the SIR-A team could set Laser operators will hear an extra buzz be­ picture is easily worth ten thousand printouts. the simulation going at the same speed as the tween transmitted laser pulses if the LURE As mission design manager of the Shuttle real shuttle and follow the Columbia's journey. telescope detects returning light. As the satel­ Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiment during the "It was satisfying to watch the path on my sim­ lite drifts, the operators will lose the echo and second flight of the space shuttle Columbia in ulation cross from land to water," says Harris, have to resume their hunting. Macknick is November, 1981, Harris was responsible for "then look at the shuttle telemetry and see confident that by using the Apple, instead of determining when the sophisticated instru­ that it had crossed over at the same moment." relying solely on numerical information, the ment should be turned on and off as it gazed The SIR-A experiment was an impressive operators will be able to find their targets at the earth from the Columbia's belly. success. The radar data will now be com­ more quickly. The SIR-A experiment produced striking pared with field observations and Landsat in­ images of Greece, the Himalayas, and many frared photos to find geologic formations MUSIC OF THE SPHERES other areas, with features resolvable to 40 associated with oil and mineral deposits. meters wide. To obtain these images, Harris August, 1981: A billion miles from earth, a had to know exactly where the shuttle's radar HOW HIGH THE MOON? small spacecraft enters a turbulent region of was pointed at all times. Data from NASA's space where ionized particles from the sun computers at the Johnson Space Center in On the Hawaiian island of Maui, Lou Mack­ collide with Saturn's magnetic field. Voyager's Houston could have told him (numerically) nick sits in front of his Apple 11. At first glance, "bow shock crossing" could have been por­ what part of the earth lay directly below the it appears he is playing some sort of space trayed with a chart, but Dr. Fred Scarf of TRW shuttle, but SIR-A was not looking straight game: the top of the monitor's screen shows a and his Plasma Wave Science team were down. It was angled off by 47 degrees, creat­ star field, a small satellite, and a movable looking for something more exciting and more ing a 200 kilometer offset on the ground be­ square. Once each second, the computer's understandable. Their solution was to synthe­ tween its path and the shuttle's. To save time speaker buzzes and a simulated laser shot size an audio representation of the event by shuffling and interpreting numbers, Harris darts toward the square. But what are all using an Apple computer equipped with a created a graphics program on an Apple com­ those strange numbers on the screen, the Mountain Computer MusicSystem~ As team puter that would show the radar's path on ones marked "UTC," "Julian Date," "Time physicist Bill Kurth put it, "Even though we 're screen maps of the earth. Bias," "Dome"? And what is that bar graph here to do science and solve the basic truths The finished program worked beautifully below the star field? of the universe, I think we owe it to the public and quickly, too, which became important Macknick isn't playing a game at all; he 's to help people understand what we're doing.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. I 20 ASTRO-APPLE

Besides," he adds, "it's fun." Students can specify the season they wish to Reaction to the computerized tutorial has And beautiful. The haunting sounds pro­ study, as well as the degree of difficulty of the been favorable. Students rank computer duced by Scarf recreated Voyager's passage questions. They can also choose between learning ahead of the planetarium because it through the turbulent bow shock to the seeing a city sky (with stars down to third mag­ is more convenient and allows interaction and "magnetopause," the calm area between the nitude, such as are found in the Big Dipper) or self-pacing. magnetic influences of the sun and Saturn. a country sky (with stars to the fifth magni­ Learning is not restricted to classrooms, of The recordings were so popular that many ra­ tude). At the end of each session, a perma­ course, and Apples are bringing astronomy to dio and television stations used them in re­ nent record is made of the student's planetariums, museums, and homes across ports about the encounter. The publicity led to performance. the country. In Los Angeles, John Mosley of some amusing reactions. Griffith Observatory sometimes uses an Ap­ 'The first time we synthesized the data," ple computer to answer such out-of-the-blue says Dr. Scarf, "we were struck by the fact questions as "What day was the moon full in that it sounded like music. We didn't want August of 1692?" (for someone writing about that." So programmers Roy Tsugawa and the Salem witch trials). Recently, when prepar­ Sandy Chang altered the pitch of some of the ing a planetarium show about the supposed tones. Despite their precautions, Dr. Scarf dangers of several pJanets "lining up" in the later received a call from a woman who had sky, Mosley ran a solar system simulation pro­ heard the tape on a radio news broadcast. gram and examined other similar alignments She insisted it proved the existence of life­ that have taken place in the last decade. and of a symphony orchestra-on Saturn. To those who still doubt that a small com­ puter can help us understand an immense ASTRO-EOUCATION universe, Henry Harris of JPL has some part­ Many educational astronomy programs for ing words. Did he ever hear, during the plan­ Apple computers are now appearing, includ­ ning for SIR-A, that he couldn't do the job with ing one being developed by Robert Baum­ a small computer? Harris calls up on the Ap­ bach of Grand Rapids (Michigan) Junior ple a map of the shuttle over the earth·, and College, under a grant from the Apple Educa­ replies, "I used to. Not any more." ti tion Foundation. Baumbach has revised the ®MusicSystem is the reg istered trademark of Mountain program, which was originally written for a Compute r, Inc. large computer, so that it runs on an Apple II. Pa tty Win te r, a regular contributor to Apple Magazine, has written numerous articles for microcomputer and Baumbach's program teaches about con­ Henry Harris of JPL operates a astronomy magazines. She 's currently writing a book on stellations, stars, and other celestial objects. si mulation on his Apple II. the use of computers in astronom y.

A GUIDE FOR AMATEURS

rofessional space scientists are by no to a pl anet a billion miles away with amazing run telescopes, and predict eclipses. Prog rams means alone in their admiration for accuracy, he wanted to know how they did it. are available th at give accurate positional P microcomputers. Amateur scientists Dr. Huntress had already pu rchased the sub­ information-with graphics-of stars, planets, are finding that with the power of a per­ Logic3-0 Animation Package for the Apple 11 , so and other objects. sonal computer at their command, their work is he decided to c reate his own space exploration Science writer Eric Burgess (co-founder of the "amateur" in name on ly-not in quality. simulation. The result is Sa turn Navigator, a pop­ British Interplanetary Society and Fellow of the For instance, you can buy an Apple II program ular Apple II program marketed by subLog ic. The Royal Astronomical Society) is typical of the called Topographic Mapping that accurately "adventure simulation ,'' as Dr. Huntress refers to amateur astronomers turning to their personal depicts the topog raphy of the lunar craters Aris­ it, req uires the player to choose a spacecraft tra­ computers for more and more projects. To assist tarchus and Herodotus. Eleven hundred and six­ jectory to Saturn , orbit the planet, and dock with his own obse rving, he has written over 25 pro­ teen points were measu red to create the data an imag inary space station located just inside grams which will be published in book form later base, which can be displ ayed as a contour map, the rings. (As in a real situation , the mission ends this year. The package will include ri sing and set­ a landscape, or five other forms. The program if the spacecraft hits the rings !) ting times of the planets, conversions among var­ was written by Dr. John Westfall , an amateur The approach to Saturn was the first part of ious astronomical time systems, the positions of astronomer, profe ssional cartog rapher, and pro­ the prog ram Dr. Huntress wrote, "because I Jupiter's four largest moons, and simulations of fessor of geography based at San Francisco wanted to see what Voyager was seeing." Of the annual meteor showers. State University. finished simulation , he says, "My hope is that Burgess enjoys being able to travel in space lo, a volcanic moon of Jupiter, has also caught people will use it as a game- going on an adven­ and time with his computerized sky. One winter Dr. Westfall 's attention. In the 1800's, there were ture in space- but that the celestial mechanics evening he decided to take a quick trip to the occasional reports from respected earth-based will become second nature to them, so that when South Pole. " I wanted to see what the heavens observers that the small object looked elliptical they read about Voyager or any other project, looked like from there at that time of year, and instead of round. Could Io's shape have been dis­ they'll have a feeling for how it's done." whether I could see the midnight sun ." torted by volcanic plumes? Dr. Westfall c reated a Amateur astronomers have discovered a mul­ Burgess is enthusiastic about the potential of graph ics program on his Apple II to simulate titude of other uses for their Apples. During the the personal computer as a learning tool. "You erruptions on lo, and suggests that some plumes last Voyager flyby of Saturn, for instance, the Jet get a book on the dynamics of astronomy, and it's could indeed have been large enough to affect Propulsion Laboratory amateur radio club trans­ very boring. But if you put those dynamics on a the moon's visual appearance from earth. mitted pictures of the ringed planet, and many screen , you can see the movement of the planets Dr. Wes Huntress from the Jet Propulsion Lab­ ham radio operators used their computers to and get a real feel for what's going on in the sky. oratory is a chemist by profession, but when translate and display the images. Other space And once you get a feel for what's going on , you some of his co-workers sent a robot spacecraft enthusiasts are using Apples to track satellites, want to know more about it."

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 21

APPLE GRAPHICS IN BUSINESS

Another Apple graphics development pro­ gram, Apple Plot, uses "menus," or sets of op­ tions, to guide you through the program, from data entry to graph display. It lets you present your data in bar, line, or scatter charts, and display two graphs (of up to 100 points each} on the same axis.

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FUNCTIONS

Computer graphics systems offer business managers two indispensable capabilities: the ability to summarize data for everyday man­ agement and planning problems ("informa­ tion graphics"); and the ability to provide quality visual displays for reports and presen­ tations ("presentation graphics").

INFORMATION GRAPHICS

To the manager overloaded with work and pressured to make quick decisions, simple pictures offer a welcome alternative to statis­ tics. To market research coordinator Lucy Clark, Apple-generated pictures have be­ come the norm. Apple-generated display summarizes one company's sales over a five-year period. Reaching into a desk drawer file, she pulls the keyboard to type in simple English­ out a thin packet of papers and drops it onto language commands, Fruchter develops her desk. "This is how all our sales are doing against our forecasts, for all our products, do­ graphic displays of profit and loss data, gross "The cost savings margins, and forecasts for Bloomingdale's mestic and overseas. There are probably 40 stores. He also can try different formats­ are enormous, because graphs in this report, and the report is only 15 horizontal or vertical bar charts, pie charts, we used to do pages long. It's not very weighty looking, but it line graphs, area graphs-to see which one graphs by hand, shows us exactly how every one of our prod­ presents his data most effectively. And with which was ucts is doing and how quarterly sales ~om­ pare with past years' sales. It doesn't take the use of a plotter Fruchter can transfer terribly expensive." graphs from the screen into page-size illustra­ long to see what's happening, and see where tions, acetate overlays, or slides for formal we should concentrate our attention." presentations. When used to monitor performance, the "Twice a year my company has a series of computer can give managers an easy way to important planning meetings. For the last, I belong to a business user. identify trends by producing graphs that used the computer to produce 80 graphs in Many of these business users will be at­ weigh expenditures against budget alloca­ one week. The cost savings are enormous, tracted to the easy-to-use features of today's tions, track product performance, compare because we used to do graphs by hand, which graphics programs. Developing useful graph­ actual sales with projections, gauge the im­ was terribly expensive. And the information ics with one of these programs on an Apple pact of competition on business, and chart wouldn't come in until the last minute. Now it computer requires no knowledge of program­ stock and production activities. takes me only about 10 minutes to produce a ming and no artistic skills. To produce a graph In addition, computer-generated graphics graph. I can have everything ready in plenty of with Apple Business Graphics, for instance, can also help managers spot trouble early. In time, even if the information comes in late." you first give the program some information to one company, graphs of a manufacturing put on the graph, and then use simple com­ plant's performance warned of a production GRD1NTH LIKE TOPSY mands (such as "SET COLOR BLUE" or shortfall on the horizon. The warning came in "DRAW BAR ") to tell the computer how to plenty of time for managers to take the neces­ Computer graphics was once the domain present that information. The computer ar­ sary corrective action. of the scientists and engineers who first pro­ ranges the information, generates the graph, Computer graphics are also a valuable tool duced the technology. But it's becoming in­ and displays it on the screen of the computer in marketing and corporate planning depart­ creasingly important in other fields as monitor. You can then print the graph to a ments. "We used computer graphs at yester­ well-in particular, for business decision­ printer or plotter, or electronically save the im­ day's board meeting to examine three makers. age for future use. alternatives for our money," explains Craig The steady drop in equipment costs and With Apple Business Graphics, you can Douglass, a senior business development an­ the proliferation of ready-to-run, easy-to­ generate different types of charts from the alyst who uses an Apple computer for graph- operate programs are expected to propel same information to see which best presents ics at Bell & Howell. "Our graphs compared computer graphics into the business world your data; and enlarge any area of a graph to each investment alternative on the basis of with Herculean force-at an estimated 60 examine important trend lines. You can also return on investment, return on sales, and ~ percent annual growth rate over the next five use the program 's built-in statistical functions cash flow." 8 years. Currently, business users account for to analyze questions that are important to Since the computer can graphically display ""' only one in ten purchases of computers for your business. (For more information on this data quickly, it 's easy for managers to evalu- a:~ graphics purposes. By 1985, it's expected that and other graphics programs for Apple's com­ ate different scenarios. Some companies also g every other system employed for graphics will puters, see the box on page 25.) use graphics to help them locate production ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__J 8 APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. I 24 APPLE GRAPHICS IN BUSINESS

plants, sales offices, or consumer and adver­ images to be transmitted directly to the board­ when we got our drafts back, we'd peel off tising markets. room silver screen. (Screen Director, a "slide 'Company XYZ' titles and press on the right presentation" system that works with the Ap­ ones ourselves. Sometimes, it looked pretty PRESENTATION GRAPHICS ple Business Graphics program, is described amateurish. Now that we can develop graph­ in the box below.) ics with our own computer, we have no prob­ For years, managers have relied on in­ "This system gives us very good quality," lem producing working visuals without house or outside artists to produce high­ commented one mutual fund analyst, "espe­ betraying sensitive information." q ual ity color graphs and charts for cially when you consider the price. We've Smaller businesses can also use personal presentations, particularly in the boardroom. been using computer graphics for sales meet­ computers to generate graphics for presenta­ But visuals produced by computer have three ings, and we look good. What we're doing is tions. A start-up firm, for instance, could use distinct advantages over those prepared negotiating for payroll deductions into IRAs, graphics to demonstrate market potentials to manually: cosf, speed, and accuracy. so we' re using graphs to show prospective cli­ venture capitalists. Or a real estate office For presentations, graphs generated by ents how much lower our fees are compared might obtain free publicity by producing computer are converted into printed illustra­ to the fees of our competitors." charts on local housing prices for a local tions (or transferred to acetate for overhead "One of the biggest saving graces of newspaper. These smaller firms, like the cor­ projection) with plotters, many of which pro­ computer-generated graphics is that we don't porate managers described above, often vide color. The plotter-generated images can have to tell the world about what we're evalu­ have information they must communicate to a be photographed, translating the graphs into ating,'' says Craig Douglass. "We used to hire busy public. Graphics provide them with a slides for screen projection. Big-screen moni­ outside artists to prepare graphs for us, and quick and effective way to get their messages tors can also be used to turn the computer we had to camouflage company names and across. itself into a type of slide projector that allows numbers to keep things classified. Then, When used for presentation graphics, the computer becomes a communications tool that can help people express complicated concepts in simple form. It can produce THE APPLE-BASED COMPUTER GRAPHICS SYSTEM greater sales for a company, and help individ­ uals better sell their ideas. he computer graphics system has labels; adjust horizontal and vertical axis three main components: 1) a personal ranges; perform statistical analyses to deter­ APPLE GRAPHICS IN TRAINING Tcomputer with video monitor; 2) an mine minimum, maximum, sum, mean, stand­ "output device" such as a printer; and ard deviation, and variance; and establish 3) a software program to generate graphics. trends through fitting several types of curves Training department managers also are The computer is, of course, the heart of the by least squares. discovering the value of computer graphics in system. With it, the user can translate numeri­ Business and Professional Software Inc., their work. With the computer, they can easily cal information into graphics. Then the video (BPI} the creator of the Apple Business Graph­ produce, edit, and update materials for monitor delivers the picture from the computer. ics programs, also offers Screen Director, a classes and seminars without having to com­ The Apple II and the Apple Ill also support addi­ software package that allows the user of Busi­ mit themselves to the costs and tedium of re­ tional graphics options; for instance, the Apple ness Graphics to sequence through displays doing existing visuals manually. 11 supports a Graphics Tablet that uses an elec­ on the monitor with a hand-held controller, simi­ One graphics development tool used by tronic stylus to transfer pictures onto the com­ lar to a slide presentation. BPI will also soon puter's video monitor. announce, along with Comshare/Target Soft­ many corporate training departments is Ap­ Personal computers such as Apple 's don't ware Inc., a facility that allows users of Apple ple PILOT, an easy-to-learn programming lan­ have to be dedicated solely to graphics. A busi­ Business Graphics to transmit their displays guage designed especially for training and ness person using them for graphics purposes over standard telephone lines and have them education. With Apple PILOT, a courseware can also run word processing , electronic work­ reproduced as 35-mm slides, overhead trans­ developer can utilize the graphics capabilities sheet, and other programs on them. parencies, or color paper copies. of the Apple II computer to teach technical Attached to a printer or plotter, the computer Another firm, lconix, supplies customers skills such as electronic circuit assembly, and can generate page-size illustrations ("hard throughout the country with inexpensive, help employees understand complex proce­ computer-generated, color illustrations, slides, copies") in either black and white or full color. dures. The use of PILOT graphics in training Among the compatible black and white graph­ and overhead transparencies. Orders are rou­ ics printers for the Apple 11 and Apple Ill are the tinely placed electronically through computer presentations engages and motivates em­ Apple Silentype thermal printer and the Qume networks such as NCSS and TYMNET,® and de­ ployees, making it easier for them to learn. Sprint 5™imp act printer. Compatible plotters in­ livered overnight by mail. Developing graphics with PILOT is easy, clude the Hewlett-Packard 7225A and the Toucan Visual Production Systems manu­ making it possible for trainers to create their Houston Instruments DMP-3, -4 , -6, and -7; talk factures a slide-making system that takes own instructional programs, without having to with your dealer to ensure compatibility with graphics information from the Apple II to pro­ rely on outside consultants or programmers. your system. duce on-site transparencies. Simple keyboard commands are used to draw At current count, more than 80 graphics de­ ™Sprint 5 is a trademark of Oume Corp. lines, circles, and rectangles; or the control velopment programs are commercially availa­ ®TYNM ET is the registered trademark of Tym share, Inc. paddles can be used to draw designs of any ble for the Apple 11 and the Apple I/I-more than for any other personal computer. shape. Text can be mixed with graphics, and The proliferation of easy-to-use, reasonably displayed on the screen. These illustrations priced software has fueled the growth of com­ can then be saved to diskette, ·and utilized puter graphics in business. The Apple II and later in training lessons. Apple /// Business Graphics packages, for ex­ One company is using PILOT to train its ample, were created on the assumption that service representatives about a newly­ many users would have no computer back­ introduced product. In the past, they would ground. Both of these programs allow man­ have brought these "reps" to headquarters agers to quickly create-with simple English for training-an expensive procedure that still commands such as "draw line" and "fill"­ point graphs, line graphs, bar and pie charts, didn't give the level of personalized instruc­ scattergraphs, and area-filled charts. The pro­ tion that the company wanted. But with Apple grams also let users customize graphs with computers set up in local offices nationwide, any number of vertical and horizontal floating each rep can have a private tutor, and be

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 25 _ 1 APPLE GRAPHICS I N BUS I NESS

rado securities manager who uses an Apple HOW TO EVALUATE GRAPHICS SOFTWARE computer at his desk. "They've been trying to produce graphics on the mainframe for a year. Well, I have a graphics program for the W hen you look at different graphics pro­ Apple. It gives me every type of graph I 'II ever grams, look for these characteristics. A need, and it gives me those graphs now, with­ graphics program should: out having to wait for the people on the main­ • Be easy to use; frame to get around to me." Ultimately, managers who use computer • Plot the types of graphs (pie, bar, scatter, graphics benefit in two ways. First, it gives etc.) you want; them more of what every manager covets­ • Plot several sets of data on each graph; time. Since a manager no longer needs to wade through and interpret rows of numbers, • Adjust X-Y parameters to suit your or create lengthy reports to communicate needs; findings to others, there's time to pursue more productive activities. • Provide labels (horizontal and vertical) But perhaps more important is the im­ and titles; proved decision-making that's possible with computer graphics. Since graphic illustra­ • Work with data you have developed tions are so easy to interpret, a manager can through other programs; work with a much larger pool of information • Drive your printer or plotter to its fullest than has ever been possible with stacks of capabilities. statistical printouts. Computer graphics can provide a broader picture and an endless ca­ trained at his or her individual rate. pacity for "what-ifs," making it easier for man­ SuperPILOT, an enhanced version of Apple agers to spot trends and troubles with fewer PILOT, allows training program developers to uncertainties. easily use Apple computers to control vid­ eodiscs, videotape recorders, and other COMING UP NEXT ... audio-visual devices. This combination of computer and video technologies, called 'in­ Already, equipment and software have teractive video,' allows trainers to mix se­ reached a milestone in making computer lected video segments with Apple-generated graphics easier to use, cheaper, and more ac­ graphics, computer-assisted instruction, and cessible to computer newcomers. Just a few test questions. years ago, such technology usually cost The Regional Kidney Disease Program of $250,000 or more, and the idea of a graphics Minneapolis, Minnesota, converted its exist­ system that cost less than $10,000 was un­ ing videotape library for use in Apple-based, imaginable. Now they're being used by many interactive video training of nurses and medi­ companies. cal technicians. Students learn the materials Corporate managers will probably be the at their own pace, while the computer sys­ primary users of personal computer graphics tems handle all record-keeping and testing. In­ on systems such as the Apple 11 and the Apple structors are able to assist those who need Ill. As the information needs of corporations help the most, thereby making the best use of continue to grow, the ability of computer their time. (For more examples of interactive graphics to analyze and present information video at work, see "Rehearsing Reality" on quickly becomes ever more important. For page 9 of this issue, and "CPR Training" in Ap­ many managers in these corporations, com­ ple Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 2, page 18.) puter graphics may provide the only means of staying on top of all the information that af­ BOTTOM LINE BENEFITS fects how they do their jobs. But owners of small businesses may ex­ Whether applied to boardroom or training pand their use of computer-generated graph­ department, the new graphics technology ics as well , in order to make sales represents a considerable savings in time, presentations to customers, analyze budgets, since the computer can convert numerical and understand their own financial data more data into charts in minutes, compared to the clearly and completely. For owners of small days generally required to produce hand­ businesses who need graphics capabilities drawn graphs. only occasionally, service bureaus and com­ There's also a considerable savings in puter stores can provide low-cost graphics price. Douglass from Bell & Howell says that production services. he used to spend $20 to $30 per slide. With One thing is certain: Both corporations and the computer, it costs less than $5 a slide. private businesses are sure to increase their And generating graphs on a personal com­ use of computer graphics generated by per­ puter can be considerably less expensive­ sonal computers. In time, such graphics may and far more practical-than trying to be the primary way that most people under­ produce charts on a large mainframe com­ stand complex statistical information.ti puter system. "There's a multi-million dollar Barbara Gibson, a California-based freelance writer, mainframe upstairs from me," says a Colo- was formerly on the staff of Sunset Magazine and Books.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO 1 26 esigners are trading in their play with visual ideas on an drafting tables for personal com­ Apple computer. puters. Using the conventional The designer can tell the Apple tools of the trade-pencils, system to make measurements or erasers, rulers, and compasses- adjustments in these drawings

a designer might spend hours automatically, and then send the laboring over the tedious details of results to a printer. In some appli­ a sketch, drawing and redrawing, cations, such as the cabinet calculating and recalculating. With design system described on page a personal computer, the designer 30, the computer can even gener­ can do many of these same things ate a list of the necessary raw automatically, leaving more time materials. In order to utilize all this for thinking and analysis. power, the Apple must be pro­ Computer-aided design has grammed to perform these func­ been available on million-dollar tions. We focus on one general­ "CAD" systems for more than a purpose design development sys­ decade. Some people call it "the tem from Cascade Graphics (page new industrial revolution," a way of 31), in addition to the specialized creating products for the future design systems described in without putting pencil to paper. the other stories.

Because of its expense, few Another program available from designers have actually benefited Apple, Designer's Toolkit, lets you from this revolution. But now low­ generate graphics for mapping, priced Apple computers are being architecture, drafting, and other used in numerous new design design applications. Oesigoer's applications. We've documented Toolkit is built around an easy-to­ some of the more exciting exam­ follow "menu" of options that ples on the following pages-from allows a designer to work with dif­ the framing of airplanes to the ferent brush techniques, add fine design of integrated circuits. details and labels, and draw from All of these applications com­ a palette of more than 300 color bine the Apple's graphics capabili­ combinations. ties with its calculative powers, Apple-aided design could helping designers see what their change the way tomorrow looks. It ideas will look like, and analyzing can reduce the time-consuming

whether those ideas will work. In a tasks of producing sketches and I · typical application, a designer performing calculations, while it I might start by drawing ideas on frees designers to utilize their two I the Apple Graphics Tablet, an most important assets: intelligence "electronic sketch pad" that trans­ and imagination. fers images directly onto the com­ puter's screen. In the same way that using a pencil and an eraser makes it possible to "think through" ideas on paper, the Graphics Tablet allows a person to

APPLE MAGAZINE VO L 3 NO 1 27 H i,e a''°"P of high­ to play the theme from "Star such as watchmakers and car paid circuit design engineers. Add Wars." Or your doorbell to sound manufacturers) can buy an Apple vast amounts of money to install the notes from "Laura's Theme." If system to program the song of and program a mainframe you 're a Chevrolet dealer, you their choice into the chip. After the computer for them. Let each could even treat yourself to "See customer has programmed the wait a turn at accessing the the USA, in a Chevrolet" every song, lntersil will produce "mask

mainframe. Now have them time you open a car door. codes" that allow mass production design electrical circuits. The ICM7247 can do all that of any song, up to 256 notes long If that sounds cumbersome­ and more. In fact, it can be pro­ within a 55-note musical range, on and expensive-it is. But most grammed so your watch gives you a single chip. companies involved in circuit an option of eight different songs. 8000 TO 9000 GATES design have been using main­ lntersil is certainly not the first Andy Thompson spent 12 years frames for years. The large sys­ company to make a musical chip, at American Microsystems Inc. tems have chopped design hours but design engineer Glenn Ely (AMI), a Silicon Valley semiconduc­ dramatically, and made it possible says that most others require up tor house, where as director of to create circuits that otherwise to 25 external components to gen­ engineering he was involved with would not exist today. erate music. This chip only the computer-aided design of The engineers who design elec­ requires a speaker, a crystal, two semiconductor devices. He left tronic systems and circuits ~are switches, and a small battery. AM I two years ago to form Spec­ able to determine that the circuits "As engineers, we were worried trum Software in Sunnyvale, Cali­ will successfully work by that we were going to get locked fornia. "I could see a need for

"breadboarding"-that is, by using into programming everybody's programs to run on the Apple that a breadboard (a circuit board with song into the ICM7247,'' notes Ely. could help circuit design engi­ holes in it) to temporarily fasten "So we went looking for an inex­ neers," he explains. components for prototyping. pensive system that would require He's created two comprehen­ Breadboarding is an arduous task, a minimum of manpower to pro­ sive programs-one to help in the and much of it is now done by sim­ gram the chip." Dave Squires, an design of circuits, the other to sim­ ulation on large computers. lntersil project engineer, designed ulate how a circuit will work in But now Apple computers, run­ special software for the Apple II so operation. Each of the programs ning newly written software, allow that chip users (generally manu­ comes in digital and analog design engineers to perform advanced facturers of finished products, packages. breadboarding and circuit analysis tasks inexpensively­ and to create some circuits and components that make their work easier.

MUSICAL CHIPS If you've got time on your hands-in the form of an elec­ tronic watch-there's a good chance some of the microcircuits in it came from lntersil Inc., one of the largest suppliers of timekeep­ ing chips to the electronic watch­ making industry. lntersil, in Cupertino, California, is using an Apple to develop and program what's affectionately known as the ICM7247 Melody Chip. What is it and what does it do? Perhaps you 'd like your watch

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 28 ------, ------

A ESTHESIA Whi le his current logic simulator ning the program on an Apple sys- MONITOR can handle up to 1000 gates- tern is that you don't have to pay Michael Lamb of Tucson, ; making it probably the most for computer time. That's espe- Arizona, is using the Spectrum sophisticated program of its kind cially important, because some program to develop a system that 1: for a personal computer-he's computations may take a long will monitor the amount of anes- currently creating a larger version time. If you have a very large cir- thesia administered to patients that takes advantage of the Apple cuit, it could take three to five min- undergoing surgery. The multidis- Ill's enhanced capabilities to han- utes per calculation with ciplinary project will result in a die 8000-9000 gates. (A gate is a time-sharing. That would be the completely computerized system I switch circuit bui lding block that time needed to find the output at that monitors the percent concen- uses "on" and "off" statements to just one frequency. If you have 20 tration of anesthetic being make certain simple decisions.) frequencies, it .could start adding administered-the traditional role I Alphatron , Inc. has been evalu- up to hours, which you'd be reluc- of the anesthetist. ating Spectrum's electronic series tant to pay for on a mainframe "The anesthetists I've talked to for use with an Apple system to computer. are all for this new system. design custom LSI (large scale "With Circuit Analysis, you can They're pleased somebody is integrated) circuits. John R. Duffy, start your Apple and come back changing an outdated procedure Alphatron vice president, says this when it's done. When I do this for that's been used for the past 30 combination of hardware and soft- work, I bring the info home with years,'' Lamb points out. ware could move up to 80 percent me and run it on my Apple there." The Apple computer has of the company's circuit simulation Ron Stetz, a co-worker of become an integral part of the pro- from time-sharing to dedicated Petrie's at Motorola's Automotive ject. Using a Spectrum Software and Industrial Electronics Group in Apples. mathematics package, Lamb has :ll = " Besides bringing down the Schaumburg, Illinois, finds that an simulated the breathing patterns of cost of time-sharing, the Apple Apple with an electronic design patients. Using Spectrum's elec- program gives him "time control." offers potential benefits in user tronic series, he developed low- I motivation,'' says Duffy. "Having an "Using the Apple,'' he says, pass filters for use in test signals. I "opens things up. Lets you play Apple in-house as our circuit simu- Lamb "breadboarded" the circuit 1. lator, it's likely that more simula- more. So you tend to learn things he needed for the anesthesia mon- tions will be done. The result that shake you from your precon- itor on the Apple 's screen. When should mean lower reworking costs." ceived notions." the program proved the design Apple systems are also gaining would work, Lamb bui lt the actual wide use for circuit design and monitor circuit. I related engineering tasks at Currently, the anesthetist logs I schools and universities. And the the patient's response to the anes- applications are often not quite thesia every few minutes on paper. what you might expect. But Lamb descri bes one advan- Frank Leenknecht, a psychol- tage of the Apple's constant moni- ~A. F. "Slim "CONTROL Petrie of Ar lington ogy department technician at San toring: "If another operation is ' Heights, Ill inois, is the author of Diego State University, designs cir- required, a physician can take the another Apple program called Cir- cuits to be used for psychology diskette, examine the information cuit Analysis. Petrie bought an experiments. The hardware on it, and be able to see how the Apple in 1979, but the program he includes Apples that are set up patient wil l respond to anesthesia." developed for the computer goes with devices that monitor behavior. Lamb says the University of back to 1965. "The original version After the data is transferred to the Arizona plans to package and sell of the circuit analysis program Apple, it's statistically analyzed. the complete monitor at a price was done on a time-sharing sys- In one experiment, for instance, low enough to interest other hospi- tern at General Electric," he the activity levels of rats injected tals in its use. explains. "That's where I first with drugs are monitored. After learned how to program a circuit injection, each rat is placed in a - by Ron lscoff simulation." box with a photocell. Every time The Apple version of the pro- the rat passes the photocell, a gram was released through pulse is sent to the Apple, which Apple's Special Delivery Software accumulates the counts. in 1981. "A big advantage of run-

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. I 29 ,_ - l The cabinet ShOP A[)eSigner For

'T eceotype that most in under 40 minutes. The Cybix ing specifications and dimensions people have of a cabinetmaker­ package was designed with the for nearly 400-600 pieces of wood a little old man with gnarled hands computer neophyte in mind. Most in a typical kitchen. It provides the I and a leather apron-it's just not of the time, the designer works by assembly crew with a typed list of real today," says Mike Hayes, who pointing at the screen with a light specifications, drawings of each has owned a custom cabinet busi- pen, a small device that looks like cabinet, and a master cutting list

ness in Van Nuys, California for 18 that groups together all identically years. "Hobbyists can afford to do sized pieces. everything by hand. I have to put "I guess I shouldn't have been bread and butter on the table by surprised when an assembler designing and building a custom came to me, saying that the print­ product in the least amount of outs were saving him an extra time I can." hour on every job,'' Hayes says. An Apple computer is helping "We sat down and figured out that, the Hayes Cabinet Company and because the computer's cutting others increase their design effi­ lists were so easy to read, and ciency, while allowing them to because every piece to be cut maintain high standards of quality alike was listed together, as a shop As part of a cabinet design system we were saving more than five developed by Cybix Intelligent Sys­ hours on each job-just in the tems of Chatsworth, California, the cutting!"

Apple could revolutionize the cabi­ the bar-code readers used in netmaking industry department stores. The computer Custom shops such as Hayes's detects the light, records the differ from manufacturers of designer's choice of wood type, "stock" or "modular" fixtures, who door design, dimensions, and so build great quantities of identical on , until each cabinet in the job is cabinets for housing tracts. As the completely defined. name implies, custom cabinet The Apple ll 's graphics capabili­ shops make fixtures that are spe­ ties let the designer see the cabi­ cially designed to fit particular net on screen, section by section, rooms, usually kitchens and bath­ as it is created. Each design rooms in luxury homes and condo­ begins as an empty box. The miniums. Although the "little old designer can then divide it into cabinetmaker" image may no thirds, fourths, or smaller sections. longer apply, these shops do pro- Doors, shelves in any of several

vide an individuality of design and styles, face framing-all design CUSTOMIZED PROGRAMS a quality of workmanship that dis­ components become a part of the FOR CUSTOM SHOPS tinguishes their products from picture and automatically go into "We wouldn't have approached mass-manufactured ones. the computer's memory this product if we thought we "By hand it takes eight to "For the experienced designer, couldn't accommodate the cus­ twelve hours of work to design it's as easy as taking a multiple tom market,'' Shattuck says. and detail an average job,'' choice test and knowing all the "About 80 percent of the program explains Ron Shattuck, president answers,'' says Shattuck. is generic, but it's that other 20 of Cybix. "Doing this work by hand When the design is complete, percent that makes each particu­ can be the most tedious job in the the computer is left alone to finish lar cabinet shop different from all world, yet every calculation has to the detailing. In an hour or two, the others." be exactly right." printer will produce a neat stack of Don Littleton, plant manager of HOW IT WORKS fan-folded paper that replaces the Cabinet Builders Inc. (CBI), a Hay­ With the Cybix system, a standard multitude of hand-done ward, California, shop, spent sev- designer can finish an average job renderings and cutting lists, involv-

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1 30 eral weeks working with Cybix's will be '"'P'ised;' possible to copy symbols, delete programmers, developing the cus­ "Nsays Dan Johnsonooe, " if drafting objects, edit lines, and perform a tom portions of his company's pro­ tables go the way of the slide rule­ variety of standard CAD move­ gram. He filled out a lengthy into welcome obsolescence. ments such as rotate, scale, mir­ questionnaire that covered all of If you own a drafting board, ror, and align, all automatically. A CBl 's "shop standards," the proce­ you had better plan on user can pan across a drawing or dures and design features that dis­ accelerated depreciation." up and down it, or zoom in to tinguish his shop's products from As president of Cascade Graph­ enlarge any "window" or area. his competitors'. ics Development of Santa Ana, The principle design elements "We thought we had a lot more California, Johnson could change need only be entered once, so 'ways of doing things' than the the face of drafting. Cascade has there are fewer errors and rejects program would be able to handle," come up with an affordable Apple­ and a quicker and more precise Littleton remembers. "I was sur­ based system that promises to standardization of parts. "By elimi­ prised by how adaptable it was. save time for designers while nating the repetitive elements and We wouldn't have had to change increasing their accuracy and pro­ reducing the risk of error, we are many of our procedures to accom­ ductivity. freeing up time for creative think­ modate the computer. But prepar­ Cascade offers an inexpensive, ing and design analysis," says ing the shop standards two-dimensional design system Johnson. questionnaire forced me to think that contains many of the capabili­ Designs can be stored for about every step in our shop, and I ties found in expensive CAD/CAM future use on eight-inch floppy saw how we could do some things work stations, but at a fraction of diskettes or on a mass-storage more efficiently." the price. "Seven Cascade work hard disk drive. Seven dense E­ MORE THAN A DESIGNER stations can be put into operation size drawings (34 " by 42") can be "The person who can use our for the same cost as one conven­ stored on an eight-inch floppy, with system to the best advantage tional work station," says Johnson. up to four disk drives per system. owns a custom shop with 10 to 20 "By placing the Apple computer LINKED TO people working in it," says Shat­ at the heart of the system, we're LARGE COMPUTERS tuck. "The shop might produce placing computing power within In addition to its stand-alone anywhere from $500,000 to reach of everyone in the drafting design system, Cascade offers a $2,000,000 in revenues a year. disciplines." package that allows designers to Much smaller than that, and they With the Cascade system, a use an Apple computer as a "pre­ probably won 't think they can designer can construct and move processor" to a standard CAD sys­ afford the system, although it so-called "primitives" (such as tem. In this configuration, two or would pay for itself in time, even in points, lines, text, arcs, circles, more Apple computers joined by a very small shop. and ellipses), create groups of multiplexers send data to the cen­ "We spent three man-years these primitives, and then manipu­ tral system. developing our product for the late the groups with a few key­ Because the Apple systems Apple II because, for the money, strokes. The system makes it don't tie up the computational no other computer can do what it does," Shattuck continues. "The Apple is an attractive computer for our system, even beyond its tech­ nical capabilities, because owners of smaller shops can buy book­ keeping and inventory software for it that helps them save more time and money."

-by Renee Olsen ~ · ~ z I Q z I 0 ~ a: 11 t;; :J ...J =' APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1

31 I power of the central system or Q in the high Mojave TRANSFORMATION drain its speed, they offer a formi­ Desert northeast of Los IN THE SKY dable alternative to the stan- Angeles, Burt Rutan has set After years as a civilian engi­ dard, high-priced work stations out to shatter conventional avi­ neer at Edwards Air Force Base, that, when used to full capacity, ation wisdom with homebuilt where he tested many of the fast­ have a tremendous slowing impact airplanes. Lately, he's been est fighters, Rutan set out to ere-

on CAD systems. ate simple, inexpensive airplanes " For most applications, we're that could deliver similar perform­ looking at productivity leaps of ance at a fraction of the cost. three-to-one and more,'' says John­ Rutan 's birds look unconven­ son. "All the usual two-dimen­ tional. They are built differently, sional drafting projects-electrical too. His first, in 1972, was the and ladder diagrams, electronic canard-wing VariViggen, config­ schematics, process flow sheets, ured and named after the program flow charts, plot plans, Swedish Saab Viggen fighter. piping and instrumentation Conventionally built of plywood, diagrams-are more efficiently spruce, and Ceconite, it delivered designed." stunning performance from a mod­ TEACHING CAD est, 150-horsepower engine. The Cascade system has also Rutan followed with the VariEze been incorporated into a course (a plane 'very easy' to build and

for instructors, as well as a developing designs on his net­ fly) in 1974, and then the twin­ college-level course for engineer­ work of Apples. engine Defiant and the LongEze in ing and drafting students. 1978-all constructed from foam "Teaching computer-aided Leonardo da Vinci dreamed of and fiberglass. design procedures and techniques powered flight 500 years ago. He The VariViggen took about 5000 has traditionally required an sketched his 'ornithopter' in the hours to build; the VariEze and expensive investment of time and late fifteenth century, accomplish­ other new designs can be con­ money," notes Johnson. "But this ing with his imagination what he structed in about one-fifth that system makes it feasible to teach had only seen birds do. time. Rutan eschews the laborious CAD in schools. The estimated But the road to safe, routine fly­ assembly of precision metal parts. demand for trained CAD personnel ing turned out to be a tortuous, Instead, the person building one of is greater than 200,000 people technologically testing, and deadly his planes cuts Styrofoam to over the next few years. Using the path for many early experi­ shape with a hot wire, finishes it Cascade education system, each menters. After the Wright brothers with files and sanders, then covers drafting student can generate a launched the era of powered flight it with fiberglass. The result is a

portfolio of drawings." in 1903, developments in aviation small, light, and smooth structure A typical Cascade configuration technology accelerated. Designers that can be built easily by an ama­ for universities includes an Apple spent the next seven decades cre­ teur. And it 's safe-virtually unstal­ Graphics Tablet, a line printer, and ating new ways to fly more people lable and unspinnable. plotters with which the student can faster. ENTER APPLE create drawings at any scale, res­ Then, in the mid-1970s, the The amateurs building Rutan 's olution, or size. world of flight reeled under the kits needed accurate and timely influence of rising energy costs. data to help them construct their -by Virginia L. Bennett Today, regardless of aircraft type, planes. Rutan soon found himself size, or classification, aircraft buried by his direct-mail business, designers must deal with the ques­ publishing information for what is today a builder/prospect audience tion of how they can maintain per­ ~ formance while they reduce of 3500 in 40 countries. I operating expenses. To help answer his soaring cor­ Burt Rutan has an answer. respondence needs, Rutan pur-

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 32 l

chased his first Apple computer in rounded or straight, and make Rutan and Storch knew from 1978. He used a mailing list pro­ changes in order to study different the start that they would need gram to add new names, change alternatives. We can then print out some kind of computer-aided addresses, and print labels and the shape, along with critical size design (CAD) system, since creat­ lists of customers. and performance data." ing these scaled-down planes Then Rutan realized that the The programs run on 48K Apple requires them to consider the II Plus systems, each equipped with two disk drives, monitor, and printer. Rutan and Storch use an Apple Graphics Tablet as well. "Burt recently did a vertical sta­ bilizer drawing;" says Storch. " He wanted to change the size of the drawing, so he traced it onto the Graphics Tablet and played with it on the computer. The program let him increase the size of the draw­ ing by any percentage he wanted." SCALED MODELS Rutan 's latest project is a com­ pany named SCALED, in which he's building low-cost, scaled-down versions of commercial and mili­ Rutan 's latest experimental plane, tary craft. The planes are flown by Now under construction in a the Grizzley, was designed in pilots in tests that replace elabo­ hangar at Southern California's part on Apple computers. rate wind tunnel procedures. Mojave Airport, the Solitaire "We 've surprised a lot of peo­ will be soaring this summer. ple," says Storch. "They didn't believe we could design, build, and flight-test models for less than the same Apple system he was using cost of a wind tunnel. Testing this same multitude of design factors as a mail list manager could help way gives us accurate flight data, they would have to consider to him handle engineering tasks as as well as qualitative data from the build a full-scale version. But, as well. He and his staff now have pilots that you can't get from a Storch notes, "It's scary to invest nine Apple systems. "We like to do tunnel." $250,000 in a complete CAD sys­ things economically and effi­ tem when you 're just starting out a Electronic prototype of the ciently," explains programmer­ new venture." analyst Pat Storch. "The Apple Solitaire (produced with graphics on an Apple II} allows Rutan to Rutan Aircraft uses the design computer fits right into that analyze design and make changes. package available from Cascade philosophy." Graphics (see related story, page Storch and Rutan have created 31). "It gives us the power we over 50 engineering programs on need today, and the flexibility to their Apple systems to assist them move up if we someday want one with aircraft design and analysis. of the expensive CAD systems." They've used the Apples to do Rutan continues to build some engineering drawings of sample of the world's most unusual-and airfoils and fuselage sections. most remarkable-planes. Stay "The entire fuselage shape for tuned. Much more may be heard our sailplane, the Solitaire, was from Burt Rutan. designed on an Apple computer," says Storch. "The computer gen­ -by John Joss erates an airfoil shape on the screen. We can examine cross­ sections of it, decide whether we want the fuselage to be more

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1 ------. 33 es on:

imely information is largest catalog retailer in the communicating within the Catalog important in business, world. Nearly 2000 catalog sales Division and in getting detailed T reports to top management rapidly especially when a centers are served by the Ill company makes company's five distribution and at a moderate cost." major buying and centers, which are located in The company originally selling decisions every day. But it Milwaukee (Wisconsin), Atlanta purchased personal computers to takes most large companies days (Georgia), Columbus (Ohio), give individual computer power to to gather and prepare reports that Kansas City (Kansas), and Reno accounting managers, rather than contain all the information they (Nevada). A sixth distribution requiring them to depend solely need, and days more for those center is scheduled to open in on the mainframe computers in reports to be delivered to their Manchester (Connecticut) later each of the distribution centers. outlying offices. this year. Managers use the Apple com­ JCPenney Company, Inc., the Using Micro-Courier, a manager puters to track inventory, maintain nation's third largest retailer, uses in any one of these centers who expense-to-budget data, and electronic mail to reduce the time uses an Apple computer is able to perform budget analysis and it takes to send vital information transmit computer files directly forecasting tasks. back and forth between its New over the phone lines, without In order to use Micro-Courier, York headquarters and catalog having to first produce a hard-copy both the sender and the receiver distribution centers. Using a printout. Computer users in each need to have the program running program called Micro-Courier™ location can take the information on their computers simultaneously. with Apple computers, the contained in those files and With the addition of a clock card, company is able to send income, analyze it on their own machines users of Micro-Courier can take expense, and inventory reports all according to their needs. "In the advantage of a special program around the country, instantly. "The past, summaries were prepared by feature that enables them to send system has improved the speed hand from printouts produced on messages at any designated time. and accuracy of these reports our mainframe computer, " explains "Because we use the computers immeasurably, and has signifi­ Mr. Kiser, "and reports were either during the day," says Ron Burr, a cantly cut the flow of paperwork mailed or telecopied from the five technical coordinator for JCPen­ through my office," says Jim Kiser, data processing centers around ney, "we run Micro-Courier only at financial reporting and analysis the country to New York." night to transmit data between coordinator of the JCPenney The ability to respond quickly to offices. In addition, telephone and Catalog Division. the market via an effective transmittal costs are lower in the The JCPenney catalog operation communications network is critical evenings." has grown dramatically from a $46 in consumer retailing, and ™Micro-Courier is a trademark of million undertaking in 1964 to a especially important to JCPenney's Microcom, Inc. $1.7 billion business in 1981, because of their emphasis on making JCPenney the second apparel and fashion-oriented merchandise. According to Larry Braby, Catalog Division controller, the electronic mail system has given JCPenney "flexibility in

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 34 APPLES ON

ow do you keep a After 10 years in business, Mrs. available small business programs. H teenager occupied Parada knew all too well the One of them, a general ledger during the summer? drudgery of manual record program, saves her the $100 a Lou and Adela Parada keeping. Rick's programs have month she used to pay to a of Pinole, California, been designed to streamline the computer service bureau. Another, answered this age-old question by standard procedures of the Personal Finance Manager, is used buying an Apple computer for their operation, allowing his mother to to keep a budget of both home and 13-year-old son. continue her normal way of doing business expenses. As they've "We bought it as a learning business without requiring her to increased their use of the system, tool," Mrs. Parada remembers. spend as much time reviewing the family has added new "We thought Rick might try writing invoices and counting inventory. equipment, including a printer and a few simple programs himself. One of Rick's programs, the disk drives. And we knew there were plenty of Transfer List, identifies all available Although both her husband and programs already available that he transfers by supplier, order number, son write programs on the Apple II, could use." category, and wholesale value. It Mrs. Parada explains that she still Today, two years later, that same also keeps a record of purchase prefers to just "push the buttons Apple computer has become dates, figures out the quantity at and make it work. That's fun indispensable to Mrs. Parada's hand, and calculates the wholesale enough for me." She recommends T-shirt, miniatures, and silk· value of the entire transfer the system to friends and other screening businesses. Rick writes inventory. A'second program businesses. "The benefits to our programs on it for her and for his keeps a detailed record of daily family, to our bUsiness, and junior high school, and also uses sales, and figures the cost of especially to our son, have been the computer to help him with his goods sold, as well as total sales phenomenal." schoolwork. tax payments. " It's like a game to us ,'' says Another of his programs is used Mrs. Parada. "There's almost to maintain the silk-screen price always one of us using the list. Before they started using a computer. " computer, Mrs. Parada would only At first, the Parada family revise her price list twice a year started with the simplest of because of the tedium of making systems-an Apple II Plus with changes. Now, using the program, their television acting as a monitor. it's easier for her to set a price on As a family, they used it for merchandise that accurately entertainment, playing games like reflects her wholesale costs. Apple Stellar Invaders and In addition to using Rick's Microgammon (a computerized programs, Mrs. Parada has version of backgammon). Rick purchased several commercially read the tutorial manuals that came with the computer, and taught himself how to program in BASIC. Within a month, he began writing programs for his mother's business. Her major need, like that of many small business owners, was finding a way to keep track of her merchandise. Mrs. Parada stocks 850 different T-shirt transfers and 150 silk-screen designs. Her shop offers 30 styles of shirts in a variety of sizes and colors from 10 suppliers, as well as other items to be printed, such as bags and caps. In addition, she maintains a detailed catalog of miniatures that she can obtain for customers.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL 3 NO. 1 35 APPLES ON

ntil recently, educa­ instructional application, was On the final two days, workshop U tional resources were judged to be rugged, and could leaders examined the instruction so limited in isolated withstand most of the power process, reviewing software and rural Alaskan schools fluctuations that are common here. other educational materials, as that many students In addition, sound educational well as the roles played by student, either dropped out after the 8th programming already existed for teacher, and computer in the grade or were forced to attend the Apple II, plus we felt there was classroom. boarding schools far from home. the potential for developing much Working with the Northwest Apple computers are helping to more educational material for it." Regional Educational Laboratory, change all that by making it Transporting an Apple 11 to an the Alaska Department of possible for small schools in the isolated school can be a difficult Education created software to help state to offer a comprehensive task, often requiring several teach Alaskan history, U.S. history, high school program. airplane flights and climaxed by a English, general math, general According to Dr. William final run on skis. But complex science, and developmental Bramble of the Alaska Department deliveries are a minor challenge reading. Two additional courses­ of Education, rural Alaskan compared to teacher training. consumer education and health teachers are faced with extraordi­ To turn teachers into Apple education-are currently under nary circumstances. "A village experts, Bramble and his staff put development. school might have two teachers, together a three-day comprehen­ "We created our own instruc­ with 20 students in grades sive training course presented tional programs because of our kindergarten through high school. alternately in Fairbanks, Anchor­ specialized needs," says Bramble. The teachers must provide all age, and Juneau. On the first day, "Our aim is to provide courses instruction for the children, often teachers learned troubleshooting with high interest and simple without relying on any of the usual techniques and how to perform vocabulary, but with content conveniences, such as a resource minor repairs. targeted at the student's grade center, bookstore, or nearby "Remember, rural teachers have level." (Commercially available supervisor." no nearby computer stores," says software packages are also used In 1978, Bramble's department Bramble. "Our teachers provide in the schools.) launched a project to explore the much of the routine maintenance Each of the courses includes feasibility of computer-assisted and troubleshooting on our 20-40 audio-visual instruction instruction in rural classrooms Apples." tapes, student manuals, standard throughout the state. "We had a textbooks, and software for drills real challenge. We met it by and testing. The Apple II not only devising a teaching strategy that scores exams, but also pinpoints uses technology to provide a those concepts grasped by the variety of quality education student, and indicates others courses." requiring additional study. After investigating various According to Ed Obie of the approaches to computer-assisted Alaska Department of Education, instruction, Alaskan educators there are now more than 1000 decided on personal computers Apple computers distributed because of their low cost and among Alaskan schools. "The stand-alone capability. Bramble computer is not a panacea-it indicates the Apple II was chosen cannot and does not replace the "because it was suited to the teacher, " he cautions. "But we've seen much evidence of what a powerful tool it can be, when integrated with a multi-layered approach that incorporates print, audio, and other video material­ all under the creative direction of the classroom teacher." "The system is perfect for the small school," adds Bramble. "All .necessary materials are included in the course package. Students receive individualized instruction and the teacher knows exactly where each student is in each course."

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 36 • APPLES ON

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APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 37 APPLES ON

hey may only be ink With Exner's Comprehensive The Rorschach Tabulator, blots, but to a (Rorschach) Scoring System, a written in Applesoft BASIC, is used II psychologist they're psychologist chooses among 79 to classify and store Exner data, II invaluable tools for variables to score a patient's perform the necessary computa­ diagnosing and responses, which average in tions, and produce charts from treating emotional disorders. In the number from 25 to 30 per test. The which diagnoses are made. "The Midwest, an Apple II Plus is majority of variables fall under the program examines the 102 indices helping one doctor use them to get headings of: Content (what the vital to personality analysis, with a at the core of people's problems patient perceives in each blot); fraction of the effort involved in faster than previously possible. Location (where on the blots these manual scoring," says McPhee. A psychologist administering the images are located); and "Previously, when using a Rorschach test shows a patient 10 Determinant (what prompts the calculator, I'd devote a lot of time different ink blots, one at a time, patient's responses-color, to rechecking tabulations, because then asks the person to articulate shading, or shape, for example) . . computational errors can alter the what the blots resemble. Accord­ After the psychologist scores the accuracy of a diagnosis or ing to Dr. John McPhee, a Grand replies, a series of quantitative treatment recommendation. With Rapids, Michigan, psychologist, analyses is performed on the data, the Apple, I have the bonus of Rorschach responses can provide the results are charted, and a knowing that my calculations will the following insights about a personality profile arrived at. be correct first time around. patient's personality: Each test typically takes one "I use the time I save to see 1 . How does the person and a half hours to administer, more patients." organize his or her life? score, calculate, and chart, the The commercially available 2. Does the person think things latter two tasks being especially program (Hartley Software, through, or react emotionally? tedious and time-consuming. Kentwood, Michigan) requires a 3. Does the person handle McPhee, however, has written a 48K Apple II Plus and a Disk II complex situations, avoid them, or program for the Apple II Plus that drive, and can use all Apple­ get bogged down in detail? reduces by up to 40 minutes the compatible printers. McPhee 4. How does the person amount of time spent making designed the software with built-in perceive the world and project calculations and charts for each instructions so that, with minimal attitudes, values, and motives Rorschach test. training, secretaries can use it to onto it? enter data and automatically (The test can also be used to generate quantitative analyses determine whether a psychotic and charts. patient's illness stems from For the past 18 months, McPhee schizophrenia, mania, or drug has also been using his Apple to intoxication.) correlate the incidence of mental Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss disorders and solar, luna r, and/or psychiatrist, developed the test meteorological phenomena. He during the 1920s. It lost popularity has the Apple system collecting because the interpretation of weather data (temperatures, results was highly subjective; barometric pressures, wind several doctors using it on the velocities and directions) from a same patient could arrive at Heathkit Digital Weather Station, varying diagnoses. In recent years, and documenting lunar phases however, the Rorschach has come and geomagnetic storms (solar into vogue again because of a flares). It also keeps daily scientific scoring system summaries from Grand Rapids and developed by Dr. John Exner, Jr. surrounding Kent County on hospital psychiatric admissions, suicides, and mental health crisis hotline calls.

APPLE MAGAZINE VOL. 3 NO. 1 38 UMMARY OF APPLE PRODUCTS I More than 400,000 people now own Apple personal computers and use them in business, edu­ cation, industry, and the home. They're dis­ covering how Apple systems can expand their horizons, while making their lives more productive. In this issue, we've documented some of the ways that Apple owners benefit from their computers: business people who work more efficiently, designers who think more crea· lively, scientists who probe more accurately An Apple computer can change how you live and work, too. No bigger than a type· writer, an Apple system packs more process· ing power than many large computers did just a few years ago. And you can use an Apple computer without any special training or knowledge of programming. Thousands of ready-to-run programs-the largest selec· lion in the industry-let you put your com­ puter to work right away Visit your local dealer and ask for a hands· on demonstration of the Apple II and Apple Ill computer systems described on the fol· lowing pages. (From your dealer you can also get Apple In Depth-a complete refer­ ence to Apple products-and other guides to help you pick the Apple system that's right , for you.) Expand your world. Explore the world of Apple.

I he Apple II can make your working use computers effectively, too. Appi e PILOT, time more productive, your learn­ Apple Logo, and the Shell Games make it easy ing time more exciting, your lei­ for teachers to produce lessons using color sure time more entertaining and graphics and sound capabilities. Any subject creative. is more fun on an Apple computer. Try spell­ You 'll be impressed with its powerful bui/t­ ing and problem solving with Elementary, My in capabilities, including high-resolution Dear Apple, Magic Spells, and Math Strategy/ color graphics and sound generating fea­ Spelling Strategy. Teach geography with Su­ tures. Its 48K bytes of user memory (64K permap, music with Apple Music Theory, or with the Language Card) allow you to per­ computer science with Apple How To! and form sophisticated tasks, from text editing to Hand Holding BASIC. And prepare students financial modeling. In addition, you can add for the computer age by teaching them word accessories to expand your system's capa­ processing and business analysis on a per· bilities, including: printers that give you a sonal computer system. "hard copy" printout of your programs; the Apple also makes it easy to introduce Apple Graphics Tablet, which lets you use the computers in the classroom, with teachers ' Apple II to draw and display computer pic­ manuals, classroom copies of the Applesoft tures; or Disk II floppy disk drives, for greater BASIC Tutorial Manual, users guides, and a ease in saving and retrieving information. software directory listing all the educational The Apple II supports a wide variety of Ian· programs that run on an Apple system. guages, including BASIC, Pascal , CIS CO­ SCIENCE ANO INDUSTRY BOL;M FORTRAN , PILOT, Logo, and assembly Increase your efficiency in the lab or on the language. In addition, you can choose from job with tools that improve accuracy and in ­ a complete selection of problem-solving pro· creaseproductivity. Apple systems support a grams for virtually any application. See your complete line of interfaces, including IEEE- local dealer to learn more about the following 488 cards, AID and DIA converters, and a.c. programs, and thousands of others. controllers. With an Apple system, you get more accessory slots for expansion options BUSINESS MANAGEMENT than with any other computer its size. Tackle just about any financial analysis Use an Apple computer cost-effectively problem with programs like VisiCalc, Plan 80, with Apple programs such as Circuit Analysis and Senior Analyst. Then use Apple Writer and and StepwiseMultiple Regression.Topographic Goodspell to compose and proofread re­ Mapping displays land surface features with ports, and Apple Plot or Apple Business Graph­ three-dimensional realism. Another pro­ ics to present your conclusions graphically gram, Designer'sToolkit , lets you computerize Managing personal finances? You can the drafting table at a fraction of the cost of track financial news and stock prices and expensive computer graphics systems. manage your portfolio with the Dow Jones HOME/HOBBY Newsand QuotesRe porter and the Dow Jones Whether you want to trim your household Portfolio Evaluator. If you operate a business, budget with Personal Finance Manager, trim .., you can keep close tabs on the bottom line your reading time with Speed Reader, or trim . with The Controller from Apple; or use the BPI your figure with Diet Analysis, Apple has the . ).\'\,\ \ ' . \

I \\ \ ' ' ' accounting system, with programs for gen· program for you. Explore the world of com­ \\I'\,~ .. \ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ era/ ledger, accounts receivable, inventory puter music with Musicomp, or try your hand control, payroll, and job costing. If you 're an at computer art with Artist Designer and Pas­ . . ~ ,' \ ~ . .-~ : ' ' 1"' "' "_!! • ~ .. ~ ;' independent sales professional, Order Track­ cal Animation Tools. ~ ' - ':'.' - :, ·:.._: ing System will help you process, locate, and We've also got the games you want to '' ,, ~ ,.._ -.. 111i'iit. ~~1f\ 1'! 11! H' ... ~ analyze sales information. play Save the world from alien foes with Ap­ / " ~ ,· ' . With Micro-Courier™you can send mes­ ple Stellar Invaders ... command an interstel­ - \t ' · • ~ / sages from one Apple computer to another, lar fleet with Galactic Wars . . . explore 0 •-. ' - · ~. : /, M -~ ~ , o ' :--_-----..} . - ~ -. and distribute your letters and reports more twisting caverns for treasure with Apple Ad· quickly Another program, Apple Post, lets venture . . . or face a heart-pounding race 3 you generate mailing labels, keep addresses against time and aliens to repair The Wreck of up-to-date, and manage your mailings. the B.M.S. Pandora. If you like cards, try team­ If deadlines are a problem, use APM to ing the tricks of better bridge with Bridge Tu­ organize your projects and Agenda Files to tor, and the best betting strategies with "The keep track of your time. You can SAVE time, World's Greatest Blackjack Program:· uage packages too, by using the Formulex forms package i (7) Manuals and \an9 and Datatree™to help you gather and orga­ nize information. ™CIS COBOL is a /rademark of Micro Focus, Inc. ™Micro-Courier is a trademark of Microcom, Inc. EDUCATION ™Datalree is a trademark of Arizona Computer 7 We give educators the tools they need to Systems, Inc.

J he Apple Ill personal computer Word Processing Language for automating system gives you professional your own word processing tasks. Use Apple results quickly, whether you 'reed­ Writer Ill with Mail List Manager to personalize Titing text, developing software, form letters for mass mailings. or plotting financial data. MAIL LIST MANAGER The Apple Ill comes with 128K or 256K Now even small businesses can afford a bytes of built-in user memory The system professional computer mail list system. Mail includes a built-in Disk Ill drive, which stores List Manager lets you create and maintain a 140K bytes of information (about 40 typed, label file containing up to 960 mailing single-spaced pages). You can add up to records-and sort it in less than 75 seconds. three more Disk Ill drives without using any You can print complete or partial lists, and of the built-in slots. Or you can keep a whop­ use any size or type of label. ping five million bytes (35 diskettes full) of APPLE Ill BUSINESS GRAPHICS information handy with the Profile Personal Make your point graphically with Apple Ill Mass Storage System, Apple's 51/4'' hard Business Graphics. The program allows you disk. (And you can simultaneously put up to to create scaled and numbered line, bar, and four Profile drives on your Apple Ill!). pie charts, plots, curves, graphs, and much Apple Ill features include: an 80 character­ more. And you can print your results to either per· line, upper/lower case display; a a printer or a plotter. calculator-style numeric keypad; a sculp­ ACCESS Ill tured keyboard for maximum typing speed Turn your Apple Ill into a remote terminal and accuracy; Apple's Sophisticated Operat­ that connects to any mainframe systems ing System (SOS}, which automatically con­ supporting intelligent terminals. A special trols system hardware; built-in RS-232C and "capture buffer" lets you collect data gener­ Silentype printer interfaces; and four acces­ ated by the mainframe system and save it for sory slots that make system expansion easy later retrieval, so you economize on connec­ and economical. The Apple Ill Universal Par­ tion time and costs. VT-52 and VT-100 emu­ allel Interface Card lets you attach a variety of lation modes let you use your Apple with a parallel-mode printers and other devices to wide range of time-sharing software. the Apple Ill. In addition, there's a built-in APPLE BUSINESS BASIC four-channel, eight-bit AID converter, and a With the huge, TOK workspace available one·channel, six-bit DIA converter,· along on a 128K Apple Ill and nearly 200K on a with a loudspeaker for audible warnings and 256K Apple Ill, you can really take advantage user prompting. of Apple Business BASIC's powerful features An "emulation mode" on the Apple Ill al­ to produce customized solutions to your pro­ lowsyou to run most Apple II programs, and gramming needs. Business BASIC's special theSo t/Card Ill lets you take advantage of the 64-bit, 18-digit data type lets you handle the CP/M™libr ary of programs. In addition, the toughest accounting chores with accuracy Apple Ill supports a complete line of software APPLE Ill PASCAL that takes maximum advantage of its ad­ Apple's sophisticated version of UCSD vanced capabilities. Choose from packages Pascal takes the effort out of creating large that include: business, scientific, and educational applica­ VISICALC Ill tions. In addition to being fully compatible A revolutionary software tool for man­ with Pascal on the Apple II, Apple Ill Pascal agers, financial planners, analysts, and oth­ implements several improvements that take ers, VisiCalc Ill /els you quickly organize and advantage of the Apple Ill's greater perform­ manipulate numeric models such as fore­ ance and memory features. With the release casts, budgets, and investment strategies. of Apple Ill Pascal, Apple becomes the first It's actually an "electronic worksheet" that personal computer company to provide IEEE allows you to format rows and columns of Floating Point Standard arithmetic. information, assume unknowns (like next SCRIPT Ill year's sales figures}, and then perform Format your Pascal text files with line "What if? . .. " analyses to see instantly the spacings, margins, page breaks, underlined results of changing your assumptions. Visi­ words, justified text, and other features. Calc Ill gives you the largest work space of Script Ill makes your Pascal programs and any spreadsheet program- more than 190K documents more inviting and easier to read. in a 256K Apple Ill. APPLE Ill PASCAL UTILITY LIBRARY APPLE WRITER Ill Save time writing and compiling code by Create, edit, format, and print a wide range utilizing this library of common functions of written material quickly and accurately Ap­ and procedures in your programs. ple Writer Ill gives you the sophisticated fea­ ™UCSD Pascal is a registered trademark of the tures professionals look for in a word Regents of the University of California. processing system, as well as an easy-to-use ™CPIM is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. ·--=-' <_· -: -~ -~ ._'_ -~ ,'_ ~- ~ ~"""~~~

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3 page 9 REHEARSING REAL- asked us for more information The on-site slide develop- ~ou w1.t1T 11Y The flight-training programs about the Topographic Map- ment package mentioned in the described in the story are pro- ping program w ritten by Dr. box was developed by Toucan ·' ,.,,., duced by Jeppesen Sanderson, John Westfall. Topographic Visual Production Systems, ·TO rJIOflS • • • 55 Inverness Drive E., Engle- Mapping allows the Apple com- 1033 Battery Street, San Fran- otJT ie or wood, CO 80112. They're using puter to display seven different cisco, CA 94111. bout APP . 't . . . a ucts. v1s1 an interactive video hookup types of topographic maps, all manufactured by BCD Associ- from a single set of data. One page 27 APPLE-AIDED its prod 1dealer your 1oca nstration ates, Inc., 1216 N. Blackwelder quotee was thinking of using DESIGN . Most of the special- a derno Ave ., Oklahoma City, OK 73106. the program in a public display; ized design systems featured in for Apple II You can simulate flight on an another said it could be useful this section are commercially of the le Ill Apple system with the subLogic to his research. Topographic available. The Cybix Cabinet and APP systems· Design System is manufac- computer Flight Simulator, available from Mapping is produced by Apple, subLogic at 713 Edgebrook, and is available as a Special tured by Cybix Intelligent Sys- Champaign, IL 61820. Delivery Software package. terns, Inc., 20211-B Prairie The people at subLogic (see Street, Chatsworth, CA 91311. Your dealer can also show page 10 A CAMERA ON THE address, above) also produce The Cascade Graphics Devel- you many products described COMPUTER. Video digitizing Dr. Wes Huntress's Saturn Nav- opment System (featured in in this magazine, including: combines the computational igator program. It requires their "The New Drafting" and now power of an Apple computer A2-3D1 Graphics Package. being used by Rutan Aircraft) is page 2 GUESS WHO'S COM- with its superior graphics capa- Several astronomy programs available from Cascade at 1700 I NG TO APPLE . .. The popular bilities. Our story focuses on have become available during East Winston Road , Anaheim, VisiCalc program used by sev- two manufacturers who pro- the past year, including Tel/star, CA 92808. eral of these companies for duce digitizing systems for the a program produced by lnfor- Two circuit design systems financial modeling is available Apple II: Computer Station mation Unlimited Software (281 were featured in the story- for both the Apple Ill and the (11610 Page Service Dr. , St. Arlington Ave., Berkeley, CA Andy Thompson's from Spec- Apple II computers. Apple dis~ Louis, MO 63141), and the 94707). Two levels of Tel/star trum Software (142 Carlow, tributes VisiCalc Ill, which fur- MicroWorks (Del Mar, CA are available: one that shows Sunnyvale, CA 94087), and A. F. nishes Apple owners with the Ill 92014). The Petri dish colony the visible stars in the northern Petrie's Circuit Analysis largest electronic spreadsheet counter software (as well as hemisphere; the other that can which is available from Apple. available on any personal com- the XPLO language system it's be used to examine the night Other manufacturers, including puter. VisiCorp (formerly Per- written in) is produced by Com- sky anywhere in the world. the Hayden Book Company (50 c sonal Software, 2895 Zanker, puter Sight, 2490 Channing Another Apple-based astron- Essex Street, Rochelle Park, NJ San Jose, CA 95134) produces Way #503, Berkeley, CA 94704. omy program, the Stargazer's 07662), also produce circuit VisiCalc for the Apple II. Guide from Synergistic Soft- design programs that can be MICRO IN MEDI- For information on the Pre- page 13 ware, (5221 120th Ave. S.E. , used on Apple's computers. dex Telescreen Service, con- CINE. Dr. John Tilelli would like Bellevue, WA 98006) teaches Designer's Toolkit (featured tact Predex at 1345 Avenue of to communicate with other about constellations and astro- on the introductory page of the the Americas, New York, NY medical professionals who are nomical phenomena. section) is produced by Apple, 10019. using Apple computers. You and is available at most Apple can reach him at St. Paul Chil- page APPLE GRAPHICS dealerships. page THE /\S HAVE IT And 22 6 dren's Hospital, 345 N. Smith IN BUSINESS. The Apple Busi- so do the White Sox. We're told Ave., St. Paul , MN 55102 . ness Graphics program is avail- page 34 APPLES ON: The other teams are interested as able in both Apple II and Apple Micro-Courier electronic mail well. Pacific Select's Edge page PROFILE: JOHN 14 Ill versions. Both are distributed program is manufactured by 1.000 software has been WRIGHT John Wright keeps by Apple and are available from Microcom, Inc., 89 State designed for a rather select one of Domaine Chandon's most Apple dealerships. Street, Boston, MA 02109. It will market of 26 professional base- Apple systems at his desk, The Screen Director pro- soon be available in both Apple ball franchises. You probably where he can get to it quickly gram that allows you to use II and Apple Ill versions. don't qualify. You can still, how- and easily for information. In Business Graphics with your For more information on the ever, merge diamonds with disk addition to the VisiCalc series computer like a slide projector solar design houses, contact drives by playing Computer (available from VisiCorp.; see is produced by Business & Pro- Arien Solar Design and Con- Baseball from Sirius Software above) he also uses the DB fessional Software, Inc., 143 struction at Box 6655, Tahoe (10364 Rockingham Dr., Sacra- Master database program from Binney Street, Cambridge, MA City, CA 95730. ti mento, CA 95827), which lets Stoneware, Inc., 50 Belvedere 02142. you manage any of 26 World St., San Rafael, CA 94901. Apple also produces Apple Series teams (or any other Plot, another graphics develop- team of your choosing). page 18 ASTRO-APPLE. Even we were surprised. When ment program; and numerous we sent this story out to the other companies manufacture quotees to be checked for graphics programs for Apple's accuracy, several of them systems.

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