Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2

Page numbers in boldface refer to volume 2.

Action (s), 129, 144 Averages, method of, 270 Actuary , 245, 252 Axiomatization , 194 Adaptation , 251, 256- 264, 271- 306, 315- 318 , 320 - 324 , 329 - 331 , 335 , 345 - 347 Babbagian Revolution, 32 Adaptedness , 318 Baconian reaction, 344 Adaptive , 271- 306, 331, 337 Baconian science, 41n6, 48 Adaptive change , 313- 314, 322, 345 Bad Oeynhausen, 218 Adaptive improvement , 322 Balance controversy , classical , 299 , 304 , Adaptive modification , 326 305 Adaptive peak , 338 Balance view of evolution , 297 - 300 , 302 - Adaptive surface , 319 306 Adaptive type , 338 Bath, 207 Advantage , differential , 366 Battery , electric , 12, 14- 15, 19 Aesthetics , 137 Battery cell , 12, 14- 15, 19, 20 Aleatory contract , 238, 239- 244, 246- Bayesian inference , 43n8 , 98- 100, 103, 248 , 250 , 254 - 255 111 - 112 , 284n61 , 302 , 20 , 21 , 24 Also .sprach Zarathu .stra (Nietzsche ), 320 Belief , degree of , 221 Ambiguity , 52 Berlin , 380 , 389 American Council of Learned Societies , Bernoulli series , 73 41n6 Bernoulli trial , 171 - 172 American Revolution , 29 Bernoulli 's (Daniel ) hypothesis , 161, 163- American Scandinavian Foundation , 164 , 171 - 172 , 174 - 175 182 Bernoulli 's (Jakob ) theorem , 65- 70, 73, 74, American Statistical Association , 177 169 , 172 - 174 , 242 Annuity , 238- 252, 254- 255 Bernou11ian subjective probability , 160, 179 Anomaly , 104 Bernou11ian utility theory , 159- 160 AN OVA (analysis of variance ), 16, 18, Bet , 220 - 221 23 , 25 , 28 , 37 , 55 Beta model , 85 , 86 , 90 Anthropology , 138 Binomial distribution , 53 Application of probability to measuring Biology , 29, 34, 40, 43- 44n41 , 133 variables , 153 Biometrics , 369 , 144 Application of scientific psychology , 39 Birth , 241 Approximation , 125, 140 Birth rate , 103 , 329 , 331 , 332 Archiv fiir physiologi .sche Heilkunde , 204, Black -body , theory of , 15- 16 211 Black -body radiation , 16- 17 Aristotelian natural philosophy /physics , Board of Trade , 51 8 - 12 , 19 , 20 , 26 , 35 Bonn , 207 , 215 Associationist psychology , 295, 297, 300 Boundary condition , irreducible , 364 Associative strength , 95 Boyles 's law , 7- 8, 19 Astrology , 26, 28 Branching point , 80- 82 Astronomy , 26, 27, 32- 34, 42, 61, 63, 81, Bres1au , 380 288 , 142 , 143 British Association for the Advancement of Asymmetric distribution , 142 Science , 49 - 51 Asymmetric error distribution , 142 Brownian movement (motion ), 54, 146 Atom , 121 Bruns series , 144 - 145 , 154n139 Atomistic (conception ), 377, 392 Buda , 380 Average , 319- 322, 326, 327, 330- 331 Bureau de .S'tatistique , 307- 309, 312 Average man (" mean man " ), 74, 75, 168, Bureau des calcul .S' scientifiques , 307 318 - 322 , 330 - 331 , 333 - 334 , 398 , 401 , Bureaucracy , 378 109 - 1 I I , 119 , 124 . See al .so Homme moyen Calculation , 262 , 271 , 276 - 277 , 280 Average residual , 271- 272 Calculus , 29 , 32 448 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2

Cameralism , 305 Chance series , 140 . See also Random series Capitalism , 51, 385 Chance variation , 140 , 143 - 145 , 242 - 246 , Carnot 's principle , 228 265 . 266 Cartesian Revolution , 31 Change Cartesian system , 35 adaptive , 313- 314, 322, 345 Categories , 310 evolutionary , 313, 314 Cau .s-a , vera , 236 , 237 , 239 , 240 , 248 - 250 , mutational , 317 263 , 264 , 266 neutral evolutionary , 345 Causal determination , 68 stochastic , 313 , 323 - 325 , 340 , 345 Causal explanations , 38, 39, 41, 42 Chaos , 313 , 314 , 347 . See also Causal law , 121 , 123 , 126 , 130 , 134 , 13 , 379 , Thermodynamic chaos 395 - 396 Characteristic function , 205 Causal process, probabilistic , 235, 238, 411, Charlier series , 154n 139 415 Chemical Revolution , 29 - 30 , 33 - 35 , 37 , Causal psychological process, 38 42n23 Causality , 64, 66, 71, 73, 121, 126, 130, 133, Chemistry , 31, 38- 39 227 , 382 , 14 , 39 , 41 , 53 - 54 , 112 , 324 , 400 , Chemnitz , 380 401 , 417 , 418 Choice , 83 - 86 psychic , 38, 41 Circuit , electrical , 14 , 15 , 19 statistical , 395 , 398 , 399 , 405 .Clairaut ' s theorem , 269 - 270 Causation Classical balance controversy of evolution , qualitative , 395 299 , 304 , 305 quantitative , 395 Classical view of evolution , 297 - 300 , Cause(s), 144, 146, 167, 171, 174, 16, 39, 302 - 306 400 , 418 , 423 Classification , 291 accidental , 69 , 71 - 72 , 74 - 76 , 81 - 82 , 290 , Combination , 165 - 166 320 - 322 Complementarity , 417 analogy of , 79 Complexity , 128- 130, 362 compensation of , 69- 71, 74, 76- 78, 81- 82 infinite , 128 - 129 constant , 65 - 67 , 69 , 73 , 75 , 82 , 136 , 320 - Condition , 125 - 127 , 130 321 initial , 123 , 130 , 134 , 229 coordination of , 73 , 74 , 82 Congress of Arts and Sciences, 40 dynamical , 65 Conservatism , 199 , 377 , 382 independence of , 72- 73 Constant , 264 irregular , 65- 67 Constant of nature , 262 , 263 . law of , 423 Constructs ), theoretical , 82, 83, 88 random , 176 Continental drift , 32 - 33 structural , 67 , 77 - 78 Contingency /contingent , 62, 76- 77 variable , 73 , 74 Continuity , 395, 140- 141 Census , 3 I 5n4 , 379 - 380 , 382 Continuum , 221 - 223 , 225 Central limit theorem , 192 , 290 Control , 263 , 273 , 274 , 13 - 16 , 53 - 55 , 60 , Central Statistical Commission , 379 64 Certitude , moral , 159 , 160 , 165 , 166 , 168 , social , 43 171 Controllable , 13 Chance , 62 , 72 - 73 , 138 - 141 , 143 - 144 , 146 , Copenhagen , 420, 424 173 - 174 , 179 - 180 , 392 , 240 - 248 , 250 , Copenhagen interpretation , 417- 420 253 , 265 , 266 , 272 , 284 , 329 , 362 - 363 , Copernican Revolution , 25- 26, 32- 35 382 . 396 . 422 Copernicus , science of , 8, 26, 33- 34, 41nlO game of , 69 , 165 - 166 Corinthians , 216 ignorance interpretation of , 242, 243, 246 Correlation . 47 . 138 . 42 . 55 . 266 law of , 139 , 140 , 143 , 147 , 241 , 360 Correspondence principle , 411, 415, taming of , 52, 53 417 - 419 unique law of , 177 Cowies Commission for Research in Chance phenomenon , 135 Economics , 182 , 189 - 192 SubjectIndex for Volumes, I and 2 449

Creation , 313 - 316 , 322 - 324 , 332 , 337 347 statistical , 53 , 382 Creative force of evolution , 316 Determinist selection , 343 Creative process , 337 Deterministic law , 64 , 68 , 14 , 49 Creative role , 313 Deterministic models of psychology , 73, 76, Creative will , 337 80 , 86 - 88 , 91 - 92 Creativity , 319 Deterministic physiology , 218 Cue (s), uncertainty of perceptual , 51, 55, Deterministic theory , 64- 65 64 , 67 - 68 Deterministic world , 420 Cue ambiguity , 53, 55, 56 Deviation , 132 , 135 , 137 , 140 - 142 Cue substitutability , 52, 53 Difference , frequency , 258 Cumulative scientific development , 7, 8, Discontinuity , 223, 225, 407, 408, 410, 415, 19 420 Dispositional property , 75, 82- 83. See also Darwin 's blending theory , 321 Propensity Darwinian Revolution , 32 - 33 , 35 - 37 , 40n3 Distribution , 209 , 320 , 326 , 327 Darwinian theory of evolution , 31, 317 asymmetric , 142 Darwinism , 26 , 31 , 36 , 410 , 313 , 315 - 317 , asymmetric error , 142 321 , 323 , 324 , 331 - 333 , 337 , 342 , 346 , frequency , 139, 144, 272 347 , 348n13 , 355 , 362 - 364 Gaussian (normal ), 75, 136, 137, 141- 144, Data , 263 - 265 l53n107 , 153 - 154n I31 , 209 , 272 , 290 , correlational , 42 301 , 302 , 349 , 27 - 28 , 56 , 57 , 109 , 118 statistical , 105 , 107 , 115 uniform prior , 272 Data description , 12, 29 Disturbance , 173 Database of psychology , 44 Dresden , 379 , 380 , 389 Death rate , 322 Dresdner Realcreditversicherungsgesell - Decision , 192 , 198 - 199 , 202 schaft , 379 Decision making , 41 Drift , 250 - 256 , 271 - 306 , 322 , 338 , 340 , 341 Decision theory , 45, 221 continental , 32 - 33 Deductive inference , 274 - 275 genetic , 250- 251, 271- 306, 332, 339, 340, Demography , 328, 330- 334, 241 343 Dependence , 140- 141 random , 271 - 306 , 313 - 347 Design , 53 random genetic , 313, 326, 329, 333 argument from , 347 random stochastic , 345 experimental , 202, 205, 211 Drift of a gene , 325 factorial , 37 Drosophila pseudoobscura, 340 representative, 54, 55 systematic , 54, 64 Earth science , 33 Determination , 347 , 420 , 421 , 424 Econometrics , 143 , 144 causal , 68 Economics , 317 , 320 - 321 , 331 , 354 - 356 , Determinism , 52 - 53 , 60 - 66 , 76 - 77 , 80 , 83 , 365 - 366 117 , 126 , 128 , 135 , 138 - 139 , 144 , 146 , Economist , 354 - 355 , 364 , 366 174 , 352 , 382 , 11 - 16 , 25 , 28 - 29 , 48 - 50 , Edgeworth series, 154n 139 142 , 143 , 145 , 203 , 205 , 206 , 220 , 222 , Education industry , 40 238 , 242 , 314 , 325 , 340 , 347 , 379 - 381 , Educational institutions , 43 383 , 396 , 400 , 401 , 415 , 418 Effect , 125 - 126 , 134 , 136 - 137 ambiguity of , 72 Eisenach , 384 causal , 72 - 73 Electricity , 118, 128 erosion of , 52 , 53 Electrostatics ), 12, 14- 15, 20. See also evolutionary , 324 Battery , electric genetic , 314 Empirical , 306- 308, 313- 314 local vs. global, 72 Empiricism , 121, 133, 138- 139, 147 mechanical, 66, 76- 77 Energy , 399- 401, 404, 408- 410, 412, 413, methodological, 64 417 , 419 , 420 physiological, 202 Engel 's law , 387 450 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2

England , and the Glorious Revolution of classical view of , 297 - 300 , 302 - 306 1688 , 28 - 29 creative force of , 316 Entropy , law of , 66, 81, 85n26 , 320 Darwinian theory of , 31, 317 Enumerable , effectively , 222 materialistic explanation of , 316 Environment , natural , 34 , 55 , 68 neoclassical view of , 305 , 306 Ephemeris , 268 neutral , 313 , 314 , 334 , 336 , 340 Epigenesis , 130, 133, 135 punctuational theory of , 329 Epistemic , 415 synthetic theory of , 273, 318 Epistemic interpretation , 409 Evolution , social , 121 - 123 Epistemology . 171 . 181 Evolution of science , 23 - 24 , 35 - 36 , 42n25 , Equation , personal , 267 43n30 Equilibrium , 70 , 71 , 82 , 86n38 Evolutionary change , 313, 314 general , 142 neutral , 345 Equiprobability , 165, 166 Evolutionary synthesis , 273, 318 Equitable Company , 238, 243, 248- 253, Evolutionary thinking , 104, 118 255 Evolutionist , 115 , 121 , 126 - 127 . See also Ergodic hypothesis , 146 Evolution (biological ) Ergodicity , 82 Expectancy , 257, 258 Error (s), 47, 138, 142- 143, 261, 268, 272, Expectation , 158- 161, 163- 164, 167, 13 , 15 , 16 , 27 - 28 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 181 , . 169 - 173 , 176 , 178 - 182 , 239 - 240 , 276 , 421 242 - 243 , 247 - 248 collimation , 268 moral , 160 - 165 , 171 , 172 , 174 , 176 concept of , 210 Experience , 121, 126, 146, 220 Gaussian (normal ) law of , 52, 383, 38- 39, Experiment , 179, 185, 186, 187 160 systematic , 54 instrumental , 161 , 162 Experimental design , 185, 202, 205, 211 Laplace 's theory of observational , 16 Experimental method , 171 Laplacian law of , 160 Explanation , causal , 38 law of , 75 Explanatory powers of statistical laws, measurement , 262 , 272 , 60 , 173 - 175 , 178 , 417 - 431 179 , 187 , 188 , 192 - 194 , 419 , 421 Extrapolation , 262, 271 probable , 262, 272- 273, 160 sources of , 163 , 164 Factors ), omitted or disturbing , 173- 175, statistical , 421 . 179 , 180 , 186 , 192 , 193 systematic , 262, 272, 273 Factor analysis , 44 Type I , 18, 24 Factorial design , 37 Type II , 18 Faculty psychology , 44 Error calculus , 193 , 203 , 206 , 207 , 210 - 211 Fairies in the garden argument , 342, 344 Error distribution , 209 , 210 Falsifiability , 76, 91- 92 Error law , 38 - 39 Fatalism , 357 Error theory , 74- 75, 137, 192- 193, Fatalistic , 359 201 - 202 , 206 , 209 Fechner ' s law , 65 Error variability , 27 Fecundity , 329- 330, 332- 333 Essentialistic , 134 , 299 Fertility , 332 Eugenics , 301- 303, 314, 320, 347, 354nl48 Fiducial , 274 , 276 Even t , 126 - 128 Finite state model , 91 - 92 Evolution (biological ), 34- 36, 40, Fisherian statistics , 18 - 23 , 35 , 36 , 45 , 55 42 - 43n28 , 398 , 399 , 403 , 404 , 410 , 411 , Fitness , 251 , 256 - 259 , 262 420 , 233 , 234 , 236 , 238 , 250 , 253 - 255 , average , 327 259 - 261 , 263 , 264 , 266 maximum , 317 - 318 , 320 , 323 balance view of . 297 - 300 . 302 - 306 mean , 317 - 318 classical balance controversy of , 299 , 304 , peak of , 318 305 variance in , 317 - 318 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2 451

Fitnesss surface , 319 , 321 , 326 , 345 Gestalt school, 46 Fluctuations , 137 , 314 , 317 , 322 , 341 , 345 , Gestalt switch, 9l - 95, 113- l14 381 , 382 , 385 , 387 - 388 , 404034 Glorious Revolution (1688, England), Flux , 317 - 319 , 324 , 334 - 337 , 339 28- 29, 4ln5 Force , 128 Goal orientation, 53 Formal mode of speech, 95 God, 314, 315, 331, 337, 381 Fortuitousness , 133 Good sense, 297, 298, 300, 301 Fortune ' s Wheel , 28 Goodnessof fit , 383 Franco - Prussian War , 381 G6ttingen, 380 Frankfurt am Main , 380 Gram-Charlier series, l54n 139 Free will , 359 , 360 , 362 , 366 , 382 , 383 , 242 , Group 315 , 324 , 421 design of, 42 Freedom , 123 - 132 , 136 , 351 , 352 , 357 , 362 , experimental,42 365 treatment, 40- 43 French Revolution , 27 , 28 , 30 , 4 I n5 Group attributes, 40 Frequency , 135, 141, 144, 149, 177- 178, Group data, 41, 42, 45, 46 258 , 383 , 385 , 388 Group differencesor variation, 153 relative , 112 - 114 , 144 - 146 significanceof, 42 Frequency distribution . 139 . 144 . 272 Group performance, 43 Frequency interpretation of probability , 68 - 71 . 219 . 160 Habit strength, 60, 81- 83 Frequency theory , 135 Halle, 384 Frequentist probability , 379, 393, 395 Hamburg, 380 Functions ), 171, 205, 108 Hardening of the synthesis , 273- 275, 294, probability , 208 295 . 297 . 345 Functionalism , probabilistic , 49, 55 Harvey an Revolution , 31 Functioning , vicarious , 14, 53, 54 Healing waters , 206 Health , 346 Galois group , 223 Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle , 419, Galton ' s board , 146 420 , 423 , 424 , 430 Galtonian model , 37 - 44 Hemoglobin , 355 Galtonian research paradigm , 41, 42, 44, 45 Hilbert space , 358 Gambling , 237- 241, 243- 245, 247- 249 Hilbert 's sixth problem , 216- 217 253 - 255 Historical Revolution , 25 , 28 - 31 , 41n5 Game , 157 , 159 , 165 - 166 , 182 Historical writing , 339 Game of chance , 69 , 165 - 166 History , philosophy of , 130, 133 Gaussian (normal ) distribution , 75, 136, Holism , 377 , 382 , 383 , 392 , 395 , 401 , 405 , 137 , 141 - 144 , 153n107 , 153 - lo54n I31 , 407 , 415 , 417 , 421 , 104 , 105 , 117 - 119 , 209 , 272 , 290 , 301 , 302 , 349 , 27 - 28 , 56 , 124 , 126 - 127 57 , 109 , 118 Homme moven . 303 . 109 - 111 . 119 . 124 . Gaussian law of error , 52 , 383 , 38 - 39 , 160 See also Average man Gemeinos-chaft , 395, 397- 399, 401- 405, 420 Homo sapiens, 278, 300 General Registrar 's Office , 344 Homogeneity , 140, 291 Genetic determinism , 314 Human , 282 , 300 , 301 Genetic drift , 250 - 251 , 271 - 306 , 332 , 339 , Hydrostatic model of battery , 15 340 , 343 . See also Drift Hydro therapy , 219 Genetic information , 364 , 367 Genetic variation , 321 Idealist , 121 , 131 Genetics , ecological , 339- 340 Ignorance , 13, 16, 28 Genotype , 46 Ignorance interpretation of quantum Geodesy , 288 mechanics , 415 Germany, 201, 215, 220 Image of science, 26- 28 Gestaltpsychologist, 36 Imprecision , 123, 130, 143- 144 452 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2

Income , national , 149 Inferential statistics , 12 , 17 - 19 , 22 , 25

distribution of , 156 , 157 Information , 262 , 276 , 278

measurement of by aggregation of genetic , 364 , 367

individual incomes , 149 , 151 - 157 semantic aspect of , 364

measurement of by material consumption , Information space , 367

156 . 157 . 159 Information theory , 361 - 363 measurement of by material production , Initial condition , 123 , 130 , 134 , 229

149 -'- 157 . 159 Inorganic , 123 , 124 , 126

theoretical concept of , 148 - 150 , 154 Instability , 80 - 83 Independence , countable , 224 Institutionalization , 12 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 36

Indeterminacy . 79 . 123 - 125 . 405 . 420 . Instruments ) , 266 - 267

313 , 324 . See also Indeterminism measurement , 262 , 263 , 266 , 271 , 277 , 17 ,

Indeterminateness , 419 , 420 26 , 161 , 163

Indetermination , 123 , 126 , 129 , 130 , 134 , Insurance , 174 , 180 - 181 , 192 , 237 - 255 ,

135 , 143 - 144 , 146 379 , 384 , 385 , 388

types of , 123 , 130 mortgage , 379 , 384 Indeterminism , 53 , 70 - 71 , 79 , 117 , 118 , Interest

122 , 127 , 128 , 339 , 419 , 11 , 400 , 401 , 415 , professional , 43 418, 419. See al.so Indeterminacy research , 36

of quantum mechanics , 66 .Interpolation , 262 , 271

Indeterminist , 127 - 128 Intersubjectivity , 177

Indeterministic , 52 , 123 , 125 , 395 , 379 , 389 , Irrationality , 408 , 410 , 420

400 , 410 , 420 Irregularity , 242 - 243

Indeterministic world , 420 Irreversibility , 228

Index numbers , 158 Isolation , 13 , 14 , 16 , 53 - 55 , 60 , 64 , 65 Individual , 132 , 135 - 136 , 395 , 397 , 399 ,

401 Jena , 378 , 380

Individualism , 105 , 127 Journals , psychological , 43

Individualist social theory , 105, 127 Judgment , 202 Individuality , 130- 133, 397, 409, 410, 412, law of comparative , 15 , 27 - 28 , 56 , 64 - 65

413 , 415 , 417 - 420 personal , 262 - 263 , 267 , 274 , 25

Induction , 138 - 139 , 364 subjective , 17

statistical , 264 , 354 Judgment under uncertainty , 68 Inductive , 277 , 280 - 281

Inductive inference , 14 , 274 - 276 , 281 , 17 , Kathedersozialisten , 381 , 384 - 385

18 , 25 Kimura ' s neutral theory , 340 Inductive logic , 17 Kinetic theory of gases , 146 , 194 , 210 , 227 Inductive uncertainty , 62 Knowledge , dynamical vs . statistical , 79 - 80 Inductivism , 262 Koblenz , 388

Industrial revolution , 345 Kollektiv , 135 - 147 Industrialization , 337

Infer , 275 Lamarckism , 315 , 323 , 331

Inference , 351 , 362 , 12 , 17 , 18 , 22 , 25 , 29 , Laplace ' s theory of observational error ( s ) , 171 - 173 , 180 , 188 , 190 , 193 , 204 , 207 , 16

211 , 213 , 217 , 219 , 221 , 222 Laplacian law oferror ( s ) , 160

by analogy , 121 Laplacian theory , 92 , 98 - 100 , 104 , 112 ,

deductive , 274 - 275 135 , 289 , 16 , 29 . See also Probability

inductive , 121 , 274 - 276 , 281 , 17 , 18 , 25 theory

mechanization of , 20 , 25 Large numbers , law of , 171 , 174 , 177 - 178 ,

mechanized , 17 , 18 , 21 , 28 - 29 181 - 182 , 192 , 196 , 198 , 342 , 345 , 153 ,

statistical , 20 - 21 , 24 , 45 - 46 , 171 , 176 , 159 , 160 , 393 , 394 , 399 , 40206

182 , 183 , 188 , 203 Law ( s ) , 64 , 68 , 75 - 79 , 125 , 129 , 130 , Inference process , 18 134 - 135 , 138 - 139 , 55 , 109 , 110 , Inferential process , 201 115 - 118 , 121 , 124 , 125 , 261 , 262 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2 453

causal , 121 , 123 , 126 , 130 , 134 , 13 , 379 , Macromolecules , biological , 355 - 357 , 360 , 395 - 396 365

of chance , 139 , 140 , 143 , 147 , 241 , 360 Magnitudes , internal scalable , 73 , 83 , of comparative judgment , 15, 27- 28, 56, 86 - 88 , 90 , 92 , 96 64 - 65 Malthusianism , 343 correlation of , 76 - 77 Man , 278 , 282 deterministic , 64 , 68 , 14 , 49 Mankind , 278 dynamical vs. statistical , 79- 80 Marginal approach in measuring economic of entropy , 66 , 81 , 85n26 , 320 variables , 153 , 156 , 159 , 165 of error , 136 , 171 , 382 , 383 Marginal utility . 174 - 175 . 179 - 180 hierarchy of , 76- 79 Marriage , 329 of large numbers , 171, 174, 177- 178, Martin gale , 167 181 - 182 , 192 , 196 , 198 , 342 , 345 , 153 , Materialism , 119 , 131 , 133 159 , 160 , 393 , 394 , 399 , 40206 Materialist , 121 of mechanics , 413 Materialist explanation of evolution , 316 of nature , 138 , 140 , 147 , 415 Mathematics , 124 - 125 Newton ' s second , 8 Matter , 148n16 nomothetic , 13 , 14 Mean ( s) , 139 - 142 , 169 , 170 , 320 - 321 , numerical , 108 3,29 - 330 , 334 , 208 plurality of , 78- 79 successive , 208 , 209 probabilistic , 76, 410, 415 Mean deviation , 142 second, of thermodynamics , 80, 226, 313, " Mean man ." See Average man ; Homme 318 , 337 , 385 moyen statistical , 95 , 113 , 351 , 358 , 359 , 361 , 365 , Meaning of words , 8 , 9 , 18 - 21 382 - 384 , 125 , 415 , 418 , 420 , 430 Measures ) Law finding , 67 indirect , 75 , 76 Lawful order , 78 institutionalized , 24 Lawlike relationships , uncovering , 172 Measurement , 137 , 215 , 224 , 261 - 262 , Lawlikeness , 124 , 127 265 - 266 , 274 , 13 - 15 , 17 , 23 , 26 , 29 , 56 , League of Nations , 180, 194 64 , 78 , 160 , 171 , 172 , 178 , 179 , 192 , 193 Least squares , 153 - 154n I31 , 268 , 272 - 273 , statistical , 147 , 148 , 158 , 159 , 163 280 , 172 , 174 - 176 , 178 , 180 , 181 , 193 test of fitness and reliability of , 161 , 162 method of , 192 , 201 , 202 , 206 - 211 , 268 - Measurement error , 262 , 272 , 60 , 173 - 175 , 269 , 272 - 273 , 277 - 279 , 281 178 , 179 , 187 , 188 , 192 - 194 , 419 , 421 Leipzig , 123, 131, 133, 136, 137, 143, 379, Measurement instrument , 262 , 263 , 271 , 380 , 389 277 , 17 , 26 , 161 , 163 Levellers , 27 Measurement theory , 23 , 58 Leyden jar , 12, 14, 20 Mechanical philosophy , 29 Liberalism , 198 - 199 , 377 , 382 , 383 , 385 , Mechanics , 69 , 80 389 , 391 , 395 , 396 , 398 , 401 , 407 celestial , 136 Lie group , 223 classical ( dynamics ) , 146 , 238 , 382 - 384 , Life , origin of , 357, 359, 360, 363, 364, 368 386 , 388 , 395 , 396 , 398 , 400 , 401 Life table , 327 laws of , 413 Limit theorem , central , 192 , 290 Newtonian , 8 - 10 , 12 , 60 - 63 Limitation , 201 rational , 141 , 142 , 144 Linear operator models , 83 , 90 statistical , 39 , 40 , 53 , 78 , 79 , 82 , 384 , 387 , Linnean Society of London , 35 389 , 415 Liouville ' s theorem , 229 , 396 Mechanistic philosophy , 60 Logic , 130- 131, 281, 213 Mechanization , 274 , 277 , 12 , 17 inductive , 17 Median , 137 , 142 Logic of facts , 211- 216, 218 Medicine , 37 , 39 Logical positivism , 147 Melanism , industrial , 342 , 343 Lottery , 136, 140, 141, 159, 160, 179- 181 Memorystrength, 92-94, 9708 Lubeck , 380 MendelianRevolution, 32 454 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2

Metaphor , 20- 21 Neutral evolutionary change , 345 Metaphor of man , 59, 62, 65, 67- 68 Neutralism , 345 Metaphysics , 147 New York City , 380 Methods ) Newton 's physics , 8- 10, 12, 32, 60- 63, 339, of averages , 270 342 , 53 of hypothesis , 262, 263 Newtonian mechanics , 8- 10, 12, 60 - 63 of least squares , 192 , 201 , 202 , 206 - 211 , Newtonian Revolution , 31 - 34 , 36 268 - 269 , 272 - 273 , 277 - 279 , 281 Neyman -Pearson testing , 187, 194 of limitation , 201 Nomothetic , 16 numerical , 262 - 263 , 268 - 273 , 324 - 326 , Nonfortuitous , 251 - 253 , 255 , 258 . See also 203 - 205 , 211 , 220 Fortuitousness of restriction , 191 Nonrandom , 250 , 251 of right and wrong cases, 137 Normal , 135 Methodological individualism , 127- 128 Normal change in scientific development , Middle Ages , 27- 28 7 - 8 . 19 Mimicry , 316, 319, 343, 345 Normal (Gaussian ) distribution , 75, 136, Mind , 148nl6 137 , 141 - 144 , 153n107 , 153 - 154n I31 , Mind -body problem , 120- 122 209 , 272 , 290 , 301 , 302 , 349 , 27 - 28 , 56 , Molecular -Darwinian theory , 365 57 , 109 , 118 Moral certitude , 159 , 160 , 165 , 166 , 168 , Normal number , 224 , 225 171 Novelty , 123, 126, 129, 130, 133- 135, Moral expectation , 160- 165, 171, 172, 174, 143 - 144 176 Null hypothesis , 18, 20, 22- 24 Moral sciences , 295 - 296 , 298 - 302 Numerical determinism , 262 Moral statistics , 74 , 136 , 314 , 319 , 320 , Numerical enquiries , 306 324 - 325 , 333 , 382 , 107 - 110 , 115 , Numerical method , 262 - 263 , 268 - 273 , 118 - 119 324 - 326 , 203 - 205 , 211 , 220 Mortality , 238- 243, 245- 247, 249- 255, 327 Mortality statistics , 338, 339, 345, 348 Objectification , 262- 263, 266- 268 Mortality tables , 307- 308, 329, 383 Objectivity , 125, 138, 262- 263, 268, 11- 13, Motion , theories of , 8- 11, 18- 21 16 , 17 , 25 - 29 , 56 , 60 Moyenne , 330. See al.S'o Mean Observation , 262 , 266 , 268 , 274 , 277 , 278 , Mutation , 313 - 347 , 366 280 - 281 Mutational change , 317 passive, 185, 187 Mutational variation , 324 rejection of , 280 Mutationism , 317 , 323 , 332 - 333 , 343 , 345 , Ohm ' s law , 15 347 Oldenburg , 210 Oligopoly , 142- 143 " Natalite " (article by Bertillon ), 329, 330 Ontogeny , 133 National Bureau of Economics Research Onto logical , 415 (NBER ), 190, 191 Onto logical import of probability , 158, 160, Natural class (kind ), 71, 76 166 , 177 - 178 , 182 Natural history , 340, 341, 347 Ontology , 410 Natural selection , 35 , 36 , 233 - 234 , Operationalism , 418- 420, 423, 428 236 - 240 , 243 - 246 , 248 - 252 , 254 , 256 , Order , 104 258 - 260 , 262 - 266 , 271 - 306 , 313 - 347 , Organic , 123- 126, 133 357 , 365 , 367 , 369n29 Organic phenomena , 124 Naturalistic , 130 - 131 Outlier , 140 Naturphilosophie , 118 Oxford school of ecological genetics, 324, Necessity , 124, 125, 128, 131- 132, 138, 143, 326 , 329 , 339 - 343 , 345 , 347 362 Oxford school of evolutionary biology , 314 Neoclassical view of evolution , 305 , 306 Neokantianism , 131 Pantheism , 122 Neo -Spinozism , 120 Paradigm , 30- 31, 33, 35, 104, 112 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2 455

Pareto curve , 157 - 158 Probabilistic laws , 76 , 410 , 415 Paris , 380 Probabilistic models of psychology , 73, 88, Part , 395 , 397 , 420 92 Pascal ' s wager , 182 Probabilistic Revolution , 24 , 25 , 30 , 37 , 377 Personal equation , 267 Probabilistic statements , 184 - 186 Perturbations , 136 Probability , 39- 40, 43n38 , 136- 137, 281, Phenotype , 46 317 , 325 , 332 - 333 Philosophy a posterior i, 98- 100, 160, 165 of history , 130, 133 a priori , 98- 100, 158, 160, 164 mechanical , 29 , 31 Bernou11ian subjective , 160, 179 mechanistic , 60 of causes , 171 natural , 31 denumerable , 223 - 225 Physical , 120 direct . 18 - 19 Physicalism , 51, 63, 64 frequency interpretation of , 68- 71, 219, Physics, 29, 32, 34, 40, 41n6 160 classical , 11 , 12 , 25 - 26 , 65 , 66 , 379 , 382 , fundamentals of , 69 , 71 383 , 389 interpretation of , 380, 383, 385, 395, modern , 379 404 - 405045 quantum , 65 - 67 , 383 inverse , 18 - 19 statistical , 382 , 393 - 394 , 396 logical , 71, 97, 104, 108- 111 Physiological determinism , 202 mathematical , 67 Physiological tact , 213 as measure of rational belief , 177 Physiology , 35- 36, 38- 39 and measuring variables , 153 deterministic , 218 nature of , 159 , 171 , 177 , 203 Physique social , 329, 331, 109 objective , 70, 94, 97- 98, 108, 171, 174, Place selection , 146 177 - 178 , 181 , 221 , 221 , 383 , 389 Planck oscillator , 18 , 21 onto logical import of , 158, 160, 166, Planck resonator , 16 - 18 , 21 177 - 178 , 182 Pluralism , 345 personal , 97 Political arithmetic , 305 , 306 , 315n4 , 341 , philosophical , 67 351 , 388 physical , 97, 112 Poor law , 338 , 343 , 346 principle of development of , 66, 68- 71, Poor relief , 342 , 344 76 - 77 Population , 135, 341, 245 quantum , 409 - 416 Population growth , 338 real , 410 Population properties , 38 social , 319 Populationist account , 134- 135 subjective , 93- 94, 97, 112, 171, 174, Position (of an object ), 9- 12 177 - 178 , 181 , 216 , 219 , 224 , 220 , 380 , Positivism , 409 , 411 , 39 , 417 383 Power , 20 , 25 theory of , 34, 36- 40, 321, 124 Pragmatism , 121 in theory construction , 175- 176, 178, 180, Precision , 124 - 125 181 , 186 - 187 Prediction , 123 , 128 - 129 , 143 - 144 , 13 , 14 Probability calculus , 191- 198, 201- 211, Prifets , 306, 307, 309, 310, 311, 314 290 , 118 , 124 , 125 Preformation ism , 133 Probability distribution of errors , 272 Principle of insufficient reason, 161, Probability function , 208 181 - 182 Probability matching , 90 Privacy , 310- 312 Probability models , 182- 183, 187, 193 Probabilism . 39 - 40 . 59 - 89 . 140 Probability of judgments , 196, 196 classical vs . quantum , 82 Probability schemes, 184, 188, 192 Probabilistic causal process , 235 , 238 , 411 , Probability theory , 36, 136, 143- 145, 194, 415 196 , 201 - 202 , 205 - 211 , 278 , 307 , 308 , Probabilistic interpretation of quantum 105 , 111 , 124 , 125 , 171 - 172 , 174 - 179 , mechanics , 410 - 411 181 - 187 , 190 , 192 - 194 456 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2

Probability theory (cont .) Random loss of genes , 317 foundations of , 70 - 71 , 74 - 76 , 217 Random mechanism , 111 , 117 , 124 Probable deviation , 142 Random sequence , 361 - 363 , 365 - 367 Professionalization , 40 Random serie ~- 140 Propensity , 82- 83, 414- 415 Random stochastic drift , 345 Propositional information , 262- 263, 274, Random variable , 27 - 28 276 - 277 Random walk , 336 Prussia ; 377, 378, 380, 154 Randomness , 146 - 147 , Ill , 117 , 124 Psychical process, 120 theorem of , 362 Psychological research, 37, 40, 42, 44 Rank , 135 , 141 Psychology , 100, 40 I , 44 Rating , 75, 78 applied , 43, 46 Rationalist , 315 deterministic models of , 73 , 76 , 80 , 86 - 88 , Rationality , 395 91 - 92 Real , 138 , 140 educational , 45 Realism , 149n22 experimental , 35, 37, 39, 42, 44 scientific , 121 faculty , 44 Reality , 130- 132, 217, 225- 226, 409, 410, German academic , 43 415 probabilistic models of , 73, 88, 92 Reduction , 129 , 262 scientific , applied , 39 Reductionism , 83 - 84 Psychophysical , 45 Reference , frame of , 8, 9 , 18- 21 Psychophysical parallelism , 120 Reflex , 14 Psychophysics , I 19- 121, 137, 38, 45 Regression to the mean , 135 Ptolemaic system of astronomy , 8, 32 - 33 Regular , 244 Public health , 340 , 344 - 346 , 348 Regularity , 64, 71, 136, 243- 244, 247, 248, 252 - 255 , 325 , 351 , 358 , 360 , 364 , 365 , Quadratic mean deviation , 142 367 Qualitative , 400, 404, 405, 408, 409, aggregate , 71 418 - 420 lawlike , 359 Qualitative causation , 395 mass , 361 Quality , 409 statistical , 64 - 65 , 67 - 68 , 70 - 75 , 77 - 80 , Quantification , 295, 311, 313, 314, 17, 67 358 , 359 , 361 , 362 , 365 , 367 , 109 - 111 , Quantitative causation , 395 116 - 117 Quantum , 18, 21 of statistics , 367 Quantum mechanics , 395, 411, 412, 418, Reichsamt , 377 . 420 , 12 , 65 - 67 , 382 , 389 , 398 , 400 Reification , 44 ignorance interpretation of , 415 Relation , functional , 120 - 121 indeterminism of , 66 Relativity , 29 probabilistic interpretation of , 410- 411 Reliability , 262, 273 statistical interpretation of , 415, 419- 421 Renaissance , 27 - 29 Quantum physics , 65- 67, 383 Repetition Quantum probability , 409- 416 interindividual , 27 - 28 Quantum system, 407n97 intraindividual , 27 - 28 Quantum theory , 15, 53, 417, 11- 12, 379, Replicabilitv , 267 382 , 388 , 390 , 400 , 401 , 402nl0 Research, psychological , 37, 40, 42, 43 Questionnaire , 308- 310, 313 Residual average . 271 - 272 Queteletian probability ideas, 159, 160 Resistance , electrical , 15, 19, 20 Retrodiction , 129 Race , 313 , 329 - 331 , 341 Reversal , 265 Radioactivity , 227 Revolution , 23 - 28 , 30 - 32 , 41n5 , 45 , 46 Random , 138 , 151n77 , 284 , 287 American , 29 Random change , 338 by application , 37 Random drift , 271 - 306 , 313 - 347 Babbagian , 32 Random genetic drift , 313, 326, 329, 333 Cartesian , 31 Subject Index for Volumes I and 2 457

chemical , 29 - 30 , 33 - 35 , 37 , 42n23 SevenYears War, 381 Copernican , 25- 26, 32- 35 Shock. 179. 180 Darwinian , 32 - 33 , 35 - 37 , 40n3 Signaldetection theory, 85-86, 90, 92, French , 27 , 28 , 30 , 41 n5 99- 100049 Glorious , 28 - 29 , 41n5 Significance Harvey an, 31 levelof. 19.22.24 historical ~ 25 , 28 - 31 , 41 n5 statistical , 18 , 22 , 24 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 45 Mendelian , 32 test of , 18 , 22 , 24 , 36 Newtonian , 31 - 34 , 36 , 37 Singularity . See Branching point probabilistic , 24, 25, 30, 37, 377 Social control , 43 Russian . 28 - 29 . 41n5 Social law , 117 scientific , 8 , 18 - 21 , 23 - 26 , 29 - 38 , 40 , Social net . 381 . 387 41n6 , 41n7 , 42n22 , 48 - 52 , 91 - 114 , 178 , Social physics , 65- 66, 319, 320, 326, 329, 181 . 192 331- 332, 109, 112, 119. See also Physiqul Riga , 380 social Rigor , 191, 195, 200, 205, 209- 211 Social reform , 340 , 342 , 345 , 346 , 348 , Risk , 45 , 162 , 174 - 175 , 180 , 237 - 240 , 105 - 107 , 113 . 140 243 - 249 , 252 - 255 Social science , 34 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 43 - 44n41 , alpha (Type I error ), 24 295 . 301 . 303 Rockefeller Foundation , 182 , 191 Social Science Association , 106 Rome , 380 Social statistics , 76 - 77 , 295 , 311 - 312 , Royal Prussian Statistical Bureau , 51, 377 314 - 315 , 318 , 319 , 321 - 322 , 333 - 334 , Royal Society of London , 49, 50 Inn Russian Revolution , 28 - 29 , 41n5 Social survey , 314 - 315 Social system , 319 , 320 , 329 , 333 - 334 Sample , 273, 383, 186- 188, 193, 194, Social theory , 104 284 - 285 Social world , 20 I Sampling , 383, 390, 45, 158, 160, 163, 164, Socialism , 353 , 354 , 359 175 , 178 , 179 , 181 , 186 , 190 , 284 - 285 Society , 136 cluster (stratified ), 160, 164 Society for German Statistics , 353 probability , 164 Sociology , 317, 331- 332, 115 Sampling error , 250, 253, 256 Soul , 121 , 122 Sanitary movement , 51 Species, 133, 135, 137- 138, 403, 313, 327, Saxon statistical bureau , 379 329 - 331 , 334 - 337 , 3520103 Saxony , 389 Speech, material mode of , 95 Science , 36 , 37 , 39 Spielriiume , Princip der, 110 Scientific realism , 121 Staatenkunde , 338 Scientific revolution , 8 , 18 - 21 , 23 - 26 , Standard deviation , 142 29 - 38 , 40 , 41n6 , 41n7 , 42n22 , 48 - 52 , State , 295 - 296 , 307 - 309 , 311 , 313 , 314 91 - 114 . 178 . 181 . 192 Statistical analysis , 120 Seasidebath, 206 Statistical bureau , 363 Selection, 250-256, 313-347 Statistical causality , 395, 398, 399, 405 determinist, 343 Statistical congress , international , 379 , 380 , natural, 35, 36,233-234,236-240, 382 , 387 243-246,248-252,254,256,258-260, Statistical constancy , 356 - 357 262-266,271-306,313-347,357,365, Statistical data , 105 , 107 , 115 367, 369029 Statistical determinism , 53 , 382 Selectionequilibrium, 367 Statistical enthusiast , 106 Selectionpressure, 365-367 Statistical error , 421 Self-help, 377, 384, 385 Statistical induction , 264 , 354 Self-organization,367 Statistical inference , 20 - 21 , 24 , 45 - 46 , 171 , . Self-reproduction, 366, 36807 176 , 182 , 183 , 188 , 203 Sensationstrength, 77-79, 88, 95 Statistical interpretation of quantum Series, 71 mechanics , 415 , 419 - 421 458 Subject Index for Volumes 1 and 2

Statistical knowledge , 104, 108 Stochastic walk , 322

Statistical law , 95 , 113 , 351 , 358 , 359 , 361 , Stochastic ways of thinking , 314

365 , 382 - 384 , 125 , 415 , 418 , 420 , 430 Stochasticity , 314

explanatory powers of , 417- 431 Stockholm , 380

Statistical measurement and verification of Strasbourg , 380

theories , 147 , 148 , 158 , 159 , 163 Strength

Statistical measurement of variables , 148 , associative , 95 , 96

160 , 163 habit , 60 , 81 - 83

Statistical mechanics , 39 , 40 , 53 , 78 , 79 , 82 , memory , 92 - 94 , 9708

384 , 387 , 389 , 415 sensation , 77 - 79 , 88 , 95

Statistical methods , 105 , 106 , 112 , 114 Student ' s { - test , 18 , 35 , 36 , 42

Statistical physics , 382, 393- 394, 396 Subjectivity , 25 - 27 , 29

Statistical regularity , 64- 65, 68, 67, 70- 75, Surveys )

77 - 80 , 358 , 359 , 361 , 362 , 365 , 367 , 109 , descriptive , 315n4

110 , 116 - 117 social , 314 - 315

Statistical science , 324 Synthesis ( es )

Statistical services , official , 148 , 152 creative , 400 , 402

Statistical significance , 18, 22, 24, 36, 37, evolutionary , 273 , 318

42 , 45 hardening of , 273 - 275 , 294 , 295 , 297 , 345

Statistical society , 344, 346, 353, 106 . modern , 316 , 329 , 346 , 347

Statistical Society of London , 107 Synthetic theory of evolution , 273 , 318 Statistical study , 107

Statistical test , 180 , 187 , 194 , 211 Tact , 215 - 217

Statistical uniformity , 364 physiological , 213

Statistics , 34 , 36 - 40 , 47 , 136 , 146 , 199 , 206 , Taylor approximation , 270

242 , 317 - 319 , 323 - 326 , 328 - 334 , 360 , Teleology . 122

317 , 320 , 324 Term ( s ) , meaning of , 9 - 10 , 19 - 20

Bayesian , 21, 23- 24 Test ( s ) . 202 - 204 . 206 . 208 - 211 . 216 . 222

Critical Ratio , 37 , 42 of fitness and reliability of measurement ,

descriptive , 296, 312, 313 161 , 162

Fisherian , 18 - 23 , 35 , 36 , 45 , 55 significance , 18 , 22 , 24 , 36

inferential , 12 , 17 - 19 , 22 , 25 statistical , 180 , 187 , 194 , 211

moral , 74 , 136 , 314 , 319 , 320 , 324 - 325 , Theism , 131

333 , 382 , 107 - 110 , 115 , 118 - 119 Thematic Physicalism , 63

mortality , 338, 339, 345, 348 Theology , 133

. official , 379 Theorem on limit , 192 , 290

proper objects of , 81- 82 Theory construction , 12 , 21 , 25

regional , 296, 308, 312 probability in , 175 - 176 , 178 , 180 , 181 , regularity of , 367 186 - 187

social , 76 - 77 , 311 , 313 - 314 , 106 Theory ( hypothesis ) testing , 18 , 164 - 165 ,

vital , 307 , 317 , 319 , 321 - 322 , 324 - 326 , 178 , 180 - 183 , 187 - 188 , 192 - 194 , 221

333 , 343 , 345 , 388 Therapeutic , 35 , 202 , 204 - 206 , 211 , 219

Steam boiler , 380 , 383 Therapeutic skepticism , 204

Steam engine , 51, 380 Therapeutic trial , 208 , 214

Stimulus sampling models , 89, 90, 92, Thermodynamic chaos , 337

98n28 Thermodynamics , 39

Stochastic , 271 , 330 second law of , 80 , 226 , 313 , 318 , 337 ,

Stochastic change , 313, 323- 325, 340, 345 385

Stochastic drift , 345 Triangulation , 276

Stochastic effect , 335 Tlibingen . 210

Stochastic loss , 338 Turing machine , 362

Stochastic model . 124 . 324 Type , 32 I , 330

Stochastic philosophy , 314 Type I error ( alpha error ; alpha risk ) , 18 , Stochastic process , 313 , 314 , 318 , 347 24 Subject Index for Volumes I and 2 459

Type II error (beta error ; beta risk ), 18 Vienna , 380

Typo logical , 134, 276, 278 Vienna Circle , 146

Vienna Institute for Business Cycle Uncertainty , 239- 240, 247- 248, 250- 251, Research , 177

255 , 15 - 16 , 21 , 49 , 62 , 65 - 67 Vital statistics , 307 , 317 , 319 , 321 - 322 ,

inductive , 62 324 - 326 , 333 , 343 , 345 , 388

judgment under . 67 - 68 Vitalism , 133

Uncertainty of perceptual cues, 51, 55, 64, Vitalistic hypothesis , 363 67 - 68 Void . 11 . 19

Uncertainty principle , 424 von Kries - Bertrand paradox , 102 , 104 - 106 ,

Heisenberg 's, 419, 420, 423, 424, 430 108 - 111 , 113

Uncertainty relations , 421, 422 Vorschrift , 282 Unemployment , 338, 346- 347

Universal Exposition in St. Louis , 1904, 40 Wager method , 177 , 179 - 180

Unpredicatability , 122, 128- 129, 143- 144 Wangerooge , 210

Urinary , 210 Wealth , national , 152 , 153 , 155

Urine , 207 , 210 , 211 , 218 Weber ' s law , 15 , 65 , 77 - 80

Urn probability , 136, 111, 124 Weber - Fechner law , 101

Usury , 238- 240, 246 Whole , 424

Utility , 162, 163, 168- 169, 173- 175, 179- Whole - part relation , 395 , 396 , 400 , 420 181 Wholeness , 407 , 417 , 420

marginal , 174- 175, 179- 180 Will , 358 - 359 , 347

Witness , 268 - 269

Vacuum , 11 , 19 Wundtian experiment , 38 - 40 , 42 Valuation objective . 159 Zeitgeist, 49 subjective , in measuring economic variables , 153 , 156 , 159 , 164 Value (s), 179, 296, 300, 303, 304 moral , 238 , 247 - 249 , 254 true , 12 , 27 - 28 , 421 Variability , 15, 79, 81, 90, 91, 271- 306 error , 27 interindividual , 27 - 28 , 38 intraindividual , 27 - 28 Variables ) depend en t, 39 random , 210 Variable causes , 142 Variance , analysis of , 12, 15- 17, 19, 23, 25, 28 , 35 , 36 , 42 , 45 , 55 Variation , 132 , 134 - 137 , 271 - 306 , 313 - 347 , 380 - 381 , 389 chance , 140 , 143 - 145 , 242 - 246 , 265 , 266 genetic , 321 group differences , 153 individual , 153 , 159 interindividual , 58 intraindividual , 57 , 58 mutational , 324 Vereinfiir Sozialpolitik , 381, 384 Verifiability , 146 - 147 Verification of theories , statistical measurement and , 147 , 148 , 158 , 159 , 163