DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 312 132 SE 050 901

TITLE Graduate Student Researchers Prom,:- 1989/90. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Admix .stration, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 89 NOTE 92p.; Photographs may not reproduce well. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Directories/Catalogs (132) -- Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS College Science; Graduate Students; *Graduate Study; Higher Education; Research and Development; *Research and Development Centers; *Research Needs; *Research Projects; *Research Proposals; *Science Programs IDENTIFIERS *National Aeronautics and Space Administration

ABSTRACT In 1980, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) initiated the Graduate Student Researchers Program in order to cultivate additional research ties to the academic community and to support promising students pursuing advanced degrees in science and engineering. Section of this handbook summarizes the program and lists the research areas in headquarters and eight NASA field centers. Section II describes administrative procedures and provides instructions for proposal preparation. The last section presents specific areas of research activities at each of the NASA facilities. ''P)

* ******************* ******** ***** ******** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Graduate Student Researchers Program 1989/90

Educational Affairs Division Office of External Relations NASA Headquarters Washington, DC 20546

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

3 ii Preface

In 1980, NASA initiated the Graduate This year, NASA will select Student Researchers Program in order approximately 80 new students for the to cultivate additional research ties to opportunity to receive stipends and to the academic community and to support work at the unique national promising students pursuing advanced laboratories. Areas of research and degrees in science and engineering. application proceuares are fully Since then: approximately 800 students described in this book. We are pleased to have c )mpleted the program's offer this program and hope students requirement while making significant and faculty will continue to benefit. contributions to the nation's aerospace efforts. Universities have also benefitted as their research capabilities have been strengthened. Contents

Preface ii

Section IIntroduction 1 Program Summary 3 Summary of NASA Research Areas 4

Section IIAdministrative Procedures 9 Program Management and Administration 11 Administrative Procedures 12 Preparation and Submission of Proposal 13

Section IIIAreas of Researe.. Activities at NASA Facilities 19 NASA Headquarters 21 Ames Research Center . 25 Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Facility 33 Goddard Space Flight Center 35 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 45 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 53 Langley Research Center 61 Lewis Research Center . 69 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center 79 Section I Introduction

6 "; . ---...414.12101.14110.01101.rogror. 3 Program Summary

The NASA Graduate Student academic qualifications and plan of Researchers Program (GSRP) a- ands up research by NASA discipline scientists to $18,000 in individual grants yearly to and an external peer review group. promising U.S. graduate students whose OSSA fellows carry out research or a research interests are compatible with plan of study at their home universities NASA's programs in space science and and attend a two- or three-day annual aerospace technology. Each year we select symposium at NASA Headquarters in approximately 80 new awardees based on Washington, D.C. The symposium competitive evaluation of their academic provides an opportunity for GSRP qualifications, their proposed research fellows to exchange ideas, discuss plan and/or plan of study, and their progress, and learn more about space planned utilization of NASA research science and applications at NASA. facilities. Fellowships are awarded for OSSA's research opportunities are one year and are renewable, based on described in the Areas of Research satisfactory progress, for up to three Activities at NASA Facilities section of years. Approximately three hundred this book. graduate students are thus supported by The remaining 40 new awards are this program at any one time. Students distributed through NASA field centers. may apply any time during their Fellows selected by centers must spend graduate career or prior to receiving their some period of time in residence at the baccalaureate degrees. An application center, taking advantage of the unique must be sponsored by the student's research facilities of the installation and graduate department chair or faculty working with center personnel. The advisor; other eligibility requirc.aents are projected use of center expertise and described in the Administrative facilities is a factor, along with academic Procedures section of this book. qualifications and research plans, in the The Graduate Student Researchers selection of center fellows. Program is r Anaged at NASA Students applying for a Center Headquarters by the University Fellowship are strongly urged to contact Programs Branch, Educational Affairs the NASA researcher identified at the Division. Forty of the 80 new awards end of each research description prior to each year are sponsored by the developing a proposal. Students Headquarters Office of Space Science and applying to the Headquarters Office of Applications (OSSA) in the fields of Space Science and Applications should astrophysics, science, life sciences, contact Mr. Joseph Alexander's office. solar system exploration, space , See Section II. and microgravity science. Students applying for these fellowships are competitively evaluated on their

5 4

Summary of NASA Research Areas

NASA Headquarters (HQ), Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA) Astrophysics Earth science and applications Life sciences Solar system exploration Microgravity science and applications Space physics

Ames Research Center (ARC) Aeronautics Experimental aerodynamics Advanced adaptive wall wind tunnel Computer vision instrumentation Flight research Rotor blade aerodynamics Human factors Applied computational fluid dynamics Rotorcraft and powered lift flight projects Hypersonics Aircrat. conceptual design Space sciences Rotary wing aeromechanics Space human factors Engineering and technical services Infrared astronomy and astrophysics Telecommunications Infrared astronomy projects and Knowledge engineering technology development Intelligence systems technology Theoretical astrophysics Aerothermodynamics Solar system exploration projects and Aerothermal materials and structures technology development Computational materials science Planetary and earth atmosphere sciences High-speed computer architectures Airborne science Three-dimensional computer graphics Life sciences Wind tunnel automation Advanced development Wind tunnel performance enhancement Space biology Wind tunnel composites applications Ecosystem science and technology Control algorithm for wind-tunnel support systemsSearch for extraterrestrial intelligence Computational fluid dynamics Neurosciences Turbulence physics Space physiology Computer graphics work :3tations Solar system exploration Advanced instrumentation Planetary biology

Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Facility (DFRC)

Advanced digital flight control Propulsion/performance Plight systems Structural dynamics Flight dynamics Aircraft automation Flight test measurement and Integrated test systems and aircraft instrumentation simulation Fluid mechanics and physics 5

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) including Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)

Laboratory for high-energy astrophysics Observational science branch Laboratory for astronomy and solar physics Standards and calibration office Laboratory for extraterrestrial physics Experimental instrumentation branch Laboratory for terrestrial physics Microwave sensors and data communication Solid Earth geophysics branch Geology and geophysics HydelogyAvater resources At GISS: Biosphere studies Laboratory for atmospheres Causes of long-term Space data and computing Planetary atmospheres NASA space and Earth sciences computing center Biogeochemical cycles National space science data center Interdisciplinary research Science information systems center Data systems t3chnology Data flow technology office Flight dynamics Laboratory for Optics laboratory data systems office Oceans and ice branch

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)

Space flight programs Planetary atmospheres and Solar system exploration interplanetary media Earth observations Planetary dynamics Astronomy/astrophysics Asteroid dynamics Graduate Student Researchers Program Geodynamics Systems division Hypercube Mission design Information theory and coding Spacecraft system engineering Optical communication Navigation systems Frequency standards research Mission profile and sequencing Planetary radar astronomy Mission information systems engineering Radar remote sensing of the Earth Systems analysis Elect, acs and control division Tactical information Mechanic& and chemical systems division Earth and space sciences division Information systems division Oceanography Institutional computing and mission Earth atmosphere operations division Planetary atmospheres Observational systems division Earth geoscience Imaging systems Planetology Infrared and analytical instrument Space physics systems Astrophysics Microwave observational systems / Telecommunications science and Image processing applications and engineering division development Radio science .< Optical sciences and applications Gravitational wave studies 6

Lyndon R. Johnson Space Center (JSC) Engineering Biomedical studies Advanced programs Biological processing in weightlessness Avionics systems Pharmacokinetics research Crew and thermal systems Space biomedical research institute Propulsion and power Man-systems Structures and mechanics Biodynamics Systems development and simulation Computer science Tracking and communications Lunar base technology Mission support Ecological life support studies Artificial intelligence Space life support development Safety, reliability, and quality assurance Planetary materials analysis Risk management Space science Space and life sciences Orbital debris Biomedical sciences Space radiation

Langley Research Center (LARC) Aer onautics directorate Optical data storage Fluid physics Transportation systems Propulsion Spacecraft systems technology Genera' aviation Space directorate Low-speed aircraft Entry fluid physics High-speed aircraft Power and propulsion Advanced aircraft systems Transportation systems Transport aircraft Space systems technology Electronics directorate Space technology experiments Advanced sensor systems Climate research program Measurement science and instrumentation Tropospheric air quality research program technology Upper atmospheric research program Materials characterization technology Nimbus 7/LIMS and SAM H data processing, Advanced computational capability analysis and interpretation studies Flight systems directorate Measurements of air pollution from Controls and guidance (MAPS) Human faders Stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment (SAGE) High-speed aircraft Earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) 11-ansport aircraft Structures directorate Computer science Sinicturesspace Space controls and guidance Structuresaeronautics Materials and structures Aeroacoustics Electromagnetics, antennas, and microwave systems Electronics and information system Advanced control/display technology 7

Lewis Research Center (LERC) Aeropropulsion analysis Low thrust propulsion fundamentals Aircraft propulsion systems Electric propulsion Instrumentation and controls technology Power technology Instrumentation Photovoltaic space systems Controls terimology Electrochemical space and storage Internal fluid mechanics Space power management and distribution Computational fluid mechanics technology Experimental fluid mechanics Power systems technology Computational tezhnolgoy Thermal management for space power Aeronautical propulsion systems conversion systems Aircraft icing Stirling dynamic power systems Propeller aerodynamics and acoustics Space environmental interaction Aircraft power transfer technology Electronic device materials for space power Turbine engine technology Space experiments High performance aircraft propulsion technology Microgravity science and applications Hypersonic propulsion technology In-space technology experiments Materials Space communications technology Metal matrix and intermetallic matrix composites Space communications systems analysis Polymers and polymer-matrix composities Space communications components Ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites communications systems technology Microgravity metcnals science Aerospace applications of high temperature Mbology superconductivity Structures Advanced space analysis Structural analysis and life prediction Space mission models Structural dynamics Structural integrity Probabilistic structural mechanics Advanced composite mechanics Space propulsion technology Liquid rocket propulsion

2 8

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Information and electronic systems Vibroacoustics Electrical systems Structural design Electronics, sensors, robotics Thermal analysis: liquid propulsion Optical systems systems Software and data management Thermal analysis: solid rocket motor Materials and processes laboratory Thermal/environmental computational Space environmental effects on materials analysis Metallic materials research Closed loop life support Nonmetallic materials research Computational fluid dynamic.. Processing engineering research Earth sciences Propulsion laboratory Measurement and modeling Systems division Fluid dynamics Component development division Systems analysis and integration Combustion devices and turbomachinery Space station workstations Control mechanisms Hubble space telescope (HST) system design Test division Payloads Space science laboratory Space shuttle systems Magnetospheric and plasma physics Knowledge-based systems Aeronomy Hubble space telescope system requirements Solar physics Configuration management X-Ray astronomy Test laboratory Gamma ray astronomy Structural and dynamic testing Cosmic ray research Systems and components test and simulation Infrared astronomy Crystal growth in fluid field and particle Cryogenic physics dynamic evaluation Low-gravity science Alloying metals and vapor crystal growth Biophysics evaluations Structures and dynamics Safety, reliability, maintainability, and quality Pointing control systems assurance office Controls for vehicles Reliability engineering Liquid propulsion dynamic anmysis Quality engineering Structural dynamics Systems safety engineering Structural assessment

c3 Section II Administrative Procedures

Program Management and Administration

The NASA Graduate The Office of Space Dr. Harry I. Ashkenas Dr. Francis J. Montegani Student Researchers Science and Jet Propulsion Ch:cf, Office of University Program is managed Applications at Laboratory Affairs at the agency level by Headquarters aid Mail Stop 180-900 Lewis 113earch Center the University eight field centers 4800 Oak Grove Drive Mail Stop 3-7 Programs Branch, participate in the Pasadena, CA 91109 National Aeronautics and Educational Affairs program. Local (818) 354-8251 Space Administration Division, Office of Program 21000 Brookpark Road Administrators are: Dr. Moustafa T. Chahine External Relations, Chief Scientist Cleveland, OH 44135 Mr. Joseph K Alexander Code XEU, NASA Jet Propulsion (216) 433-2956 Assistant Associate Headquarters, Laboratory Administrator Washington. D.C. Mail Stop 180-904 Ms. Ernestine K. Cothran (Science and 20546. 4800 Oak Grove Drive University Affairs Officer Applications) Pasadena, CA 91109 Marshall Space Flight Office of Space Science Elaine Schwartz (818) 354-6057 Center Branch Chief and Applications, Code E Mail Stop DS01 National Aeronautics and Jackie Counts Dr. Stanley H. Goldstein National Aeronautics and Space Administration GSRP Program Director, Unir.N-sity Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 Administrator Programs Marshall Space Flight (202)453-1430 (202) 453-8344 Lyndon B. Johnson Center, AL 35812 For inquiries call: Space Center (205) 544-0997 (202) 453-1523 Mail Code AHU Ms. Meredith Moore National Aeronautics and Ames Research Center Space Administration Mail Stop AHT-241-3 Houston, TX 77058 (713) 483-4724 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dr. Samuel E. Masseriberg Moffett Field, CA 94035 University Affairs Officer (415) 694-5624 Hugh L. Dryden Flight Langley Research Center Research Facility Mail Stop 105-A Edwards Air Base National Aeronautics and CA 93523 Space Administration (Program administered Hampton, VA 23665 by Ames Research (804) 865-2188 Center)

Dr. Gerald Soffen Associate Director for Program Planning Goddard Space Flight Center Natonal Aeronautics and Space Administration Code 600 Greenbelt, MD 20771 (301) 286-9690 12 Administrative Procedures

Selection of Proposals Awards Equal Oppolunity program should plan to Graduate students are Awards are made ro applicant shall be attend a two- to three- setected for initially for a 1-year denied consideration or day symposium in participation in this period and may be appointment as a NASA Washington, D.C., in program by NASA renewed annually for Graduate Student the spring of each year. 74eadquacters, up to 3 years, based on Researc.ier on grow: ds Specific details individual NASA satisfactory progress as of race, creeo, color. regarding this Centers, or by the Jet reflected in perfor- national origin, age, or conference will be Propulsion Laboratory mance evaluations by sex. communicated after for participation on '..he the faculty advisor. awards have been basis of (a) the Renewals must also be Obligation to f_..e made. academic qualifica`ions approved by NASA Government The student of the student; (b) the installation Program allowance may also be A student_ used to help defray quality of the proposed Administrators and support under the research or plan of technical supervisors. living expenses during Graduate Student periods of center study and its relevance Researchers Program to NASA's programs; Eligibility residency. Students does not thereby incur currently living close to (c) except at NASA any formal obligation to Headquarters, the 7u11-time (as defined by the center to which university) graduate the goverrn,ert of the they apply should student's proposed United State.: Jlowever. utilization of Center students from an request only a nominal accredited U.S. college the objectives of this amount for this research facilities; and program will clearly be (d) the availability of the or university are the purpose. only persons eligible for served best if the student The university student to accomplish is encouraged to actively the defined research. program awards. They allowance may be used must be citizens of the pursue research or by the faculty advisor United States. Students teaching in aeronautics. for supervision of the may enter the program space science or space student's work and for at any time during their technology ader travel to the NASA graduate work or may completion of graduate facility to oversee the apply prior to receiving studies. student's progress. It their baccalaureate may also be used for degrees. All applications Funding student tuition. must he sponsored by The total award per Alternative uses for this the student's graduate graduate student cannot allowance may be department chair or exceed $18,000. In requested but must be faculty advisor. Those addition to the $12,000 consistent with the selected will usually student stipend, an intent of the program. receive support until allowance of $6,000 they receive an ($3,000 for the student advanced degree, a allowance and $3.000 for maximum of three the university allowance) years in most cases. An may be requested to help individual accepting defray tuition costs or to this award may not provide a per diem and concurrently receive travel allowance for the other federal funds, student and faculty including that from advisor. Student other federal fellow- participants and their ships, traineeships, or advisors participating in federal employment. the Headquarters OSSA Preparation and Submission 13 of Proposal

Unsolicited Proposal 3. Description of 6. Personnel the work of the Requirements Proposed Research Faculty advisor should graduate student. If Proposals must be and/or Plan of Study submit a short necessary, student written by the student. A full st- tement biographical sketch that tuition may also be NASA does not prepared by the student includes name, current charged against this prescribe a specific that identifies and position, title, allowance. proposal format All relates the key elements department, university Note If requesting a proposals must be of the proposed address, phone number, renewal, include in this specific in nature and research and/or plan of and principal section the expected include the information study. Length should publications. The amount of unused outlined in the not exceed five pages. graduate student should funds remaining on the following eight items. submit a short summary ending date of the 4. Schedule of education, training, annual grant.. 1. Proposal Cover The proposed starting and accomplishments. Sheet and completion dates The student's statement 8. Approval This page is to be filled for the graduate should mention the Approval of proposed out and signed by the student's plan of study proposed research and research and/or plan of graduate student and and/or research how the Graduate study by (1) the faculty advisor and included program. The Student Researchers advisor: (2) the depart- with the proposal. approximate periods the Program would address ment head: and (3) the Cover sheet forms student and faculty these objectives. university official re- appear in the back of advisor e7ipect to be at sponsible for commit- this section. the NASA center to 7. Budget ting the institution for conduct activities, if A twelve-month budget sponsored research 2. Abstract applicable. Include a must include the (e.g., Director of Re- A short summary detailed schedule and following: (a) student search Administration, describing the plan in all new stipend $12,000 basic Director of Sponsored objectives of the plan of proposals. stipend for twelve Research). Proposals study and/or the months: (b) student are not processed with- proposed research and 5. Facilities and allowance$3,000. Cost out the appropriate the methodology to be Resources (Center estimates for tuition university approval used. Applicants Only) expenses and/or signa-tures. Telephone A description of the anticipated travel and numbers should be NASA facilities and living expenses for the included for each resources the student student at a NASA approving individual. wishes to use in facility: and (c) university support of the research allowance $3,000. Cost and/or plan of study, estimates for travel of including an estimate of faculty advisor to a any computer time NASA facility to r squired. coordinate and oversee 14

Disposition of Unused Submission of Submission for important results of the Funds Proposal Renewal student's experience If a student terminates Applicants should sub- Proposals for renewal are (e.g., thesis title, papers the Graduate Student mit five copies of all to be submitted to the published other than Researchers Program materials by February 1 appropriate Prc6 am thesis, presentations earlier than of each year to the Administrator by made, awards, honors). anticipated, the appropriate NASA February 1. Applicants This report should be student stipend is facility, addressed to the should submit five submitted to: prorated and attention of the Program copies of all materials. GSRP Administrator terminated. Any Administrator listed in The proposal for renewal University Programs unused student/ the Program should include items 1, Branch, Code XEU university allowances Management and 2, 4, 7, and 8, listed on Educational Affairs are returned to NASA. Administration section the preceding page, as Division of this book. well as a brief statement National Aeronautics and Headquarters OSSA outlining progress and Space Administration proposals should be status of the plan of Washington, DC 20546 submitted to: study or research, Graduate Student documentation of A copy should also be Researchers Program accomplishments and sent to the appropriate Code EPM-20 grades, and letter(s) of NASA Program NASA Headquarters recommendation from Administrator. Washington, DC 20546 faculty personnel. The starting date for Inquiries Applications will be renewals should be on Questions concerning reviewed in February of the anniversary of the the preparation and each year for selection original grant. submission of in March and April. proposals and the Proposed starting dates Final Administrative administration of this for new awards will be Report program are to be July 1 or after. In A report on the student's directed to the Program general, it is expected research and academic Administrator listed in that tenure will begin progress must be sub- Section II. with normal semester or mitted by the faculty quarter dates. advisor upon completion of the student's study and research program. Information xo be furnished includes the degree granted, the employment plans of the student, and other

9 PROPOSALS DUE BY FEBRUARY 1 Submit proposals to:

Field Centers Headquarters Send to applicable NASA Facilities Graduate Student Researchers Program Program Administrator Code EPM-20 (for addresses, see beginning NASA Headquarters of this section). Washington, DC 20546

Proposal Cover Sheet, NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program

1. GRADUATE STUDENTS NAME Mr./Ms. LAST FIRST MI

BIRTH DATE BIRTH PLACE PHONE NO. Mo/Day/Yr

ADDRESS

2. UNIVERSITY 3. GRAD ADVISOR

ADDRESS DEPT

TEL

TEL SIGNATURE/DATE

4. TARGET DEGREE 5. UNDERGRADUATE GPA OUT OF

DISCIPLINE DISCIPLINE

EXPECTED COMPLETION DATE (Mo/Yr) 6. GRAD GPA (If applicable) OUT OF

7.IS THIS SUBMISSION NEW OR A RENEWAL? DESIGNATE GRANT NO. NGT-

8. PROPOSED STARTING OR RENEWAL DATE MO DAY YR

9. AREA OF STUDY OR PROPOSED THESIS OR DISSERTATION TOPIC

10. NASA FACILITY TO WHICH THIS PROPOSAL IS BEING SUBMITTED CHECK ONLY ONE: III HEADQUARTERS D JPL Cl AMES/DRYDEN CI LANGLEY Cl GODDARD Cl LEWIS Cl JOHNSON Cl MARSHALL

11. PROPOSED NASA TECHNICAL ADVISOR (CENTER PROGRAM ONLY)

12. I CERTIFY THAT I AM A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES, AND AM OR WILL BE A FULL-TIME GRADUATE STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY DURING THE PERIOD COVERED IN THE ATTACHED PROPOSAL.

SIGNATURE/DATE 2 u PROPOSALS DUE BY FEBRUARY 1 Submit proposals to:

Field Centers Headquarters Send to applicable NASA Facilities Graduate Student Researchers Program Program Administrator Code EPM-20 (for addresses, see beginning NASA Headquarters of this section). Washington, DC 20546

Proposal Cover Sheet, NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program

1. GRADUATE STUDENTS NAME Mr./Ms LAST FIRST MI

BIRTH DATE BIRTH PLACE PHONE NO. Mo/Day/Yr

ADDRESS

2. UNIVERSITY 3. GRAD ADVISOR

ADDRESS DEPT

TEL

TEL SIGNATURE/DATE

4, TARGET DEGREE 5. UNDERGRADUATE GPA OUT OF

DISCIPLINE DISCIPLINE

EXPECTED COMPLETION DATE (Mo/Yr) 6. GRAD GPA (If applicable) OUT OF

7.IS THIS SUBMISSION NEW OR A RENEWAL? DESIGNATE GRANT NO. NGT-

8. PROPOSED STARTIAG OR RENEWAL DATE MO DAY YR

9. AREA OF STUDY OR PROPOSED THESIS OR DISSERTATION TOPIC

NASA FACILITY TO WHICH THIS PROPOSAL IS BEING SUBMITTED CHECK ONLY ONE: 0 HEADQUARTERS 0 JPL O AMES/DRYDEN 0 LANGLEY O GODDARD 0 LEWIS O JOHNSON 0 MARSHALL

11. PROPOSED NASA TECHNICAL ADVISOR (CENTER PROGRAM ONLY)

12. I CERTIFY THAT I AM A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES, AND AM OR WILL BE A FULL-TIME GRADUATE STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY DURING THE PERIOD COVERED IN THE ATTACHED PROPOSAL.

SIGNATURE/DATE I) I Section III Areas of Research Activities at NASA Facilities 21 NASA Headquarters Office of Space Science and Applications

Program Administrator The NASA Headquarters Astrophysics Mr. Joseph K. Alexander Office of Space Science Research in astrophysics involves a Assistant Associate and Applications (OSSA) broad program in space-based Administrator (Science supports the nation's astronomy, relativity, and III<-energy and Applications) research program in astrophysics. Both experim ii and Office of Space Science space sciences and the theoretical astrophysics research is and Applications, Code E supported. Research in astronomy National Aeronautics and application of space and relativity is intended to aid in the Space Administration techniques to terrestrial understanding of the origin and Washington, DC 20546 use. The OSSA research evolution of the universe. Research is (202) 453-1430 program includes the supported on cosmology, galaxies and For inquiries contact: development of major quasi-stellar objects, galactic Dolores Holland structure, the interstellar medium, (202) 453-1523 new space flight and star formation and evolution. This programs such as the office also supports research in Space Telescope and the relativity and gravitational wave Jupiter orbiter and probe physics, as well as laboratory research mission (named Galileo), in support of the interpretation of space observations. High-energy as well as the support of astrophysics involves research in all laboratory research, phases of astrophysics involving high- analysis of data from energy processes. Typical of those prior NASA space phenomena are X-ray and gamma-ray missions, and theoretical emissions from compact binary studies of space systems with black hole or neutron star companions, galactic and phenomena. The extragalactic processes that produce scientific and high-energy quanta, nucleosynthesis applications disciplines processes, and processes leading to currently being reproduction of primary cosmic ray supported under the particles. fellowship program are astrophysics, earth Earth Science and Applications science and applications, Earth science and applications involves a global, integrated, and life sciences, solar interdisciplinary program of research system exploration, to study the Earth's physical and space physics. and biological processes that govern the microgravify science and solid Earth, its oceans and applications. A brief atmosphere, and its life forms. Particular emphasis is being placed on description of these understanding processes that affect programs follows. the Earth's habitability, that is, its biological productivity and air and water quality. The program involves coordinated observational, theoretical, modeling, and ,!.xperimental investigations, and the development of future observing technologies. These activities are complementary and together form a balanced program of system and process studies. The observational investigations usually require use of a variety of instruments 4 'I 22

making both remote and in situ life originated on Earth. Research measurements from several locations. takes the form of astronomical Both active and passive techniques observations, laboratory are used for remote sensing and experimentation, space mission data covering the electrc-nagnt.tic spectrum analysis, modelling, and theory. The from ultraviolet through the radio solar system objects of interest wavelengths. Instruments are flown include the terrestrial planets, the on aircraft, balloons, rockets, orbiting giant outer planets with their rings spacecraft, and the Space Shuttle. and moons, the asteroids, and the comets. The analysis of meteorites, Life Sciences presumably originating from the Research in the life sciences is a asteroids, the Moon, and even multidisciplinary program established possibly Mars, is an essential part of to study questions related to life in the program. Such analysis now also space. In the medical sciences, includes cosmic dust (believed to research is conducted to maintain the originate in comets). Astronomical health and well-being of spacecraft studies span all parts of the spectrum crews in support of achieving a from the ultrviolet to radio and radar. permanent human presence in space. Data analysis includes Viking Mars Emphasis is placed on medical care, data, Voyager outer planet data, and understanding physiological effects, data from ground- and space-based and developing life support systems in telescopes. Data analysis, modelling, the space environment. In the and theory encompass all aspects of biological sciences NASA's capabilities planetary science including the and technology are used to chemistry, physics, and meteorology understand fundamental questions of planetary atmospheres: the about the origin and distribution of controlling processes and stratigraphy life in the universe, the effect of the of planetary surfaces: the internal space environment on terrestrial life chemistry and structure of planetary forms, and the ability of terrestrial life bodies: the dynamics and evolution of to modify the environment on a global planetary ring systems: and scale. Areas of emphasis include cosmology. Most recently, with the exobiology, biospherics, and advent of new astronomical gravitational biology. In addition to techniques, research includes the ground-based research programs, a search for planetary systems around vigorous flight program to develop and other stars. use appropriate equipment and instruments for human, animal, an' Microgravity Science and plant experiments onboard the Applications Shuttle, in Spacelab, and on other The objective of the Microgravity Earth-orbiting spacecraft is being Science and Applications program is conducted. to develop near-Earth space as a national resource to explore the effects Solar System Exploration of microgravity on physical and Research in solar system exploration chemical processes and pheonomena. is comprehensive and aimed at This objective includes the understanding the present state of the establishment of a permanent solar system and, ultimately, its origin National Microgravity Laboratory and evaitionary processes. The capability in low-Earth orbit to provide research also aims at elucidating the a flight facility for conducting long- chemical history of the solar system duration microgravity research. The toward a better understanding of how ongoing research program emphasizes three areas: fundamental science, materials science, and biotechnology. 23

In fundamental science, research heliosphere, in both its steady state and includes the study of fluid behavio: dynamic configurations; on planetary and transport phenomena in and cometary ionospheres and microgravity, as well as experiments magnetospheres; and on the that make use of the enhanced acceleration, transport, and propagation measurement precision possible in of solar and galactic cosmic rays. These microgravity to measure physical studies are based on measurements of properties that enable scientists to space plasma systems and plasma challenge contemporary theories of processes which are obtained from in relativity and to study condensed situ probes and through remote sensing matter physics. Research in materials and are complemented by active plasma science includes the processing of experiments performed in both the electronic and photonic materials: laboratory and in space. Measurements metals, alloys, and composites: glass are made from a wide variety of and ceramics: and polymers. The platforms including stratospheric primary focus of the microgravity balloons, sounding rockets, Earth- program in biotechnology is to study orbiting satellites, missions in orbit the effects that occur in living around other planets, as well as the Sun organisms and the growth of protein itself, and deep space probes which are and other macromolecular crystals in approaching the boundary of the Solar the virtual absence of gravity. The System. Theory and computer investigations are conducted by simulations are used to synthesize these university, industry, and government measurements into the general reserachers using both ground-based understanding of space physics and flight experiments. phenomena which is the goal of the program. Space Physics The space physics program involves Submit proposals to: investigations into the origin and Graduate Student Research, rs PrognIm evolution of plasmas, electromagnetic Code EPM-20 fields, and energetic particles in a NASA Headquarters variety of space plasmas. Its studies Washington, DC 20546 are focused on the Sun, both as a star and as a source of energy, plasma, and energetic particles: on the .i..;M"k 25 Ames Research Center

Program Administrator The Ames Research Aeronautics Ms. Meredith Moore Center conducts research In aeronautics. Ames concentrates on Mail Stop Al-IT: 241-3 activities, technology rotorcraft and powered lift aircraft NASA Ames Research programs, and flight technology, short-haul aircraft and Center projects to advance the helicopter technology, fluid Moffett Field. CA 94035 nation's capabilities in mechanics, experimental (415) 694-5624 aerodynamics, flight simulation, flight both civil and military systems research, and human factors. aeronautics, space The following are active areas of sciences. etd space aeronautical research. applications. This Contact: Don Ehrreich diverse program at Ames (415) 694-5067 is organized into Experimental Aerodynamics Low- aeronautics. speed wind-tunnel testing, analysis and development of aerophysics, space computational/empirical prediction research. and life methods for powered lift and sciences. conventional lift configurations. Prediction and analysis of acoustic preparing a proposal characteristics of aircraft for a fellowship at Ames configurations and wind-tunnel facilities. Development and Research Center, prior application of non-intrusive collaboration with an measurement techniques. Contact Ames researcher is studies using 40- x 80-. 80- x 120-. mandatory. A suggested and 7- by 10-foot wind tunnels. point of contact is listed Contact: Vic Corsiglia (415) 694-6677 with each research topic Computer Vision Computer vision for which a student may and image understanding techniques apply. are being applied to the autonomous navigation of rotorcraft during low- altitude flight. The techniques are quite general and can be used in the autonomous guidance of other types of vehicles. Contact: Banavar Sridar (415) 694-5450 Flight Research Simulation invest- igations, guidance and navigation, aircraft automation, flight dynamics. advanced control theory (helicopter V/STOL applications). Contact: Dallas Denery (415) G94-5427 Guidance & Navigation Automation Research Vic Lebacqz (415) 694-5009 Flight Dynamics and Controls Research 26

Human Factors Crew performance. Engineering and Technical aviation safety. aircraft operating Services In engineering and tech- systems. advanced spatial displays nical services, Ames concentrates on and instruments, virtual facility engineering, telecommunica- environments, high-fidelity tions, and administrative computing. simulation-based human performance assessment, operator interfaces to Telecommunications Engineering intelligent systems and advanced and advanced systems capability for automation. voice, video, data communications, Contact: Mike Shafto (415) 694-6170 and computer networking; networking Rotorcraft and Powered Lift Flight research. Projects Flight research aircraft Contact: Jim Hart (415) 694-6251 design, development, wind tunnel, simulation and flight test experiments: Aerophysics identification of advanced aircraft Knowledge Engineering concepts, technology, and systems Knowledgt. engineering is the art and integration. science of developing and Contact: Bill Snyder (415) 694-6570 implementing knowledge-based Rotorcraft technologies to solve real world Aircraft Conceptual Design problems. At Ames the emphasis is on Development of aircraft design synt space-borne and airborne techniques that incorporate applications, with research conducted optimization routines, expert system on topics such as artificial concepts, and graphical user intelligence, machine learning, interfaces on a system of networked cooperating intelligent agents, computer workstations. Studies are automation demonstration projects, broad in nature, encompassing the photonic processors, neural networks, subsonic to hypersonic speed ranges, and distributed processing systems. and including such concepts as An outstanding computer center lighter-than-air, rotorcraft, fixed-wing, supports the research and includes a and transatmospheric vehicles. CRAY-XMP. DEC 8800, and state-of- Analyses include a total the-art Al machines from major AI transportation systems approach and equipment manufacturers. consider markets and economics. Contact: Donald McKellar Contact: Thomas L.Galloway (415) 694-4162 (415) 694-6181 Intelligent Systems Technology Rotary Wing Aeromechanics The research objective is to develop Experimental and theoretical research the methodologies for integrating programs to improve performance, space borne complex symbolic and vibration, and noise of advanced algorithmic systems into an effective, rotorcraft are performed. Studies robust, and evolvable real-time include basic investigations of the system. Taking existing systems aerodynamics, dynamics. and architecture design methodologies as acoustics of rotor systems for a point of departure, several helicopters, tilt rotors, and other knowledge-based techniques such as advanced configurations. Experiments advanced distributed heterogeneous are performed in the Amec. 7- by 10- computational systems, software foot wind tunnel and in tne National engineering and open-architecture Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex, concepts will be developed specifically including the 40- by 80- foot wind for advanced highly automated tunnel. intelligent systems to address NASA's Contact: William Warmbrodt (415) 694-5642 27

future space mission requirements. Navier-Stokes equations, problems in The laboratory includes a computational chemistry as governed by multiprocessing computer system, the Schroedingev equation, and distributed processor simulation problems in automation and robotics software, and a space facility mockup. such as "expert systems." These Contact: Donald McKellar investigations could include software (415) 694-4162 issues as well as hardware issues Aerothermodynamics Provides because the ultimate goal is to provide aerothermodynamic flow-field the user the greatest computational computational capability to analyze resources possible. Facilities available to and design advanced space the researcher at Ames and at its transportation concepts. Also provides resident Research Institute for Advanced the analytical and turbulence Computer Science (RIACS) include a chemistry models required to compute CRAY 2, CRAY X-MP/48, and CYBER the viscous/finite-rate flow field and to 205 supercomputers, Sequent, ELXSI, predict radiation heating to and IPSC parallel processors, and conceptual aero-assisted orbital numerous superminis and workstations. vehicles. Contact: Kenneth Stevens, Jr., Contact: George S. Deiwert (415) 694-5949 (415) 694-6198 Three-Dimensional Computer Aerothermal Materials and GraphicsAdvances in computational Structures Develops lightweight resources have made three-dimensional reusable ceramics and carbon-carbon fluid flow calculations and complex Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) for computational chen_ry calculations transient, high-velocity atmospheric possible and future advances w'll permit penetration and develops expendable even more complex physical TPS for planetary probes. phenomenon to be calculated. The Contact: Howard E. Goldstein objective of this research is to develop (415) 694-6103 advanced computer graphics techniques, software, and hardware to permit Computational Materials Science researchers to visualize and understand Develops verified methods for the complex physics which is being predicting material properties and calculated. Graphics facilities include reactions by extending interaction IRIS and SUN workstations, fram models of interatomic and molecular buffers, and film recorders. behavior to the macroscopic level. Computational facilities include CRAY 2, Contact: David M. Cooper CRAY X-MP/48, and CYBER 205 (415) 694-6213 supercomputers; Sequent. ELXSI, and IPSC parallel processors; and numerous High-Speed Computer VAXes. This work will be done in Architectures Current advances in conjunction with computer science and high-speed computation are coming computational physics researchers at from novel computer architectures Ames and at its resident Research such as parallel processors, data flow Institute for Advance Computer Science architectures, systolic arrays, (RIACS). LISP/PROLOG architectures. The Contact: Arsi Vaziri (415) 694-4799 suitability of these architectures to solving problems of interest to NASA Wind Tunnel AutomationTo support and the development of new an automation project encompassing the architectures that efficiently solve automatic control of model positioning, these problems is the objective of this Mach number, Reynolds number, and research. Of particular interest is the system safety monitoring, a computer investigation of architectures to solve rridel of the wind tunnel circuit problems arising in computational response to various inputs is needed. fluid dynamics as governed by the The mode: must be generic in structure 28

with easily tailored modules to achieve software for a six-degree-of-freedom the required specificity. The task will Captive Trajectory System. The system include surveying industry for will be used in wind tunnel testing to applicable programs before full evaluate the aerodynamics of development is undertaken. The code separating vehicles. The task involves will allow the user to input the using existing support systems to dynamic response of various inputs accurately and safely position the (i.e., rotal pressure, drive system, vehicles for acquisition of data, model positioning). specifying the control hardware, Contact: Daniel Petroff writing the software, and verifying the (415) 694-5850 software. Wind Tunnel Performance Contact: Daniel Petroff Enhancement The recent interest (415) 694-5850 in hypersonic aerodynamics has Computational Fluid Dynamics kindled an interest in increasing the Theoretical research in fluid dynamics maximum Mach number of the Ames using the Euler and the Navier-Stokes 8- by 7-foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel equations, both compressible and from 3.5 to 4.5. Preliminary incompressible. Includes research on experimental results and analysis basic equation formulations, indicate a feasibility for accomplishing algorithm development, and code the increased performance without an efficiency, as well as the physics of increase in drive power. Further laminar and turbulent flow fields. studies are needed to evaluate the risk Contact: Thomas H. Pulliam and perform the conceptual design for (415) 694-6417 budget preparation. The design Turbulence Physics Study of the approach involves injector pumping of fundamental physics of turbulent and the test section and a variable second transitional flows through numerical throat, matched to operate within the simulations. Studies include envelope of the existing compressor. developing numerical algorithms An opportunity exists to use an suitable for direct and large-eddy existing compressor code to optimize simulations of turbulent flows, the existing 11-stage axial-flow developing tools for analyzing compressor for performance increase. computer-generated databases, and Contact: Daniel Petroff developing turbulence models for (415) 694-5850 engineering applications. Wind Tunnel Composites Contact: John Kim (415) 694-5867 Applications Transfer to composite Computer Graphics Workstations technology to specific application for High - performance computer graphics the Aerodynamics Division wind workstations applied to the tunnels. Areas of application include: visualization and understanding of axial flow compressor blading, gaging for model support assemblies, and both experimental aerodynamic flow siting assemblies for model supports. fields and computer-generated Research opportunity exists to develop solutions of aerodynamic flow fields. a computer design code for evaluating Contact: Val Watson (415) 694-6421 and tailoring composite structures to Advanced Instrumentation the specific application. Opportunity Instrumentation techniques are being also exists in developing fabrication developed to measure both mean and nd QA techniques. fluctuating quantities in complex Contact: Daniel Petroff turbulent flow fields. These include (415) 694-5850 three-dimensional LDV systems, rapid scanning LDV systems, multiple hot Control Algorithm for Wind Tunnel wire arrays for special and time- Support Systems Develop and dependent data, and holography and verify the control algorithm and )1.) 1 1 29

methods to measure surface skin Space Sciences friction. In space science, Ames concentrates on Contact: Joseph G. Marvin research directed at enhancing (415) 694-5390 understanding of the origins, evolution, and current state of the universe, the Advanced Adaptive Wall Wind solar system, the Earth, and life. Tunnel Instrumentation Principle efforts focus on a Development of adaptive wall wind multidisciplinary approach to research tunnels for interference-free transonic activities in space science and life flows are ding developed. This effort science. As a federal research laboratory includes uevelopment in new laser- with strong ties to the universities and doppler velocimetry and computer and other government laboratories, Ames experimental integration. brings to the task a small research team Contact: George Lee (415) 694-5861 approach that applies the skills and Rotor Blade Aert,dynamics interests of the broader science Theoretical method., based on community to these fundamental issues. potentcrl Euler and Navier-Stokes Particular emphasis in space science is methods are being developed for rotor- placed on infrared astronomy and blade configurations. Free-wake astrophysics, stellar and planetary models of the rotor wakes are a system formation, planetary atmospheric companion effort being pursued. science and climatology, Earth airborne Contact: I.C. Chang (415) 694-6396 sciences, and the development and Applied Computational Fluid application of selected flight projects and DynamicsThis area deals with the areas of space technology relevant to development of new computational those research needs. The following are methodology involving aerodynamic ongoing areas of space science research. and/or fluid dynamic applications Space Human Factors Operator associated with incompressible, interfaces to automated and non- subsonic, transonic, or supersonic automated systems; computational flight speeds. Computer codes are human performance modeling, constructed and evaluated for habitability, and crew performance applications associated with aircraft research; space suit and portable life or aircraft component aerodynamics, support system design. rotorcraft aerodynamics, high angle Contact: Everett Palmer of-attack flows, unsteady flows, and (415) 694-6073 flows with aeroelastic effects. Bruce Webbon Contact: Terry L. Hoist (415) 694-5385 (415) 694-6032 Suits and Life Support Hypersonics This area deals with Infrared Astronomy and Astrophysics the development of new computational Properties of solar system, galactic, and methodology involving aerodynamic extragalactic objects using their infrared and/or fluid dynamic applications spectra to determine constituents and associated with hypersonic flight processes. Development of instrumen- speeds. The physical aspects of this tation for observations from ground sites flight regime require emphasis on and airborne and spaceborne platforms. algorithms/codes with accurate heat Conducts laboratory research in support transfer prediction capabilities, strong of this science. shock capturing abilities and chemical Contact: David Black equilibrium and nonequilibrium (415) 694-4912 models for air. Contact: Terry L. Hoist Infrared Astronomy Projects and (415) 694-6032 Technology Development Research and development is conducted on a wide variety of airborne and space telescopes. 30

Designs are under development for the instrumentation to conduct in-situ Space Infrared Telescope Facility and remote science measurements for (SIRTF), Stratospheric Observatory for missions to observe and explore Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), and the space. This includes ongoing Astrometric Telescope Facility (ATF). operation of thePioneerfamily of Opportunities exist in both hardware spacecraft, management and flight development and computer operations of theGalileoprobe to simulation. Advanced mirror materials Jupiter, eevelopment of the Comet are studied in a unique low- Nucleus Penetrator, development of temperature facility, which allows for the Astrometric Telescope Facility (for interferometric measurements on extrasolar planetary detection), and optical surfaces at helium the study and advocacy of temperatures. Flight technology penetrators, atmospheric probes, and experiments are conducted. science instruments for future The program focuses on multi- missions. element infrared detector arrays and Contact: Joel Sperams cryogenics. The detector array activity (415) 694-5706 pushes the sensitivity and wavelength Planetary and Earth Atmosphere response of doped silicon and Sciences Research in this area germanium devices for enhanced includes study and development of scientific return. The cryogei .cs general circulation models, use of activity aims to provide spaceworthy, airborne platforms and spacecraft, high-efficiency cooling and liquid study of the interaction of the helium transfer techniques. Both stratosphere with the troposphere, e7.perimental and simulation studies trace gas measurements, are performed on optical coatings for spectroscopy, aerosol detection and stray radiation suppression. Extensive propagation, and the effects of computer facilities (CRAYS, VAX, and materials in the atmosphere on the other workstations), as well as state- . of-the-art software design tools are Contact: Phil Russell (415) 694-5404 utilized to simulate telescope subsystems, including structures, Airborne Science Needs research optics, thermal cryogenics, and in the use of airborne platforms for guidance and control. Current diverse scientific measurements and research is focused on the integration observations, aircraft-based IR of the design tools to allow full system astronomy, and atmospheric simulation of space telescopes prior to sampling. launch. Contact: Phil Russell (415) 694-5404 Contact: Walter Brooks (415) 694-6547 Life Sciences Craig McCreight In life sciences, Ames concentrates on (415) 694-6549 biomedicine (the effects of the space Theoretical Astrophysics Star environment on man and other formation, galactic formation and organisms), extraterrestrial research, interaction, interstellar grains, and biosystems (the ability to support planetary formation, planetary man in the space environment). atmospheres, radiative transfer, and Advanced Development Advanced computational astrophysics and program development is focused on atmospherics to model these defining the science objectives and processes are but a few of the requirements for future life science research issues here. space missions, particularly those Contact: Pat Cassen (415) 694-5547 involving nonhuman experiments, and Solar System Exploration Projects for identifying the necessary facilities and Technology Development and equipment to support those Development of systems and "3 31

objectives. Advanced program elsewhere in the universe. The approach planners work with both in-house and is to examine portions of the radio outside scientists to develop the spectrum, using state-of-the-art search scientific rationale for space flight systems to detect and confirm signals of experiments requiring long-term extraterrestrial intelligent origin. The exposure to microgravity. They define present research and development phase the facilities and equipment of this program is largely concerned with complement needed for such the design of the signal processing hard- experiments and conduct focused ware and algorithms that will permit us scientific engineering studies to assess to sift through thousands of megahertz the technologies and techniques of bandwidth in search of artifact signals required. that may be only a few hertz wide. The Contact: Roger Arno (415) 694-6640 fields of digital signal processing, VLSI Space Biology Space biology design microcoding, and statistics are all research uses the space environment, germane to this effort. particularly weightlessness, and Contact: Bernard Oliver (415) 694-5166 ground-based space flight simulations Neurosciences Experimental studies to investigate basic scientific in neurosciences examine how the questions about the role of gravity in nervous system adapts to environmental present-day terrestrial biology and the conditions encountered in space, how role it has played during the evolution adaptive processes can be facilitated, of living systems. The research is and how human productivity and divided into the disciplinary areas of reliability in space can be enhanced. In biological adaptation, gravity sensing, its efforts to elucidate mechanisms and developmental biology. underlying adaptation to space, Experiments are carried out at the neurosciences research includes the subcellular, cellular, tissue, organ, areas of neurochemistry, neuroanatorny, and system levels in differing neurophysiology, vestibular physiology, organisms of the five kingdoms of life. psychophysiology, and both Contact: Emily Holton (415) 694-5471 experimental and physiological Ecosystem Science and Technology psychology. Available state-of-the-art Interdisciplinary research in research facilities include human and ecosystem science and technology animal centrifuges, linear motion looks at the role of life in modulating devices, an animal care and use facility, the complex cycling of materials and a human bedrest research facility, and energy throughout the biosphere. NASA's Vestibular Research Facility. Intact ecosystems, with particular Contact: Mal Cohen (415) 694-6441 emphasis on temperate and tropical Space Physiology Space physiology forests, are examined by remote studies investigate the effects of space sensing from aircraft and spacecraft flight on major physiological systems and by field site visits, with other than the cardiovascular and the subsequent laboratory and computer central nervous systems. Emphasis is analysis of the data gathered. placed on understanding how the Research results may help answer human body regulates muscle and specific environmental questions from skeletal mass in the absence of outside collaborators as well as gravitational loading. Nutritional, contribute to an overall understanding neurohormoral, cellular, electrophysical, of the couplings among land, water, biomechanical, and biochemical factors and atmosphere and the life therein. involved in the structure and function of Contact: Jim Lawless (415) 694-5900 the musculoskeletal system are studied Search for Extraterrestrial to predict the changes expected during Intelligence The Search for prolonged spaceflight, understand the Extraterrestial Intelligence has as its mechanisms involved, and develop ways goal the detection of intelligent life to control the deleterious aspects of the 1, 32

changes and expedite recovery upon Planetary Biology Interdisciplinary return to terrestrial gravity.. research in planetary biology is aimed Contact: Alan Hargens at understanding the factors in cos- (415) 694-5746 mic, solar system, and planetary de- Solar System Exploration Solar velopment that have influenced the system exploration research defines origin, distribution, and evolution of flight experiments and related data life in the universe and the course of bases and develops analytical interaction between biota and Earth's concepts and prototype flight surface environments. Hypotheses are instrumentation for the formulated and tested by two major extraterrestrial study of exobiology approaches: (1) analysis of samples, (history of the biogenic elements, such as cosmic dust, planetary mat- chemical evolution, and origin and erials, ancient and recent rocks and early evolution of life). Particular sediments, and extant microorga- emphasis is placed on the biogenic nisms, and (2) use of simulation, elements (C, H, N, 0, P, S) and their ranging from laboratory experiments compounds as they relate to the to computer modeling. Research is composition and physical also carried out to establish the sci- characteristics of the various bodies entific basis for a bioregenerative life and materials of the solar system, support system, i.e., a system for use such as cometary nuclei and comas outside the Earth's environment that and planetary atmospheres and uses photosynthetic organisms in the surfaces. Experiment and instrument regeneration of air, water, and food. definition studies for Mars, Titan, Contact: Sherwood Chang interplanetary dust particles, and (415) 694-5733 comets are currently being conducted. Contact: Glenn Carle (415) 694-5765 Hugh L. Dryden Flight 33 Research Facility

Program Administrator The research program Advanced L vital Flight Control Ms. Meredith Moore at the Dryden Flight Modeling, si: "ation, and flight test of Mail Stop AHT 241-3 Research Facility, distributed co.rol systems. Design NASA Ames Research Edwards Air Force criteria and methods for Center Base, CA, is unconventional vehicles, including Moffett Field, CA 94035 decoupling of asymmetrical airplanes (415) 694-5624 administered by the and stabilization of highly unstable Ames Research Center. airframes. The program includes Contact: Kevin Petersen most engineering (805) 258-3189 disciplines in Flight Systems Engineering aeronautics, with aspects of the formulation, design, emphasis on flight development, fabrication, evaluation, and calibration of flight control, systems integration avionic, and instrumentation systems and flight dynamics. used on board complex, highly The following integrated flight research vehicles. descriptions identify Work with fault tolerant redundant the current activities microprocessor-based control systems; microprocessor-based relevant to the Dryden measurement systems; transducers; program for which actuators; techniques for system qualified students may safety; and hazard analysis. apply. Contact: Jim Phelps (805) 258-3117 Flight Dynamics Pilot/aircraft interaction with advanced control systems and displays, assessing and predicting aircraft controllability, evelop in g flying qualities criteria, parameter estimation, and mathematical model structure determination. Contact: Don Berry (805) 258-3140 Flight Test Measurement and Instrumentation Laser-based flow measurement, skin friction drag, fuel flow, integrated vehicle motion measurements, space positioning, airframe deflection, sensor and transducer miniaturization, digital data processing. Contact: Rodney Bogue (805) 258-3193 Fluid Mechanics and Physics Laminar and turbulent drag reduction configuration aerodynamics, 'experimental methods, wing/body aerodynamics, full-scale Reynolds number test technology, high angle of attack aerodynamics, applied mathematics and atmospheric processes. Contact: Robert Meyers (805) 258-3707 34

Propulsion/Performance knowledge-based acquisition/ Propulsion controls, integrated implementation, maneuver controllers, propulsion /airframe systems, vehicle performance optimization, guidance, performance measurement. pilot-vehicle interface, robotic aircraft. Contact: Larry Myers (805) 258-3698 Contact: Lee Duke (805) 258-3802 Structural Dynamics Aerostructural modeling, vibration Integrated Test Systems and Aircraft and flutter analyses/predictions, Simulation Development of aircraft flutter, flight envelope Integrated System Test equipment expansion, ground vibration and including aircraft/simulation interface inertia testing, aeroservo/elasticity, equipment, automated test equipment active control of structural and applied artificial intelligence resonances, advanced flight test techniques for diagnosis and control. technique development. Fliglit simulation development for Contact: Mike Kehoe (805) 258-3708 advanced aircraft systems in aerodynamic, propulsion and flight Aircraft Automation Knowledge- based systems development, control modeling. verification and validation of Contact:' Dale Mackall knowledge-based systems, neural (805) 258-3408 networks, heuristic controllers,

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ft 1 I 35 Goddard Space Flight Center

Program Administrator The Goddard Space Laboratory for High Energy Dr. Gerald Soffen Fight Center has a Astrophysics Associate Director for variety of programs High energy astrophysics is the study Program Planning and activities in pursuit of those physical processes in an NASA Goddard Space of . astronomical setting that typically Flight Center, Code 600 Included are space occur at energies in excess of the few Greenbelt, MD 20771 million degree temperatures (301) 286-9690 science, space and characteristic of stellar photospheres. terrestrial applications, Continuum X-ray and gamma ray space research and emission is produced by the technology, space interaction of charged particles with transportation systems, matter and electromagnetic fields, so that the study of such radiation is the space tracking and study of these interactions in remote data systems, and the settings, while cosmic ray studies payload operations ample the charged particle control centers for distributions locally. Discrete lines in Earth orbital operations the X-ray and gamma ray spectra can offree-ilyer payloads. be related to extreme environments in compact objects (ultra-high magnetic The three major areas fields, for example), and can trace of Goddard research nucleosynthesis through nuclear or where the Graduate atomic transitions. In the Laboratory Student Researchers for High Energy Astrophysics, a broad Program is conducted program of experimental and theoretical research is conducted in are in the Space and all phases of astrophysics that deal Earth Sciences with cosmic particles and the high Directorate, the energy quanta that their interactions Engineering produce. Experiments that measure Directorate, and the cosmic X-rays, gamma rays, and Mission Operations and charged particles are designed, built, and flown on balloons, rockets, Earth Data Systems satellites, and deep space probes. Tice Directorate. The resulting data are analyzed and following is a brief interpreted by laboratory scientists description of research and their associates. In so studying programs for whIch the physics of solar, stellar, galactic, qualified graduate and metagalactic high energy processes, theoretical models of the students may apply. origins and histories of these particles and quanta are developed. Contact: C. E. Fichtel (301) 286-6281 High Energy (>20 MeV) Gamma Rays T. L. Cline (301) 286-8375 Low Energy (.02-20 MeV) Gamma Rays E. A. Boldt (301) 286-5853 X-rays (.2-20 keV) J. F. Ormes (301) 286-5705 Cosmic Rays 36

Laboratory for Astronomy and data for analysis. Three experiments Solar Physics under development for the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), to be The Laboratory for Astronomy and launched in 1989, will provide drama- Solar Physics conducts a broad tic new data for cosmological and local program of research in observational astrophysical studies. The Space and theoretical astronomy and solar Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) physics. Observational programs, will provide diffraction-limited spectral including technology and imagery when installed in the Hubble instrumentation development, span Space telescope in the mid -1990s. the spectral range from X-ray to radio Two missions, Lyman Explorer and wavelengths. Astrophysical High Resolution Solar Observa-tory phenomena of the Sun and stars are are being studied. Conceptual and studied with emphasis on their technology studies for an Infrared structure, origin, and evolution. Array Camera on the Space Infrared Investigations on the gross dynamics Telescope Facility (SIRTF) are in pro- and transient properties of the gress. Active suborbital observing pro- atmospheres of the Sun and other grams are carried out from ground- stars are carried out, emphasizing based, airborne, balloon-borne, and phenomena revealed by spectroscopic rocket-borne instruments. Contact: observations made above the Earth's Theodore Gull atmosphere and correlated with (301) 286-8701 ground-based observations. The Interstellar Medium interstellar medium is studied, both Michael Hauser on a large scale to elucidate the (301) 286-8701 distribution of mass and luminosity in Infrared Astronomy the Galaxy and in individual clouds to David Leckrone probe processes of stellar formation, grain characteristics, and cloud (301) 286-8904 chemistry. The Milky Way galaxy, UV-Optical Astronomy other galaxies, quasars, and radio Stuart Jordan galaxies are studied, with special (301) 286-8811 emphasis on those parameters bearing Solar Physics on the present structure of the universe as well as on its origin, age, Laboratory for Extraterrestrial and future fate. The COSMiC microwave Physics and infrared background radiations This laboratory performs research on are also studied to probe the early the physical properties and dynamical history of the universe. Additional processes active in solar, planetary, research includes investigations of the and stellar objects, and interplanetary chemical history of the Solar System and interstellar media. The chemistry and the nature of the solar wind and physics of comets, planetary interaction with comets. Data of atmospheres, magnetospheres, and interest to laboratory scientists are condensed Solar System matter, currently being obtained from the including meteorites, asteroids, International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) planets, are studied. A major effort is and the Solar Maximum Miss.ou the analysis of data from Voyagers 1 (SMM); archival data from these and 2, the one remaining missions and the Infrared International Sun Earth Explorer Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) are spacecraft and the two Dynamics extensively used. The laboratory's Explorer spacecraft, including High Resolution Spectrograph on the magnetic field, radio wave, electron Hubble Space Telescope, as well as and ion plasma in the Jovian and the Ultraviolet ;..,aging Telescope on Saturnian magnetospheres, Io plasma the Astro Mission, will yield additional torus, and Titan. 37

Infrared spectra of Jupiter. Saturn. technology. Uranus, 1o, and Titan are also studied These efforts include solid Earth to deduce atmospheric properties. geophysics. gPnlogy, hydrology and the Voyager 2's encounter with Uranus in study of the biosphere. January 1986 and Giotto's with Comet Objectives are the complete, fruitful Halley in March 1986 produced utilization of data of the Earth obtained another influx of new data, as will from satellites and the development of Voyager 2's encounter with Neptune in future satellite systems that will enable 1989. In infrared astronomy, the deeper understanding of the Earth laboratory studies molecular system. astronomy, galactic infrared sources, Activities include laboratory and field as well as solar and planetary infrared investigations, acquisition and use of astronomy. Instrumentation includes data gathered aboard spacecraft and various diode laser heterodyne aircraft, and numerical simulation and spectrometers and in-house developed modelling. instruments for use on the Bound, in Applicants should discuss potential aircraft, and on balloons. Work is research programs with the appropriate continuing on the scientifc aspects of point of contact. the Ili' ;-national Solar Terrestrial Solid Earth Geophysics Research Physics Program, the joint ESA-NASA topics include the structure and Ulysses Solar Polar mission to be composition of the Earth's interior launched in October 1990, and the through geodetic studies of the gravity Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility field and rotational parameters of the instruments. Studies on molecules Earth and planets and the dynamics of and chemical reactions of astro- the measurement of sea surface physical and aeronomic interest are topography with altimeters and studies also conducted in the special facilities of mesoscale ooeanography crustal of the laboratories. Contact: movements. Daniel N. Baker Contact: D Smith, Code 621 (301) 286-8112 (301) 286-8555 ;.11or Terrestrial Studies John Iiillman Geology Geophysics Research is (301) 286-7974 directed at studies of the Earth's crust Infrared Spectroscopy through the use of remote sensing and & Molecular Structures the measurement of crustal magnetic Louis Stief anomalies, as well as at the (301) 286-7529 understanding of the generation of the Chemical Kinetics Earth's main magnetic field. Keith Ogilvie Contact: J. Heirtzler, Code 622 (301) 286-5904 (301) 286-5213 Fields and Particles Hydrology/Water Resources Michael J. Mumma Activities address the use of remote (301) 286-6994 sensing through advanced numerical Planetary Atmospheres and analytical models to measure and define the abundance of water. ice md Laboratory for Terrestrial snow on land surfaces and the exchange of water between soil, biosphere, and Physics atmosphere. The Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics Contact: R Gurney. Code 624 performs research directed at (301) 286-5480 advancing the state of knowledge in Biosphere Studies These include the Earth sciences and the research on the interaction of management of the resources of the electromagnetic radiation with plant Earth through the use of space canopies that permits the measurement

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of biomass and vigor and the study of Eugene Maier phenomena such as deforestation and (301) 286-4425 acid rain. Solar Radiation Contact: J. Smith, Code 623 Hasso Niemann (301) 286-3532 (301) 286-8706 Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for Atmospheres Harvey Melfi This laboratory performs a (301) 286- -7024 comprehensive theoretical and Remote Sensing experimental research program dedicated to advancing our knowledge Space Data and Computing and understanding of the atmospheres Division of the Earth and other planets. The The Space Data and Computing research program is aimed at Division provides comprehensive advancing our understanding of the research, development, and support in structure, dynamics, and radiative data handling and computing for and chemical properties of the space and Earth science research troposphere, stratosphere, and programs. The division manages and mesosph _re, determining the role of operates a NASA ;.,upercomputing natural and anthropogenic trace Center, a National Space Science Data species on the ozone balance in the Center, the Goddard Space Flight stratosphere, and advancing our Information and Image Analysis understanding of the physical Center, and a Network Planning Office properties of the atmospheres and all in support of space and Earth ionospheres of the Earth and other sciences. The increasing complexity, planets. The laboratory identifies variety, and volume of data needed for problems and requirements for research in Eanh and space sciences observations of atmospheric processes require the development and by satellite and other techniques. A integration of advanced computing broad program of laboratory research, tools and techniques. including instrument development of Contact: Jaylee Mead (301) 286-8543 mass spectrometers and remote sens- ing laser detectors, supports the pro- gram to observe the Earth and the NASA Space and Earth planets. Extensive computer facilities Sciences Computing Center and interactive processing systems are The center is enga,.t,ed in the available for data processing. Contact: applications of advanced system Marvin Geller architectures, such as the CYBER 205 (301) 286-5002 vector processor, to supporting Global Modeling and extensive numerical modelling and Simulation simulation studies of physical Albert Arking processes occurring in space and (301) 286-7208 Earth sciences. Specific research Climate and Radiation opportunities exist for the Franco Einaudi optimization of numerical analysis (301) 286-6786 techniques for scientific applications Severe Storms on multi-vector processors. Larry Brace Contact: Fred Shaffer (301) 286-8 30 (301) 286-8575 Planetary Atmospheres National Space Science Data Robert Hudson Center (301) 286-5485 The center offers exceptional Stratosphere Chemistry opportunities for computer scientists and Dynamics l; 1 39

seeking to apply advanced data systems Processor: and application of concepts to NASA's challenging space georeferenced/geocoded information data problems. Areas of interest include systems techniques to Earth sciences Data Base Management Systems data. Research is also conducted in (DBMS) heterogeneous multisource image data understanding and image data bases, transaction management, data correction methodologies. and data base logic. Contact: Robert Price (301) 286-9041 Contact: Barry Jacobs (301) 286-5661 Investigation of expert systems Research is conducted on advanced da- approaches to data analyses and ta systems for scientific data manage- information extraction, particularly ment, using expert systems, data base space remotely sensed image data. machines, digital optical disk techno- Contact: James Tilton (301) 286-9510 logy. and computer visualization. Contact: Development of computer graphics Bill Campbell techniques for scientific data (301) 286-8785 visualization and information perception. Expert Systems Contact: James Strong (301) 286-9535 Regina Brown (301) 286-6595 Development of parallel/concurrent Data Base Machines processing algorithms and software, and Joseph King implementation on parallel computing (301) 286-7355 machines such as the Massively Parallel Optical Disks Processor. Lloyd Treinish Contact: John Dorband (301) 286-9419 (301) 286-9884 Development of image data processing Computer Visualization techniques, including image data correction and georefe--encing/geocoding Developing interactive scientifc data of Earth observed image data. systems integrating data archiving, Contact: H. Ramapriyan (301) 286-8744 catalogue, retrieval, data and image manipulation, and transmission Data Flow Technology Office to thniques into distributed systems, This office conducts advanced research e.g., NASA Climate Data System (NCDS) in the development of network control am Pilot Land Data System (PLDS). management systems. computer Contact: Blanche Meeson communications architecture, fiber (301) 286-9282 optics, network computer simulation, and high-speed LAN and WAN network Science Information Syst .:1116 development. Center Contact: Sol Broder (301) 286-7088 In general, this center conducts research in applied computer sciences Laboratory for Oceans and information sciences, engineering and integrating results into the data The laboratory performs i-esearch to and information systerr s of advanced expand our kno sledge of the Earth's space and Earth science satellite sensor oceans, especially emphasizing those missions. Topic areas include the areas (biology, ice, dynamics, waves, and investigation of expert systems transport) that can be assisted by space approaches to data analysis and observation. Also conducts research information extraction: development of lecessary for the development and computer perception: development of spaceflight of Earth-observation sensor parallel/concurrent processing systems. algorithms and software and Contact: Erik Mollo-Christensen implementation of parallel computing (301) 286-6171 machines such as the Massively Parallel 40

Ocean Data Systems Office aircraft remote sensors), ground-based This office performs research ant: ozone and wind sensors to obtain development of advanced direct scientific data and develop new readout data acquisition systems. and sensors. designs, builds, and organizes large Contact: Dave Clem (804) 824-1515 interrelated data bases to increase their usefulness to researchers in the Standards and Calibration areas of oceans, weather, earth Office resources, and climate and hydrology. This office develops, maintains, and Develops and manages major projects operates centralized facilities for for the remote sensing of the Earth calibration of measurement systems and its environment and implements used in the Space and Earth Sciences these projects in support of NASA. Directorate. Develops techniques to NOAA. and USAID programs. ensure that long-term repeatability of Contact: Charles Vermillion measurements is maintained. (301) 286-5111 Contact: Bruce Guenther Oceans and Ice Branch (301) 286-5205 This branch conducts oceans and ice Experimental research to enhance understanding of Instrumentation Branch these systems and their relationships This branch performs the engineering with other elements of the biosphere design, fabrication, testing, and the geosphere. Works with the calibration, and integration of scientific community on problems in scientific instrumentation capable of biological, physical, and polar measuring parameters related to the oceanography: glaciology: and state of the oceans, atmosphere, and marginal ice zones and air-sea Earth surfaces. Provides mechanical, interactions. Pursues interdisciplinary electronic, and optical engineering studies, together with atmospheric support for scientific instrument and terrestrial scientists, on problems development, integration, field such as those involving the biomass, measurements, and data acquisition. productivity, nutrient distributions, Contact: Jack Bufton (301) 286-8591 carbon fluxes, geostrophic and thermohaline circulations, and Microwave Sensors and Data upwelling and ice sheets. Employs theoretical and numerical modelling Communication Branch methods, develops algorithms and This branch performs research and interpretations, a Id participates in development on advanced microwave sensor development. Demonstrates. sensing systems and data collection through flight programs and analyses, systems directed at providing remote the uses of remote sensing in research and in situ data for research in the on the Earth environment, global areas of the oceans, weather, climate, habitability, global biogeochemical and hydrology. Performs basic cycles, and global change. laboratory and field studies that Contact: Nancy Maynar elucidate the interaction of (301) 286-4718 electromagnetic radiation with the environment to improve our Observational Sci "nce Branch understanding of remote sensing This branch c rnducts theoretical and systems. experimental research on Contact: Thomas Wilheit observational systems and techniques (301) 286-9831 for oceanic remote sens:ng. Develops and operates research facilities (i.e., wave tank, laboratory field standards, 41

Goddard Institute for Space Planetary Atmospheres Concerned Studies (New York, NY) with investigations of Jupiter. Saturn. Venus, and the Earth. The observational The Institute for Space Studies phase of the program includes imaging conducts comprehensive theoretical and polarization measurements from the and experimental research programs Pioneer Venus Orbiter and radiation in four major areas. budget, temperature-sounding, photometric, and polarization Causes of Long-Term Climate measurements from the Galileo Jupiter Change Basic research on the Orbiter: The theoretical phase of the nature of climate change and climatic program includes interpretation of processes, including the development radiation measurements of planets to of numerical climate models. Primary deduce bulk atmospheric composition emphasis is on decadal or end-of- and the nature and distribution of clouds century global-scale simulation,. and aerosols, and mt teling of including studies of humanity's atmospheric thermal structure and potential impact on the climate. dynamics using both numerical and Climate sensitivity and mechanisms of analytical models. Emphasis in the climatic change are investigated in theoretical program is on analysis of global paleoclimatic research. physical procezin terms of general specifically from the comparison of principles and models applicable to all pollen and glacial data with planets. Contact: palenclimatic model simulations. In M;-thael Allison addition to their use for climate (212) 678-5554 simulations, the global models are Atmospheric Dynamics used to simulate the transport of Larry Travis atmospheric constituents and thus (212) 678- 5599 study their global geochemical cycles. Psciative Transfer The program also includes development of techniques to infer Biogeochemical Cycles Research on global ,loud and su race properties global biogeochemlcal cycles involving the from satellite-I ediance measurements study of chemically and radiatively as pa--t of the International Satellite important trace gases. The aim is to Cloud Climatology Piojktct, and imnrove our understanding of the cycles anal} sis of the role of clouds in of CO2. CH4, N20. CFCs. 03. NOR, OH. cliff .ate. Contact: and other trace compounds. Many trace Anthony Del Genio gases are observed to be increasing in the (212) 678-5588 atmosphere and are expected to af-fect and C'ouds climate and air quality in the near future. James Hansen The research involves three-dimensional (212) 678-56) 9 chemical tracer models, which are Greenhouse Effect essential for determining the sources and Dorothy Peteet sinks of these gases and for predicting (212) 678-5587 future atmospheric composi-tion. Central Paleoclirridte, Pollen Studie., to the program is the investigation of the David Rind role of the biosphere, terrestrial and oceanic, in the global carbon cycle using (212) 678- 5593 a"combination of satellite measurements Climate Dynamics, and modeling. This research is being Stratosphere carried out in cooperation with Harvard William Rossow University, and with the Applied (212) 678-5567 Global Cloud Properties 42

Mathematics Pro-gram and Lamont- through development of prototypes Doherty Geological Observatory of with other divisions responsible fo, Columbia University. Contact: specific spacecraft control, data Inez Fung processing, and network subsystems. (212) 678-5590 Major technology areas include Carbon Cycle, Ocean Modeling development of VLSI-based modular Michael Prather components for data capture and (212) 678-5625 preprocessing*, development of high Atmospheric Chemistry performance mass storage subsystems for mission data management; InterdisciptInary Research application of expert systems for Interdisciplinary research ranges from spacecraft control, scheduling, and they -tical studies of the origin of the fault isolation; prototyping of solar system to relationships between advanced software engineering the Sun, terrestrial climate, geological environments to reduce development processes, and biology. One phase of costs and provide a reusable software the program involves the structure base; and prototyping of distributed and evolution of accretion disks, systems and user interfaces for especially the primitive solar nebula, remote investigator control of using models of large-scale experiments. A state-of-the-art test turbulence. Another topic is the bed has been assembled to support calculation of molecular properties of this development. including a VLSI atmospheric and astrophysical design workstation, an optical disk interest. A third area concerns the subsystem, IRIS graphics evolution and pulsation of bright workstations, Symbolics LISP stars, which may be analogs of the workstations, knowledge-based Sun. A biological question of special systems tools, user interface interest concerns how terrestrial prototyping tools, and Ada language vegetation will change during the next systems. Contact: 50 years, when climate and David Howell atmospheric CO2 are expected to be (301) 286-6373 changing. Contact: VLSI Systems and Vittorio Canuto Prototyping (212) 678-5571 Dolly Perkins Large-Scale Turbulence (301) 286-6887 Sheldon Green Expert Systems & (212) 678-5562 Software Engineer ing Molecular Calculations Richard Stothers (212) 678-5605 Flight Dynamics Division Stars, Climate Studies Research is conducted toward the Dorothy Peteet development of algorithms and (212) 678-5587 techniques to support flight dynamics Biology mission requirements. Areas of particular interest are spacecraft orbit Data Systems Technology and attitude dynamics modeling and Division the development of dynamics This division is responsible for simulators, planning of launch and applying and valuating advanced maneuver parameters to tailor technology and systems architecture spacecraft trajectories for specific concepts to support the development missions such as the International of future communications and data Cometary Explorer (ICE) mission, systems for free-flying satellites, analysis mad evaluation of advanced attaci 7:cl Shuttle payloads, and the sensor and actuator hardware Space Staton. Thin is accomplished including the characterization of error

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sources, and development of efficient Sofware development environments and robust algorithms for the Software maintenance tools and estimation of spacecraft attitude and techniques orbit parameters. This research Research in the systems engineering depends on contributions from disciplines includes: astrod;'namics, linear and nonlinear Development of advanced graphics estimation theory, system techniques for flight dynamics problems identification, linear and nonlinear Application of expert system dynamic system analysis, and applied technology to flight dynamics. mathematics. Contact: Frank McGarry Another significant area of research (301) 286-6846 is in systems and software engineering. This research is Optics Laboratory conducted for the purpose of applying The Optics Branch conducts research results to the mid- to large-scale and development programs in the optical software/systems devele7ment sciences to support flight experiment activities that also take place within development in the areas of high energy the division. astrophysics solar and stellar Through experimentation and astronomy, atmospheric sciences, and to empirical studies in the flight a lesser extent with ocean and terrestrial dynamics software productive sciences. Specific research and environment, numerous development development objectives include optic technologies and approaches are property characterization of solids and studied. Effects of available practices thin films, diffraction grating technology. are studied by quantitatively optical system design and analysis, and assessing their impact on cost advanced optical fabrication and testing reliability, and general quality of newly techniques. Modern laboratoifacilities developed flight dynamics systems. are equipped for optical property studies Major experiments are currently active in the far-infrared to the extreme or planned in the following disciplines: ultraviolet, generation of holographic Ada, as a development language and diffraction grating, and optical overall design discipline fabrication and testing. In addition, Reusable software concepts and extensive computer facilities are approaches available to support optical design and Structured methodologies such as analysis salies. the "Clcm Room" approach Contact: John Osantowski (301', 286-6706

I U 45 Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Program The primary role of the Jet Space Flight Programs Administrators Propulsion Laboratory During the thirty years of its Dr. Harryl. Ashkenas within the NASA family is association with NASA, JPL 's primary Mail Stop 180-900 the exploration of the solar focus has been the accomplishment of Jet Propulsion system, including planet unmanned space flight projects. The Laboratory Earth, by means of array of activities encompasses 4800 Oak Grove Drive spacecraft systems, flight science unmanned, autonomous instruments and experiments, flight Pasadena, CA 91109 spacecraft and (818) 354-8251 operation, data analysis and the instruments. science, research, and advanced development activities on which they Ms. Carol L. Snyder In addition, an active are based. All three primary areas of University Affairs Office space science and applications are Mail Stop 180-900 community of JPL heavily represented: solar system Jet Propulsion scientists, technologists, exploration, Earth observations, and Laboratory and engineers is engaged astronomy/ astrophysics. 4800 Oak Grove Drive in Earth atmosphere and Pasadena, CA 91109 geoscielces, oceanography, Solar System Exploration (818) 354-3274 planetary (including The JPL Voyager spacecraft, after asteroid and cornet) more than 10 years in space and studies, and solar, earlier encounters with Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus is now proceeding interplanetary, interstellar;, outwa7d to a 1989 encounter with the and astrophysical planet Neptune. disciplines A yet larger and more sophisticated endeavor, the Galileo mission, is The Graduate Student scheduled for launch in 1989 to carry Researchers Program is out an in-depth exploration of Jupiter and its satellites. This will include a concentrated in the areas probe, launched from the spacecraft of science, research, and 150 days prior to encounter, to advanced development. descend into 11'e atmosphere for in situ measurement: The spacecraft itself will carry out a 22-month tour of the Jupiter system, obtaining closeup images and other data as it passes each of the satellites of the planet, as well as providing the first long-term continuous observation of the giant planet. Also coming up is the Ulysses mission, a joint European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA project, for which JPL carries NASA implementation responsibility. Utilizing Jupiter gravity assist, the spacecraft will be boosted out of the plane of the ecliptic into an orbit that carries it over the poles of the Sun. A complement of both European and U.S. instruments will monitor many aspects of solar activity from this new vantage point, overcoming for the first time the limitations of observing the 46

Sun only from the plane of Earth antenna design, this instrument orbit. measures radar backscatter from the Mars will be revisited in the early ocean at several azimuth angles, from 1990s by the Mars Observer which wind vectors can be spacecraft, the first U.S. mission to determined. A global map of ocean that planet since the Mariner and the wind fie14 can be obtained every 2 Viking projects of the 1960s and the days. These winds not only generate 1970s. This mission will provide long- ocean waves and affect upper ocean term monitoring of the entire planet rr,xing, but they also strongly from close orbit to determine seasonal influence the transfer of kinetic and other variations in both energy, heat, and moisture, which atmosphere and surface. have crucial impact on the Earth's The surface of Venus, shrouded weather and climate. from visl,a1 observation by its opaque As the designated lead agency for cloud cover, will be mapped from orbit investigating the potential destruction by an imaging radar on the Magellan of Earth's protective ozone layer by spacecraft. Images showing surface both natural and human activities, features as small as 150 meters NASA sponsors a large field across will aid in understanding the measurement and laboratory g,..dogical processes that formed the experiment program at JPL. One of surface and processes that may still the field units is the Atmospheric be active in the planet's interior. A Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) radar altimeter will provide accurate instrument, which first flew on topographic measurements and, Spacelab 3 in April 1985 and is together with the images, will give the scheduled for a series of reflights over first clear and detailed look at the the next decade. It is an infrared entire surface. interferometer that observes vertical distributions of upper atmosphere Earth Observations trace constituents via their absorption The Earth-orbiting satellite Ocean spectra as it sights on the Sun Topography Experiment (TOPEX), like through the intervening atmosphere at the pioneering Seasat spacecraft of the orbital sunrise and sunset. Many of 1970s, will use a radar altimeter to these species take part in, and/or are measure ocean surface height intermediate products of the variations. From this data, the multitude of gaseous chemical circulation of the world's oceans can reactions involved in the complex be mapped. Information gathered over ozone problem. A smaller version of 3 to 5 years will help determine this instrument has been used on an average behavior of the global ocean aircraft and in uplook mode from the and its general trends, as well as time ground to provide essential data on fluctuations and small-scale changes. the Antarctic ozone hole phenomenon. Greater understanding of specific Another of the JPL atmospheric field phenomena, such as the El Nitio instruments is the Microwave Limb ocean-warming cycle, will be sougiit. Sounder (MLS), which obtains vertical With its remarkable accuracy of 14 profiles of upper atmosphere centimeters, TOPEX will allow constituents from observation of their determination of currents, eddies, and thermal emission spectra in selected other circulation features. Planned for microwave bands. The MLS is being launch in the 1990s, the mission will developed for flight on the NASA be jointly sponsored by NASA and the Loper Atmosphere Research Satellite French national space agency CNES. (UARS) in the 1990s. A balloon-borne The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) is version of this instrument has already being developed by JPL for flight in the flown successfully from the National early 1990s. Utilizing a multiple Scientific Balloon Facility in Palestine, Texas.

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Pointing to the future of NASA Earth its location above the interference of the observation activities, an enormous Earth's atmosphere, will carry the JPL- step forward is now in the planning developed Wide-Field/Planetary camera stagethe Earth Observational as its largest instrument. This two- System (EOS). This is to be a very camera system will provide both large polar orbiting vehicle, an extraordinarily detailed images of element of the Space Station complex, individual objects and wider field survey that will provide continuous long-term for object detection. Targets will range monitoring of the entire globe with a from planets, comets, and asteroids in variety of advanced instrumentation. our solar system to galaxies and quasars It will provide for the first time a in deepest space. Objects 100 times cohesive data source for Earth system fainter than those visible from ground - science, the study of Earth as a total based observatories will be detectable, system of interacting elements and of with 100 times greater resolution. the processes governing their In a joint program with NASA's Ames interaction. Among the JPL Research Center, prototype contributions to EOS will be a instrumentation and techniques ate multispectral synthetic aperture radar being developed for the Search for system and a visible/infrared imaging Extraterrestrial Intelligc (SETI) spectrometer; both will be greatly program. The Deep Space Network enhanced versions of instruments that antennas, al.ong with other have already flown on aircraft and on radiotelescopes, will be used to conduct the Shuttle. microwave searches of the sky for possible radio signals from beyond the Astronomy/Astrophysics solar system. The key component, JPL has for many years provided recently achieved, is a 65,000-channel strong support to the NASA astronomy spectrum analyzer with variable and astrophysics programs and the resolution and on-line processing. NASA centers that lead them. The Development of a much greater most recent project activity involves capability unit is contemplated. the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), which orbited the Earth during Graduate Student Researchers 1983 surveying 96 percent of the Program celestial sphere for infrared radiation Opportunities for Graduate Student sources; 245,839 boll re es were Researchers exist in all eight technical catalogued. divisions of JPL. These technical JPL has been responsible for the divisions, organized by general discipline data gathering and processing, and area, encompass almost the whole of JPL now operates the Infrared Processing engineering andience resources; it is and Analysis Center (IPAC) at the here that the programs described above Caltech campus where scientists from are actually carried out. Within each around the world gain access to the technical division is contained the data. Spectacular results have come planning, design, development, from this activity, including the engineering, and implementation discovery of cool material around functions relevant to its discipline area. many stars suggestive of planetary Fundamental to the structure of JPL is formation, massive quasar energy the location of the related research, emission in the infrared, science and advanced technology efforts nonuniformity in galaxy distrlb,Ition, in close contact wi. h these engineering and possible observation of accreting functions. Following is a brief resume of protostars. the activities of each technical division The NASA Nubble Space Telescope, aF a guide to identifying specific promising an enormous leap forward Graduate Student Researcher in observational astronomy by dint of opportunities.

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Systems Division Mission Information Systems The Systems Division performs Engineering Plans for the systems engineering and design operation of interplanetary spacecraft integration for all the major projects in flight, including design of ground undertaken by JPL. It also conducts computers and software that process specialized analyses in many the data, design integration of the disciplines to support these projects. end-to-end data systems from the Contact: Christopher Carl spacecraft instruments to the scientist (818) 354-3017 receiving the data, and development of large data systems for other ground- Mission Design Includes based applications. interplanetary spacecraft trajectory design, planning mission sequences to Systems Analysis Performs accommodate science requirements, economics, operations research, launch vehicle trajectory analysis, costing, and mission analyses for a studies of advanced interplanetary broad spectrum of unmanned and scientific missions, and software manned space projects and military development to support mission and civilian ground-based programs. design and analysis. Tactical Information Performs Spacecraft System Engineering system level design integration and Supports JPL flight projects by develops computer hardware and providing design integration of the software for a large military data total spacecraft system, including its merging system. Disciplines in the interfaces with the launch vehicle and division include traditional electrical, with its scientific instrument payload. mechanical, aeronautical, and It also conducts studies and analyses aerospace engineering, along with of advanced future spacecraft designs computer science, operations and analyzes the performance of research, economics, and the physical spacecraft in flight. sciences. Navigation Systems Develops the capability to determine very pcisely Earth and Space Sciences the position and velocity of scientific Division spacecraft in interplanetary space The Earth and Space Sciences through radiometric and optical Division conducts a wide-ranging techniques, designs propulsive program of research in oceanography, maneuvers to place spacecraft on the atmospheres, and solid bodies of correct trajectories, develops complex: the Earth and other planets, planetary software to solve the equations of satellites, asteroids, comets, motion, and conducts scientific interplanetary medium, the search for studies of relativistic gravity, plan.:.ary extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), and orbital dynamics gravitational selected solar, stellar, and interstellar radiation and planetary masf, and phenomena. Ground-based gravity fields using spacecraft radio observations from the visiole through tracking data. radio frequencies are conducted from Mission Profile and Sequencing a variety of facilities including the Develops the detailed sequences to be NASA/JPL T. ^le Mountain executed by interplanetary spacecraft, Observatory. Active and passive plan the commands required to carry remote sensing experiments covering out the sequences, and develop the ultraviolet through radio wavelengths software that keeps track of the are flown on aircraft, balloons, and command sequences and ensures the rockets as well as Earth-orbiting and commands will safely perform the planetary spacecraft. X-ray, gamma- desired functions. ray, magnetic field, and solar wind measurements are also carried out with spacecraft instruments. k)t 1 49

Extensive laboratory and theoretical and rings of the outer planets, asteroids research efforts and significant tech- and comets across the spectral range nology development work support from ultraviolet through active and these observational programs. Data passive microwave; studies of metecrites analysis, interpretation, and modeling lnd cosmic dust; theory and modeling are central endeavors in all areas of elevant to the origin and evolution of activity. Summaries of the most signi- the solid bodies of the solar system; ficant current efforts are given below. development of approaches to the Contact: Clifford Heindl detection and characterization of solar (818) 354-4603 systems around other stars. Space Physics Mapping of the Oceanography Altimetry for magnetic fields of the Sun and planets determining currents and tides; air- and their time variations; structure and sea interactions including fluxes of dynamics of the solar wind; interactions mass, momentum, energy, and of solar fields and particles with the chemicals between ocean and magnetic fields and outer atmospheres atmosphere; determination of marine of Earth and planets. biomass and ocean productivity; sea Astrophysics Variability of the solar ice dynamics and influence on climate constant; sky survey of infrared sources; variability; global surface temperature composition and chemistry of interstellar measurements; surface driving clouds, identification of gamma-ray and wave propagation derived from sources within the galaxy and beyond; radar observations. observations of supernova 1987A; Earth Atmosphere ;,,boratory studies of gravitational wave detection research, field measurements and utilizing spacecraft. data analysis to understand the chemistry of stratospheric ozone; Telecommunications Science monitoring of long-term trends in important minor and trace and Engineering Division constituents; extraction of Astrophysics Observational and meteorological parameters from theoretical research into the nature of satellite data including temperature radio emission from quasars, galaxies, profiles, humidity, clouds, winds, and and stars. pressure. Contact: Robert Preston Planetary Atmospheres (818) 354-6895 Observations from ground-based telescopes and analysis of spacecraft Radio Science data to determine composition, structure and dynamics; long-term Gravitational Wave Studies study of seasonal and interannual Algorithm development and data variability; global mapping; synthesis analysis of spacecraft tracking data for of information to determine physical the detection of very-low-frequency processes and state of the gravitational waves predicted by general atmospheres. relativity and other theories of gravity. Earth Geoscience Contact: John Armstrong Characterization of exposed rocks, (818) 354-3151 sediments and soils on the Earth's Planetary Atmospheres and surface to understand evolution of the Interplanetary Media Experimental continents; examine state and and ineoretical research investigations dynamics of biological land cover for based on the use of spacecraft radio assessment of the role of biota iln signals to probe planetary atmospheres global processes; tectonic plate and the interplanetary/solar plasma. motion; volcanology; paleoclimatology. t:ontact : Richard Woo Planetology Observations of the (818) 354-3945 surface of the inner planets, satellites ti2 50

Planetary Dynamics Frequency Standards Research Determination of orbital, rotational, or Experimental investigations including atmospheric motions of planets by ultra-high resoleon spectroscopy to tracking of spacecraft or balloons support development of stable sources associated with the planets. of microwave and optical frequencies. Contact: Robert Preston Contact: Lute Maleki (818) 354-6895 (818) 354-3688 Asteroid Dynamics Study orbital Planetary Radar Astronomy evolution of main belt and planet Experimental and theoretical research crossing asteroids, resonances, and in planetary surface, atmospheres, asteroid families. and rings (including geology, spin Contact: James Williams dynamics, and scattering properties of (818) 354-6466 rings and cometary debris swarms) Geodynamics Experimental and using the ground based Goldstone theoretical investigations of global and radar system to form images of regional phenomena i'sing the modern terrestrial planets, asteroids, and space geodetic techniques of lunar comets. laser ranging. Very Long Baseline Contact: Raymond Jurgens Interferometry (VLSI) and the Global (818) 354-4974 Positioning System (GPS). Radar Remote Sensing of the Earth Contact: Jean Dickey Experimental and theoretical (818) 354-3235 investigations in remote observation of Hypercube Experimental and the Earth's surface through radar theoretical research investigations scattering properties, for example, involving application of the Hypercube polarization and interferometry to concurrent computer to determine the structure and motion of computational intensive problems regions of interest. such as astrophysics, geophysics, Contact: Howard Zebker graphics and image processing. data (818) 354-8780 base management, and artificial intelligence. Electronics and Control Division Contact: David Rogstad The division's activities encompass a (818) 354-3573 broad spectrum of disciplines in Information Theory and Coding applied research and technology Theoretical research into information development for both space and theory and coding with special terrestrial applications. These-Ride emphasis on very noisy channels and work in guidance and control -.1d some interest in fading and automated systems. which include bandlimited channels. sensors, actuators, target trackers, Contact: Laif Swanson dynamics. fault management, man- (818) 354-2757 machine systems, teleoperators, Optical Communication robotics, and computer vision. Theoretical and experimental research Opportunities are also available in involving free space laser solar cell development in advanced communications systems. photovoltaics, conventional terrestrial components. and techniques, and photovoltaics, and lightweight, high- including such items as lasers, power-density photovoltaic arrays for detectors, modulators, signal design, space. Emerging areas with high large telescope design, spatial and scientific and technical content temporal acquisition and tracking. include electron tunnelling detection strategies, and channel spectroscopy, semiconductor interface coding. studies, submillimeter and infrared Contact: James Lesh radiation detection, and deposition of (818) 354-2766 semiconductors by molecular beam 0)r i, 51

epitaxy and chemical vapor Madrid, Spain, and Goldstone. deposition. Power research and California, and the Space Flight engineering topics of interest are Operations Center, in Pasadena, nuclear thermal-to-electric space California, form a worldwide, renl.time, power, electrochemical power (high- highly dynamic, and interactive system (ergy batteries), and automated capable of reaching beyond the edge of power systems management. the solar system. Specific research and Electronics research includes development areas include (1) applica- semiconductor materials and devices, tion of expert systems spacecraft and field-effect vacuum devices, ground data system cent scheduling amorphous metals, and associative and failure identification, isolation, and computer memories. recovery; (2) deve?..)pment and Contact: Henry Stadler application of computer graphics and (818) 354-3556 simulation techniques to knowledge fusion, scientific visualization and Mechanical and Chemical education; (3) investigation into effective distributed, failure-resistant information Systems Division networks; (4) integration of humans into The Mechanical and Chemical complex information systems; (5) re- Systems Division carries out research search into the engineering processes in a number of areas related to involved in producing and maintaining structures, materials, and thermal software in order to imr,irove productivity sciences. Research opportunities exist and reliability; (6) numerical analysis in polymeric materials with unique including the development of large electronic and cptical properties, use portable mathematical tool sets and the of active members in large flexible use of concurrent processors in space structures, cryogenic cooling by numerically intensive problems; (7) use sorption methods, adiabatic of large interactive and distributed data demagnetization cooling using bases for oceanographic analysis; and magnetic flux pumping, :.s.dvanced (8) use of artifir-intelligence to aid in composities for large space structures, the process of c,king software. electric propulsion, high-temperature Contact: Robert C. Tausworthe superconductors and autonomous (818) 354-2773 mobility, and sample acquisition. Contact: Donald Rapp (818) 354-4-31 Institutional Computing and Mission Operations Division Information Systems Division This division is primarily responsible for The Information Systems Division flight mission operations and performs a variety of researei and institutional computing. In this role, development and system the division provides planning and implementat'on activities. Primarily operations of the Mission Control Center concerned with ground-based with the associated computer systems processing, the division's R&D for space flight projects, and the large- disciplines range from computer scale, general purpose communication science through software engineering. and computer networks in support of Implementation activities include the the general JPL user. The division is development of the informat .on also responsible for assembly, and system orchestrating the Deep Space int gration of spacecraft prior to launch; Network, which are facilities for microprocessor hardware and software spacecraft communications and data applications; computer science acquisition, spacecraft and link education; ground test data acquisition monitocirg and controlling, and and control systems; electronic, distribution of telemetry data. The electrical, optical. and physical Deep Space Network, with tracking complexes in Canberra, Australia, 52

measurements: and measurement community. They also develop standards. theoretical models describing the Contact: Kris Blom (818) 354-0119 interaction of microwave and atmospheric and surface parameters. Observational Systems Division Contact: Paul Swanson The Observational Systems Division is (818) 354-3274 responsible for the conception, design. Image Processing Applications and engineering development, and Development Develops and applies implementation of a variety of image processing techniques to the scientific instrumentation for space display. analysis. and interpretation of flight applications. A key element in image and image-related data. the division is digital image processing Utilizing engineering and artificial research and developrnen for space intelligence to develop automa' ;d and science and environmental and earth semi-automated schemes .or data resources applications. interpretation. Performs research and Contact: Kane Casani development in image processing. Also (818) 354-4040 develops and applies specialL:::-' Imaging Systems Design. software, hardware, and system development, and implementation of architectures to increase the speed of imaging and spectrographic systems computationally intensive functions on used in space exploration. Having large data sets. Provides image developed imaging systems for the processing and analysis support to the Voyager. Galileo. and Space Telescope flight projects. imaging teams, and the projects, the section is on the forefront science community. of development of CCD sensors. With Contact: Ray Wall (818) 354-5016 their wide spectral band (X-ray. ultra Optical Sciences and Applications violet, and visible and shortwave Basic and applied research in infrared) these sensors will enhance advanced optics technologies. Uses development of the next generation of unique computational tools for optical imaging systems for science design and system analysis to support applications. development of various remote sensing Contact: Robert Lockhart systems for astrophysics and earth (818) 354-6350 and interplanetary scientific Infrared and Analytical Instrument measurements. Large mirror advanced Systems -- Conception. design. optical materials, adaptive optics, advanced development, and thermal infrared optics. ultra-low implementation of scientific scattered light optics, electro- instrumentation for remote sensing in optics.hyperspeed image correlators, the infrared and in f...itu analyses of and sensor systems for the Thousand chemical species using mass Astronomical Unit (TAU) exploration spectrometry and scanning electron are examples of study areas. microscopy. Missions addressed Development of advanced spaceflight include planetary exploration. Earth hardware optical systems for use in remote sensing. and astrophysics. the visible, infrared, ultraviolet, and Contact: John Wellman submillimeter spectral regions for (818) 354-7696 science applications taxe place in this Microwave Observational Systems section. Conception, advanced technology. Contact: James Breckenridge design, implementation, and (818) 354-678" calibration of observational systems in the microwave through submillimeter wavelength regions. Also development of opportunities for new microwave observational systems with the user 53 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

Program AdministratorThe Johnson Space Center Engineering Dr, Stanley H. Goldsteinis involved in a wide range Director, University of activities dealing with Advanced Programs Research and Programs manned spaceflight and engineering efforts are directed toward Mail Code: AHU space exploration. Areas of the definition, analysis, and characterization of a wide variety of NASA Lyndon B, research available for Johnson Space Center space-related activities, inc' (ding Houston, TX 77058 Graduate Student advanced space transportation (713) 483-4724 rZesearchers are in the systems, evolution of the Space Engineering and Station, future lunar efforts, and Development Directorate planetary missions. Research and the Space and Life opportunities exist in advanced Science Directorate. mission characterization, concept Additional information development, systems analysis, system design, performance, flight concerning the following dynamics, aerodynamics/ opportunities may be aerothermodynamics, computational obtained from the program fluid dynamics, and microgravity fluid administrator. dynamics. Opportunities also exist for comp, ter systems programming, network management, development of software for aerospace applications, and the integration of analytical methods with existing modeling tools. Contact: Robert C. Ried (713) 483-6606 Warren L. Brasher (713) 483-6604 Avionics Systems Responsibilities exist for the definition, development, implementation, integration, and verification of all avionics systems for manned spaceflight programs assigned to the center. These avionics systems include guidance and control. navigation, onboard and ground checkout, instrumentation, electrical power distribution and cor trol, and onboard data management. To accomplish program responsibilities, an advanced technical base is .ained im iving a number of test and laboratory facilities and include the engineering support necessary for providing technical direction to associated development and production contractors. Overall coordination, assembly, al id integration of avionics hardware/ software reqi, irements schedules. development plans, ground and flight 54

test plans and objectives, and Propulsion and Power associated analyses of project Electrochemical energy conversion management functions ire also systems are studied with emphasis provided. on fuel cells and water electrolysis Contact: Edward Chevers systems. Opportunities are also (713, 483-8225 present for research on n ;:kel- hydrogen and lithium battery Crew and Thermal Systems systems. Significant increases in Projects involve analyzing, developing, photovoltaic and solar dynamic power and testing environmental/thermal system (i.e., those that utilize rotating control and life support (ETC/LS) or reciprocating machinery) systems for spacecraft and technologies are required for extravehicular crewmen. successful utilization of solar energy Engineer ..ig expertise is provided for electrical power generation. New along with management capability for power management and distribution advancement ofETC/LStechnologies schemes must be conceived and to meet the requirements of current validated. High-temperature thermal and future space missions. energy storage tet llnology must be Responsibilities involve operating advanced. Development work is simulated spacecraft cabins, thermal needed in cryogenic fluid vacuum chambers and associated management, specifically on-orbit laboratories for manned and transfer techniques and low-gravity unmanned testing and evaluation of fluid behavior. Contact: ETC/LScomponents and systems, as Cecil Gibson well as maintaining state-of-the-art (713) 483-9041 computational capabilities for design Power and analysis ofETC/LScomponents Ralph Taetfuer and systems. (713) 4o3 -9002 Future space missions will require Propulsion regenerative environmental control and life support to eliminate expend- Structures and Mechanics able that must be resupplied from the Capabilities exist in fracture Earth, and low-cost, reliable thermal mechanics, electron and optical management of heat dissipated by microscopy, nondestructive high power space systems. Research examination, and failure analysis. opportunities exist in the areas of 1) Current research ao.tivities are mostly advanced regenerative and closed-loop related to theoretical and life support technologies for air experimental work in fracture revitalization, water reclamation, and mechanics. Numerical solutions are solid-waste management: (2) two- derived for stress-intensity factors: phase fluid and high flux-density heat methods are being improved for collection, transport, and rejection fatigue crack growth analyses and technologies: (3) advanced experimental work is being conch.cted extravehicular activity (EVA) systems to better understand crack growth including space suit, behavior. portable life support and Contact: Royce Forman maneuvering, and airlocks and (713) 483-8926 support equipment for higher EVA safety and productivity: and (4) Systems Development and artificial intelligence systems for Simulation Responsibilities exist monitoring. for the simulation, test. and Contact: Chin Lin evaluation of integrated mniti- (713) 483-9126 t'- I II 55

disciplined systems: research. spice. Additional research opportunities development, and application of include expert systems applications to teleoperated robotics systems. real-time spacecraft simulations. artificial intelligence methodologies for Contact: systems autonomy and intelligent James Lawrence autonomous robotic systems: crew (713) 483-1553 displays and controls: and associa. A Simulations generic technology. In addition, Charles Price computational support is provided to (713) 483-1532 the Engineering Directorate for Teleoperations selected engineering analysis and Kathleen Healey design tasks. (713) 483-47 In the area of simulation, real-time. Artificial Int ,,,nce man, and/or hardware-in-the-loop simulation support is provided to the Tracking and Communications JSC space program for engineering Future permanent presence in space and design. d( velopment, analysis. resulting operations involve construction validation, and verification. Integrated activities, satellite servicing, manufac- simulated systems include but are not turing. Earth _nd oibit transfer of people limited to Shuttle. Space Station. and cargo, scientific and engineering ex- Manned Maneuvering Unit. Orbital periments, power generation and distri- Mar.luvering Unit. Orbital Transfer bution, communications services. ren- Vehicle, robotics and manipulators. dezvous and docking, anu Earth and payloads. artificial intelligence, and space monitoring: these activities will expert systems with subsystems require multiple access, secure, multi- . quired for particular tasks. channel information transfer with a wide Teleoperations and robotics research range of characteristics and simultan- and development is active in the eous functions. Innovative expert system Advanced Systems Development implementations are envisioned for the Laboratory for advanced flight control and monitoring of these complex displays. controls, manipulators. and communications and tracking systems. flight robotics sensors, actuators. and Additionally. noncontact vision will be controllers. In addition. systems required for autonomous operations engineering focus is provided for all involving robotics and automation teleoperations, manipulator. systems. Research opportunities exist in display/control, and robotics activities n -nmunications, tracking, and of the Engineering Directorate. noncontact vision system development Artifizial Intelligence (AI) projects areas, including efficient multiaccess involve the development, secure communication systems. voice maintenance. and operation of the recognition systems for control oper- Intelligent Systems Laboratory for ations, television- and laser-based vision research. design. and development of systems. optical Processing. laser/ machine intelligence and robotics for opticai communications. MMIC distri- system autonomy and intelligent buted array antennas, and expert robotics including knowledge-based systems for control and monitoring of systems. expert systems. causal communications/tracking systems. modeling, neural network Research is also conducted on end-to- architectures, computer and robotic end integrated systems models and sensor perception processing, and simulation for secure, packetized, and machine learning. compressed data transfer and Research opportunities exist in the processing. areas of teleoperations, robotics, and Contact. Kumar Krishen machine intelligent applications in (713) 483-0207 56

Mission Support management techniques which dynamically integrate the fur,-fions of Artificial Intelligence Respons- hazard identification, the potential for ibilities for developing, evaluating. occurrence, and the level of program asF ssing, and implementing artificial impact. Opportunities exist for intelligence (AI) applications in sup- research 'n the development and port of Space Shuttle and Spacc, implementation of both quantitative Station operations. A numer of and qualitative techniques to identify ongoing research projects offer the the parameters of a comprehensive potential for minor contributions to risk management program for complex the integration of AI technology with space systems and facilities which robotics, image and speech analysis. provide for accurate assessment of the training, software development, flight human interfaces in each area. design and control, intelligent data Approaches to be considered in such a base technology, machine learning. comprehensive program include, but and intelligent man-machine are not limited to, statistical modeling interfaces. of failures and their effects: Current efforts include research into probabilistic risk assessment: fault the develr-sment of general- purpose tree, event tree, or decision tree intelligent training systems: expert analysis: and the dynamic integration assistants for flight controllers; neural of element hazards arising from both networks for robotics simulation, ground and mission phases. The machine learnirand image/speech objective of the research is to develop recognition (as well as speech genera- an approach which successfully melds tion): implemer.tation of expert sys- hazard control and fault tolerance tems on parallel/distributed systems; criteria, risk management techniques, and verification/validation techniques systems performance, and human for expert systems. Work is supported performance in a dynamic continuum by a laboratory equipped with six of mission activitieG which will support Symbolics 3600-series Lisp machines, the achievement of a corref ping a VAX 11/780, a Flex computer with level of dynamic risk meals six co- processors, an Inmos parallel aned appraisal which leacl fund computer wits 40 transputers, a large risk management decisions. number of personal computer s ork- Contact: Richard Holzapfel stations, and access to a Cray super- (713) 483-4290 computer. In addition o traditional. 'anguages (C, FORT IN. and ADa) Space and Life Sciences and tools (IVIACSYMi-> and SMP), a Biomedical Scienc wide range of AI software is available, including Lisp (Symbolics, VAX, HP, Biomedical Studies Provides and personal computer versions), biochemical and endocrinological ART. KEE, 0P55, Nexpert Object, and support to manned spaceflight CLIPS (a production system develop- operations. Prolonged space missions ed by the AI Section. and the need to monitor and correct Contact: Robert T. Savely biochemical changes in flight (713) :.83-8105 necessitate the development and refinement of te .niques for electrolyte and hormone assays suitable for use Safety, Reliability, and in zero-gravity environments. The Quality Assurance laboratory is actively pursuing (1) Risk Management Complex space development of analytical procedures programs with long lead times and for ro.,tine determination of hormone - high costs demand advanced risk binding proteins: (2) refinement of t n 57

existing techniques of radioimmuno laboratory is developing a prototype assays for vitamin D, antidiuretic microcanier bioreactor for conducting hormone, atrial natriuretic factor cell-culture experiments microgravity (ANF), and parathormone: (3) and provides biological laboratory development of analytical methods for support for electrophoresis of kidney, hormones and vasoacti"e agents pituitary of flow cytometry, cell sorting, implicated in renal physiology; (4) hybridoma production of specific development and field testing of new antibodies, enzyme-linked concepts of automated biochemical immunosorbent wisays, and cell growth analysis: and (5) testing of analytical on microcarrier beads. Research associates also can collaborate with procedures in simulated and actual scientists at the Bioprocessing Research spaceflight for simplicity of use, Center at the University of Texas Health accuracy, reproducibility, and Science Center, which is under contract noninvasiveness. to JSC. Contact: Nitza Cintron Contact: Clarence Sams (7131 483 -7165 (713)483-7160 Biological Processing in Pharmacokinetics Research Weightlessness Microgravity can be Pharmacokinetics of drugs administered used to enhance the separation or to crew members during flight are synthesis of medically important subject to variability as a result of biologicals from suspension-cell exposure to weightlessness. cultures. In weightlessness, liquids Identification and evaluation of these and gases exhibit novel behavior, charges in the pharmacokinetic convective mixing is virtually absent, behavior of therapeutic agents is and immiscible mixtures can remain essential for designing and developing stable for prolonged periods. Various effective treatment regimens for space gravity-dependent processes have flight-induced pathophysiologic been examined to determine whether, conditions like space motion sickness. in the absence of gravity, significant The biochemistry research laboratories improvements in process technology conduct research in the areas of clinical can be achieved. Shuttle flight pharmacokinetics and experiments demonstrate that both biopharmaceutics. The special areas of free-flow and static electrophoretic our interest are development of simple systems can achi..ve better and noninvasive drug monitoring separations of certain cells in methods that are flight suitable; weightlessness than is possible on evaluation of pharmacokinetic changes Earth. Researchers are also examining of drugs during antiorthostatic bedrest; different physical phenomena and the identification of physiologic changes that resulting effects on fluid mechanics in influence drug disposition, such as a the weightless environment of space. hepatic and renal function, gastro- Theoretical and experimental work will intestinal physiology, and ci-anges in assess the significance of these protein binding of drugs, using physical changes to biological systems. simulation models. Our group is also The maior thrust of this program is to involved in a numb flight explore improvement in biological pharmacokinetics n .ch projects. separations and cell-culturing Research in the area ,physi, .ogic- techniques under microgravity pharmacokinetic model development is conditions. Continuous flow also actively pursued. electrophoresis and recirculating Clinical facilities and staff to conduct isoelectric focusing of cells and human research are provided by proteins are being compared, or new collaborating institutions and inhouse candidates for flight experiments are contractor personnel. Fully equipped, being evaluated. Th'' bioprocessing inhouse analytical laboratories are 58

available to support pharmacokinetics Computer Science Comprehensive research. An inhouse computer facility research, development and operations with a wide range of statistical support provided to life sciences software packages is also available for activities by computer facilities pharmacokinetic data analysis and housing various midrange systems, modeling. the majority of which are DEL /VAX Contact: Nitza Cintron machines. Major applications include (713) 483-7165 CAD/CAM, graphics and organization support applications. The increased Space Biomedical Research complexity of the hardware and Institute Medical research to software needed for research requires investigate the physiologic changes better integration of the advanced associated with space flight. Human systems, networks, and tools, along and nonhuman subjects are used in with higher reliability, serviceability basic and applied research programs. and availability of computer Emphasis is on human investigations resources. Areas of interect include under actual or simulated space flight application of advanced operations conditions. Particular areas of interest techniques t,1 the ADPE environment. include cardiovascular physiology. Research is meded on advanced neurosensory adaptations. systems for data management, data musculoskeletal regulation. systems integration, advanced biobehavioral mechanics, and networking performance analysis, and environmental factors such as advanced architecture to solve ADPE dy3barism. The understanding of the problems. Investigations would scientific principles that underlie the include software and hardware issues. adaption to weightlessness is further Advanced systems capabilities include utilized in the development and integration of voice, data testing of countermeasures. On-sit, communications, computer facilities are enhanced by close networking, and networking research. working relationships with local and Contact: Lou Fadula natio_ial universities. Manages the life (713) 483-5968 sciences detailed supplementary objective (DSO) flight program. Lunar Base Technology Contact: John Charles (713) 483-7224 Ecological Life Support Studies Investigation of in-situ planetary regolith as a solid support medium for Man-Systems the growth of hillier plants as part of Biodynamics Developing a Controlled Ecc 'ogical Life Support computerized models of human System (CELSS). Focus is on strength and body motion. To further obtaining basic data on plant toxicities these models, extensive data is needed to planetary materials and their giving the strength capabilities of amelioration to provide a long-term healthy adults for various body productive plant growth substrate. positions. Opportunities exist for Contact: Donald Henninger collecting some collaborative data in (713) 483-5034 simulated zero-gravity. neutral buoyancy (under water), and parabolic Space Life Support Development flight, where periods of up to 30 Intere* -ip1.ary research in life seconds of weightlessness are created. sup ;cience and technology to Contact: Barbara Woolford susta. auman life on planetary (713) 483-3701 mission and settlements in space. The aim is to find se: sufficient means to support human. plant, and animal life in closed. controlled volumes. 59

Research projects will attempt to calorimetry and by computation of answer specific questions related to mineral-fluid reaction relationships. human life support or to an overall Contact: William Phmney understanding of human-centered (713) 483-4464 biosystems in space. Contact: Hatice Cullingford (713) 483-8402 Space Science Planetary Materials Analysis Orbital Debris Theoretical and Laboratory analyses of lunar rocks, experimental research in fields related to terrestrial rocks, meteorit,s, and the orbital debris prot,ram. Includes cosmic dust particles are conducted to research on the orbital mechanics of unravel the early geochemical history space debris in both low Earth orbit and of solid matter in the solar system and geosynchronous orbit, measurement of the geologic evolution of planets and orbital debris by optical, infrared, and rocky protoplanetary objects, radar techniques, and laboratory and including comets. Cometary studies experimental research on by pervelocity by remotely sensed data of Earth and impact phenomena. other planetary bodies are also used Contact: Donald Kessler for these same objectives. (713) 483-5313 Determinative mineralogy employs electron microscopy and microprobe Space Radiation Theoretical and analysis, as well as X-ray and electron experimental research in space diffraction analyses. Trace element radiation, with emphasis on aspects concentration .3 are determined by related to radiation ..), 'logy. Includes instrumental neutron activation applied research on radiation dosimetry analysis. Isotopic data is gathered by and basis research on modeling and solid source and gas source mass measurement of the radiation spectroscopy. Light elements are environment in low Earth orbit. analyzed by chromatography and Contact: Adrei Konradi quadropole mass spectroscopy. (713) 483-5059 Interactions of water and planetary materials are studied by low- temperature differential scanning X."

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:111.111--,-cf1L 61 Langley Research Center

Program Administrator The research program Aeronautics Directorate of the Langley Research Dr. Samuel E. Massenberg The goal of the aeronautics research Center is very broad program is to establish a solid University Affairs Officer and includes activities Mail Stop 105A foundation of aeronautical technology in aeronautics, space, and provide a wellspring of ideas for NASA Langley Research space science, Center advanced aeronautical concepts. This a tmosphertc science. program includes the following Hampton, VA 23665-5225 and applications. The (804) 865-2188 disciplines and specific research following topics identify activities. the current disciplines (After October 1988, the relevant to the Langley Fluid Physics Subsonic Langley Research Center program. Specific aerodynamics, transonic telephone system will be research activities aerodynamics, hi ;11-speed undergoing changes. To associated with each aerodynamics, computational fluid obtain telephone numbers discipline are also dynamics, turbulent drag and noise for contact personnel, you included reduction, airfoil aerodynamics, may call the Langley advanced test techniques, full scale Research Center Operator Reynolds number test technology, and at (804) 864-1000 or the flight reasearch measurement University Affairs Office techniques. Contact: at (804) 864-4000. Joseph W. Stickle (804) 865-2037 Subsonic Aerodynamics Percy J. Bobbitt (804) 865-2961 Transonic Aerodynamics Robert A. Jones (804) 865-3783 High-Speed Aerodynamics Ajay Kumar (804) 865-3171 Computational Fluid Dynamics Dennis M. Bushnell (804) 865-4546 Turbulent Drag Reduction William D. Harvey (804) 865-2631 Airfoil Aerodynamics Robert A. Kilgore (804) 865-3713 Advanced Test Techniques Lawrence E. Putnam (804) 865- 2601 Full-Scale Reynolds No. Test Tech. Bruce J. Holmes (804) 865-3274 Flight Research Measurement Techniques Propulsion Propulsion integration, hypersonic propulsion research, advanced turboprops (noise reduction). Contact: William Henderson (804)865-2676 Propulsion Integration 62

Griffin Y. Anderson Transport Aircraft Aviation (804) 865-3772 meteorology research-heavy rain Hypersonic Propulsion Research effects, lightning, severe storms, wake William P. Henderson vortex minimization, laminar-flow (804) 865-2676 control, high Reynolds number Advanced Turboprops research, configuration aerodynamics. (Noise Reduction) Contact: General Aviation Aerodynamics R. Earl Dunham, Jr. and handling qualities, drag (804) 865-3611 reduction, separated flow control Heavy Rain Effects (stall/spin). Contact: Bruce D. Fisher Joseph L. Johnson (804) 865-3274 (804) 865-2184 Lightning, Severe Storms Aerodynamics and Handling George C. Green Qualities 804) 865-4546 H. Paul Stough Wake Vortex Minimization (804) 865-3274 Richard D. Wagner Stall/Spin (804) 865-2045 Bruce J. Holmes Laminar-Flow Control (804) 865-3274 Lawrence Putnam Drag Reduction (804) 865-2601 High Reynolds No. Research and Low-Speed Aircraft Rotorcraft Configuration Aerodynamics structures, vibration aeroelasticity, and acoustics, natural laminar flow. Electronics Directorate Contact: Bruce J. Holmes The mission of the Electronics (804) 865-3274 Directorate is to pioneer and provide technology, systems, and services in High-Speed Aircraft Flight the areas of instrumentation, scientific dynamics and rocket-borne, small- computing, and simulation to sustain scale flight research. Contact: Langley's continued research Joseph L. Johnson preeminence; and to manage the (804) 865-2184 Center's major aerospace flight Flight Dynamics research projects. The following items Bruce J. Holmes represent active research disciplines (804) 8(.5 -3274 within the directorate purview. Rocket-borne, Small-scale Flight Research Advanced Sensor Systems Solid- state laser technology, and semicon- Advanced Aircraft Systems dt.ctor detector technology. Contact: Aerodynamics, structures. acoustics Charles E. Byvik of advanced flight systems. Contact: 804) 865-3761 Wallace C. Sawyer Solid-State Laser Development (804) 865-2658 William E. Miller Advanced Military A/C and Missiles (804) 865-3761 Samuel M. Dollyhigh Semiconductor Detector Technology (804) 865-3294 Advanced Aircraft Systems

E;) 63

Measurement Science and microscopy, microstructural physics, Instrument Technology Far infra- elastic behavior, X-ray tomography, fiber red technology, electromechanical optic sensors, and electronics reliability. sensors, digital data systems, nonin- Contact: trusive optical/laser measurements, Eric I. Madaras optical/laser spectroscopy, mass (804) 865-3249 spectrometry/gas chromotography, Ultrasonic Propagation and thermal measurements, structural Scattering in Composites dynamics/acoustics measurements, Patrick H. Johnson optical interferometry/photogram- (804) 865-4928 metry techniques, and electronics Utrasonic Arrays, Signal Processing, applications. Contact: and Image Analysis Ira G. No lt William P. Winfree (804) 865-3761 (804) 865-4928 Far Infrared Sensor Technology Thermal Wave and Diffusion Stewart L. Ocheltree Analysis (804) 865-2791 John H. Cantrell Nonintrusive Measurements (804) 865-3036 Glenn R. Taylor Nonlinear Acoustics, Elastic 1804) 865-3541 Behavior, Electron Microscopy, Advanced Electronics Systems and Microstructural Physics Harlan K. Holmes Min Namkung (804) 865-3483 (804) 865-3036 Electronmechanical Sensors and X-Ray Tomor,raphy for Stressed Solids Structural Dynamics/Acoustics Robert S. Rogowski Measurements (804) 865-3036 Robert L. Krieger, Jr. Fiber Optic Sensors for Structural (804) 865-2031 Dynamics Digital Data Acquisition Joseph S. Heyman Reginald J. Exton (804) 865-3036 (804) 865-2791 Electronics Reliability Sciences Optical/Laser Spectroscopy George M. Wood, Jr. Advanced Computational Capability (804) 865-2466 Piloted simulation, computer-generated Mass Spectrometry/Gas and enhanced graphics, image pro- Chremotography cessing, grid generation, and numerical S. Franklin Edwards techniques. Contact: (804) 865-2466 Billy R. Ashworth Thermal Measurements (804) 865-3874 John C. Hoppe Piloted Simulation (804) 865-3234 John E. Hogge Optical Interferometry/Photography (804) 865-3547 Advanced Computer Graphics Materials Characterization Robert E. Smith l'echnology Ultrasonic propagation (804) 865-3978 and scattering in composites, ultra- Grid Generation and Numerical sonic arrays, signal processing, image Techniques analysis: thermal wave and diffusion analysis, nonlinear acoustics, electron Flight Systems Directorate The goal of the Flight Systems Research Program is to provide, through basic and applied multidiscipline research activities, advanced technology needed to 64

develop and implement future )well aerospace flight systems. Research 004) 865-2224 activities include the following Advanced Controls, Guidance, and disciplines and specific research Flight Management Research activities. Controls ar'1 Guidance Fault- Computer Science Concurrent tolerant systems, theoretical dynamics processing, highly reliable computing, and control, crew station technology, information and data base and applied control concepts. management, graphics, and image Contact: processing. Charles Meissner Contact: Wayne Bryant (804) 865-3681 (804) 865-3535 Fault-Tolerant Systems Jarrell Elliott Space Controls and Guidance (804) 81 System identification and adaptive Theoretical Dynamics and Control control of large flexible space struc- Applied Control Concepts tures, teleoperator/robotics system Jack Hatfield technology, and robust/failure-accom- (804) 865-3917 modating control design methodology Crew Station Technology for advanced spacecraft. Contact: Human Factors Flight manage- Claude KecIdei ment technology, advanced crew inter- (804) 865-4591 face/intelligent cockpit aids research, System Identification/Adaptive and pilot workload/performance Control of Large Flexible Space research. Contact: Structures Sam Morello Al Meintel (804) 865-3621 (804) 865-2489 Flight Management Technology Teleoperator/Robotics System Advanced Crew Interface Research Technology Kathy Abbott Claude Keckler (804) 865-3621 (804) 865-4591 Intelligent Cockpit Aids Research Robust/Failure P commodating Randall Harris Control Design :ethodology for (804) 865-3917 Advanced Spacecraft Pilot Work lo, ,l/Performance Materials and Structures Research Contact: High-Speed Aircraft Aspects of Al Meintel navigation, guidance, and control rela- (804) 865-2489 tive to high-speed aircraft. Contact: P 'mated Construction of Large Jarrell Elliott ce Structures (804) 865-3291 Flight Dynamics and Control Electromagnetics, Antennas, and Microwave Systems Electromag- Transport Aircraft Advanced ATC/ netic analysis methods, spacecraft, Aircraft interaction, airborne detection and aircraft antenna technology, far- of wild shear research, advanced field and near-field antenna measure- controls, guidance, and flight manage- ments, compact range technology, ment research. Contact: and microwave remote sensing Bill Howell technology for aircraft and spacecraft (804) 865-2224 applications. Advanced ATC/Aircraft Interaction Contact: Tom Campbell Roland Bowles (804) 865-3631 (804) 865-3621 Airborne Detection of Wind Shear Research 65

Electronics and Information Power and Propulsion Laser power System Laser sensing techno- generation, transmission, anc photo- logy, optical data processing, solid- voltaic conversion in space. state memory technology, and very Contact: Edmund J. Conway high-speed information processing. (804) 865-4275 Contact: Harry Benz (804) 865-3777 Transportation Systems Future Advanced Control/Display space vehicle concert development, Technology operations research. computer-aided Contact: Jack Hatfield (804) 8 5 -3917 design. Contact: Delma C. Freeman Optical Data Storage (804) 865-3912 Contact: Thomas Shull (804) 865-3541 Spa( 3 Systems Technology Transportation Systems Studies Advanced technology space stations, leading to algorithms or on-board, advanced spacecraft systems, low Earth- real-time guidance, navigation, and orbital microgravity research, satellite control o: space transportation sys- servicing, and system conceptual tems through launch, aeromaneu- designs for plane t Earth geostationary vering, and entry: robust and ad:live platforms, lunar bases, and Mars guidance schemes that allow for missions. unknown and changing ate _spheric Contact: L. Bernard Garrett conditions; simplified and autono- (804) 865-3667 mous mission planning. Contact: Doug Price (804) 865-4591 Space Technology Experiments Spacecraft Systems Technology Shuttle entry air data sys'nn, Shuttle Contact: infrared leeside temperature sensing, Harry Benz shuttle upper atmosphere mass (804) 865-3777 spectrometer. Semiconductor Material Growth in Contact: Kenneth Sutton Low-G Environment f804) 865-3031 Climate R ;search Program Space Directorate Theoretical, laboratory, and field The goal of the space and atmospheric investigations of the chemical and science research and technology base radiative properties of natural volcanic is to establish and maintain a solid and man-made aerosols and assessment fou: idation of technology embracing of their impact on regional and global all of the -'sciplines associated with climate, remote and in situ ooservations space an. spheric science and to of cloud properties and radiation balance provide a w .ing of ideas for components and theoretical studies of advanced concepts. This program the role played by clouds in the Earth inc Ides the follow!ng disciplines and radiation balance. specific' research activities. Contact: John T. Suttles (804) 865-2977 Entry Fluid Physics Spacecraft aerothermodynamics and configura- Tropospheric Air Quality Research tion technology, planetary mission ProgramAssess and predict human support technology, aerodynamic/ impact on the troposphere on the aerothermodynamic flight data analy- regional-to-global scale, define chemical sis, detailed aerothermal loads. and physic:al processes gover, ng the Contact: Kenneth Sutton global gerichemical cycles by perfor- (804) 865-3031 mance of empirical and analytical modeling studies. laboratory measure- ments, technology developments, and (:5 66

field measurements, exploit unique Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas and critical role that space Experiment (SAGE) Analysis and observations can provide. interpretation of atmospheric aerosols, Contact: James M. Hoell, Jr. ozone, nitrogen dioxide and water vapor (804) 865-4779 measured from SAGE II (1979-1981) and SAGE II (1984-present) satellite Upper Atmospheric Research instruments. Program Application of Langley's Contact: Leonard R McMaster capabilities to expand the scientific (804) 865-2065 understanding of the Earth's stratosphere and the ability to assess Earth Radiation Budget Experiment potential threats to the upper (ERBE) - Experiment for flight on one atmosphere, development of empirical or more satellites to provide and theoretical models, formulation of measurements of the Earth's radiation new instruments and techniques, per- budget, measurement interpretation to forming laboratory and field measure- provide basis :or assessing climate ments, and performing data analysis impact of human activities and natural and interpretation studies to increase phenomena as well as a better civilization's midi understanding of atmospheric and tanding of atmo- oceanic circulation.Contact: spheric processes. Bruce Barkstrom Contact: Robert K. Seals, Jr. (804) 865-2977 (804) 865-2576 Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Nimbus 7/LIMS and SAM II Data Edward M. Sullivan Processing, Analysis and (804) 865-4784 Interpretation Studies Halogen Occultation Experiment Stratospheric constituents and Kelli Willshire aerosols successfully measured with (804) 865-4834 the Nimbus 7 satellite instruments. Human Factors Contact: George F. Lawrence Edward M. Sullivan (804) 865-4830 (804) 865-4784 Power and Electric Propulsion LIMS Barry D. Meredith Leonard R. McMaster (804) 865-4830 (804) 865-2065 Electronics and Information SAM If Systems and Space Systems Technology Measurements of Air Pollution From Roger Breckenridge Satellites (MAPS) An instrument (804) 865-4834 developed to provide global measure- Flight Experiments an'i Shuttle ments of tropospheric carbon mon- Payloads oxide on aircraft, Shuttle STS-2, and Ray Hook subsequent Shuttle flights. (804) 865-4469 Contact: Harry G. Reichle. Jr. Space Station (804) 865-2576 Structures Directorate The goals of the Structures Directorate cover a wide range of space and aeronautical disciplines. This program includf.!s the following activities.

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Structures (Space) Materials and Charles E. Harris structures-materials for advanced (804) 865-3013 space structures, thermal protection Fatigue and Fracture of Metals systems for space transportation and Composites systems, space structural design Bland A. Stein methods, space vehicle dynamics. high- (804) 865-2125 temperature space structures, fatigue Composite Materials and Coatings, and fracture of metal and composites. Concepts for Applications in Space composites for advanced space Structures transportation systems. Barry W. Lisagor Contact: (804) 865-2036 Brantley R Hanks Processing and Joining Methods for (804) 865-3054 Lighter V eight. Lower Cost Spacecraft Structural Dynamics, Aerospace Structures Advanced Flexible Space Structures (Aero) Materials and Structures, Control of Large structures-stp ".tural, composites and Flexible Structures adhesives, advanced aircraft struPtures, James H. Starnes loads, aeroelasticity and structural (804) 865-2552 dynamics, aeronautical structural design Composite Structures for Advanced methods, high-temperature aeronautical Space Transportation Systems, structures, structural material alloys. Rotorcraft Structures fatigue and fracture of metals and Martin M. Mikulas composites. Contact: (804) 865-2551 James H. Starnes Concepts for Advancf-1 Space Struc- (804) 865-2552 tures Construclio: If Large Space Advanced Composite Structures, Stritttures. Robotic L Instruction Computational Structural of Large Space Stru-tires Mechanics Donald R Rummler John A. Tanner (804) 865-2422 (804) 865-2796 Thermal Protection Systems for Aircraft Safety and Crash Space Transportation Systems. Survivability High-Temperature Space Donald R. Rummler Structures (804) 865-3451 Robert H. Tolson Aero-Space Plane Propulsion and (804) 865-2887 Airframe Structural Concents, Integrated Multidisciplinary Analysis Thermal Structural Analysis Capability for Large Space Techniques Structures Allan R. Wieting Terry L. St. Clair (804) 865-3423 (8041 865-4194 Integrated Fluid-Thermal Structural High-Performance Polymer Concepts, Analysis Techniques, Aerotilermal Tough Composite Matrices, Loads Experimentatio Composites Processing and Adhesive Bonding 68

John W. Edwards Clemans A. Powell (804) 865-4236 (804) 865-3561 Theoretical and Experimental Interior Noise Control. Acoustic Aerodynamics Aeroelastic Response and Sonic Fatigue Analysis. Unsteady Aerodynamics Rodney H. Ricketts AeroacousticsSupersonic/h:Ter- (804) 865-2960 sonic Dynamic Loads. High-speed Aircraft Aeroelasticity. Rotorcraft Rotorcraft Noise. Advanced Turbo- Aeroelasticity. Rotorcraft prop. Computational Methods. Structured Dynamics Contact: Robert H. Tolson S. Paul Pao (804) 865-2887 (804) 865-2645 Multidisciplinary Synthesis Methods David Chestnutt for Aerospace Vehicles (804) 65-3841 Charles E. Harris Helicopter Acoustics. Propeller (804! 865-3013 Noise. Laminar Flow Acoustics. Fatigue and Fracture of Metals Noise Propagation 2,1d Composites Robert J. Huston Bland A. Stein (804) 865-4301 (804) 865-2125 Low-Speed Aircraft.Rotorcraft High Temperature-Str ictural ana Structural Dynamics. Structural Thermal Protection Materials. Acoustics. Material Applications. Advanced Composite Materials for Aeroelasticity. Aerodynamics. Rotorcraft and Aircraft Structures. Aeroacoustics, and Unsteady Thermal Protection Materials Aerodynamics Barry W. Lisagor (804) 865-2036 Advanced Light Alloy and Metal Matrix Composites. High- Temperature Thin Gage Metal and Metal Matrix Composites 69 Lewis Research Center

Program Administrator The Lewis Research Aeropropulsion Analysis Dr. Francis J. Montegani Center has a broad Aircraft Propulsion Systems Chief, Office of University research program Analysis Affairs embracing aeronautical Mail Stop 3-7 Advanced propulsion concepts are propulsion, space analyzed to estimate performance for NASA Lewis Research propulsion and power. Center typical flight vehicle applications, Cleveland, OH 44135 and space determine relative merits compared (216) 433-2956 communt_ations. 131,, with alternative propulsion systems. descripttons of some of and derive optimum designs of systems integrated with a vehicle. Also the major research conduct propulsion system sensitivity activities at Lewis studies to identify deficiencies in follow: existing technologies to guide the development of new NASA technology programs. Contact. Daniel C. Mikkelson (216) 433-5637 Instrumeri,ation and Controls Technology Instrumentation Instrumentation is developed for aerospace propulsion R&D require- ments. Emphasizes laser techniques for nonintrusive flow and structures measurements, thin film sensor technology for temperature and strait_ optical and electro-optical sensors and systems for control applications, and advanced transducers and measurement systems for clearance, pressure, heat flux, smoke. particles. and droplets. Silicon carbide-based solid-state electronic device technology for high temperature application is also being developed. Contact: Norman C. Wenger (216) 433-3730 Controls Technology Advanced digital electron'^ controls and systems for both airbrzathing ar. rocket engines, motivated by increased performance and durability requirements. Included in the scope of the re' 'rch are control theory applicatis, system dynamics, real- time prop, sion system simulation, integrated flight /propulsion controls. fiber-optic and electro-optical control components. and robust fault tolerant control.; and systems. Applications of riifickx_ iiitoligence/expert systems 70

and neural networks to controls is an instrumentation, and data acquisition, active research area. reduction, and analysis methods and Contact: Norman C. Wenger facilities are employed. (216)433-3730 Contact: Brent A. Miller (216) 433-5815 Internal Fluid Mechanics Computational Technology Computational Fluid Mechanics Development and application of New techniques for analysis of advanced computer hardware and subsonic, supersonic. and hypersonic software to the simulation of flows aerospace propulsion system flows associaed with aerospace propulsion associated with inlets. nozzles, components and systems. Included compressors. turbines, combustors, the scope of the research are the augmentcrs, and rocket systems. synthesis and benchmarking of Behavior of fluids in microgravity is parallel computer architectures and also investigated. Emphasis is on algorithms for solving 3-D steady and numerical methods with greater unsteady flow problems. the use of ac' iracy and significantly increased expert systems as intelligent convergence rates. Of inch.asing importance an: computational interfaces to large computer codes, th strategies using such concepts as use of parallel processing and multiblock grids nd zonal approaches interactive graphics techniques for on- combining two or more numerical line visualization of analytical and methods. Pacing items for advanced experimental data, and improved data applications are three-dimensional handling software for distributed complex geometry mesh generation computing environments. techniques, 'rid lattice construction, Contact: Brent A. Miller and solution-adaptive mesh (216) 433-5815 clustering. Three-dimensional turbulent flow fields with emphasis on Aeronautical Propulsion Systems turbulence models are of continuing interest. The application of advanced Aircraft Icing architectures, expert systems. Analytical and experimental efforts innovative graphics. and scientific devoted to developing novel concepts data-base structures is expected to for aircr-ft ice protection. Funda- have a major impact on this work. mental experiments to understand Contaci: Brent A. Miller and model th-hysics of ice (216) 433-5815 formations. Cnges in aircraft performance with ice build-up on Experimental Fluid Mechanics unprotected components are Experiments to verify selected fluid quantified. Extensive aerodynamic mech2nics computations and to and thermodynamic numerical models advance understanding of flow are developed and utilized. Interdisci- physics. heat transfer. and plinary efforts are devoted to d elop- combustion processes fundamental to ing instruments to characterize is ng aerospace propulsion. Experiment 1 cloud properties, measure ice accre- data are analyzed to aid development tion on surfaces, and detect changes of aerothermodynarnic models in aircraft performance in icing condi- embracing combustion tions. Experimental research is con- thermodynamics. reaction chemistry. ducted with a specially equipped Twin and turbulence. State-of-the-art Otter aircraft and in the Lewis Icing experimental facilities. Research Tunnel, the largest refrig- erated icing tunnel in he world. Contact: John J. Reinmann (216) 433-3900

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Propeller Aerodynamics and High Performance Aircraft Propulsion Acoustics Technology Analytical and experimental investiga- Research on propulsion s).,tems for tions of the aerodynamics and acous- advanced high performance aircraft tics of advanced propellers for flight including highly maneuverable fighters Mach numbers to 0.8. Advanced lifting and short takeoff /vertical landing line and finite difference lifting surface fighters. Included are theoretical methods are a, plied to the prediction analyses and experimental investigations of the flow fields and performance. of individual components and complete Noise predictions are made usino, time systems. Highly integrated flight/ and frequency domain acoustic anal- propulsion control systems are a special ogy models in conjunction with aero- area of investigation. Novel propulsion dynamic predictions. New propeller concepts are evaluated and research concepts are evaluated analytically, performed to develop key technologies. and the more promising are evaluated Research includes analytical studies, experimentally for performance and application of advanced design codes, noise characteristics. and planning and execution of Contact: John F. Groenerrg experimental programs. (216) 433-3945 Contact: Peter G. Batterton (216) 433-3912 Aircraft Power Transfer Technology Power transfer technology for Hypersonic Propulsion Technology advanced propulsion drive systems Analytical and experimental research having higher power-to-weight ratio. directed at the aerodynamic design of longer life, higher reliability, lower hypersonic propulsion systems and their noise, and higher efficiency. Areas integration with the airframe. Work under study include design optimi- includ2.s analysis and test of Inlets, zation, riz.vir gear arrangements and nozzles, combustors and other critical tooth forms, mater '- lubrication, components. Experimental efforts and cooling. New a. 'al tools for include design of models and instru- stress analysis, vibration, lubrication, mentation. New theoretical flow analy- and high speed gears are being ses, w'iich include 3-If Ao( k/boundary developed. A full-scale helicopter layer interactions, are applied to the transmission test rig is available as design and evaluation of experiments. are facilities foi fundamental studies Contact: Robert E. Coltrin of lubrication, endurance, efficiency, (216) 433-2181 noise of spur and bevel gears, and planetary gear sets Materials Contact: John J. Coy (216) 433-3915 Metai Matrix and Interm°tallic Matrix Composites Turbine Engine Technology Advanced materials, such as Research to advance gas turbine intermetallic compounds and refrac''.1ry engine technology for wide range of metals, coupled with innovative civil and military applications. Areas processing concepts, such as rapid addressed include advanced cycles solidification, arc spraying, and laser involving regenerators and recupera- fiber growth, are being developed for tors, advancement of compressors, application to aerospace propulsion combustors, and turbines'. and systems and space power systems application of ceramic matt. ials. having improved performance, higher Involved are flow visualization, temperatures, greater durability, and -omputer code d4.velopment, lower cost. Microstructure / property performance nleling, and thermal relationships are being developed am.. and mechanicz.. technologies. experimentally verified. Advanced Contact: Clavin L. Bail (216) 433-3397 T I 't 72

analytical and microscopy techniques experiments for eventual flight on the are employed. Space Shuttle. The laboratory Contact: Hugh Gray (216) 4:3-3230 contains junctional duplicates of flight hardware and supporting equipment Polymers and Polymer-Matrix for research processing and analysis Composites of metals, ceramics, glasses, and New generation of composite materials polymers. Areas of research include for application to advanced aerospace directional solidification, macro-and propulsion systems and airframes. microsegregation, undercooling, sol- and space power systems and gel and containerless processing, and structures. Areas of research include crystal growth. A significant portion of polymer synthesis, fiber this effort is being directed to characterization, processing. computational modeling of growth fiber/matrix degradation mechanisms, processes hey are influenced by ana environmental effects. The effort gravity. spans the range from fundamental Contact: Thomas K. Glasgow irquiry at the molecular levc'. to (216) 433-5013 employment of composite material systems in final applications. The Tribology research is supported by facilities for Research to gain a fundamental Fourier transform infrared and under: .anding of lubrication, nuclear magnetic resonance adhesion, and wear phenomena of spectrometry, and thermogravimetric materials in relative motion that meet and differential thermal analysis. increased speed, load, and Contact: Raymond D. Varnucci temperature demands of advanced (216) 433-3202 aerospace propulsion and power systems. Both synthesized liquid Ceramics and Ceramic-Matrix lubricants and solid lubricants Composites created by plasma film deposition Structure/processing/property techniques are under study. relationships of ceramic-matrix Tribological behavior is investigated in composites for hig: -temperature, situ using a variety of techniques high-reliability requirements for including Auger electron and X-ray advanced aerospace propulsion and photoelectron spe' -oscopy. power applications. New processing Contact: Stephen .. Pepper r °roaches. including polymer (216) 433-6061 py;.olysis, chemical vapor deposition, and sol-gel processing are being Structures pursued. Properties of interest include flaw distribution, phase morphology, Structural Analysis and Life strength, toughness, crack initiation Prediction ard propagation characteristics, and Structural analysis methods for resistance to environmental attack. advanced aerospace propulsion and Contact: Stanley R. Levine power systems. Areas of consideration (216) 433-3276 include finite element modeling, Microgravity Materials Science aeroelasticity, rotor and structural dynamics, fracture mechanics, life A fundamental understanding of the prediction, micrornechanics of high effect on materials processing of temperature fatigue, and damping. gravity as it influences convection, Analytical and experimental efforts are buoyancy, sedimentati and devoted to nonlinear constitutive hydrostatic pressure. Central to this relathins for predicting the oehavior of effort is the Microgravity Materials materials and components under Science Laboratory, which is used by varying loads and temperatures. Other visiting scientists to develop topics include crack propagation and

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fracture criteria for mixed mode evaluation is carried out using analytic' loading and variable temperature. ultrasunics, computed tomography, laser transient thermal growth, and thermal acousto-ultrasonics, and other odvanced bowing and its effects on clearances interrogational technologies. Modern and unbalance. comp. er science practices are exploited Contp:-.1: John L. Shannon, J.-. to the fullest, and emphasis is on (216) 433-32:1 advanced structural ceramics and composites. Integrated computer Structural Dynamics programs for predicting reliability and Fundamental methods for predicting life of brittle materia: components are and controlling the dynamic response generated. and stability of aerospace propulsion Contact: John P. Gyekenyesi and power systems. High-speed (216) 433-3210 rotati#' 1 provides a central focus for much of the work. This includes Probabilistic Structural Mechanics studies of the aeroelastic response of Research for developing probabilistic bladed disk systems, both active and structural mechanics. passive methods for controlling the solution/computational algorithms, and vibration and stability of high speed- requisite computer codes to quantify- rotor-shaft systems, and modal uncertainties associated with the analysis methods for highly damped parameters and varia les required for large scale periodic structures. structural analysis and design. Research Actively controlled bearing supports focuses mainly on developing are being developed to allow higher probabilistic theories and models for speed and lighter weight coupled thermal-mechanical-chemical- aeropropulsion system design. Robotic temporal structural behavior of systems are also being developed for propulsion structures made from high use in microgravity Space Station temperature materials and including laboratories. Innovative computational metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and methods that exploit parallel carbon-carbon composites. computers and modern computer Contact: Christos C. Chamis science principles are being applied. (216) 433-3252 Contact: L. James Kiraly (216) 433-6023 Advanced Compos'te Mechanics Research for development of theories. Structural Integrity computational algorithms, and requisite Research to assure integrity and computer codes for the mechanics, anal- reliability of aerospace Propulsion and ysis, and design of propulsion structures power systems and structural made from high temperature composites. components. Areas of emphasis Of interest are polymer matrix, metal include interrogational methods for matrix ceramic matrix, and carbon- avoiding catastrophic fracture, fault- carbon iposites. Research focuses tole- design, defect assessment. mainly on specialty finite elements for ano :sidual life prediction. micromechanics and laminate theory. Comprehensive life prediction models improved theories for life and durability are sougat that incorporate complex prediction, probabilistic composite mec- stress states, nonlinear material hanics, and integrated computer pro- characteristics, mi(rostructural grams for component specific analysis inhomogeneities, and environmental and design, progressive f acture, and factors. Structural integrity is verified high-velocity impac+ Selective experi- by nondestructive characterization of mental research is LJnducted in stioport microstructure, flaw population, cr theoretical developments. material morphology, and other Contact: Christos C. Chamis relevant factors. Nondestructive (216) 433-3252 74

Space Propulsion Technology the electrode/plasma relationships of MPD thruster, the combustion/m;xing Liquid Rocket Propulsion fluid physics and heat transfer of Research devoted to a better small chemical rockets, and the understanding of the basic physical plumes of all the rocket concepts. In and chemical processes involved in general, the results are used as input :iquid rocket engines in order to to formulation of predictive provide technology for the next technology, such as three dimensional generation of liquid-fueled space Navier-Stokes models. Ultimately, propulsion systems. Disciplines self-consistent models of low-thrust include high-energy propellant propulsion concepts are desired, chemistry, ignition, combustion, heat trai.sfer aid cooling in thrust which will allow prediction of thruster chambers, nozzle flow phenomena, behavior and stability as a function of and performance. Of particular configuration and operating condition. interest are the fundamentals involved Contact: David C. Byers in combustion instability, metallized (^ 16) 433-2447 propellants, planetary in-situ Electric Propulsion propellants, expert system applications to propulsion, and non- Research on electrothermal and intrusive diagnostics. Concepts are electrostatic thruster concepts for evaluated at the system level to primary and auxiliary space determine engine and veh'cle propulsion applications. Included are performance impact. The work is resitojets, DC and pulsed arc jets. and conducted through detailed analytical microwave thrtstersall using and experimental programs to storable propellantsand ion determine feasiblilty or applicability thrusters using inert propellants. The and to develop and validate models to objectives are to evaluate the describe the processes. feasibility of new concepts; Contact: Carl A. Aukerman understand the physical processes (216) 433-2441 involved in propellant heating, expansion, ionization, and Low Thrust Propulsion acceleration; improve thruster Fundamentals performance and life; and optimize Research on electric and chemical thruster power processing and control propulsion concepts that are designs. Emphasis is on programs to develop arcjets suitable for a broad candidates for a broad range of low- range of space propulsion functions. thrust, space propulsion functions. These thrusters operate at Reynolds The electric propulsion effort includes numbers of 1500 or less, and employ arcjets and a variety of advanced vortex stabilized electric arcs to add plasma rockets. 1"ie low-thrust enthalpy to the propellant. Efforts are chemical propulsion effort is focused desired that increase the on very high-performance storable understanding of the fundamental and hydrogen/oxygen rockets at phenomena controlling arcjet thrust levels up to about 100 pounds. performance. Studies of arc/vortex Efforts are directed toward behavior as a function of inlet understanding the fundamental propellant conditions, arc power, and phenomena of the various concepts. nozzle configuration are of interest. State-of-the-art flow visualization, Techniques to provide spatially plume diagnostics, and other research resolved plasma properties, including tools ,,re used to provide spatially and sheath characteristics, and to be used temporally resolved information on the as input to formulation of three critical element such as the dimensional Navier Stokes models of vortex/plasma flow fields of arcjets, the arcjet flow fields are particularly

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important. Ultimately, a self-consis- performance characterized and analyzed tent model of arcjets is desired to Research in system autonomy, system allow prediction of thruster behavior architecture, and fault prediction are and stability as a function of flow important elements of the program. rates, power levels, and configuration. Contact: Robert W. Bercaw Contact: Larry A. Diehl (216) 433-6112 (216) 433-2438 Power Systems Technology Power Technology Technology for efficient, compact, Photovoltaic Space Systems lightweight, long-life nuclear space Research to increase the efficiency power systems for a variety of and extend the life of solar cells in applications over the range from 5 space. emphasis is on InP, GaAs, and kilowatts to 1 megawatt. Mission other III-V compound solar cells and applicat1on studies for nuclear and solar amorphous silicon solar cells. space power systems are conducted to Activities include fundamental studies identify system requirements and of materials on a mt-xoscopic scale; technology needs. Analytical and investigation of the .affects of radiation experimental investigations are damage on cell performance, device conducted in the areas of energy design, fabrication, and testing; and conversion, thermal management, power study of related component conditioning and control, materials and technologies such as interconnects environmental effects. and optical concentrators. Contact: John M. Smith Contact: Dennis J. F1c3d (216) 433-6130 (216) 433-2303 Thermal Management for Space Power Electrochemical Space and Storage Conversion Systems ..,-LIvanced technology to inc. ....se the Analytical and experimental efforts to life and energy density of energy .1.evelop lightweight space radiator storage systems and fuel cells. components and to tailor cycle operating Emphasis is on nearer-term nickel- conditions to minimize overal system hydrogen and hydrogen-oxygen mass. Radiator designs must resist a systems, with exploratory efforts being variety of natural hazards including given to more advanced high- micro-meteroids and space debris. temperature ionic c _inductor systems. Concepts under investigation include Pre-prototypes of advanced battery pumped loop desig,-ts, the use of heat systems are being designed, built, and pipes with a variety of working fluids and tested. containment materials, and liquid Contact: Lawrence H. Thaller droplet, moving belt , and Curie point (216) 433-6146 radiators. C(tact: Marvin Warshay Space Power Management and (216) 433-6126 DiF,tribution Technology Albert J. Juha, Techr ology to control the generation (216) 433-613 F and d stribution of electrical energy in Stirling Dynamic Power Systems space systems and to define enabling Technology to exploit the unique f .hnology for future high-power space systems. The program includes potential of the Stirling engine for both the investigation of advanced electrical space and terrestrial applications. power circuits and the fundamental Principal emphasis Is on developing the physics of electrical c.:'-es free-piston Stirling engine for high- (insulators, conductors,ad capacity space-power generation semiconductors). Prototype devices systems. Among the areas of research and eh .-uits are fabricated and are oscillatory flow and heat ransfer, .4r, 0 76

advanced instrumentation, heat pipes, alloys, fluid physics and transport high temperature materials, hydrody- phenomena, ceramics and glasses, namic gas bearings, dynamic balanc- and electronic materials. Science ing systems, and hydraulic and linear requirements and conceptual designs alternator power takeoff systems. are developed using ground-based 2.2 Contact: Donald G. Beremand second and 5 second drop towers and (216) 433-6110 a Learjet aircraft. Activities culminate in the design, fabrication, and flight of Space Environmental Interactior. space experiments. Research on electrostatic and Contact: Fred J. Kohl electromagnetic effects induced in (216) 433-2866 space systems and instrumentation by interaction with space plasma and In-Space Technology Experiments field environments and on the In-space experiments to support development and characterization of advancement of the technology base in local plasma and field environments the areas of fluid management, energy around large spav,. systems. Such systems and thermal management, effects include su. face and bulk and satellite communications. Areas dielectric charg;ng, plasma sheath of investigation include on-orbit fuel development and characteristics, storage and transfer, low-gravity fluid current collection from plasma, arcing, L?havior and thermal processes, and the stimulation and propagation instrumentation, and spacecraft fire of disturbances. Research disciplines safety. While ground-based precursor involved include plasma, solid state, studies are pursued, emphasis is on and surface physics, the definition and development of el-ctromagnetism, and fundamentals cost - effects ,e flight projects that yield Jispace system design. results otherwise unobtainable Contact: Carolyn K. Purvis through ground-based experiments or 216) 433-2307 analysis. Electronic Device Materials for Contact: Jack A. Salz-nan Spacz Power (216) 433-2868 Research on thermally conductive Space Communications high-strength cor iposite materials with either very low or very high Technology electrical conductivity for high- Space Communications Systems performance applications requiring Analysis light weight. New and improved materials are investigated for use as Studies of advanced space communi- insulators, conductors, cations systems to '-le future tech- semiconductors, dielectrics, thermal nology requirements. Such studies radiators, and protective coatings. include investigation of new communi- Research is also conducted to enable cations system architectures and net- fabrication, characterization, and working concepts, comparison of functional evaluation of the materials. advanced satellite and terrestrial sys- Contact: Bruce A. Banks tems, and exploration of new ways to (216) 433-2308 increase th,- available spectrum/orbit communicatio-.3 capacity. Involved are computer modeling of systems of Space Experiments satellites and simulation of Microgravity Science and communications links. Laboratory Applications research is conducted on digital coding schemes to reduce bandwidth Basic science experiments designed to requirements for information capitalize on the microgravity transmission. environment of the Space Shuttle in Contact: Edward F. Miller the areas of combustion, metals and (9.161433 -347A I 0 77

Space Communications for operational application. Specific Components technologies being developed include Research to establish the technical antennas and antenna feeds, low noise :easibility of advanced satellite amplifiers, RF power amplifiers, IF and communications components RF switching systems, modems. including electron beam devices, solid communication processors, and state devices, and antennas. Electron network control techniques. beam device research is focused on Contact: James W. Bagwell traveling wave tubes opei ling to 100 (216) 433-3503 Gliz and embraces materials and fabrication, electron guns, beam wave Aerospace Applications of High- interactions, efficiency enhancement Temperature Superconductivity techniques, and subrnillimeter wave Research to assess the potential payoff sources and components. Solid state for aerospace applications of high- device research is focused on temperature superconductivity (HTS), to monolithic microwave integrated define the technology requirements for circuit (MMIC) devices for advanced these applications, and to develop the transmitter and receiver modules. requisite technology. Emphasis will be Areas of interest include wave placed on the large scale applications transmission media, circuit analysis generally involving high currents, high and synthesis, device modeling, magnetic fields, and substantial energy microfabrication technology, and storage or power transmission. crystal growth techniques. Antenna Cont a -.t: Denis J. Connolly research includes theoretical and (216) 433-3503 experimental investigation of advanced multibeam systems Advanced Space Analysis operating at microwave and millimeter wave freqt. ncies. Work is focused on Space Mission Models the use of MMIC modules in multiple Research to develop advanced analytical feed elements and the use of such models of space transportation, feeds to dynamically comper-gte for propulsion, power, and communications distortions by controlling pha and systems. Models are used to perform amplitude. assessments and trade-off studies of Contact: Denis J. Connolly proposed future space missions. New (216) 433-3503 analytical capabilities are being sought and existing models are under Satellite Communications Systems continuing review for areas of Technology enhancement. Advanced satellite communications Contact: Thomas J. Miller system and subsystem technology to (216) 433-2867 establish performance and cost data necessary to demonstrate readiness

S () 0

I au 79 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Program Administrator The Marshal! Space Information and Electronic Ms. Ernestine K. Cothran Flight Center offers Systems Laboratory University Affairs Officer opportunities for E' 'etricaly. .ems NASA Marshall Space origina' work in many Activities include development of Flight Center areas of the physical advanced silicon devices utilizing Mail Code DXO1 sciences, mathematics, diffusion and ion implantation MSFC,'. AL 35812 and engineering. techniques, high solar concentration (215) 544-0997 photovoltaic systems, and electrical Theoretical and power system automation techniques. experimental research Research is conducted in planar and is greatly enhanced by concentrator array development, and the ready access to improved efficiency photovoltaic cell computers, including design, cell modeling, and the Cray XMP. performance testing. On-site resources include semiconductor Before preparing your processing facilities for cell and material development, and a proposal, prior photovoltaics les' laboratory complete discussion with a with solar simulator and vacuum center researcher is chamber for simulation of on-orbit recommended. In conditions. Artificial intelligence general, Marshall approaches are used t.support advisers are tnterested electrical power system automation, in collaborative efforts address autonomous fault with students and their management, dynamic payload reschedu'ing, intelligent data university advisers and reduction, autonomous battery will look favorably on management, and enhanced state-of- proposals indicating health monitoring and reporting. some research time wil: Contact: D. Weeks (205) 544-3309 be spent on-site at the center, Elect-onics, Sensors. Robotics Research, design and development activities are conducted on electronic control systems and measurement sensors for guidance. navigation. and control of missiles, orbiting spacecraft and planetary exploration vehicles. and on robotics and teleoperat systems. A wide variety of subjects are addressed, such as ruts gyros, accelerometers. st.ir trackers, sun sensors, strain gauges, pressure sensors, control moment gyros, reaction wheels. and pointing gimbals. A typical activity related to electronics and sensors research to use charge injection devices for improved tracking applications. robotics is another area of concentration. Rendezvous and clocking of vehicles in orbit. both teleoperated and automated modes, is ' 2 80

studied and demonstrated in the flight Space Environment-1 Effects robotics facility. This facility, a broad- on Materials based testbed, is used for concept Evaluation of materials is study, development, and testing in the accomplished in space environmental areas of space orbital and robotics conditions involving vacuum, operations. On-orbit servicing is a temperature, electron/proton, atomic related effort. Camera placement, oxygen, and micrometeoroid impact. force torque sensing, lighting, and The effects of outgassing products of robotic vision are all study areas for materials on weight loss, strength which the facility is used. Control loss, surface properties, and re- station work involves research in the deposition and condensation on other use of voice recognition, touchscreens, items is being studied. Lubrication and stereo vision. and surface physics on bearings in Contact: E.C. Smith (205) 544-3506 space and in roe:et propulsion components is under research. Optical Systems Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) Opportunities exist for research, research and development in new design, and development of optical, NDE methods/processes and laser doppler, video, and electro-optic instrumentation is encouraged. image and detection device technology Contact: R. Gause (205) 544-2508 for application in future or proposed missions. Metallic Materials Research Contact: E. Reinbolt (205) 544-3162 Development of alloys for special application such as blades and discs Software and Data Management in hydrogen or oxygen turbopumps, An area of high interest is the fuel tanks, solid rocket motor cases, automatic generation of digital etc., is an ongoing requirement. computer code from structured Research in metal Jgraphic micro- requirements. An area of particular structural analysis methods to interest is to use knowledge-based determine the condition and history of systems with Artificial Intelligence (All certain alloys is being accomplished in tolls to implement software support of failure analyses and progressions automatically from fracture mechanics research. Methods requirements phase through code for quantitatively determining the generation for embedded computer state of corrosion, stress corrosion systems. Another target area of and hydrogen embrittlement of alloys research and development is AI are being developed. techniques and tools to aid in fault Research is also directed at diagnosis, load management, and characterizing the properties of alloys scheduling for flight systems and in simulated service environments and subsystems. enhancing alloy performance through Contact: D. Aichele (205) 544-3721 modifications in chemistry, processing, or surface treatment. Materials and Processes Laboratory Available state-of-the-art research Major technology and research efforts facilities include mechanical testing are underway in physics and laboratories; a high pressor', high chemistry of materials, both metallic temperature, gaseous hydrogen, and nonmetallic, and in critical materials testing laboratory; corrosion environments at cryogenic to high- research laboratories; a foundry and temperature levels. Comprehensive thermal processing laboratory, and a research and development activities metallurgical and failure analysis are pursued in qualification and laboratory equipped with modern testing of materials. diagnostic systems for microstructural 63 81

and surface chemistry analysis. hardware development of propulsion Contact: P. Schuerer (205) 544-2566 systems for launch and space vehicles and support equipment. Areas of activity Nonmetallic Materials Research include liquid and solid propulsion and Opportunities exist to develop and control systems for the Space Shuttle, modify pcTiers for adhesives space propulsion and support systems, insulator.,astomers, composite advanced chemical and laser propulsion matrices, and molding and extrusion systems for future launch and space compounds for use in specraft vehicles, and flight experiment and hardware and in special space station mechanisms. environments. Organic composites such as carbon-carbon or carbon- Systems Division resin are being developed for Research and development is ongoing in structural applications to reduce mass liquid rocket engines, solid motors, or for high temperatu .e applications propulsion systems, and reaction control such as rocket engine nozzles and systems. Activities include predicting, leading edges. Ceramics and glasses analyzing, and evaluating propulsion with special optical properties and system and launch vehicle performance, high strength and toughness for and establishing test, integration, and structural properties in spacecraft are verification requirements for flight and continually sought. test bed propulsion systems. There is Contact: C. McIntosh (205) 544-2620 continuing interest in solid and liquid propellant combustion, performance Processing Engineering Research prediction, engine isk management, A Productivity Enhancement Center launch and space vehicle propellant and employs new and improved techniques pressurization systems, hybrid for develcping manufacturing (solid/liquid) boosters, pressure fed processes to produce spacecraft boosters, laser propulsion, and advanced hardware. This center uses graphics engine control and monitoring e mputers/termirials to lay-out work subsystems. Special emphasis areas for by Computer Aided resign, Computer research are zero- and Lw-gravity Aided Manufacturing, and Computer propellant systems and combustion. Integrated Manufacturing. Remote Contact: J. Redus (205) 544-7051 programming of machines and robots G. Platt (205, 544-7106 to improve filament winding patterns, automatic weld paths, and foam spray Component Development Division are just a few applications in process. P ..tivities involve research and Welding by new techniques, such as development for mechanical subsystems the variable polarity plasma arc such as propulsion feedlines, process on special alit:vs and use of turbomachinery, combustio._ devices. smart rol.,ots to accomplish intricate thrust vector control, auxiliary welds, is being researched. propulsion, valves, actuators, controls, Nonmetallic processing such as mechanisms, and environmental control filament winding, pultrusion, tape and life-support hardware. Another area laying, tape wrapping and hydroclave of interest is establishing test, curing tc achieve optimum properties integration, and verification in cornposit^s is the subject of requirements for mechanical elements. intensive research and development. Contact C.S. Cornelius (205) 544-7130 Contact: M. H. Sharpe (205) 544-2714 Combustion Devices and Propulsion Laboratory Turbomachinery Activities are directed toward the Investigation of the combustion stability, research, technology, and flight along with performance and heat 82

transfer, of iarg- nydroearbon-fueled interpretation of resulting data. rocket engines are of special interest Contact: T. Moore (207_, 544-7633 for the development of a new booster engine. Techniques for understanding Aeronomy the failure and wear mode.: and Research in this area is -timed at improving the life of propellant cooled understanding the Earth's middle and antifriction bearings are needed for upper atmosphere. Experimental reusable rocket engines. programs are underway featuring Contact: L. Gross (205) 544-7067 remote sensing in the vacuum ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared, ALIchanisms including instrumentation on Shuttle, Facilities exist that give unique high- satellites, stratospheric balloons, and flow/high pressure hydraulic test ground sites. An important aspect is capability combined with dynamic development of advanced optical and load simulators for testing a wide focal plane detection ,,ystems for range of elect, ohydraulic exploring the physics and chemistry of servoactuators and fluid power this region from space platforms. subsystems. Opportunities exist for Contact: M. Torr (205) 544-7676 research in the design and development of fluid power systems Solar Physics for thrust vector control of rocket Tne influence of the magnetic field on engines. the development and evolution of solar Contact: V.P. Reiland (205) 544-7143 atmospheric structure is studied. The primary data are vector magnetog: AMS Test Division obtained at Marshall's Solar Activities include experimental Observatory. These observations are research and development testing of complemented by theoretical studies propulsion systems, subsystems, aria to characterize the non-potential components for space systems propertie, '1 these fields. This hardware. Current specific areas of includes the development of MHD interest relate. to automated test (magnetohydrodynamic) codes control systems. A continuing interest designed to simulate both coronal and exiE s for new and advanced large scale interplanetary dynamics. instrumentation techniques. Instrument development programs in Contact:R.0 Shaw (205) 544-1244 optical polarimetry, grazing and C.L. Robinson (205) 544-1169 normal incidence x-ray optics, and imaging detectors are being pursued. Space Science Laboratory Contact: J. Davis (205) 544-7500 Magnetospheric and Plasma Physics Research is centered around study of X-Ray Astronomy plasma processes in the Earth's Theoretic.,) and experimental research magnetosphere. Particular emphasis is conducted in the fields of X-ray is placed on the characteristics of the astronomy and I, gh-energy low-energy thermal plasma of the astrophysics. Specialities include plasmasphere and ior.tssphere. study of neutron stars, active galactic medium-energy plasma responsible nuclei, and imaging X-ray dett.ctois for auroral phenomena, interactions operating from 1/4 keV to 100 keV. between these plasma populaticrts, Opportunities include participating in and resulting effects on the upper balloon flights of these detectors atmosphere. Activities include design; theoretical studies if physical development, and calibration of flight processes near compact. objects, and instrumc.ntatton and analysis and analysis o, data from the Einstein 83

(HEAO2) and EXOSAT satellites. accelerator experiments. Contact: M. Weisskopf (205) 544-7740 Contact: T. Parnell (205) 544-7690 Gamma Ray Astronomy Infrared Astronomy Gamma ray astronomy is performed Astronomical research is carried out in with balloon-borne and orbiting close coordination with the develop- instruments designed and developed ment of IR sensors. The sensors, which at MSFC. The research inchides span the spectral region between 1 anC experiments covering the 30keV to 10 30 micrometers are used at major MeV region to study gamma ray telescopes to produce unique images of bursts and other transient sources, comets and regions of star formation in and to study the gamma ray continua our own and other galaxies. These data from known s )urces. Present activities provide clues to cometary structure, include the development of the Burs, origin, and lung-term evolution. and Transient Experiment to Contact: C. Telesco (205) 544-7723 fly on the Gamma Ray Observatory, and balloon-borne observations of Sly Cryogenic Physics 1987A and the galacti- ^enter region Experimental and theoretical research is with a high resolution detector conducted on cooleu sensors for system. A study of the local gamma advanced space science experiments and ray background in the atmosphere cooling systems to support the sensors. and on spacecraft is in progress with Stored cryogens ar;heir containment calculations and with measurements systems are developed, as well as active on Spacelab, LDEF, and other refrigeration systems extenuing )oth to spacecraft. Laboratory stu,des of sub-Keivin temperatures needea by future detector systems for gamma- infrared bolometers and conventional ibf astronomy are in progress superconducting electronic devices, and Contact: G. Fishman (205) 544-7691 to higher operating temperatures required by high critical temperature Cosmic Ray Research superconducting electronic devices. Cosmic ray x,:search emphasizes the Sensor research includes conventional study of the chemical composition and and superconducting infrared detectors energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei and arrays for com,ttary and galactic above 500 billion electron volts. Study astronomical observations, and of the interactions of heavy cosmic ray superconducting devices such as cooled nuclei is also carried out above this gyrosccpes, electronic ',:v.ces, and energy to determine the differences sensitive accelerometers, in support of between nucleon and nucleus gravitational physics program. Well- interactions at very high energies and equipped laboratories exist to suppo to search for evidence of new states of research on improved superconducting nuclear matter (e.g., chiral symmetry materials and sensors. restored state). The research is carried Contact: E. Urban (205) 544-7721 out principally with emulsion chambers, occasionally in tandem Low-Gravity Science w'th electronic counters to select Theoretical and experimental research is categories of events. The instruments conducted on the effects of gravity cri the are exposed on balloons at about crystal growth or solidification of 4100 m (125,000 feet, for up to 2 materials including semiconductors. eeks. Research includes laboratory metals, alloys, proteins: polymers. model work with passive and electronics systems, etc. Both the preparation aid detectors, data analysis, particle the characterization of materials are cascade calculations, and correlative important. The areas of research include 84

solid-state physics, surface physics, that can undergo configuration solidification phenomena, separation changes, and momentum exchange techniques, fluid modeling, analysis of control of very large objects. crystal growth, and characterization Contact: H. Waites (2C5) 544-1441 techniques such as optical. X-ray, and electron microscopy. In addition to Controls for VehiclesAutomatic or well equipped laboratories for these remote piloted precision recovery of activities, the division operates a drop objects from earth orbit, control tube and drop tower each 100 m high. system development for dynamic Contact: F. Szofran (205) 544-7777 objects connected by low-tension tethers, control of aero-assisted tugs, Biophysics and remote piloted controls for An opportunity exists to conduct docking with uncooperative, dynamics research in the separation and objects are being investigated. purification of biological cells and Contact: N. D. Hendix (205) 544-1451 proteins to develop basic understanding of the separation Liquid Propulsion Dynamic phenomenon. The proposed research Analysis Tasks include dynamic should include analysis of the analysis, determination of damping fundamental beha,-ior of a separation methods, analysis of bearings, and process by theoretical and/or dynamic balancing of high speed experimental methods. A second turbomachinery. Topics of interest in activity involves laboratory and space control include rapid recognition of experiments in protein crystal growth. engine failure, detr-ting u.. pient High quality single crystals are failure, automatic. _tconfigurat:-In of required to obtain the three- control components, and more dimensional structure of the proteins, accurate means to control propellant and Shut tle space experiments mixture ratio. confirm the advantages of the Contact: P. Vallely (205) 544-1440 microgravity environment. Projects include experiments to define Structur:,ynamics Activities of Unproved crystallization conditions interest are aerostructural modeling, and the analysis of crystals by X-ray vibration zs n; lysis, and load diffraction. predict,ms using simulation of all Contact: R. Snyder (205) 544-7805 envir nents, including pronulsion, control, aerodynamics and Structures and Dynamics atmosphere. Probabili:,tic, as well as Laboratory deterministic, appro?ches are used on Pointing Control Systems the CRAY to simulate flight and obtain Anticipated tasks include pointg loads data. Enhanced dynamic systems with performar ce in th., order analysis techniques are pursued. of one milli-arcsecond, the ability to Contact: W. Holland (205) 544-1495 actively control structures with several structural modes below the control Structural Assessment frequency, the use of fiducial light Opportunities exist for research in systems and unobtrusive stress modeling and analysis, fracture sensors/effectors to stabilize large mechanics, stability, and fatigue spate structures, development of the analysis. The CRAY computer is theory of many control systems available for analytical analysis in working on the same flexible conjunction with CAD/CAM work structure, the modeling, controlling, stations. Structural testing capability and verifit ation of flexible multibodies is extensive and can be used for 85

research and d2velopment activities. thermal/structural analysis of turbine Contact: C. J. Bianca (205) 544-7182 blades and fluid/thermal mociling of bearing systems in high-pressure Vibroacoustics Mechanical4 and turbomachinery. Analytical results may acoustically induced random vibration be correlated to ground test data. design and test criteria and response Contact: J. Owen (205) 544-7213 loads analytically derived using advanced computer techniques. Thermal Analysis: Solid Rocket Vibration, acoustic, and transient data Motor Opportunities are available for from engine static firing and research in thermal modeling and Space Shuttle flights are analyzed and analysis of solid rocket motor thermal ci.'.egorized. Research opportunities protection systems. Specific areas include improved vibroacoustic includ° the modeling of ablation environment prediction methods and processes involving a variety of material high frequency vibration data surfaces and the determination of heat reduction techniques. transfer coefficients in radiative, erosive, Contact: H.J. Bandgren (205) 544-5714 and chemically reactive environments. Contact: K. McCoy (205) 544-7211 Structural Design Evaluation, concept selection, and design of Thermal/Er vironmerital composite intertank structure for Computaiic11 Analysis Research reusable Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles. opportunities:e available in advanced Plans are currently in place to thermal modeling and analysis fabricate and test subscale models of techniques based on state-of-the-art the resulting structure. Plans are graphics systems and software. Research being developed to initiate a similar is needed in methods of 3-D graphic program for the evaluation, selection, modeling of thermal stems which are fabrication, and test of both reusable compatible with computational fluid and expendable cryogenic tankage. A dynamics and stress modeling. significant technology program in the Contact: J. Sims (205) 544-7212 area of spacecraft meteoroid and debris protection is underway. This Closed Loop Life Support problem area i:; of particular concern Development of innovative, efficient, and for large area, long-ter in on-orbit reliable techniques for performing spacecraft systems such as space environmental control and life support station, in a gradually increasing for future long - duration missions is nvironment. As part of NASA's underway. Emphasis is on improved Pathfinder program, we are currently processes for oxygen and water reclama- performing concept evaluation, tion. Also of interest is long-life sensing design, and functional testing of of internal atmosphere state conditions, heavily loaded joints for on-orbit as well as monitoring of water and air assembly of large space structures quality conditions from physical, and Lunar/Mars mission vehicles. The chemical, and microbial viewpoints. clq....11enge is to design joints that can Contact: W. Humphries (205) 544-7228 be assembled with minimum or no Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Computational Fluid Dynamics Contact: P.I. Rodriguez (205) 544-7006 Opportunities to develop and apply state-of-the-art computational fluid Thermal Analysis: Liquid Propulsion dynamic (CFD) methods to solve three- Systems Opportunities for research dimensional highly turbulent flows for exist in thermal analysis of liquid compressib:e and incompressible fluid propulsion system components, states; and to provide benchmark CFD inch...ling integrated Comparisons to establish code quality 86

for subsequent application. Research simulators to further the technology m is needed to assess significant aspects the workstation area. of the computational algorithms, grid Contact: M. Boyd (205) 544-2472 generation, numerical problem formulation, code efficiency, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) convergence rate, stability, etc. System Design Opportunities exist Contact: L. Schutzenhofer to perform failure modes effect (205) 544-1458 analyses, as well as hazard analyses, on all HST equipme it. Another activity Earth Sciences will be support of the orbital Measuremet and Modeling verification simulations for the HST. Efforts to enhance understandinsi of Contact: J. Laux (205) 544-2418 the dynamical behavior of the Earth's atmosphere are underway. These Payloads Systems engineers activities include supporting basic coordinate activities of NASA and studies in global and meso-scale contractor enginee s in about 35 atmospheric processes and storm technical disciplir es to arrive at an physics. Earth-based aircrart and integrated design for payloads to fly on satellite meteorological observation Spacelab, Space Station, and other systems are in various stages of carrier missions. Payloads include design and application. Laboratory experiments in virtually a.: areas of and space experiments are also in science, from life sciences to material progress to supy,lement theoretical processing. Current missions include and numerical ca;culations. Spacelab J (a joint U.S./Japan range activitie.3 include planning for payload, focusing on materials science satellite based observational systems and life sciences), ATLAS (earth for measurements of lightning, winds, observation), and ASTRO (ultraviolet and precipitation. astronomy). Contact: F. Leslie (205) 544-1633 Contact: M. Slayden (205) 544-2391

Fluid Dynamics Analytical, Space Shuttle Systems Systems computational, and experimental engineering support is provided in activities are aimed at understanding numerous areas related to Spare and preLacting the fluid dynamical Shuttle opera' ions, including behavior of a range of systems Areas development of Reflight Flight Test of application include geophysical Requirements, establishing fluid dy .hamics, low-gravity fluid requirements for Development Flight dynamics, and turbulent curved and Instrumentation and Operational rotational internal flow processes in Instrumentation, identifying Lightning rocket engines. Protection/EMC requirements, Contact' F. Leslie (205) 544-1633 technical evaluation of new designs for Solid Rocket Mntors, development of System_ialysis and Laur^.h Commit Criteria and Flight Integration Laboratory Rules and Evaluation of flight Space Station Workstations High- performance and anomalies. Focus is peri^rmance computer workstations on the following elements of the utilized to visualize and understand Shuttle: the Space Shuttle Main both Space Station subsystem Engines, Solid Rocket Motors, and the performance and experiment control. External Tank. Ground test activities Development of innovative concepts include the development of test focuses on utilizing Space Station requirements and evaluation of test breadboards and subsystem data. Contact: P. Hoag (205) 544-2361 j 87

Knowledge-Based Systems Efforts level of control required by manned have been initiated to enhance present space flight makes configuration systems engineering methods by management a critical activity. developing applications of knowledge- Automated tools and methods are based systems. A major project has necessary to support this activity in a been initiated in support of the timely manner, and improved Hubble Space Telescope that which is approaches are continually sought. aimed at constructing a very large Contact: G. Thrower (205) 544-2375 knowledge base captures not only the design and operation of the HST, but Test Laboratory also the expertise used to arrive at the Structural and Dynamic Testing present design and operational plan. Structural and dynamic testing of Knowledge-based systems utilizing aerospace systems and components is this expertise %.-ill be constructed to ongoi .g. Development, acceptance, and support botT1 Orbital Verification qualification testing is performed in the testing of the HST at launch and its disciplines of structural strength and long-term operation on-orbit. The dynamics, including modal, vibration, primary goal, however, is to capture shock, acoustics, functional. and load. the dzsign and engineering expertise Control dynamics of large ictures is built up in HST development and also investigated, and van., active and make it directly available to other passive damping techniques are maj.-ir NASA projects such as AXAF developed and tested. and Space Station. The Contact: N. Fama (205) 544-1103 implementation of multiuser C. Kirby (205) 544-1119 knowledge based systems is also being investigated to support design Systems and Components Test and activities in the Spacelab and Space Simulation Station payload domains. Opportunities exist for the development, Contact: M. Freeman (205) 544-5456 qualification, integration, and flight acceptance testing of space vehicles, Hubble Space Telescope System payloads, and experiments. Neutral Requirements Final technical buoyancy simulations for training and issues concerning design and development of E 'n.-Vellicular Activity operation of the HST are being (EVA) techniques z,ce performed. resolved. A facility composed of Thermal vacuum testing is conducted in hardware and special monitoring and a variety of chambers with capabilities to analysis software is being de .,red to 1X10-7 ton- and temperature ranges support the launc:i and initial from -300°F. to +400°F. Facilities exist to operation to the HST directly. Another calibrate X-ray payloads and scit.tific activity in this area is completion of instruments utilizing a 309-mete the technical requirements for evacuated guide tube. Contact: Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility B. Dickson (AXAF). (205) 544-1296 Contact: J. Loose (205) 544-2422 Neutral Buoyancy R. Stephens Cr nfiguration Management (205) 544-1336 Configuration management is an Environmental Testing essential component of any succcssfu: C. Reily engineering activity. Marshall projects (205) 544-1298 tend to be both large and complex. X-Ray Calibrat' in requiring the efforts of teams of both NASA and contractor engineers. The n1, 88

Crystal Growth in Fluid Field and Safety, Reliability, Particle Dynamic Evaluation MaintainablIty, and Quality Th.. Fluid Experiment System (FES) Assurance Office waF:, developed to study low- temperature crystal growth of Reliability Engineering triglycine sulfate solution in a low- Research and analysis are conducted gravity environment. Incorporated into to gain understanding of complex the FES is a laser/optical system for physics of failure mechanisms with taking holograms of crystal growth, the Space huttle Main Engine. The fluid density, and temperature use of statistical models, failure mode variations. Tasks include applying and effects analysis, a.; analysis of holographic and digitized image failure and anomaly reports, as well as techniques to evaluating these applicable generic data, contribute holograms. significantly toward the research efforts. Contact: J. Lirdsay (205) 544-1301 Contact: F. Safie (205) 544-5278 Alloying Metals and Vapor Crystal Growth Evaluations Quality Engimering Current investigative activities in the Research .s r formed in areas dealing with software quality control, General Purpose Rocket Furnac. nondestructive evaluation (GPRF) Test Complex include the study of the macro- and micro- (radiography, ultrasonic, eddy structures developed in liquid phase current), critical process control, use miscibility gap materials such as and evaluation of inspection methods, Aluminum Indium: the nicrogravity and assessment of critical effects on vapor transpor, and crystal characteristics in inspection with growth properties of elect' onic respect to control of critical items. materials (germanium selenide and Contact: R. '3ledsoe mercury-cadmium-tellurium) utilizing (205) 544-7406 a temperature gradient to induce the R. Neuschaefer necessary vapor transport of the (205) 544-7382 source material: and the dendritic growth of alloys under microgravity Systems Safety Engineering conditions. These studies are Opportunities exist for research in the conducted v7iih samples development and implc.nentation of approximately 3 inches long and .75 quantitative and qualitative inches in diameter which are techniques directed at the processed in 1 3-element gradient identification, evaluation, and control furnace with each element controlled of hazards acsociated with complex individually. The furnace capabilities space systems. This includes are vacuum or inert gas environment probabilistic risk assessment, fault with temperatures up to 950°C. tree analysis and applications. Contact: J. Lindsay (205) 544-1301 interactive hazard information tracking and closure systems, and the identification of conceptual approaches to establis: ..ig mission levels and requirements for various types of space missions. Contact: J. Livingston (205) 544-0049