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Innehåll ONÄNN2019/4 FORNVÄNNEN 201 Högberg, A. & Persson, C. Small pieces of recensioner flint. contact patterns on the 263 Illum Hansen, S. Jættestuebyggerne: Småland highlands in south Sweden. Arkitektur i Danmarks stenalder. An- 220 Lindström, T. Ett huvudlöst förslag mälan av L. Larsson. – angående den tredje individen i grav 7 265 Naumann, H-P. Metrische Runeninschrif- från Ire. —Summary. ten in Skandinavien. Einführung, Edi- 229 Ericsson, A. Kungsbetet – en medeltida tion, Kommentare. Anmälan av S. Oehrl. fägata av stora mått. —Summary. 266 Gräslund, A-S. et al. (red.). Fynden från »Svarta jorden» på Björkö från Hjalmar FORN debatt Stolpes undersökningar. Anmälan av S. 242 Blehr, O. Sumtangen, a medieval commu- M. Sindbæk. nal reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) drive 268 Trotzig, G. Arkeologins fotografier. Några locality on the mountain plateau milstolpar. Anmälan av J. Wienberg. Hardangervidda in Norway, once more. 270 Rundkvist, M. At home at the Castle. 247 Nyborg, E. Svar till Jan Eskildsen. Lifestyles at the Medieval Strongholds of 249 Lovén, C. Beowulf och Gotland – replik Östergötland, AD 1200–1530. Anmälan VÄNNEN till Bo Gräslund. av M. Hansson. 272 Eriksen, P. & Rindel, P.O. Lange linjer i korta meddelande landskapet. Hulbælter fra jernalderen. JOURNAL OF 253 Fjellström, M. et al. Nya 14C-dateringar av Anmälan av J. Wikborg. glaciärfynd vid Ålmallojekna i Jokk- mokks kommun, Lappland. register 258 Apel, J. et al. Erret Callahan (1937–2019) 275 Innehåll, Årgång 114, 2019 SWEDISH ANTIQUARIAN and his impact on Swedish . RESEARCH

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Utgiven av Till författaren Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien i samarbete med Historiska museet. fornvännen välkomnar manuskript i nordisk arkeologi och äldre tiders konstvetenskap med angränsande Fornvännen finns på webben i sin helhet från första årgången och publiceras löpande där ämnen. Bidrag kan vara avfattade på de skandinaviska språken samt engelska, tyska och franska. Abstracts och med ett halvårs fördröjning: fornvannen.se sammanfattningar skall vara på engelska, bildtexter på uppsatsens språk och engelska. Hela Fornvännens inne- håll publiceras fortlöpande både på papper och på internet, det senare med ett halvårs fördröjning. Kontakta Ansvarig utgivare och huvudredaktör gärna redaktionen inför och under skrivandet om frågor uppstår. Mats Roslund Vitterhetsakademien Tekniska och typografiska frågor Box 5622, 114 86 Stockholm Manuskript skall vara kompletta och noga korrekturlästa. 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Outside Sweden Fornvännen is held by more than 350 libraries and scientific institutions in over 40 countries. Korrektur The journal is peer-reviewed. Författaren får efter textredigeringen den nya textversionen per e-post för granskning. Illustrerade bidrag skickas därtill, efter slutförd typografering och ombrytning, per e-post i form av PDF-fil för granskning. Inga issn 0015-7813 papperskorrektur förekommer. Printed in Sweden by AMO-tryck AB, Solna, 2019 Varje författare erhåller ett exemplar av det häfte i vilket bidraget blivit infört. 258 Korta meddelanden Errett Callahan (1937–2019) and his impact on Swedish archaeology

Errett Callahan passed away in May 2019. As his subsequent scientific collaborations in the re- members of the Swedish archaeological commu- gion. Characteristic of all his work was the ambi- nity who have worked with Callahan and have tion to do rigorous and replicable practical trials benefitted from his expertise and his experience in order to shed light on archaeological ques- during a period of 30 years in a number of pro- tions. This philosophy had major consequences jects, we wish to remember and pay tribute to for the development of in Scandi- Callahan’s interactions with Swedish archaeolo- navian archaeology, mainly in Sweden and Den- gists and knappers and delineate the impact he mark. One of his major contributions to the more has had on Swedish archaeology. theoretical aspects of In his book Danish Daggers. Vol.II: A was his development of the idea of production Manual for Flintknappers & Lithic Analysts (2016, stages and its archaeological and cognitive conse- p. 247), he comments that this was the inspira- quences. Here he built upon ideas first verbalized tion for his lifelong search for making a similar by Holmes in the late 19th century and still rele- dagger. During the last 30 years of his life Calla- vant today (Holmes 1894). han made 250 dagger replicas, meticulously re- In 1980 Noel Broadbent and Kjel Knutsson, cording the parameters involved in the researchers affiliated with Uppsala University, took and saving much of the debitage he produced part in a conference on experimental archaeology (Callahan 2016). His interest in daggers led him at the British Museum in London. Errett Callahan early on to to carry out detailed was invited to talk about his experiences with examinations of archaeological examples in mu- experimental archaeology in the US. Since expe- seum collections in Sweden and Denmark in- rimental archaeology had become part of re- cluding the Danish National Museum in Copen- search and education at Uppsala University a few hagen, Denmark, and in Sweden at the Swedish years earlier (Knutsson 2011; Apel & Knutsson History Museum in Stockholm and the Histori- 2006), Errett was invited to give a series of de- cal Museum in Lund. A general interest in past monstrations and workshops for graduate and cultures, lithic experimentation and lithic analy- undergraduate students in Uppsala. This marked sis lay close to his heart and his interest in daggers the beginning of collaboration between research- was part of this. ers and students at Uppsala University covering Thus, in 1979 during his first stay in Denmark, a period of more than 20 years. flint daggers were not his sole focus. This first Errett returned to Scandinavia in 1981 and summer in Scandinavia Errett organized the first organized the second international flint seminar international flint seminar at Lejre Research at Lejre Research Center, Denmark. Eleven lithic Center in Denmark. Twelve flintknappers from specialists from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, USA, Holland, Germany, Denmark and Sweden France, Switzerland and Scotland were invited. took part in the seminar that came to change the The focus was to replicate Scandinavian Neolithic course of Stone Age research in Scandinavia. The four-sided flint axes. Deborah Olausson, then a aim with this first workshop, besides replicating PhD student at Lund University, was invited to flint daggers, was to study the production of Late this seminar and the experience proved to be pivo- Glacial Bromme and Mesolithic blades and Neo- tal for her PhD research (Olausson 1981; 1983a). lithic square-sided axes (Callahan 1980). Callahan’s legacy has greatly influenced her sub- This was the first of a total of eight trips to sequent research, which has focused on tacit Scandinavia he undertook between 1979 and knowledge, crafting, and craftsmanship. 2006. Errett applied many of the principles he In connection with his second visit to Lejre in delineated in his master’s thesis (Callahan 1979) 1981, Errett was invited to carry out flintknapp- in planning and carrying out this seminar and in ing demonstrations at Lund and Uppsala univer-

Fornvännen 114 (2019) Korta meddelanden 259 The same year a project funded by the Swedish Research Council for Research in the Humani- ties and the Social Sciences was launched at Upp- sala University: “Lithic Technology and Function in the Stone Age Central Sweden”. The project was headed by Helena Knutsson and Jackie Taffinder and Errett was hired as a lithic specialist. His work for the project resulted in a book characterized by his systematic experiments and data recording. The book’s aim was to define the flaked lithic reduction systems in operation in Middle Sweden during the Mesolithic and early Neolithic (Callahan 1987). Under the direction of Helena and Kjel Knuts- son, students at the Institute of Archaeology in Uppsala built an experimental educational and research station outside Uppsala, the “Länna Pro- ject” 1981–1985. During his stay in Sweden in 1984 , while he was working on his book on lith- ic technology in Central Sweden, Errett was hired to work on the construction of this site, together with other experimentalist from Den- mark, (mainly those he had met in Denmark in 1981) (Knutsson & Knutsson 1984; see also Knutsson 2004; 2011 for a short description of the work). After he completed the book about lithic tech- Fig. 1. Errett Callahan knapping in Uppsala in 1981. nology in eastern Central Sweden, Errett was once again invited to work in Sweden, now with- in another educational and research project (the sities. Callahan’s demonstrations inspired stu- “Flaten Project”) headed by Kjel Knutsson at the dents in both universities, ultimately resulting in Swedish History Museum in Stockholm. The pro- PhD dissertations in which replication is an im- ject aimed to lay the foundation for a public portant method and questions about practical mediation of prehistory using practical demon- knowledge are central. In Lund this is manifested stration (Knutsson 1991). The context was the in PhD dissertations about textile production reconstruction of an Early Neolithic farmstead. (Andersson 1999), Bronze Age flint knives (Hög- Errettwasresponsibleforthelithicreconstructions berg 2009), pottery crafting (Botwid 2016) and focusing on the production and use of ground bronze technology (Nilsson in prep); in Uppsala, stone axes and the reconstruction of edged tools Mesolithic and Neolithic blade technology and made of . His work resulted in an often- burial customs (Knutsson, H. 1995), exotic raw referenced paper on quartz technology (Calla- material (Taffinder 1998), flint daggers (Apel han et al. 1992). The study of the production and 2001); and stone axes (Lekberg 2002; Sundström use of ground stone axes later came to be used as 2003); and in Stockholm, Mesolithic quartz tech- an experimental background and reference mate- nology (Lindgren 2004). rial for two PhD students working on axes as tes- At Olausson’s request, Errett carried out timed timonies of social interaction during the Early experiments replicating square-sided Neolithic Neolithic in central Sweden (Sundström & Apel axes of flint and groundstone in 1983. These data 1998; Apel 2001; Sundström 2003. were used in her dissertation (Olausson 1983b). In 1992 Errett was invited by Helena Knuts-

Fornvännen 114 (2019) 260 Korta meddelanden Fig. 2. Errett Callahan knapping in Upp- sala in 2003.

son, then a PhD student at the Institute of Ar- blades and their production and use acting as a chaeology at Uppsala University, to participate proxies for the mentalities of two separate prehis- in the work with her PhD (Knutsson 1995). In toric groups, one related to a farming community, the dissertation the habits and cultures of mobile the other to a group of people living as hunter- hunter-gatherers and settled farmers were investi- gatherers. That same year Errett was awarded an gated, focusing on material solutions of different honorary doctorate at Uppsala University. states in everyday life. Among other things, day- Meanwhile, Errett’s interest in the reconstruc- to-day practices and burial customs, evidenced tion of the Scandinavian Late Neolithic daggers by lithic industry, were compared. Callahan’s job continued. During his summer stay in Sweden in was to analyse the prismatic blade technology of 1992, in a conversation with Jan Apel and Kjel the Middle Neolithic Battle Axe culture (Calla- Knutsson, which took place at Ofvandahl’s Café han 1995, pp. 225–237). Based on this knowledge in Uppsala, “The Dagger Project” was born. The and the analysis on the blade technology of the project was launched by a minor grant from King contemporaneous Pitted Ware Culture, Knutsson Gustaf VI Adolf’s Foundation for Swedish Cul- demonstrated that the two Middle Neolithic li- ture. Errett and Jan spent the summers of 1993 thic traditions represented different contexts, the and 1994 at The Lejre Research Center, replicat-

Fornvännen 114 (2019) Korta meddelanden 261 ing Type IV daggers and documenting the pro- mated that he has taught more than 1000 knap- duction process. In Denmark they worked and dis- pers (personal communication, June 2003). In cussed with other flintknappers such as Jacques our experience, this ability to verbalize his prac- Pelegrin and Torbjörn Petersen. The following tical skill so as to pass it on to learners is unusual year Apel joined Callahan at his Cliffside work- in the knapper community. Certainly, Swedish ar- shop in Lynchburg, to continue the work chaeology has benefitted, and continues to bene- (Callahan & Apel 2011; Callahan 2016). This fit, from its association with Errett Callahan and work became pivotal for Apel’s PhD dissertation the unique insights he has provided into our lithic on Late Neolithic society (Apel 2001), where the heritage. dagger technology was used as a proxy for craft specialisation and its social consequences in Late Neolithic southern Scandinavia. Errett was a sur- References prise guest at Apel’s dissertation defence in 2001, Andersson, E., 1999. The Common Thread: Textile Pro- where he presented an accurate reconstruction of duction during the Late – Viking Age. Lund. a Neolithic Type IV dagger in to the de- Apel. J., 2001. Daggers Knowledge & Power. Uppsala. fendant. In 2003 Errett presented his work with Apel, J. & Knutsson, K., 2006. Skilled Production and social Reproduction – an introduction to the sub- Type IV dagger replication at the Symposium ject. Apel. J. & Knutsson, K. (eds.) Skilled Production “Skilled Production and Social Reproduction” at and Social Reproduction. Uppsala. Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis (Callahan Botwid, K., 2016. The Artisanal Perspective in Action: An 2006). This is a visual summary of his 25 years of Archaeology in Practice. Lund. experimental research into the production of pres- Callahan, E., 1979. The Basics of Biface Knapping in the tigious, Type IV Late Neolithic daggers. It thus Eastern Fluted Point Tradition. A Manual for Flintknap- pers and Lithic Analysts. Washington, Connecticut. provides an advance glimpse at many of the pre- — 1980. Report from Denmark. Flintknappers Ex- mises and conclusions found in his dagger book, change 3(1). published ten years later. — 1987. An Evaluation of the Lithic Technology in Middle In 2004 Callahan, Olausson and Apel met in Sweden during the Mesolithic and Neolithic. Uppsala. the Lejre Reseach Center to draw up plans for a — 1995. Appendix 2: Blades from the Middle publication on the production of Type IV Danish Neolithic Battle Axe Culture graves in Sweden. Knutsson, H. Slutvandrat? Aspekter på övergången daggers. Applications for funding for the work från rörlig till bofast tillvaro. Uppsala. were submitted to several agencies during the — 2006. Neolithic Danish Daggers: an experimental period 2004 to 2006; all were unsuccessful. In peek. Apel. J. & Knutsson, K. (eds.) Skilled Produc- spite of this, work on the book project continued tion and Social Reproduction. Uppsala. with infrequent meetings in Scandinavia and the — 2016. Neolithic Danish Daggers. Vol. II: A Manual for Flintknappers & Lithic Analysts. Lynchburg. US until the book was finally published (Calla- Callahan, E., Forsberg, L., Knutsson, K. & Lindgren, han 2016). The aim of the book is to elucidate and L. 1992. Frakturbilder. Kulturhistoriska kom- present a model for how the most elaborate Late mentarer till det säregna sönderfallet vid bearbet- Neolithic daggers were made and the method is ning av kvarts. Tor 24. experimental archaeology. Callahan, E. & Apel, J., 2011. The Flintdaggers of Den- Errett Callahan has told John Whittaker “I mark Vol1 . Lynchburg. Högberg, A., 2009. Lithics in the Scandinavian Late happen to love knapping feverishly” (Whittaker Bronze Age: Sociotechnical change and persistence. Ox- 2004, p. 245). But this love did not cause him to ford. lose sight of the goal of applying information Holmes, W.H., 1894. Natural history of flaked stone gained from his knapping to archaeological ques- implements. Memoirs of the International Congress of tions. Errett Callahan was a rarity in that he com- , Chicago. bined a practical ability for highly skilled knap- Knutsson, H., 1995. Slutvandrat? Aspekter på övergången från rörlig till bofast tillvaro. Uppsala. ping with a desire to apply his skills to archaeo- Knutsson, K., 1991. Flatenprojektet. Ett museologiskt logical problems. Thus, he was both a practitioner projekt kring forskning, praktisk pedagogik och and a theoretician. Also, he was passionate about fornbyar. Rapport från Riksantikvarieämbetets metod- passing on his practical know-how; he has esti- konferens kring förmedling i Lund 1989.

Fornvännen 114 (2019) 262 Korta meddelanden — 2011. A View from the Inside. Experimental Ar- Olausson, D., 1983a. Tools and Technology: Lithic techno- chaeology at Uppsala University 1971–2008. Peters- logical analysis of Neolithic axe morphology. Lund. son, B. & Narmo, L-E. (eds.). Experimental Archaeo- — 1983b. Flint and Groundstone Axes in the Scanian logy: Between Enlightment and Experience. Lund. Neolithic: An Evaluation of Raw Materials Based on Knutsson, K. & Knutsson, H., 1984. Förmedlingspro- Experiment. Lund. jektet i Länna. Fjölnir 1984:3. Sundström, L. & Apel, J. 1998. An Early Neolithic Axe Lekberg, P., 2002. Yxors liv, människors landskap. Upp- Production and Distribution System within a Semi- sala. Sedentary Farming Society in Eastern Central Swe- Lindgren, C., 2004. Människor och kvarts. Stockholm. den, c. 3500 BC. Holm, L. & Knutsson, K. (eds.) Nilsson, A., In prep. Bronze Craft, Socketed Axes and the Third Flint Alternatives Conference at Uppsala. Upp- Path of Knowledge. Lund. sala. Olausson, D. S., 1981. Second International Work Semi- Sundström, L., 2003. Det hotade kollektivet. Uppsala. nar in Lithic Technology, Lejre Research Center, Taffinder, J., 1998. The allure of the exotic: the social use of Denmark, August 1–9, 1981. Lithic Technology X non-local raw materials during the Stone Age in Swe- (2–3). den. Uppsala. Whittaker, J. C., 2004. American Flintknappers. Austin.

Jan Apel Helena Knutsson Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies StoneSlab Stockholm University Säves väg 40 SE-106 91 Stockholm SE-752 36 Uppsala [email protected] [email protected]

Deborah Olausson Jackie Taffinder Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Swedish History Museum Lund University Narvavägen 13–17 SE-221 00 Lund SE-114 84 Stockholm [email protected] [email protected]

Kjel Knutsson Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University Box 626 SE-751 26 Uppsala [email protected]

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