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Book of abstracts

2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environmental Development – SEED’17

14-17 November 2017 Krakow Technology Park

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Editorial office

Editor-in-chief: Krzysztof Sornek Editor-at-large: Katarzyna Szramowiat Technical editor: Wiktor Pacuła

Publisher

Publishing house of the Institute for Sustainable Energy E.W. Radzikowskiego Street 100B/43, 31-315 Krakow Mobile: +48 736 909 490, e-mail: [email protected] www.ize.org.pl/wydawnictwo

Printer

Drukarnia Papillon S.C. I. Krasna R. Krasny, Kraków

Financial support

The organizers acknowledge financial support received from Voivodeship Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Krakow

ISBN: 978-83-944254-4-9

First Edition Kraków, 2017

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Editorship:

• Prof. Mariusz Filipowicz, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Magdalena Dudek, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Katarzyna Styszko, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • PhD Katarzyna Szramowiat, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Poland • M.Sc. Krzysztof Sornek, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Poland

Organizing Committee of the SEED’17 Conference:

• PhD Andrzej Raźniak, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland – chairman • PhD Katarzyna Szramowiat, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Poland – secretary • Prof. Mariusz Filipowicz, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Magdalena Dudek, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Tadeusz Olkuski, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • PhD Tomasz Mirowski, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Poland • PhD Łukasz Uruski, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Poland • PhD Katarzyna Nosek, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • M.Sc. Kamila Rzepka, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Poland • M.Sc. Krzysztof Sornek, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Poland • M.Sc. Marta Marczak, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland

Scientific Committee of the SEED’17 Conference:

• Prof. Mariusz Filipowicz, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland – chairman • Prof. Nejc Bezak, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia • Prof. Vincenzo Bianco, DIME/TEC – Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy • Prof. Andrzej Biń, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Peter Bitusik, Matej Bel University, Slovakia • Prof. Aleksandra Borsukiewicz, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland • Prof. Witold Brostow, University of North Texas, United States of America • Prof. Wojciech Budzianowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland • Prof. Tadeusz Chmielniak, Silesian University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Dorota Chwieduk, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Juan Carlos Colmenares, Institute of Physical Chemistry of Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland • Prof. Ewa Cukrowska, Witwatersrand University Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa • Prof. Magdalena Dudek, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland • Prof. Neven Duić, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Page 5 of 232 • Prof. Jacek Eliasz, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland • Prof. Temesgen Garoma, San Diego State University, United States of America • Prof. Bartłomiej Głowacki, University of Cambridge, Great Britain • Prof. Agata Godula-Jopek, Airbus Group, Germany • Prof. Janusz Gołaś, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Wojciech Grega, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Wacław Gudowski, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden • Prof. Dariusz Heim, Lodz University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Stanisław Hławiczka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Soteris Kalogirou, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus • Prof. Anneliese Kasper-Giebl, Technische Universitat Wien, Austria • Prof. Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Igor Kosacki, Honeywell Process Solutions • Prof. Sergey Kuznetsov, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic • Prof. Anita Lewandowska, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Lech Lichołai, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Wojciech Lipinski, Australian National University, Australia • Prof. Andriy Lozynskyy, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine • Prof. Jarosław Markowski, Poznan University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Paweł Mirek, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Wojciech Nowak, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Tadeusz Olkuski, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Jozef M. Pacyna, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway • Prof. Gareth Taylor, Brunel University London, Great Britain • Prof. Yiannis Tripanagnostopoulos, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic • Prof. Tomas Salkus, Vilnius University, Lithuania • Prof. Janusz Sowiński, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Katarzyna Styszko, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Wojciech Suwała, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland • Prof. Andrzej Szlęk, Silesian University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Marek Ściążko, Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, Poland • Prof. Jan Taler, Cracow University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Barbara Tora, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland • Prof. Rafał Weron, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland • Prof. Laura Vanoli, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy • Ph.D. Asfaw Beyene, San Diego State University, United States of America • Ph.D. Piotr Bielaczyc, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute, Poland • Ph.D. Elizabeth Castillo-Martinez, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom • Ph.D. Andrius Garbaras, Center for Psychical Sciences and Technology, Lithuania • Ph.D. Magdalena Kistler, Technische Universitat Wien, Austria • Ph.D. Andreas Ortwein, Deutsche Biomasseforschungszentrum, Germany • Ph.D. Mariusz Ruszel, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland • Ph.D. Aleksander Sobolewski, Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, Poland

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Our patrons and partners:

Organizers:

Institute for Sustainable Energy Faculty of Energy and Fuels

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INVITED LECTURES

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Page 10 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Municipal climate and energy strategy – experiences in Polish municipalities

Evert A. Bouman1,*, Rebecca J. Thorne1, Sylwia Całus2, Anna Majchrzak3, Cristina B. B. Guerreiro1

1 Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway 2 Częstochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland 3 NILU Polska Ltd., Kraków, Poland

Keywords: Energy self-sufficient municipality, climate mitigation, energy balance, Life Cycle Assessment

A municipality is both a political and commercial actor, and through its many roles as local authority, service provider, procurer, or property owner, it is able to affect emissions from e.g. private and public transport, waste disposal sites, and stationary energy use. This versatility sets municipalities in a unique position to contribute considerably to the reduction of greenhouse gases and air pollutants detrimental to human health [1]. In this presentation, we elaborate on our experiences within the Energy Self-Sufficient Municipality project. In this project, we analysed the local energy needs for 17 participating municipalities in Poland. Based on data provided by the municipalities, we developed Life Cycle Assessment models quantifying both the direct and indirect emissions associated with the energy use in each municipality. Direct emissions are those emissions that occur within the municipality, e.g. when burning coal or wood for domestic heating. Indirect emissions are emissions that occur along the value chain attributed to municipal energy use, e.g. emissions associated with electricity generation outside the municipality. In addition to the analysis of the current situation, we quantified the emission reduction potential associated with transition scenarios utilising an increased share of locally available renewable energy sources. We find that the options available to different municipalities differ considerably, as both the available energy resource potential, and use requirements of energy vary. This shows the importance of local municipal climate and energy strategies – there is no one-size-fits-all solution.

[1] Department for Climate and Environment (2009) Governmental planning guideline for climate and energy planning in municipalities. https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2009-09-04-1167 [Last accessed: 18-10-2017]

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 11 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Protection of thermoelectric materials against effects of thermal cycling

Witold Brostow 1,* , IKang Chen 1, Allison T. Osmanson 1 and John B. White 1, 2

1 Laboratory of Advanced Polymers and Optimized Materials (LAPOM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, USA; [email protected]; htpps://lapom.unt.edu 2 Marlow Industries, Inc., Dallas, TX 75238, USA

Keywords: thermoelectric devices; Seebeck effect; thermoelectric materials; electricity generation

Johann Seebeck discovered the effect now named after him in Tallinn (then Reval) in 1821: a voltage V is created when a temperature difference ∆T is created between two materials in contact. Thus, one should be able to make thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that create electricity for instance from car exhausts since the ∆T between the exhausts temperature and the ambient one is significant. Much less gasoline would have to be used, much less contamination of the Earth with harmful exhaust gases would take place. However—and as we all know—devices such as described above involving exhaust gases do not exist. Overall, in nearly 200 years since the Seebeck discovery, only limited applications of the thermoelectric (TE) devices are known. Notable ones pertain to spaceships. Thermocouples are the only kind of TE devices that have a wide—in fact ubiquitous—use. Reviews of this area are available [1, 2]. There is also the twin effect discovered by Jean Peltier in 1834: a voltage between two materials in contact creates a temperature difference between those materials; this is the basis for thermoelectric coolers (TECs) or heaters. However, we still use the refrigerators with liquid coolants. After service, the coolants go into the environment, and eventually end in the ozone layer of the Earth—gradually destroying it. The reasons why we do not have wide use of either TEGs or TECs are known: large temperature differences require repetitive cycling across the ∆T range. Such cycling causes thermal degradation of the TE materials fast. Consequently, the service lifetime of both kinds of devices is quite short. The reason those devices operate in extraterrestrial conditions (= spaceships) is that there is no oxygen in space. Oxygen is the main culprit here. The methods we develop of dramatically extending the service life of TE devices are based on polymeric coatings. The coatings must stop the oxygen penetration into the devices. Independently, they must also be resistant to high temperatures and to temperature cycling as well as to provide good adhesion to TE substrates. Progress along these lines will be reported.

[1] W. Brostow, G. Granowski, N. Hnatchuk, J. Sharp & J.B. White, Thermoelectric phenomena, J. Mater. Ed. 2014, 36, 175. [2] W. Brostow & H.E. Hagg Lobland, Materials: Introduction and Applications, John Wiley & Sons 2017.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 12 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Impedance spectroscopy of ion-conducting materials for applications in fuel cells

Tomas Šalkus* , Edvardas Kazakevičius, Vilma Venckutė, Algimantas Kežionis

1 Vilnius University, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius, Lithuania

Keywords: solid electrolyte, ceramics, thin films, impedance spectroscopy.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical device which converts fuels to electricity with high efficiency. Oxygen ion conductors are used as electrolytic membranes in SOFC. Conductivity of solid electrolyte is probably the most important parameter for use in SOFC. Impedance spectroscopy is used to determine electrical parameters of materials, hence the electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity. In this work the experimental technique, which allows us to measure impedance of solid electrolyte sample in broad frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 GHz and at high temperatures (up to 1200 K), will be presented. Special attention should be paid to microwave frequencies, where coaxial lines are used [1]. Examples of impedance spectra of several oxygen conductors, like yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), gadolinia doped ceria (GDC) will be presented. These materials were investigated in the form of bulk ceramics. Two dispersion regions of electrical parameters were found in YSZ and GDC ceramics, which correspond to oxygen ion relaxation in their grains and grain boundaries. Thin GDC films were grown by pulsed laser deposition and samples of special geometry were prepared for high frequency impedance spectroscopy study. The impedance spectroscopy results of thin films are compared with the ones of ceramics.

[1] A. Kezionis, S. Kazlauskas, D. Petrulionis, A.F. Orliukas, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 62 (2014) 2456-2461.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 13 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Energetic performance of a low-cost PhotoVoltaic/Thermal (PVT) collector with and without thermal insulation

Francesco Calise1, Rafal Damian Figaj2,*, Laura Vanoli3

1 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy 2 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy 3 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, V. Di Biasio 43, Cassino, 03043, Italy

Keywords: photovoltaic-thermal collector, finite volume model, experimental, thermal insulation

In this paper the performance analysis of a low cost/tech PhotoVoltaic/Thermal (PVT) solar collector is presented. The unit under investigation consists of a commercially available flat-plate hybrid unit, based on the use of a polycrystalline PV module and a roll-bond aluminium absorber. The unit is not equipped with any back/frame insulation and glass cover/air layer. A one-dimensional finite-volume model is developed in order to analyse the collector performance. The computational domain is discretized along the longitudinal flow direction of the collector, and mass and energy balance equations are used. This paper is based on a previous work, where the standard PVT collector configuration, without any back insulation, is experimentally and numerically analysed. Here, a possible integration of back insulation layer is analysed numerically considering different insulation materials and thicknesses. In particular, the available experimental data is used in order to simulate the operation of the collector with different back insulation configurations. A comparison between standard and insulated configurations is performed. The performance is also analysed along the discretization direction for all considered configurations. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed in order to compare the performance of the several collector configurations as a function of the main design/operation parameters. The results show that using the experimental data as boundary conditions, the calculated increase of temperature ranges between about 0.6 to 1.2 °C. The thermal power increase varies from 26 % for the first domain element to 33% for the last one, while the mean increase is about 30 % for all the insulation materials and 5.0 cm insulation thickness. Varying the solar irradiation conditions, the increase of the outlet fluid temperature with respect to the not insulated PVT configuration ranges from 0.45 to 0.72 °C.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 14 of 232

ENERGY

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Page 16 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Fins-nano-phase change material technique for enhancing solidification of triplex tube-thermal energy storage systems

A.M. Abdulateef1,2,*, K. Sopian1, J. Abdulateef 1,2, S. Mat1, A.A. Al-Abidi1, Q. Hassan2,3

1 Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diyala University, Diyala, Iraq 3 University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

Keywords: phase-change material, triplex-tube heat exchanger, solidification time, longitudinal fins, nano-particle

This study simulated a large triplex tube-heat exchanger (TTHX) with internal longitudinal fins configuration incorporating phase-change material (PCM) and alumina (Al2O3), as a nano-particle with a solidifying point was at 65 ℃. The pure PCM was entirely solidified at 780 minutes. After dispersing 10% Al2O3, a significant enhancement was achieved for the thermal conductivity of the PCM (0.2 W/m K) to 25%. Therefore, the solidification time was decreased to 33% for the nano-PCM with internal fins, compared with the pure PCM. The total energy released for two-cases were also compared. The simulation results were confirmed by the close agreement with the experimental results for the both cases.

[1] Niyas H and Muthukumar P 2013 Performance analysis of latent heat storage systems Int J Sci Eng Res 4 2229-5518. [2] Jian L 2008 Numerical and experimental investigation for heat transfer in triplex concentric tube with phase change material for thermal energy storage Sol Energy 82 (11) 977-985. [3] Abdulateef AM, Mat S, Sopian K, Abdulateef J and Gitan AA 2017 Experimental and computational study of melting phase-change material in a triplex tube heat exchanger with longitudinal/triangular fins Sol Energy 155 142–153. [4] Manish KR and Jyotirmay B 2015 Thermal performance enhancement of shell and tube latent heat storage unit using longitudinal fins Appl Therm Eng 75 1084-1092. [5] Arasu AV and Mujumdar AS 2012 Numerical study on melting of paraffin wax with Al2O3 in a square enclosure Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 39 8-16.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 17 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Short-term heat load forecasting in district heating systems using artificial neural networks

Pablo Benalcazar1,*, Jacek Kaminski1

1 Mineral & Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Policy and Strategic Research, Division of Energy Economics, Krakow, Poland.

Keywords: District heating, heat demand, artificial neural networks

With the advent of sustainable energy systems based on renewable energy sources (RES) and the development of a new generation of district heating systems (4GDH) [1], it has become imperative for cogeneration and RES plant operators, as well as district heating (DH) operators, to find new tools that lead to improvements in production planning, energy efficiency, and at the same time, reduce costs of heat generation. In recent years, machine learning (ML) methods used for the estimation and forecasting of energy demand have drawn considerable attention due to their advantage over linear and nonlinear programming models. The paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) approach for the prediction of short-term heat load in a district heating system. The ANN model is trained with past heat load data, weather data and social behavior components. The predictive performance of the neural network is measured by the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination.

[1] Lund et al. 2014 – Lund H., Werner S., Wiltshire R., Svendsen S., Thorsen J. E., Hvelplund F., & Mathiesen B. V. , 2014 – 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH). Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. Energy, Vol. 68, 1–11. [Online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 18 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Heat storage capacity of an asphalt field and layers under it

J. Birgitta Martinkauppi1,*, Anne Mäkiranta1, Erkki Hiltunen1

1 University of Vaasa, Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology

Keywords: Heat storage, heat capacity, asphalt, distributed temperature measurement

Urban areas have usually asphalted areas like parking lots. The asfalted areas may warm up as high as +70 oC during summer time [1]. The area under the asphalt layer has a construct with different material layers which also heat up or can be heat up. The motivation of this paper is to evaluate energy capacity as well as storage capacity of an asphalt parking lot. The objective of this work is to calculate energy capacity for different layers under asphalt field. The storage capacity is evaluated based on the available heat. The thermal profile of an asphalt-paved area was measured at different layers [2-3]. The heat capacity was calculated using the thermal profile as well as data from literature. DTS (distributed temperature sensing) was used to as a method to obtain temperature data [2-3]. The optical cable was installed from the asphalt layer to the depth of 10 meters vertically. The optical measurement method DTS gives the thermal profile. Different layers have different heat capacity. Their properties can be used for heat storage evaluations. The potential of different layer materials can be easily evaluated. This can be used to select suitable layer e.g. for a local heat storage.

[1] Chen, M. Z., Wei, W., and Wu, S. P., On cold materials of pavement and high-temperature performance of asphalt concrete, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 620, pp. 379-382, 2009. [2] A. Mäkiranta, J.B. Martinkauppi, and E. Hiltunen. Thermal profiles under an asphalt and lawn covered fields. SDEWES 2017. Accepted. [3] J.B. Martinkauppi, A. Mäkiranta, and E. Hiltunen. Correlation of Thermal Data from an Asphalt Covered Area and a Lawn. SDEWES 2017. Accepted.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 19 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of the thermal microclimate of the hospital bedroom using CFD simulation

Aleš Rubina1,*, Pavel Uher1, Petr Blasinski1

1 Department of building services, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic

Keywords: thermal microclimate, heating, radiant cooling, CFD simulation.

The article presents a modern analysis of the thermal microclimate of the inner space of hospital bedrooms. These spaces and their internal environment are an important factor in the recovery of patients. Modern heating and air-conditioning systems allow many approaches to create an indoor microclimate of enclosed spaces. In the article, three selected bedrooms are judged by modern methods. Each room with its layout and transparent glazing area, including furnishing, is oriented to the other world side. The floor heating and cooling system is common to all rooms. For a detailed examination of the effect of floor heating and cooling on the dynamics of thermal internal and external loads or losses, a mathematical model is created for the summer and winter extreme boundary conditions of the calculation. The solution of air temperature distribution and airflow in rooms is simulated by CFD software called Star CCM +. At the end of the article, the variants are then compared and the suitability of the heating / cooling system for the premises is assessed. The aim of the article is to prove that the chosen method of predicting the thermal behavior of the rooms allows us to find very precise results, which can be used to assess the quality of the proposed heating and cooling system.

[1] S. G. Hodder, D. L. Loveday, K. C. Parsons, et al., Thermal comfort in chilled ceiling and displacement ventilation environments: vertical radiant temperature asymmetry effects, Energy Build., 27, (1998), 167–173. [2] J. F. Nicol, M. A. Humphreys, Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings, Energy Build., 34, (2002), 563–572. [3] Information on https://stevedocs.cd-adapco.com/starccmplus_latest_en

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 20 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Experimental analysis of the influence of thermal and flow conditions on operational parameters of the thermoelectric generator

Marcin Borcuch1,*, Stanisław Gumuła1, Krzysztof Wojciechowski2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: thermoelectric generator, waste heat, heat exchanger, energy harvesting.

Thermoelectric generation is a promising solution for waste heat harvesting. Presented results are a summary of an experimental investigation of the thermoelectric generator (TEG) for automobile applications. The device consists of the hexagonal, internally finned hot-side heat exchanger, 24 thermoelectric modules and the cold-side heat exchanger. The TEG allows to convert heat contained in the exhaust gases into electrical energy. Experimental investigation has been carried out in Thermoelectric Technology Laboratory in the Center of Energy, AGH. The influence of thermal and flow conditions on generated electrical power and temperature distribution on the external surface of the hot-side heat exchanger has been determined. Higher mass flow rate of the hot medium (air) and higher inlet temperatures allows the TEG to generate up to 140 W of electrical power in limited laboratory conditions. Dependencies have been identified for variable heat source and cooling module operational parameters. Moreover, electrical parameters of the TEG have been recognized for variable electrical resistances. The optimal electrical resistance, allowing to generate the highest values of electrical power, corresponds to the internal resistance of the modules and is equal to 100,8 Ω. The influence of the pressure drop in the hot-side heat exchanger on the net generated power of the TEG is included in the analysis. For specified range of temperatures and flows of the hot medium, the additional losses up to 15 W for 0.03 kg/s of air mass flow rate at 50°C are higher than electrical power generated. Further research will aim to prepare a numerical model of the device and to modify its construction to improve operational parameters and to reduce pressure losses.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 21 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of energy recovery from surplus water pressure of municipal heat distribution network

Dariusz Borkowski1,*, Tomasz Węgiel1

1 Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: heat distribution network, energy recovery, water pressure reducer.

A heat distribution network has gained high importance during last few years due to environmental care, safety and reliability aspects [1]. The correct operation of the heating network system depends on appropriate water parameters of the network, especially water pressure [2]. The heating source provides the water pressure depending on the worst conditioned water main in the network. The structure of the water heating network depends largely on landform features and, in many situations; a pressure zone with the pressure reducing valves is required. This excess pressure gives an opportunity for energy recovery during reduction of the pressure from the system. This can be done by substituting the existing mechanical pressure reducing valve with a water turbine combined with an electrical generator. The paper presents analysis of energy recovery from the surplus water pressure on an example of the Cracow heat distribution network. Two possible solutions that distinguish places of energy recovery (network nodes or mains) are presented and possible recovered energy is calculated. Only the places, where the generated electrical power equals or is higher than 1 kW, are considered because of the technical realization and cost-effectiveness. The important parameter, which has significant importance on the investment return time, is the eco-reducer efficiency as a function of power. The tests of the prototype device confirm a possibility of achieving efficiency higher than 50% in a wide operating range [3]. The presented economic analysis resulting in a payback period of 5 to 7 years has confirmed potential of the proposed system.

[1] M.A. Ancona, M . Bianchi, L . Branchini, F. Melino, District heating network design and analysis, Energy Procedia, 45, 2014, 1225-34. [2] A. Bejan, G. Tsatsaronis, M.J. Moran, Thermal Design and Optimization, Wiley-Interscience: New York, USA, 1996. [3] T. Węgiel, D. Borkowski, M. Sułowicz, D. Liszka, Electrical energy recovery from network water pressure, Proc. Int. Conf. on the 12th Conference on Selected Problems of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, 2015, 55-60.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 22 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of the potential use of lithium-ion energy storage in the home charging station for electric cars

Damian Burzyński1,*, Leszek Kasprzyk1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: modelling lithium-ion battery, electric car.

The dynamic global development of civilization and economy results in the systematic development of technologies which deal with the use of renewable energy sources and equipment for its storage. At present, the most frequently used electric energy storages are electrochemical batteries and supercapacitors. In the case of use of the lithium-ion batteries, the issue which is frequently related to them is their cost and life. The paper deals with analysis of the potential use of the lithium-ion battery in the electric car home charging station. It presents the issues of determination of the energy generated from photovoltaic modules at the given irradiance and temperature. On top of this, the Plug-in systems for the supply of electric and hybrid vehicles were characterised. The detailed model of the first-order lithium-ion battery, intended for analysis of operation in the dynamic states were discussed, taking into account the effect of its wear on the parameters of the equivalent circuit. During the analysis, an assumption was made that the lithium-ion battery could be charged from the home photovoltaic installation for the averaged climatic conditions of Poland. Calculations and simulations were performed in the Matlab Simulink environment. Comments regarding the obtained results and characteristics were included in the summary.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 23 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Optimization of a novel polygeneration system integrating photovoltaic/thermal collectors, solar assisted heat pump, adsorption chiller and electrical energy storage

Francesco Calise1, Rafal Damian Figaj2,*, Laura Vanoli3

1 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy 2 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy 3 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, V. Di Biasio 43, Cassino, 03043, Italy

Keywords: photovoltaic-thermal collector, finite volume model, experimental, thermal insulation

In this paper a model for the dynamic simulation and the optimization of a novel solar polygeneration system is presented. The system is based on a flat-plate photovoltaic/thermal collector solar field, coupled with water-to-water electric heat pump/chiller, adsorption chiller and electrical energy storage technologies. The system is modelled to supply space heating or cooling, domestic hot water and electrical energy. The produced electrical energy is self-consumed by both user and system auxiliary equipment, stored and/or supplied to the grid. For the simulation purpose, a detailed building model and a comprehensive electrical energy model, taking into account the electrical energy storage and exchange with the grid, are implemented. This paper is a further development of a recent work previously presented by the authors, where measured electrical demands of real users are used in the simulation and a comprehensive energy-economic analysis is performed. The present paper deals with a comprehensive sensitivity analysis and an optimization of the polygenerative system under investigation. In particular, energy and economic objective functions are used and the optimal set of design parameters are calculated, using the computer-based Design of Experiment procedure and the Generalized Search Method. The main effects plots and contour plots are discussed for the selected objective functions, while the optimum values of selected parameters, obtained with both optimization methods, are compared. The results show that the most significant parameters affecting the value of Simple Pay Back and Primary Energy Saving are the capacities of photovoltaic- thermal collector field, solar storage tank and electrical energy storage, while the effect of winter/summer collector set point temperatures variation is scarce. The optimum set of design parameters reduces SPB of about 2 years, with respect to 16.6 years achieved in case of initial system configuration.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 24 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Electricity generation cost analysis by hybrid power generation system.

Bartosz Ceran1,*, Radosław Szczerbowski1

1 Poznan University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: electricity generation cost, hybrid power generation system, renewable energy sources

This article delineates the analysis of unit cost of electrical energy production in hybrid power generation system. The analyzed hybrid power generation system consists of wind turbines, solar panels, a fuel cell with a polymer ion exchange membrane and the electrolyzer. The excess energy produced from renewable sources is used for electrolysis process (decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen). Hydrogen is compressed and stored, and then used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, at a time when it is needed by customer. The temporary power shortages, connected with stochastic character of power generation by renewable sources, are offset by fuel cell. In the first instance, hydrogen used in fuel cell is delivered from electrolyzer. In the case of drawdown of hydrogen from the tank, the fuel cell is powered by hydrogen from the backup resource. The purchase of additional hydrogen in the backup purpose is burdened with minor emission of pollutants, associated with hydrogen production, depending on technology (steam reforming of hydrocarbons, coal gasification, biomass gasification). The authors have appointed the dependence of exploitation unit cost in the function of nominal power of hybrid system devices. Operating costs of the analyzed system are defined as the sum of investment outlay, management costs and cost of used fuel (hydrogen). The analysis provides for insolation and breeziness profiles, acquired from measurements in Poznan City. In the article there are presented formulas, which were used in order to estimate the size of devices, depending on power demand by consumer.

[1] R. Szczerbowski, B. Ceran, E3S Web of Conferences 10, 00090, 2016. [2] T. Qanatir, G.H. Riahy, 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), 2016, 1175- 1180. [3] R.F. Coelho, L. Schmitz, D.C. Martins, Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), Brazilian, 2011, 155-161. [4] M. Khalid, A.V. Savkin, V.G. Agelidis, 35th Chinese Control Conference, Chengdu, China, 2016, 8596-8599.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 25 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

CO2 utilisation in fly ash : gas- solid carbonation in a pressure and temperature change environment

Agnieszka Ćwik1,2,*, Katarzyna Zarębska1, Paweł Baran1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 UPC University, Institute of Energy Technologies, Barcelona, Spain

Keywords: CO2 sequestration, industrial waste, carbonation, CO2 utilisation.

Fly ashes are usually considered as a residue formed during the coal combustion at the fossil fuel power stations. Around 50 % of currently produced fly ash is used for the cement production, road construction or mine reclamation. The rest of the produced fly ash, 300- 350 mln tonnes yearly belongs to the High Calcium Fly Ashes, which is currently identified as a significantly under- utilised resource, collected in a storage ponds. HCFA, acting as a calcium source, is a potential substrate for the mineral carbonation. Since both, fly ash and the carbon dioxide is produced on site, the utilisation of the CO2 in a fly ash could be performed at the same place, presenting an example for the sustainable process integration. Moreover, the carbonation process strongly influences the properties of the high calcium fly ashes. The excess amount of the free calcium can be converted into calcium carbonate, potentially allowing the use of this carbonated waste material in civil engineering applications. Finally, introducing the mineral carbonation technology at thermal power plants has double potential to manage this industrial residue, not only allowing the new application of the HCFA, but also reducing the carbon dioxide emissions from the coal burning. In this study, mineral carbonation of the fly ash was performed at laboratory scale, in the temperature range from 298 to 343K and pressure range 4-20 bar. Laboratory investigations showed that carbon dioxide uptake is increasing with temperature and pressure. The degree of fly ash carbonation achieved proved the potential use of coal ash as a material for CO2 utilisation.

[1] M. Ahmaruzzaman, A review on the utilization of fly ash, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 36 (2010) 373-363. [2] R.R.T. Dananjayan, P. Kandasamy, R. Anditmuthu, Direct mineral carbonation of coal fly ash for CO2 sequestration, Journal of Cleaner Production, 112 (2016) 4173-4182. [3] A. Mazella, M.Errico, D. Spiga, CO2 uptake capacity of fly coal ash: Influence of pressure and temperature on direct gas-solid carbonation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4 (2016) 4120-4128. [4] B. Reynolds, K.J. Reddy, M.D. Argyle, Field application of Accelerated Mineral Carbonation, Minerals 4 (2014) 191-207

*) Corresponding author: cwikagnieszka1 @gmail.com

Page 26 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

“Urbanisation” or “Ruralisation”: The dilemma of future residential electricity consumption in Ghana

Felix Amankwah Diawuo1,*, Andre´ Pina1, Patricia C. Baptista1, Carlos A. Silva1

1 Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - IN+, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal

Keywords: Appliance ownership, Population and GDP, Bottom-up and top-down approach, electricity demand

Global household electricity consumption of appliances is anticipated to double by 2030, with most of the growth expected to occur in developing countries. The rising electricity consumption is fuelled by population growth, economic development, change in lifestyle and increasing domestic appliance ownership. In Ghana, the population is projected to be 40 million by 2030, with an average annual growth rate of 2.5%. Presently, urban centres constitute 55% of household population and 70% of residential electricity consumption. With the government’s efforts of decreasing rural-urban migrations through its district industrialization agenda, the evolution of electricity demand becomes uncertain due to the uncertainty of how “urbanisation” or “ruralisation” influence residential electricity consumption. The objective of this study is to estimate the future projection (2015-2050) of urban and rural electricity consumption under different migration scenarios (base, medium, high) based on household appliance evolution. In this study, 21 household appliances and 4 lighting technologies are categorised under 8 different end-uses and modelled. A bottom-up approach is adopted to estimate electricity consumption, using top-down data from population, GDP and appliance ownership. Results for the urban and rural electricity consumption under the different scenarios show that: In the base scenario, the electricity consumption by the urban households in 2015 was 2591 GWh and 8844 GWh in 2050 while rural household consumption was 736 GWh and 3403 GWh in in the respective years. The rural consumption is 28% and 38% of the urban in the respective years. In the medium scenario, the urban household consumption for 2015 was 2591 GWh and 6322 GWh for 2050 while the rural was 736 GWh and 5666 GWh for the respective years. This shows that, by 2050 the rural electricity consumption was about 90% of the urban. In the high scenario, the urban household consumption was 2591 GWh in 2015 and 5060 GWh in 2050 while the rural was 736 GWh and 6797 GWh for the respective years. The rural consumption by 2050 is 34% more than the urban. This study has shown that, with decreasing rural-urban migration, electricity evolution dynamics could change. The concept of “urbanisation” or “ruralisation” have an impact on geographical electricity intensity.

a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 27 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Hydrogen production from glycerol steam reforming over calcium hydroxyapatite-supported cobalt and cobalt-cerium catalysts

Justyna Dobosz1,*, Marcin Cichy2, Mirosław Zawadzki1, Tadeusz Borowiecki2

1 Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Nanomaterials Chemistry and Catalysis, Wroclaw, Poland 2 University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Lublin, Poland

Keywords: Hydrogen production, Glycerol, Cobalt, Hydroxyapatite, Steam reforming.

Glycerol is a main by-product in biodiesel production by transesterification of vegetable oils or animals fat [1]. Approximately 1 kg of the compound is generated for every 9 kg of biodiesel [2]. It is commonly used in food, pharmaceutical and personal care industries. Nevertheless, with increasing production of biodiesel the new applications of glycerol must be found. Conversion of glycerol to hydrogen represents the one of these applications. The interest of hydrogen generation from renewable resources is increasing due to the possibility of reduction greenhouse gas emission and its potential use in fuel cell [3]. H2 can be generated from glycerol by reaction with steam. In this work, the use of cobalt and cobalt-cerium supported on calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) as heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogen production from glycerol via steam reforming process was proposed. Catalysts containing either Co and Co-Ce on HAp were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method. Samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, TPR – H2 and N2 adsorption- desorption isotherms. Reforming reaction was performed in a continuous fixed bed tubular reactor at atmospheric pressure and temperature range of 650-800°C using C3H8O3/H2O molar ratio = 1/9. The catalysts performance was evaluated in terms of glycerol conversion, hydrogen selectivity and CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 selectivities. Co/HAp and Co-Ce/HAp catalysts showed high conversion of glycerol and hydrogen selectivity at temperature range of 650-800°C. The introduction of cerium improves the selectivity toward hydrogen especially at range 700-750°C. High CO2 selectivity indicates the high activity of catalysts in water gas shift reaction. Results of 6 hours test at 800°C showed that H2 selectivity decreases with slightly increasing of C2H4 selectivity. It suggests, the reduced ability to C-C bond breaking. It was found that the reduction before the test and increase of amount of feed do not improve the catalytic activity of samples.

[1] Q. He, J. McNutt, J. Yang, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71 (2017) 63-76. [2] C.D. Dave, K.K. Pant, Renewable Energy, 36 (2011) 3195-3202. [3] S. Adhikari, S. Fernando, A. Haryanto, Catalysis Today, 129 (2007) 355-364.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 28 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Auto-optimization control of hybrid ecological refrigeration cycle

Roman Duda1,*, Piotr Cyklis1

1 Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Thermal and Process Engineering, Cracow, Poland

Keywords: hybrid refrigeration cycle, adsorption, optimization.

In this work the optimization problem and working, real solution of operation of the two-stage hybrid compression-sorption refrigeration cycle is presented [1-2]. The cycle idea is an eco-friendly energy transformation using only natural coolants and refrigerants (H2O and CO2) powered by the waste heat or renewable energy. The optimized parameters are: maximization of the renewable energy usage and increasing of the cycle COP. The optimization problem is demanding due to the large amount of control parameters. In the PLC a set of functions may be implemented. As a result the consumption of all kinds of energy by the system in the different modes of operation may be calculated online. This can be applied as the control function for optimal usage of the available heat sources, while maintaining the temperature in the refrigerator compartment at desired level. Similar method of process optimization in the last years was introduced for the energy consumption and cost reduction in the operation of industrial and home appliances. In larger industrial scale more energy savings are possible using this approach. The work of entire refrigeration system can be based on this idea, reducing the consumption of electricity used to power compressors and pumps. Each step of the optimization has to consider process disturbances and external condition changes, therefore the system control becomes a complex issue [3-5]. Number of optimization methods may be found in the literature. However in this case the application of the simple adjustment method based on the precisely selected variable, one or more parameters, with dependence between them was proposed [7]. This approach has been called auto or self-optimization. In this method the nominal value is set, but some possibility of losses are accepted due to under regulation. This type of optimization is used with single or several linear variables depending on the measured value in the system, which are usually controlled by PI or PID controllers [8].

[1] P. Cyklis, International Journal of Refrigeration, 48, (2014) 121-131. [2] P. Cyklis, R. Kantor, B. Górski, T. Ryncarz, Technika Chłod. i Klimatyzacyjna, 1, (2013) 203. [3] J.B. Jensen, S. Skogestad, Computers & Chemical Engineering, 31(5), (2007) 712–721. [4] J.B. Jensen, S. Skogestad, Computers & Chemical Engineering, 31(12), (2007) 1590–1601. [5] L.S. Larsen, C. Thybo, J. Stoustrup, H. Rasmussen, In Proc. of ECC2003, 2003. [6] D. Leducq, J.Guilpart, G. Trystram, International Journal of Refrig., 29(5), (2006) 761–772. [7] S. Skogestad, Journal of Process Control, 10(5), (2000) 487 – 507. [8] S. Skogestad, Journal of Process Control, 13(4), (2003) 291 – 309.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 29 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Optimisation of the process of supplying air as a reagent and medium for the cooling system in a 5kW PEMFC stack

Tomasz Siwek1, Magdalena Dudek1,*, Wojciech Kalwa1, Andrzej Raźniak1, Piotr Dudek2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Cracow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Cracow, Poland

Keywords: fuel cell, PEM, air cooling system.

Low-temperature 5kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks supplied by hydrogen are the basic structural units for the construction of fuel cell modules with increased electrical power (10–20 kW). Generators of electricity powered by PEMFCs produce electricity, waste heat, and water. Despite huge interest in fuel cell technology, as well as intensive research and development conducted on a large scale, scientists have failed to eliminate many of the disadvantages of these devices, limiting their use in ground transport and aviation. One of the most important issues is the removal of waste heat produced during operation of a fuel cell stack in the range of 10 to 20 kW. During forced cooling of PEMFC stacks with air, the temperature gradient distributed between the stacks amounts to about 15– 20ºC. This is an undesirable phenomenon, since an excessive increase in local temperature in individual cells may damage the polymer membrane of the stack. On the other hand, lowering the operating temperature of individual cells in the stack leads to kinetic limitation of electrode reactions. Optimisation of the cooling process in PEMFCs is one goal of the current research aimed at improving the efficiency of these devices. Elaborating a model of losses in the pressure of air flowing through a PEMFC stack is essential for designing cooling jets of air to be generated by a fan. The aim of the present study is to present an investigation of the electrical parameters of a 5kW PEMFC stack operating in various conditions. Special emphasis was placed on the elaboration of an effective system of air cooling. The pressure loss coefficient of air, as determined experimentally, was compared with theoretical calculations based on equations from classical fluid dynamics (the Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook- White equations). The actual dimensions and structure of the cathode area during air flow in a 5kW PEMFC stack were considered in the elaborated model. The geometry of the cathode side in the stack was determined using scanning and 3D printing techniques.

The research presented in this paper was financed as a project PBS3/A6/24/2015 AOS-H2 the Applied Research Programme (PBS) of the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBIR), Poland, in the years 2015–18. Some of the measurements were performed using the research infrastructure of the AGH Centre of Energy.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 30 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Thermodynamic analysis of the integrated gasification combined cycle system for electricity production

Michał Dudek1, Marek Jaszczur1,*

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Kraków, Poland, Department of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering

Keywords: Thermodynamic analysis, gasification, combined cycle, electricity production.

In view of the continuous growth of consumption and the limited resources of fossil fuel, very efficient and clean energy production in the near future of electrical energy generation has to be implemented. At the same time, increasing the growth rate in the generation of power from renewable energy is observed but a massive development of renewable energy base power plants generate many problems in a grid system. For this reason, the fossil fuels will keep, in the short and medium term, a significant role in the energy generation. Among fossil fuels, coal and lignite are easily available, so they are a secure option from the point of view of national safety. One of the very desirable technologies for large-scale power generation plants is coal gasification. Because of the large capital cost and use of cheap fuels, from an economical point of view, the integrated gasification combined cycle power plants (IGCC) are one of the best solutions for the base-load service. Additionally, the IGCC plant may achieve significant reduction of pollutant gases and CO2 by effectively capturing the feedstock’s carbon inventory from the syngas, before they are combusted in the gas turbine. By incorporating carbon capture and storage, a vital technology often referred to as pre-combustion carbon capture, the IGCC plant successfully meets the energy demand in a low-carbon future. The overall system optimisation enables the design of IGCC plants, not only for maximisation of efficiency and low emissions parameters. What is even more important, the life-cycle electricity costs and reliability and gives the opportunity to decrease pollution, fuel consumption and CO2 emission. This paper presents the thermodynamic analysis of the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle IGCC system for electricity and syngas production. The proposed system consists of six independent sub-systems: the Coal Supplying System, the Gasification System, the Gas Cleaning System, the Gas Turbine Combined Cycle, the Air Separation Unit System and the Carbon Capture Systems. The results of the study show that with the IGCC system it is possible to achieve the thermal efficiency which exceeds 52.5%. The high efficiency of the system may be achieved even for the system with active carbon capturing. It has been found that carbon capturing as well as gas cleaning leads to lower but still very appealing conversion efficiencies of about 50.7% and generates higher energy production costs.

[1] L. Duan, S. Sun, L. Yue, W. Qu, Y. Yang, Study on a new IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) system with CO2 capture by integrating MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell), Energy 64 (2014) 58-68. [2] U. Ahmeda, U. Zahidc, Y. Jeonga, C. Leeb, C. Hana, IGCC process intensification for simultaneous power generation and CO2 capture Chemical Engineering and Processing 101 (2016) 72-86. [3] J. Wu, P. Brown, I. Diakunchak, A. Gulati, M. Lenze, B. Koestlin, Advanced gas turbine combustion system development for high hydrogen fuels. ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea and Air.

* Corresponding author’s: [email protected], [email protected]

Page 31 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Climatic targets of the European Union – critical point for Polish energy sector

Jacek Eliasz1,*, Paulina Dziedzik1

1 West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, Szczecin, Poland

Keywords: energy policy, condensation electric power plant (coal), nuclear power station.

European Union climate change and energy package was adopted on 23rd of April 2009 comprehensively and it can be recognized as a turning point for energy policy of the European Union. For Polish energy sector, the adopted package implementation is a beginning of the enormous challenges, especially due to the fact that over 90% of electric energy in Poland is generated from lignite and hard coal. Taking into consideration the current structure of electric energy production in Poland and supposing that the domestic power sector corresponds to the adopted requirements of European Union climate change and energy package literally, Poland should close almost all units fuelled with lignite and hard coal till the year 2030 [1]. Alternative use of gas-steam units or renewable energy technologies seems to be not the best solution because of economic and environmental points of view. An urgent implementation of a program based on a measure of nuclear power seems to be the only reasonable alternative. Authors in the article will present a comparative analysis of energetic, ecological and economic issues for electric energy generation in three following options: - an option referring to current structure of electric energy generation in the polish energy sector, - an option referring to fulfilling the requirements of Polish Energy Policy till the year 2050 [2] and - an option referring to fulfilling the requirements of climate and energy package by the construction and operation of nuclear power stations. At the end of this article they are proposed some measures assuming the development of nuclear power industry in Poland until the year 2030.

[1] European Union climate and energy package strikes in polish power sector, www.rp.pl›Ekonomia›Biznes›Energetyka, publication: 21st of January 2015, 10:49, [2] Polish Energy Policy till 2050; bip.me.gov.pl/node/24670.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 32 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

E-balance Business Proposition How to Find Benefits from Active Demand Response

Bożena Ewa Matusiak1,*, Witold Bartkiewicz1

1 University of Lodz, Faculty Management, LODZ, Poland

Keywords: local balancing, energy exchange management, flexibility, active demand response

The e-balance system/platform (result from 7FP EU e-balance 2013-2017) is a smart grid platform that supports current and new services in the field of energy balancing, customer data acquisition, customer interaction, energy exchange flexibility management and grid resilience. More precisely, in the area of energy balancing, this system/tool will balance energy production and consumption within the local area. Balancing will be performed based on aggregations of a locally constructed planning using fixed time slots. Furthermore, balancing can be scaled up from the local level to the city one, regional or national level via an iterative approach. Both geographic and virtual aggregation of users and producers are supported by the concept. The application of such a balancing paradigm requires more active participation of the users/prosumers and aggregators who will aggregate the energy flexibility and offer it on the DAM/ IDM. This system also needs an appropriate business model clearly designed and explained which is prepared during the e-balance project as well. The most problematic matter is how to organise the aggregator’s role and define all contracts existing between market actors (a win-win strategy is desirable for all sides) in order to reach the e-balance goal which is the maximisation of energy flexibility and incomes (for prosumers mainly) given locally and delivered in DAM/ IDM markets. This paper is a result of the continuation of the research work (last step), and presents the current stage of the business model study followed by the explanation of the results. The USEF proposition is presented and compared shortly to the business case assumptions from the e-balance project. The main focus is this paper is given on a clear presentation of users’ side – benefits for them, an efficiency and all rules proposed for pricing models.

[1] www.e-balance-project.eu; internal documents- deliverables of WP2,

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 33 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Pricing methods for users’ reaction in energy flexibility management

Bożena Ewa Matusiak1,*, Witold Bartkiewicz1

1 University of Lodz, Faculty Management, LODZ, Poland

Keywords: smart grid, demand flexibility, active demand response, load aggregation,

Increasing significance of distributed energy resources and active demand response necessitates the development of appropriate energy management methods. Smart grids delivering services in area of energy balancing, aggregation, customer data acquisition, customer interaction, energy exchange flexibility management and grid resilience, became an important tools for efficient managing the distributed energy environment. One of the most important success factors for a truly interoperable smart grid, is effective and widely deployed demand response activity. Demand response not only helps to manage grid operations and to reduce the environmental impact of electricity generation, but also produces significant business opportunities associated with creation flexible energy products for diverse energy markets. In this paper application of the e-balance system/platform (result from 7FP EU e-balance 2013- 2017) is discussed, a smart grid platform that supports (among many other functions) aggregation and management services for creation flexible energy products, based on active demand response. We analyse the most important problems appearing in elastic energy demand management, focusing mainly on the role of aggregator in the process of obtaining and managing the flexibility. Then we discuss problem of pricing methods for users’ reactions in demand response actions. The paper presents also some introductory simulation results for several business cases in this area.

[1] www.e-balance-project.eu; internal documents : D2.3 [2] Matusiak B. E.; Local Balancing System from the Business Model Canvas Perspective, E3S Web Conferences, Vol. 10, 2016. Article no.: UNSP 00055, 1st International conference SEED 2016 Krakow; Poland [3] Chen L., Li N., Jiang L., Low S., Optimal demand response: problem formulation and deterministic case, Control and Optimization Theory for Electric Smart Grids, vol. 3, no. 15, pp. 63–86, 2012.

*)Corresponding author: [email protected] Page 34 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Neutron Flux Evolution in Accelerator Driven System with Pulsed Neutron Source

Paweł Gajda1,*, Michał Orliński1, Mateusz Malicki1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Nuclear Energy, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: ADS, subcritical, neutron flux, reactivity, spatial effects.

Ability to carry out an assessment of the value of reactivity at any given moment remains one of the crucial requirements for the (ADS) licensing and safe operation. As the information should be available within the future industrial system in real-time, the applied method of measurement should remain accurate, robust and simple [1]. Reactivity measurement methods are therefore an important area in ADS development. This issue has already been studied within several international projects. Among the methods that were tested in order to be used that purpose, one may point to the Sjöstrand’s method, also known as the area method. Dependence of obtained reactivity value on detector position within the system is a well-known phenomenon observed when this method is used to determine the reactivity of the core reactivity. Development of proper correction methods was therefore a key aim of the several studies [2, 3, 4]. To achieve better understanding of complexity of neutron flux behaviour, following the neutron pulse, calculations using the MCNP code were carried out, the goal of which was to present neutron flux time evolution in different areas of the core. Neutron multiplication factor, on a generation-by-generation basis, was also calculated as observed in the individual regions of the core regions, as well as for the whole core. As the study found out, neutron flux distribution changes as the time passes, as neutrons gradually spread from the source to the outer regions of the core. This change of flux distribution is also a cause of a change in neutron multiplication factor, the higher values of which have been recorded for the initial neutron generations, with stabilization being seen after some time. The results obtained confirm the suspected source of difference in reactivity value, measured across a variety of different regions of the core. Nonetheless, a full assessment of the impact the reflector has and of the changes in neutron spectre would require further, extended study.

[1] P. Baeten, H. Ait Abderrahim, Reactivity monitoring in ADS, application to the MYRRHA ADS project, Progress in Nuclear Energy, 43, 413-419 (2003) [2] W. Uyttenhove, D. Lathouwers, J.-L. Kloosterman, et al., Methodology for modal analysis at pulsed neutron source experiments in accelerator-driven systems, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 72, 286–297 (2014) [3] P. Gajda, J. Janczyszyn, W. Pohorecki, Correction methods for pulsed neutron source reactivity measurement in accelerator driven systems, Nukleonika: International Journal of Nuclear Research, 58(2), 287–293 (2013) [4] J.L. Lecouey, N. Marie, G. Ban, et al., Estimate of the reactivity of the VENUS-F subcritical configuration using a Monte Carlo MSM method, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 83, 65–75 (2015)

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 35 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Behavior of helical coil with water cooling channel and temperature dependent conductivity of copper winding used for MFH purpose

Piotr Gas1,*

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: magnetic fluid hyperthermia, water-cooled coils, magnetic field, induction heating, nonlinear conductivity, finite element method

Nanoparticle hyperthermia is increasingly popular method of cancerous tissues treatment. Energy of the external AC electromagnetic field transmitted to the magnetic nanoparticles causes their heating by the Néel and Brown relaxation mechanisms occurred inside ferrofluid. In this therapeutic process, the magnetic nanoparticles are placed inside the tumor and then inductively heated up to high temperatures causing permanent destruction of malignant cells. Heating efficiency of magnetic fluids with different physicochemical properties is usually tested under laboratory conditions, during the so-called magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) procedure, using special coils to generate magnetic field of sufficient intensity. In most cases, the coils have helical shape and the tested ferrofluid samples are localized inside them. The MFH inductors, due to large currents flowing through them, should be equipped with efficient water cooling system that prevent overheating the copper coil windings, reduce non-specific heating effects of the ferrofluid sample and create beneficial conditions for temperature measuring of the magnetic fluid with professional sensors. The following paper presents coupling of electromagnetic and thermal modelling of water-cooled inductors for MFH purpose. In numerical analysis a nonlinear conductivity of the copper coil winding and turbulent water flow inside the cooling channel have been taken into account. The induced current in the coil windings generates heat, which affects the electrical conductivity of copper. As shown by the conducted simulations, this influences resulted magnetic field and temperature distribution inside the inductor as well as actual resistance and inductance of the coil. Interestingly, in the case of a copper winding without circulating water inside, these quantities are characterized by long-term transient state that virtually disappears under water cooling condition. For simplicity, described problem, including coupling of Helmholtz-type equation for magnetic vector potential and energy balance equation, was solved for an axis-symmetric model in a cylindrical coordinate system using finite element method.

[1] P. Gas, A. Miaskowski, Specifying the ferrofluid parameters important from the viewpoint of magnetic fluid hyperthermia, in: 2015 Selected Problems of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE), IEEE Xplore, 2015, 1-6. [2] A. Skumiel, B. Leszczynski, M. Molcan, M. Timko, The comparison of magnetic circuits used in magnetic hyperthermia, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 420 (2016) 177-184. [3] M. Subramanian, et al., A coil system for real-time magnetic fluid hyperthermia microscopy studies, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 32 (2016) 112-120. [4] E. Kurgan, P. Gas, Analysis of electromagnetic heating in magnetic fluid deep hyperthermia, in: 2016 17th International Conference Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering (CPEE), IEEE Xplore, 2016, 1-4. [5] P. Gas, E. Kurgan, Cooling effects inside water-cooled inductors for magnetic fluid hyper- thermia, in: 2017 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), IEEE Xplore, 2017, 1-4.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 36 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Straw drying as a way of more energy production in biomass boiler installations

Wojciech Goryl1,*, Mariusz Filipowicz1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: biomass drying, straw, heat, boilers

In many European countries, notably in Poland, there is a significant demand for space heating. This could be largely satisfied by biomass, primarily in rural areas, where biomass is locally available, mainly as agricultural residues. In Poland, this is mainly straw, which is often burnt uselessly in the fields, although it may become an environment friendly fuel for heating the rural holdings, if burnt in dedicated biomass boilers. One of the main problems of the energy use of biomass is the bulk density as well as the calorific value. In the given biomass volume there is approx. 4-8 times less energy than in the same coal volume. This causes several problems, and the main one is the transportation problem – the costs related to biomass transport over long distances and emissions associated with the biomass transportation from the place of collecting to the place of utilization. One of the most important factors influencing on the biomass calorific value is humidity. The higher humidity of the biomass the calorific value of biomass is lower. It should be mentioned that there is a lower and upper limit of humidity, which should not be exceeded in energy use of biomass. This has negative effect on biomass combustion process and biomass boiler construction elements. The paper presents experimental and numerical results of the heat and mass transfer in a cylindrical bale of straw during the straw drying. The experimental measurements were made in a specialized stand of straw driers. Flue gasses, comes from straw combustion in biomass boiler, are used as a drying medium. There were made measurements of humidity and temperature inside the cylindrical straw bale during the drying process. Moreover, the temperature, humidity and flow of the drying medium were measured. Furthermore, data were used to validate the numerical model of straw drying. The numerical model was performed to depict the heat and mass transfer inside the straw bale. In addition, the model was used to optimize the drying process. The results confirm the validity of straw drying in examined straw dryers. The drying process allows to get a better fuel in a very short time and also more energy production during straw combustion in biomass boilers.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 37 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Parametric simulations to evaluate the necessary thickness of the massive layer in the soil of building

M.Hamdani1,*, S.M.A. Bekkouche1, T. Benouaz2 , R.Belarbi3 ,M.K. Cherier1

1 Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Alegria 2 University of Tlemcen, Algeria 3 University of La Rochelle, France

Keywords: temperature, TRNSYS-CONTAM, soil, thermal, climates.

In Algeria, the buildings are responsible for over 40% of the total energy consumption. Due to having a changing climate and economic crisis in Algeria, the reduction of energy consumption for both new and existing buildings is essential and therefore necessary to seek optimal. In this article, the impact of the flooring on its thermal performance will be studied. The flooring of buildings is responsible for 15 to 45% of total energy waste. This amount will change with regard to different locations and various types of soil. For instance, an inefficient insulation can contribute 30 to 60% of the total losses of energy. The main objective is to create a thermally more comfortable environment based on the needs of the occupants. Regardless of the climate zone, the thermal conductivity of the soil has a significant impact on the heating requirements of buildings. The increase in thermal through the ground is proportional to the thermal conductivity. In summer, uninsulated soil can be considered a good source of sinking heat. This event, inking of through flooring, will reduce the ambient temperature. The thermal inertia of the soil helps reduce the peak temperature during the day. The Heat absorbed in the soil will then be returned to the atmosphere when its temperature is Lower than that of the ground. The magnitude of this passive refreshment is dependent on Thermal properties of the soil. The thermal simulation of the building was carried out by coupling a thermal model developed under TRNSYS and an aeraulic model via the CONTAM software. The ground (slab) was modeled under TRNSYS version 17-00-0019 (TR-GCT) using the multi zone building model type 49.

[1] Hamdani Maamar, Choix de l’Orientation et des Matériaux de Construction en Vue d’Améliorer les Performances Thermiques des Bâtiments, Université Tlemcen, Thèses 2016. [2] R.Lapisa, Effect of ground thermal inertia on the energy balance of commercial low-rise buildings, Building Simulation 2013, Chambéry, France. [3] S.M.A. Bekkouche, T. Benouaz, M.K. Cherier, M. Hamdani, N. Benamrane, M.R. Yaiche, Thermal resistances of local building materials and their effect upon the interior temperatures case of a building located in Ghardaïa region, Construction and Building Materials 52 (2014) 59–70.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 38 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Estimation of the intensity of solar radiation on oblique surfaces by means of various models

Qusay Hassan1,2, Marek Jaszczur1*, Janusz Teneta3

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 University of Diyala, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diyala, Iraq 3 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: solar radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation, renewable energy

Solar energy is one of the main sources of renewable energy. It can be used directly in the solar collector to heat domestic water or be converted in solar modules and other devices into the most sought- after form of energy – electrical energy. Due to increasing demand of energy - renewable energy and particularly solar energy has become increasingly popular for many reasons including: free availability, being environment-friendly, continued depletion of traditional energy sources as well as the wide application of solar energy such as photovoltaics and solar thermal use. For two decades, many researchers have been trying to improve the performance of the solar energy base systems as well as to develop new methods for output prediction. In the case of the solar base systems, the global solar radiation is the key information facilitating energy prediction and the optimal system design. Typically, weather stations measure the global solar radiation on horizontal surfaces (GHI) while the solar systems are always tilted in order to optimise the amount of solar energy incident on the module surface. Without data about solar radiation incident on the collector or module surface, it is not possible to determine the system power input. For this reason, solar radiation incident on the oblique surface has to be calculated – typically on the basis of a GHI measurement only. The global solar radiation incident on any surface consists of three components: direct radiation, diffuse radiation and reflected radiation. The nature of the diffuse component is complex and this component cannot be easily extracted from GHI nor recalculated on the arbitrarily oriented surface. Proper evaluation of diffuse radiation requires simultaneous beam and direct radiation measurement which is typically not the case. For this reason, many empirical models (isotropic and anisotropic sky models) have been created in order to estimate the diffuse part of total radiation. Most of the models are based on the local methodological measurements and cannot be easily adapted to a different location. When all solar radiation components are evaluated at a horizontal plane then the second type of models which allow a recalculation of horizontal components on the oblique surface have to be applied. In the present paper, two different groups of models have been used: the first group of models are used for estimating the diffuse part in the global solar radiation. In order to do that five different models have been selected and implemented for modelling and the results of the analysis are compared with local high-quality experimental measurement for global (GHI) and diffusive radiation (DHI). Then the second group of models is used for the intensity estimation of the global solar radiation incident on the oblique surface and the two-axis tracking system. This is done by using six different empirical models, three isotropic models and three anisotropic models. It has been revealed that most of the analysed models estimate – in a relatively similar way to the experimental measurement – incident global solar radiation but only during cloudy weather conditions. For the sunny weather conditions (clear sky) a significantly large discrepancy was observed. For this reason, in the current work, an authorial model for diffusive radiation estimation has been proposed on the basis of an experimental measurement.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 39 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Conversion of exhaust heat into electricity in mechanical vehicles

Marcin Jankowski1,*, Aleksandra Borsukiewicz1 , Jaromir Mysłowski1

1 West Pomeranian University of Technology, Chair of Heat Engineering, Szczecin, Poland

Keywords: exhaust heat, mechanics, electricity, conversion, vehicle.

One of the well-known method of reducing fuel consumption in car industry is the hybrid vehicle. This solution can be considered by applying system KERS system (kinetic energy recovery system), in which the kinetic energy of an object (car) is converted into rotational kinetic energy of the flywheel during process called regenerative braking. The rotational kinetic energy is stored in the flywheel until it needed. The aim of the paper is to present the method and the system designed for recover exhaust heat from internal combustion engine by the use of power plant with organic working fluid (ORC power plant) and conversion the exhaust heat into electricity. Subsequently, generated electricity, will be used to supply an electric engine or a battery as necessary. The consequence of an application of the system, is to obtain electric current with no additional fuel consumption in devices and vehicles with combustion engine, what is commonly defined as hybrid vehicle. Preliminary estimations suggest that application of additional energy generator with ORC power plant will allow to (depending on engine load) produce supplementary energy, which accounts for 15% of the engine power.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 40 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Selection of working medium for low-temperature ORC based on thermodynamic, economic and environmental criteria

1 1 2 Marcin Jankowski , Aleksandra Borsukiewicz , Piotr Klonowicz

1 West Pomeranian University of Technology, Chair of Heat Engineering, Szczecin, Poland 2 Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Science, Fiszera 14 st., Gdańsk, 80-231, Poland

Keywords: ORC, working fluid, low temperature power plant, waste thermal energy

This paper concerns multicriteria analysis of the selection of working medium for the low- temperature ORC microsystem. The criteria for the selection of the working medium are: thermodynamic efficiency (efficiency and power of the cycle), environmental impact and safety of the substance as well as the cost of installation on the basis of the heat exchanger surface analysis. The analysis was done for five organic fluids: R1234ze, R1234yf, R152a, R143a and propylene, and the source of the powering heat for the power plant is oil heated to the temperature of 85°C while cooling the screw compressor. Based on the results of calculations and analysis of the working substance properties it has been found that the fluid that best meets the criteria mentioned above is R1234yf. The minimal environmental impact and the smallest heat exchange surface of the vapour generator, with comparable turbine power and the ORC efficiency compared to other fluids, make it the best choice. The disadvantage of this liquid is the relatively high price (~ 600zl/kg). A cheaper alternative may be R1234ze (~ 150zl/kg). Its environmental impact is also negligible and the calculated heat exchange surfaces of the vapour generator are only slightly larger.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 41 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Predicting the Amount of Energy Generated by a Wind Turbine on the Basis of Weather Data

Qusay Hassan1,2, Marek Jaszczur1*, Martín Serrano Juste1, Robert Hanus3

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Poland 2 University of Diyala, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iraq 3 Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Poland

Keywords: , wind turbine, renewable energy, wind turbine modelling

Prediction of the power output from the wind turbine or wind farms is a very important issue. It enables the design of a proper system as well as it may facilitate the discovery of system malfunction or system efficiency calculation. Power output prediction is also important for the proper integration of wind energy into a grid system. This is particularly important for large units and wind farms. In this study, a simple and robust dynamic model for the calculation of wind turbine power output was presented. An evaluation of the key environmental components influencing the model and the power calculation was performed. The paper evaluated the energy that can be generated by a RW-5kW wind turbine module unit on the basis of weather data of the city of Hel in the north of Poland Baltic sea shore. The results show that the air density may considerably influence the power output and the real density, and that a non-standard density should be used. In order to calculate real instantaneous air density at least air temperature and reference pressure have to be taken into account. Instantaneous pressure and humidity of air have a smaller effect and if they are not available in measured data, they can be omitted, introducing an error rate below 0.5%.

Acknowledgements The present work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science (Grant AGH No. 11.11.210.312).

*) Corresponding author: [email protected], tel. +48 12 617 2657, fax +48 12 617 2685

Page 42 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Potential uses of small cogeneration systems in prosumer systems

Karol Sztekler1,*, Tomasz Siwek1, Wojciech Kalawa1, Sebastian Stefański1, Tomasz Surowiec1, Tadeusz Michał Wójcik1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: cogeneration, efficiency, prosumer,

The idea of sustainable development and the climate policy lead to increased importance of distributed sources in the modern model of power generation. The term distributed generation is understood as facilities generating energy for own purposes of the user or supplying energy to the distribution network. These units are not subject to rules of central disposal and can be connected directly to a low-voltage or medium-voltage network. Distributed systems can have power output from several kilowatts to a dozen or so megawatts [1,2,4,5]. Prosumer power industry is part of distributed generation which includes generation sources with the smallest power outputs. A prosumer is an entity who/which is a producer and a consumer of energy at the same time. The energy generated is used for own purposes of a prosumer and the possible production surplus is sold off the grid. One of the more important legal acts defining the support for distributed power generation is the Renewable Energy Sources Act dated 20 February 2015. It defines microsystems as sources of energy with a maximum electrical power output of 40 kWe or with a thermal power output not exceeding 120 kWt which can be connected to a power grid with a maximum rated voltage of 110 kV. The said Act also stipulates that a microsystem can only use renewable sources of energy. This, in turn, limits the number of potential investors, since the act does not provide for support for sources using low-emission fuels such as natural gas or LPG [3,6]. Nevertheless, the acts in force can contribute to the growth of installed power from small cogeneration systems installed in single-family houses or public building. This paper presents potential uses of small combined heat and power systems, with the Laboratory of Cogeneration Systems (LoCS) at the Energy Generation Centre of the University of Science and Technology (AGH) used as an example, and research capabilities of the LoCS.

[1] Skorek J and Kalina J 2005 Gas cogeneration systems (Warsaw: WNT) [2] Paska J 2010 Distributed generation of power and heat (Warsaw: OWPW) [3] Renewable Energy Sources Act. 2015 (Jurnal of Laws) No 478 [4] Guide to priority programmes of NFOŚiGW [National Fund for the Protection of Environment and Water Management]for 2015-2020 2014 (Wasaw) [5] Beith R 2011 Small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) system: Advanced design and applications (Oxford: Woodhead Publishing) [6] Act on the Amendment of the Renewable Energy Sources Act and Certain Other Acts 2016 (Dz. U. 2016 No 925)

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 43 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Drying kinetics of olive pomace in greenhouse dryer and longitudinal solar dryer

Sofiane Kherrour*1,2, Amor Bouhdjar3, Salah Hanini2, Lahouel Nacera1, Zarrit Rida1

1 Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria 2 LBMPT, Yahia Fares University of Médéa, Street Aïn d'Heb, 26000, Algeria 3 Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 16340, Algiers, Algeria

Keywords: solar drying, olive pomace, temperature, moisture ratio, mathematical models;

In this study, a longitudinal solar dryer consisting of a solar air heater and a drying cabinet, and a greenhouse dryer were used in drying experiment of olive pomace. This experiment was realized in Ghardaïa (32°23'9" N and 3°46'48" E) which is characterized by arid climate. The exterior conditions of drying process were an ambient air temperature between 13.4°C and 33.43°C and a relative humidity between 10.31% and 44.32%, while the interior drying temperatures and a relative humidity of the greenhouse dryer were varied from 30°C to 50°C and 10% to 34%, respectively. The obtained experimental drying curves were adjusted by a new mathematical correlation and it was compared with some mathematical models from the literature. The proposed model described satisfactorily the solar drying curves of olive pomace in greenhouse dryer case with the best statistical coefficients. For the mode of forced convection in longitudinal solar dryer, the obtained model N°07 (cubic) was the best and gave a good statistical parameters: R²=0,99758, χ²= 2,70047E-4 and RMSE of 0,01782.

[1] Akpinar, E.K., Mathematical modeling of thin layer drying process under open sun of some aromatic plants, J. of Food Eng., 77 (2006), pp. 864–870 [2] Kouhila, M., Belgith, A., Daguenet, M., Boutaleb, C., Experimental determination of the sorption isotherms of mint (Mentha viridis) sage (Salvia officinalis) and verbena (Lippia citriodora), J. of Food Eng., 47 (2001), pp. 281–287 [3] Janjai, S., Tohsing, K., Bala, B.K., Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Lincheu Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), Food Sci. Technol. Res.,13 (2007), 4, pp. 315–320 [4] Aissa, W., El-Sallak, M., Elhakem, A., Performance of solar dryer chamber used for convective drying of sponge-cotton, Thermal Science, 18 (2014), 2, pp. S451–S462 [5] Ait Mohamed, L., Kouhila, M., Jamali, A., Lahsani, S., Kechaou, N., Mahrouz, M., Single layer solar drying behavior of Citrus aurantium leaves under forced convection, Energy Conversion and Management. 46 (2005), pp. 1473–1483 [6] Simal, S., Femenia, A., Garau, M.C., Rossello, C., Use of exponential, Page’s and diffusional models to simulate the drying kinetics of kiwi fruit, J. of Food Eng., 66 (2005), pp. 323–328 [7] Togrul IT, Pehlivan D. Modelling of thin layer drying kinetics of some fruits under open-air sun drying process. J Food Eng 2004;65:413–25. [8] Sacilik K, Keskin R, Elicin AK. Mathematical modeling of solar tunnel drying of thin layer organic tomato. J Food Eng 2006;73:231–8. [9] Göğüş, F. et Maskan, M. Air drying characteristics of solid waste (pomace) of olive oil processing. Journal of Food Engineering, 2006, vol. 72, no 4, p. 378-382. [10] D1762-84 Standard test method for chemical analysis of wood charcoal. Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; 2007. [11] Ekechukwu, O.V., Norton, B., Review of solar-energy drying systems II: an overview of solar drying technology, Energy Conversion and Management, 40 (1999), pp. 615–655

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 44 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Silicate composites modified with the use of diabase and barium aggregate as an alternative for low-energy construction.

Katarzyna Komisarczyk1*, Ryszard Dachowski1 , Przemysław Czapik1

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Department of Building and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, Kielce, Poland

Keywords: diabase, barium, composites, silicates

Growing interest in low-energy construction in Poland causes that apart from the use of renewable energy resources to supply power to the buildings, the most modern technological solutions are used, and sand-lime blocks are among them. They are characterized by high level of heat accumulation, high thermal insulation properties, they are a soundproof barrier allowing to maintain the high standard of using the building. Thanks to the use of exclusively natural raw materials for their production, they are also fully ecological. The purpose of the proposed modifications of silicate bricks is to improve physical and chemical properties, thus the performance characteristics, as well as to improve technological process. The article focuses on the optimization of the silicate material composition with the use of diabase and barium aggregate. Compressive strength, water absorption, density with use of pycnometer, porosity and tightness of composites were determined. Microstructure was examined using SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. Silicate components containing 10% of the diabase aggregate and 10 % of barium aggregate achieve a compression strength of more than 8 MPa higher than the reference specimen. The use of modifiers at 10 % (5 % of diabase and 5 % of barium) contributes to the improvement of bulk density from 1.821 to 2.189 g/cm3. This approximates the proper design of the material in terms of heat- humidity and reduces energy consumption in buildings.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 45 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Technical and economical effectiveness of using sand-lime products.

Katarzyna Komisarczyk1*, Ryszard Dachowski1

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Department of Building and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, Kielce, Poland

Keywords: sand-lime products, effectiveness, materials

Buildings are responsible for about 40% of the final energy consumption. Investing in the activities for energy efficiency in buildings can cause significant energy savings. The purpose of this article is to raise the awareness and to provide guidelines connected with selecting wall materials. Three groups of masonry units were included in experimental tests: cellular concrete bricks, clay blocks and silicate blocks. Taking into consideration one of the most important parameters connected with the idea of materials energy efficiency - the heat transfer coefficient - the technical and economic analysis was conducted. In this article the efficiency index of Kef materials was calculated taking into account their thermal insulation. The economic calculation was shown in favor of sand-lime products. Production costs are relatively lower than in the case of other masonry products. Sand-lime blocks and bricks are materials with significant compressive strength and they are characterised by high level of sound insulation because of their high mass. They have high degree of resistance to weather conditions. Silicates have been recognised as the safest among building materials in terms of natural radioactivity emission. The main components of silicate products are: sand, lime and water. They are very popular in Scandinavia, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Russia, the Netherlands. Because of great demand for these products, the purpose should be to decrease their size and weight while maintaining their physical properties. It aids the protection of natural environment and the reduction of energy demand.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 46 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Heat transfer on the outer surface of vertical longitudinally finned tubes

Piotr Kopeć1,*, Beata Nizegoda-Żelasko1

1 Cracow University of Technology, Institute for Thermal and Process Engineering, Cracow, Poland

Keywords: natural convection, forced convection, heat transfer coefficient, finned surface

Lamellated heat exchangers are also used as heat pump evaporators, with external air as the cold heat source. Such exchangers most often consist of horizontal tubes and external airflow is forced by fans. In the case of loose vertical arrangement of longitudinally finned tubes in the heat pump evaporator, no fan needs to be installed. As a result, air flow is only dependent on external conditions which may reflect free or forced convection conditions. A key issue related to designing such evaporators is calculating the air side heat transfer coefficient, which determines the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer surface area. This paper analyses the heat transfer process on the external surface of a vertical tube with eight longitudinal aluminium fins situated central-symmetrically along the perimeter of the tube. The goal of this experimental study is to determine the local heat transfer coefficients on the external surface of vertical tubes with longitudinal fins, during airflow under free and forced convection conditions. The analysis was the distribution of heat transfer coefficients on the perimeter and along the pipe. The research included ranges of air velocity w = 0–2,3 m/s and a variety of air temperature and refrigerant ΔT = 24–40 K. Measurements realized for non-zero air flow velocity indicated the need to take into account the effect of the temperature difference between the heat transfer coefficients obtained for conditions forced convection in the considered range of flow rates. In addition, researchers determined the distribution temperature for the ribs, and efficiency was verified numerically by modeling CFD heat exchange process for consideration ribs. Numerical calculations confirmed the correctness of the method for determining the efficiency of the ribs and the method of measurement.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 47 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Energy consumption by cooking appliances used in polish households

Renata Korzeniowska-Ginter1,*

1 Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science, Poland

Keywords: household appliances, efficiency heating ,energy consumption,

In Poland, the vast majority of meals are prepared and consumed at home. Quality of meals involves using a variety of household appliances. A wide selection of household appliances offers many possibilities for preparing meals. Commonly used cooking methods include: cooking in water or steaming, frying, roasting or choking, and combinations thereof. Taking into account the fact that the number of polish households exceeds 10 million, the energy consumption for meals preparation is significant. The purpose of the study was to compare the energy consumption of food processing equipment in the context of the sensory characteristics of the dishes prepared in them. The paper presents energy consumption analysis of available household appliances for food heat treatment based on the offers of their commercial producers. There was analysed parameters declared by the manufacturers: efficiency of household appliances and operating costs of gas, electric cooker (equipped with steel plate and ceramic plate), induction cooker, microwave oven, steam cooker, slow cooker, cyclojet and thermomix. For selected household appliances (electric cookers with steel plate and ceramic plate and induction, gas cooker, microwave oven, steam cooker) a laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the real parameters of the thermal processing of food in them. Energy consumption, cooking time and cooking temperature were determined. Afterwards, the influence of different thermal treatments on the sensory characteristics of the dishes was then compared. As the food being analysed sensory selected potatoes. Based on laboratory tests their sensory characteristics were evaluated: taste, flavour and texture. Measured cooking time of 200g potato portions ranged from 5 min in microwave to 25 min for traditional cooking in water. The best sensory characteristics were potatoes cooked traditionally: starting from cold water, and boiled in steamers, the worst - cooked in the microwave kitchen. Unit energy consumption was the highest in the case of the use of electric kitchen with steel plate. The obtained differences in the mean of all parameters evaluated by Student's t-test α = 0.05 were statistically significant. Cost analysis has shown that the use of electric heating appliances is 60 to 180% more expensive than the use of gas cookers.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 48 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Evaluation of energy efficiency of external stud partitions with use of numerical analysis

Maciej Major1, Mariusz Kosiń1,*

1 Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa, Poland

Keywords: heat loss in buildings, stud structures, numerical modeling, finite element method

The need to save energy necessitates the search for solutions that would enable us to reduce heat losses. Currently the majority of investments are financed with use of mortgages, that is why the investors search for optimal technological solutions i. a. guarantee high energy savings. One of those solutions is construction in frame technology. This technology allows to achieve the heat penetration characteristics of a passive house with partitions that are ca. 40% thinner than their counterparts in traditional brick technology. According to different sources detached houses use ca. 70 ÷ 80% of the energy for heating. The subject of the article was the analysis of total heat loss through vertical wall of detached home made of wooden stud structure and for two types of steel stud structure – made of fully enclosed and THERMO profiles. On the basis of the literature recommendations and normative documents dependency calculated heat loss by penetration while computer simulation shows how thermal bridges of adopted solutions affect heat loss. For the purpose of analyzed external partitions heat loss was compared for heating season in buildings in each of the climate zones of Poland. What was also analyzed was the cost of heating for different fuels. The analysis showed significant differences in the adopted solutions. For example in case of gas central heating the difference in annual bills for different climatic zones can be ca. 20% , and the difference in costs of heat loss between the wooden stud framing and the steel stud framing is over 30%. The results show that use of appropriate technology can minimize those losses, thus securing significant lowering of heating bills. In turn, thanks to MES-e- based calculations, it is possible at the design stage to analyze the technological and construction solutions which are extremely important during the operation of the facility.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 49 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Key performance indicators in a multi-dimensional performance card in the energy sector

Kowal Barbara1,*

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: key performance indicators,multi-dimensional performance card, mining compnay .

That paper devoted to Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s). KPI's focus on the organization's areas of activity, which is the foundation for the organization's current and future success. Capture of KPI’s in multidimensional performance cards made possible with the understanding of entrepreneurship priorities. They allow clear solution whether the objectives are actually implemented and at some stage of implementation. The article consists of four parts. It’s starts with specifying the purpose of the paper. The second part deals with the role of measurements in an enterprise, the third presents the various forms of multidimensional performance cards used by managers in different countries. Next part shows the research results carried out in the mining industry. It’s consists in compiling the most important KPI’s in their characteristic transformations. Taking into account the balanced scorecard (BSC) - one of the multi-dimensional cards. The final part of the post summarizes, for this purpose concludes. The entire font enclosed of literature used to write the development obligation.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 50 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Chlorine in combustion process - binding in boiler furnace

Danuta Król1,*, Sławomir Poskrobko2

1 Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Gliwice, Poland 2 Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Białystok, Poland

Keywords: fuels from waste, biomass, combustion, emissions

The aim of the work is to present our own industrial experience of reducing HCl while burning fuels from waste and animal biomass. Calcium sorbents (hydrated lime) was used to capture HCl. The fuels from waste are burnt in the grate boiler, however the animal biomass is combusted in a two-stage combustion installation (10 stage– gasification in the rotary kiln, 20 stage- final combustion in the fluid chamber). As it turned out, hydrated lime was an effective sorbent in the boiler furnace, rotary chamber and gas generator (two-stage combustion system). The best results of HCl capture were obtained in the gasifier chamber. Biomass is mainly a chlorine carrier in inorganic combinations. Chlorine in the biomass is in the form of compounds with metals of a strongly alkaline nature (NaCl and KCl) [1, 2]. Fuels formed from waste are charged with heightened chlorine, mainly due to the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) [3, 4]. It affects the behaviour of this element in the boiler: the way, the speed and the form in which it is released from the combustible material. As a result of temperature rise and an increase in the share of Cl2 in the exhaust gases (according to the Deacon reaction), the operating conditions of the waste heat exchanger can significantly degrade. Two-stage combustion technologies are characterized by relatively high emissions of fly ash when compared to other technologies e.g. grate technologies [5], which promotes intensification of the deposition on the tubes of the heat exchanger.

[1] H. Matsuda, S. Ozawa, K. Naruse, K. Ito, Y. Kojima, T. Yanase, Chemical Engineering Science, 60, (2005), 545-552. [2] K. J. Wolf, A. Smeda, M. Muller, K. Hilpert, Energy & Fuels, 19, (2005), 820-824. [3] M. Becidan, L. Sørum, D. Lindberg, Energy & Fuels, 24, (2010), 3446-3455. [4] X. F. Guo, X. L. Yang., H. Li, Ch. Z. Wu, Y. Chen, F. Li, K.Ch. Xie, Environmental Science Technology, 35, (2001), 2001-2005. [5] M. Li, S. Hu, J. Xiang,, L.S. Sun, P. S. Li, S. Su, X. X. Sun, Energy & Fuels, 17, (2003), 1487- 1491.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 51 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Simulation of organic cycles to increase the efficiency of electricity production in low temperature power sources

Paweł Król1,*, Tadeusz Uhl1

1 AGH University, Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Energy Harvesting, Low Temperature Power Sources, Organic Rankine Cycle,

Electricity market is incessantly innovative, new technical solutions are proposed. Recently attention is paid to improve efficiency of energy generation, what is profitable both for investors and environment. Restrictions of pollution accelerate this innovation. One possibility is to produce electricity more effectively – to exploit more heat from available heat sources. The aim of this document is to discuss energy efficiency of electricity production in natural environment. First part of work touches theoretical thermodynamic engines. The decomposition analysis was performed to describe different thermodynamic cycles in electricity generation. The maximal efficiency of thermodynamic cycle is restricted by laws of thermodynamics. The document includes comparison of cycles in both theoretical and applicative forms. Paper covers schematics of existing installations, which work according to this cycle. Technical improvements increasing the efficiency of electricity production are presented. The paper focuses on an area of low temperature natural power sources and reviews methods of energy obtaining from low temperature power sources. The organic Rankine cycle allows to improve efficiency in electricity generation. Paper discusses a implementation of organic Rankine cycle in physical applications. At last, physical installation energy harvesting in low temperature power sources are listed. Simulation examples in Cycle-Tempo are described in the paper.

[1] A. Sadłowska, “Podstawy Termodynamiki,” 2015. [2] E. Macchi, “Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Systems Technologies and Applications.” 2016. [3] W. M. Lewandowski, M. Ryms, R. Kołoła, P. Kubski, E. Klugmann-radziemska, and P. Ostrowski, “Poprawa sprawności układów ORC i systemów trigeneracyjnych poprzez zastosowanie różnych termodynamicznych wariantów ich działania,” Nafta-Gaz, no. rysunek 1, pp. 794–799, 2010. [4] P. Z. S. Spakovszky, “Thermodynamics and Propulsion.” [Online]. Available: http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/notes.html. [5] S. Quoilin, M. Van Den Broek, S. Declaye, P. Dewallef, and V. Lemort, “Techno-economic survey of organic rankine cycle (ORC) systems,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 22, pp. 168–186, 2013. [6] I. Vankeirsbilck, “Energetical, Technical and Economical considerations by choosing between a Steam and an Organic Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Power Generation,” First Int. Semin. ORC Power Syst. ORC 2011, 2011. [7] A. Hattiangadi, “Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Systems,” p. 99, 2013. [8] C. Sprouse and C. Depcik, “Review of organic Rankine cycles for internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat recovery,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 51, no. 1–2, pp. 711–722, 2013. [9] M. Yari, A. S. Mehr, V. Zare, S. M. S. Mahmoudi, and M. A. Rosen, “Exergoeconomic comparison of TLC (trilateral Rankine cycle), ORC (organic Rankine cycle) and Kalina cycle using a low grade heat source,” Energy, vol. 83, pp. 712–722, 2015. [10] P. Colonna, “Modeling of Energy conversion systems at TU Delft.”

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 52 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Dampening variations in wind power generation through geographic diversification

Dominik Kryzia1,*, Piotr Olczak2, Jan Wrona2, Michał Kopacz1, Katarzyna Kryzia3

1 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego 7, 31–261 Cracow, Poland 2 Institute of Thermal Engineering and Air Protection, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31–155 Cracow, Poland 3 Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30- 059 Cracow, Poland

Keywords: wind power, wind energy, diversification, optimization, Monte Carlo simulation.

Wind power is currently one of the most promising energy sources both in Europe and the world. In Poland, a large annual increase in the installed capacity of wind turbines has been observed for many years. Power generation in wind turbines is related to wind parameters, which, in turn, result from changes in atmospheric conditions. This is the reason why the observed wind speed has different values depending on time and place (location and altitude). This affects the value of the generated energy and the continuity of its production. In the presented paper, the average turbine capacities in selected localities were calculated for the analyzed period based on historical wind measurements from selected weather stations located in south-eastern Poland. Then, the impact of geographic diversification of wind turbines on the sustainability of energy production has been examined. The results indicate that it is more advantageous for both the Polish power system and power plant owners (energy companies) to build smaller wind farms that are distant from each other, and to group them in pairs in order to create a virtual power plant. The standard deviation in relation to the average power of electricity production, the so-called volatility index, was selected as a comparative measure. The wind farms located in different locations were grouped in pairs and the size and continuity of wind power production and the total time of their downtime were analyzed.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 53 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The assessment of the security level of power supplies regarding to objects of critical infrastructure

Michał Krzykowski1,*, Adam Rosiński2, Jacek Paś3

1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Law and Administration, Olsztyn, Poland 2 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw, Poland 3 Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronic, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: critical infrastructure, power systems, reliability, exploitation.

In the document elaborated by the Government Security Centre "The National Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection" in the Republic of Polish are characterized 11 systems classified as critical infrastructure [1]. These systems are crucial for proper functioning of the country. The tasks carried out by them provide continuity of administrative structures, as well as protect the citizens from all kinds of threats (both external and internal). The security of objects of critical infrastructure depends not only on the individual applied technology or procedure in these systems, but also on the proper design and functioning of their power supplies (also with regard to electromagnetic interference). Therefore authors conducted an analysis of power supply systems, which can be used in critical infrastructure facilities. Providing electricity to the object is essential to its proper functioning. This means that the individual electrical devices should be connected with the required power for the device [2,3,4]. Simply electricity supplying to the device is not tantamount with ensuring its continuity and an adequate level of reliability-exploitation rates [5,6]. Therefore are used an redundant power supply systems. In the paper is assessed the level of security where power system consists of two independent power sources. During these considerations were taken into account the reliability-exploitation requirements for these systems. Obtained considerations allow, among others, rationalization of the structure of energy systems. Further research is planned to carry out analyses which take into account other types of power supply systems and the development of a computer program, being exemplification of received considerations.

[1] Government Security Centre, National Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection. Annex 1: Summary of critical infrastructure systems, Warsaw 2013. [2] R. Billinton, R.N. Allan, Reliability evaluation of power systems, Plenum Press, New York, 1996. [3] S. Borlase, (ed.), Smart grids: infrastructure, technology and solutions, Taylor & Francis Group, 2012. [4] S.A. Soliman, A.H. Mantawy, Modern optimization techniques with applications in electric power systems, Springer Science+Business Media, 2012. [5] J. Paś, Operation of electronic transportation systems, Publishing House University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, 2015. [6] A. Rosiński, Modelling the maintenance process of transport telematics systems, Publishing House Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 2015.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 54 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The efficiency of solar radiation conversion in the flat and vacuum solar collectors

Sławomir Kurpaska1,*, Hubert Latała1

1 Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland

Keywords: solar collectors, solar radiation conversion, vacuum solar collectors.

The need to reduce consumption of fossil fuels resulting from their exhaustion, concern for the surrounding natural environment necessitates the search for sources of renewable energy. One of such devices are solar collectors. The decisive factor in choosing the type of device by the user is its efficiency of solar radiation conversion. At its influence is not only the type of collector but also the ambient conditions and the intensity of reception of heat flow from the collectors. These issues are examined on a test which consisted of: liquid and vacuum collectors, a usable area of 7.8 and 4.3m2 and storage system heated water in the storage tank. In the tank there were the heat membrane exchangers cooperating with the tested collector. During measurements, the parameters of the surrounding climate (intensity of solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind speed) and the flow of the medium along with the flow and return temperatures of the circulation medium were monitored using the computerized measurement system. The study was conducted from April to October. A detailed analysis took into account the amount of useful energy and the solar energy reaching the collectors in time intervals of 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. For further analysis, the recommended day with three days before and three days after that day were selected based on the analysis of the collectors' work in particular months. Solar radiation conversion efficiency (collector efficiency) is defined as the ratio of the energy from the collectors to the sum of solar radiation. For the results obtained, the function relations of the efficiency function as a function of the measured parameters were found and the multiple regression equation was found. The ecological effects of the use of collectors on energy from fossil fuels have also been determined. On the basis of market prices the return period of the installation was also defined.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 55 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Design and simulation of double-layer ground heat exchanger

Barbara Larwa1,*

1 Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: horizontal ground heat exchangers, transient heat conduction, renewable energy sources

Heat pump uses energy from renewable energy sources such as soil, ground and surface water, and air. Equipment using the ground as the lower heat source, so called Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs), are one of the more dynamically developing alternative energy sources. Types of ground heat exchangers and capabilities of their applications were shown in work [1]. Ground heat exchangers can be installed vertically (in boreholes drilled down up to a 100 m deep) or horizontally (placed in shallow diggings a few metres deep in ground). Vertical ground exchangers utilize geothermal energy (relatively steady geothermal source/sink), while horizontal ones use unsteady heat source/sink, due to seasonal variation of the ground surface temperature. In work [2] results of calculation simulations for vertical heat exchanger with the use of different numerical models were presented. Obtained courses of the ground temperature were compared with results of experimental studies. The work [3] concerns the optimum design of horizontal ground heat exchangers on the basis on conducted simulations, experimental studies and economic analysis. COP coefficient increases with the increase of total length of pipes. However, in general there is a limit of this length; for horizontal exchangers results from available building area. To increase the length of pipes, reduction of building area was proposed by using double layer ground heat exchangers. In this work results of thermal simulations for two-levels ground heat exchanger were shown. The exchanger consists of system of pipes located in the ground at two levels. A working fluid circulates between heat pump’s evaporator and pipe’s system located at level 1 or 2. This arrangement provides enhancement of driving force of heat transfer between the environment and the ground in a period of time. Numerical simulation of such process was conducted and results obtained for one-level and two- levels exchanger were compared. Calculation results confirmed predictions concerning advantages of two-levels exchanger.

[1] Soni SK, Pandey M, Bartaria VN, Ground coupled heat exchangers: A review and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 47, 83-92. [2] Wołoszyn J, Gołaś A, Experimental verification and programming development of a new MDF borehole heat exchanger numerical model, Geothermics, 2016, 59, 67-76. [3] Go G-H, Lee S-R, Yoon S, Kim M-J, Optimum design of horizontal ground-coupled heat pump systems using spiral-coil-loop heat exchangers, Applied Energy, 2016, 162, 330-345.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 56 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The influence of tilt angle and orientation of photovoltaic panels on the amount of electric energy production for consumers

Hubert Latala1,*, Krzysztof Necka1, Anna Karbowniczak1, Sławomir Kurpaska1, Jarosław Knaga1

1 Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland

Keywords: photovoltaic energy, daily energy consumption profile, CO2 emission.

The paper presents to which extent the energy needs of selected customers can be met by the use of photovoltaic power plants. The core of the problem is, on one hand, the dynamics of changes in the daily profile of the consumer's electricity consumption and, on the other hand, the characteristics and parameters that PV power should have. In the course of study, electricity production was set for panels positioned at 30 and 45 degrees with an orientation to east, south and west. The results obtained were compared with the daily dynamics of electricity needs for milk processing establishment, sewage treatment plants, water intake stations and rural households. The analysis was performed for the period from March till September on the basis of hourly intervals for both the source of energy and the energy consumer. The degree of substitution of conventional energy with energy from the PV power source for individual customers was determined. Due to the specificity of the recipient's energy needs, the tilt angle and orientation of the PV panels are proposed to maximize the use of solar radiation. For recommended solutions, savings in CO2 emissions were identified.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 57 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of thermal properties of anti-icing driveways

Lech Lichołai1,*, Aleksander Starakiewicz1, Przemysław Miąsik1, Joanna Krasoń1

1 Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Department of Building Engineering, Rzeszow, Poland

Keywords: heat flow, numerical analysis, computer simulation, heated driveway

This article presents the results of a numerical analysis of the dynamic temperature distribution in the construction of a driveway designated e.g. for emergency services vehicles - such as: medical emergency services, fire brigade, police etc. It has been adopted that the driveway is equipped with a heating mat that keeps the road surface at a positive temperature. The aim of this solution is to eliminate the icing of such surface under difficult climatic conditions, when the outdoor air temperature is negative. The presented calculations have been made in five stages. Stage 1 includes the comparison of solutions of different thicknesses of the heating panel - from 6cm to 12cm. In stage 2 - for the solution chosen from step 1 - the variable location of the heating mat in the driveway has been adopted. Stage 3 includes the comparison of the two versions; the solution with the side insulation (by the curb) and the one without such insulation. Stage 4 contains a comparison of an overpass runway with the solution arranged directly on the ground and partly immersed in the ground. The last stage includes the analysis of the driveway heating time, depending on the outdoor air temperature. The aim of the entire analysis is to determine the best driveway design proposal - so that it is effective in terms of the energy delivered to the system, necessary to maintain a positive surface temperature.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 58 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessment of the applicability of a phase-change material in horizontal building partitions

Lech Lichołai1,*, Bernardeta Dębska1, Joanna Krasoń1

1 Rzeszow University of Technology, The Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Department of Building Engineering, Rzeszow, Poland

Keywords: phase change material, latent heat storage, polymer composites, statistical analysis, thermal properties

Contemporary building sector needs new technologies for reducing the energy consumption in heating and cooling processes used in building interiors. These solutions should be integral to ensuring the comfort of using such premises. The phase-change materials (PCM) that absorb, accumulate and return large amounts of heat energy as part of their phase change temperature meet such needs. These materials can absorb excess heat in overheated premises at times when the temperatures are high, during long hours of sunshine at summer time, or from internal sources such as working machinery or office equipment. The stored heat energy, due to the postponement, will be transmitted to a room at a later time, usually in the evening. Thanks to these properties, it is possible to provide better utility conditions in the building interiors. This article describes the test results of the selected properties of PCM modified materials applied in floor systems that are used in premises where they are subject to significant overheating. The analysis took into account the impact of a phase-change material on mechanical and physical properties of the tested material solutions. This modification is intended to provide a better thermal comfort in the rooms, while the use of PCM has a beneficial effect on reducing the temperature fluctuations in the used premises.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 59 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Financial liquidity management in energy sector in Poland

Sylwia Lorenc1,*, Arkadiusz Kustra1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: financial liquidity, cash flow, energy

Financial liquidity is the basic direction of financial analysis of an enterprise in the context of its current operation. A dynamic approach to liquidity, understood as the ability to generate cash flows, is an interesting issue in the area of financial management, which is based on management decisions in the operational, investment and financial areas. Identified flows allow to determine the sources of cash and its directions of use in the light of maintaining financial liquidity. At the same time, this approach provides a more realistic image of an enterprise based on an accrual context related to the analysis of financial performance. The analysis of cash flows and their ability to maximize allows to assess the real cash flow and may be the trigger to define determinants of liquidity depending on the business and the specificity of its operation. The aim of this article is to present and compare factors of financial liquidity generation based on cash flows in the energy sector in Poland. The article presents the liquidity aspect with particular emphasis on its dynamic approach involved with maximizing cash flows. In addition, dynamic measures based on the management approach to cash flow are presented. On the basis of the criteria, a calculation was made on the example of selected energy companies. For the purpose of publication, cash flows were calculated for all financing parties FCFF, which is related to the identification of cash generated from assets, to meet the needs of both equity and foreign equity providers. The obtained results indicate the existence of the main determinants of liquidity in various power companies and they illustrate the varied levels of their forming. The analysis helps to better understand the situation of Polish energy companies and presents the differences between them. This may be an introduction to more detailed research and prediction of the financial situation of the indicated companies in the future.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 60 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

MV network earth fault parameters measurement as factor supporting quality of network operation in case of renewable sources presence

Józef Lorenc1, Jerzy Andruszkiewicz1, Jacek Handke1,*, Bogdan Staszak1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Power Engineering, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: distribution networks, earth fault parameters, earth fault capacitive current of the network, earth faults, power protection automatics

Security of supply and reliability of distribution network operation play the important role in power systems incorporating renewable energy sources. The requirements for reduction of SAIDI and SAIFI indexes imposed on distribution network operators result in intensive research being directed towards the development of modern methods able to ensure the improved continuity of customer supply. One of the effective ways to grant better network operation conditions is the improvement of earth fault current compensation adjustment and the correction of earth fault protection settings. The evaluation of network operating conditions and the proper selection of neutral point grounding parameters should be carefully conducted especially in the case of wind farm connections to the network. For this purpose, an innovative, non-invasive method of measuring network earth fault parameters, not requiring the risky short circuit tests, has been developed. In result many design and test studies a portable device, named MPZ, able to measure the network earth-fault parameters was constructed. The algorithms applied in this device to calculate the desired earth fault parameters were verified by digital simulations, and the developed device was tested in a laboratory environment as well as in real network conditions. The measurement results conducted by use of the created meter form the solid base for proper selection of neutral grounding points and can effectively improve the quality of network earth fault current compensation and of earth fault current compensation coils adjustment. These improvements directly translate into increased reliability of the distribution network operation.

[1] J. Lorenc: Admitancyjne zabezpieczenie ziemnozwarciowe, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej 2007. [2] J. Lorenc., W. Hoppel, B. Staszak: Układ pomiaru parametrów ziemnozwarciowych w kompensowanych sieciach SN, Narada Techniczna, Aparatura Zabezpieczeniowa i Systemy Komunikacyjne w Elektroenergetyce, ALSTOM, Ceske Budejovice, 2001. [3] J. Lorenc, B. Staszak, A. Kwapisz, J. Handke: Algorytmy oceny parametrów doziemnych wykorzystywane w urządzeniach MPZ stosowanych w skompensowanych sieciach SN, Konferencja APE’09, Jurata, 2009. [4] J. Lorenc, B. Staszak, A. Kwapisz, J. Handke, P. Balcerek: New solution of identification of high- impedance earth-fault in compensated MV network, CIRED, 22nd International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Stockholm, 10-13 June 2013, Paper 049, ISBN 978-1-84919-732-8.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 61 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessing efficiency of organic Rankine cycles using molecular property methods

Maciej Lukawski1, Ronald DiPippo2, Dominika Matuszewska3, Jefferson W. Tester1, *

1 Cornell University, Cornell Energy Institute and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ithaca, NY, USA 2 University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dartmouth, MA, USA 3 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Thermal and Fluid Flow Machines, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: organic Rankine cycle, working fluid, molecular structure, group contribution method

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power plants are commonly used for converting low-temperature heat into electricity. The working fluid selection is an important step in the design of efficient ORC plants. Many of currently used working fluids have high global warming potentials (GWP), meaning that environmental concerns may require a shift to new types of working fluids with near-zero GWP. This work facilitates this transition by developing improved methods for working fluid selection. It shows that it is possible to evaluate many performance metrics of ORC based on the molecular structure of the working fluid. This analysis also provides a more in-depth understanding of the relations between the working fluid properties and the performance of ORCs. A conventional approach to assessing performance of ORCs involves creating a numerical model of the power plant and optimizing its design variables. Such models use accurate equations of state (EOSs) to represent fluid properties. For many less common working fluids, the available EOSs may not be sufficiently accurate for such analyses. This work provides an alternative methodology for screening potential working fluids including less common substances. For this purpose, several performance metrics of ORC plants including utilization (exergy) efficiency were correlated with selected thermodynamic properties of working fluids. Relevant thermodynamic properties can be evaluated based on the molecular structure of working fluid using group contribution methods

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 62 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Attempt to validate MELCOR model of typical PWR by simulation of SB-LOCA accident

Mateusz Malicki1,2,*, Ludwik Pieńkowski1, Katarzyna Skolik1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 National Atomic Energy Agency PAA, ul. Krucza 32, 00-522 Warszawa

Keywords: MELCOR, LOCA, Safety analysis

Safety of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) is one of the main issues in nuclear industry mainly because of the probability of radionuclides release to the environment. Due to this fact nuclear safety is continuously being improved by vendors to face sill growing demands especially after the accident in Fukushima. This accident because of its character (station blackout scenario) resulted in putting more emphasis than ever on passive safety systems in NPPs. One of the ways to improve NPP safety and check its robustness is to proceed simulations of different events and find the weakest points inside the system. First thing is to create simulation model of NPP which has to be validated in order to prove reliability of future results. This paper presents simulation run on PWR reactor based on AP1000. Model was developed from public available data only, which means that it should be considered only as “AP1000-like model”. MELCOR code which was used in presented calculations is a severe accident code which simulates core melting during the worst possible accidents in NPP. Here we have decided to simulate design basis accident as small break loss of coolant accident (SB-LOCA) and compare our results with those from the safety reports. Motivation to create such simulation was to increase our knowledge about MELCOR behaviour and sensitivity in case of thermo-hydraulic response to learn what kind of errors and uncertainty we can expect. Finally the obtained results are in relatively good agreement with the expectations and some differences that have appeared do not affect general course of the accident.

[1] Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185-0748 "MELCOR Computer Code Manuals Vol. 1: Primer and Users’ Guide Version 2.1", September 2011 [2] AP1000 European Design Control Document, http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/uknuclear/Documentation (access 20.02.2017)

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 63 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

AGH Solar Boat – an example of reduction CO2 emission in maritime transportation

Joanna Maraszek1,*, Monika Wolny1, Maciej Borowicz2, Krzysztof Sornek1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: solar energy, solar boat, maritime transportation, air pollution, greenhouse gases emission

It is commonly said that we are living in the beginning of the industry revolution. Global demand for energy production has constantly risen since industrial revolution. Greenhouse gases emission, Global Warming, air and water pollution – these are only few examples of the negative anthropogenic impact on the planet Earth. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that combined aviation and maritime transport produce three percent of all anthropogenic GHG emissions globally, One of the main problems in maritime transportation is pollution emitted by traditional oil engines. It not only causes fish extinction but also produces CO2. So, there is a strong need to change the way people consider maritime transportation. Fuel switching may be significant part of the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda. The AGH Solar Boat is a project that connects sustainable development with innovative technologies. The boat, made from beginning to end by student from diverse backgrounds, brings to the limelight the importance of clean transportation. This project represents the various aspect of engineering from construction, material engineering to electronics and photovoltaics. This paper presents the experimental and numerical analysis of the performance of the monocrystalline flexible solar panels (GSC 170+) and electric engine used in the boat. The results are compared with numerical results of the oil engine. Such comparison allows to show the difference in the emitted CO2 as the saving in the air pollution. The importance of this research is significant for the future solution of solar powered engines in maritime transportation. There are great opportunities of using renewable energy in boats and ferries.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 64 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

An analysis of the loads of the marine power plant of selected transport ships

Zbigniew Matuszak1,*

1 Maritime University of Szczecin, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Szczecin, Poland

Keywords: marine power plant; marine power plant load.

General bases for determining the demand for electricity in the ship were showed. It was indicated that the determination of the electricity demand, and at the same time, identification of loads, is possible only by conducting researches on actual objects (ships) under operating conditions. An analysis of the loads of the marine power plant of selected transport ships on the example of the marine power plant of three ships: General cargo and two bulk carriers showed the results of observation of the load of the marine power plant and the working times of generating equipment. The results of the observations are graphically illustrated by showing the power produced by the power plant's equipment and their relative load. The presented results are in respect of observations conducted over a three month period. Observations (surveys) were conducted for the three states of a vessel's work: port stops, maneuvers and sea-going activities (trips). Average powers generated by generating sets in the ship’s power plant during the stay of vessels in the port were presented. This information was supplemented by the summary of relative loads of these generating sets. Moreover, characteristics were made and presented for the operation of generating sets during ship maneuvers and sea voyage. Furthermore, the author demonstrated combined working times and load of generating sets during their observation. There are also suggestions regarding the ship’s demand for electricity.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 65 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Energy indexes – measures for different operational state of a fishing boat

Zbigniew Matuszak1,*

1 Maritime University of Szczecin, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Szczecin, Poland

Keywords: Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan, Energy Efficiency Design Index.

This study presents the concept of the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). It characterizes possible working states of a fishing boat: - sea voyage (fishing vessel moves between fishing grounds and/or ports – all components of the power system work); - operations with the net (all components of the power-propulsion system and power devices (responsible for operations with the net) work); - trawling operation (all components of the power-propulsion system work); - fishing in the drift or stay in the port (only generating sets work – other energy devices and elements of the power-drive system do not work). Working states of a fishing boat include a modeling based on the simplified scheme of the energy-drive system and technological system of the fishing vessel. The energy consumed by various devices operating in different operational states of a fishing boat was described. Measures of energy consumption in various operational states of the fishing boat were proposed.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 66 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The application of lean management and six sigma tools in global mining enterprises

Marek Kęsek1, Paweł Bogacz1 , Marcin Migza1,*

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: coal mining, Lean, Six Sigma

The global mining industry, particularly its coal sector, has been experiencing a difficult period recently. The world’s mining industry is now increasingly on the look-out for organizational solutions to allow cost reductions in the mining and processing of fossil fuels. Such solutions are frequently imported from other sectors of industry. The on-going reorganization and restructuring of the Polish coal mining sector must aim for reduced mining costs and greater flexibility as their strategic goals. This will be impossible, however, without an overhaul of the approach to the management of mining enterprises. The article aims to present the currently most important two methods for production process streamlining, namely Lean Management and Six Sigma, and Lean Six Sigma, which combines the benefits of the preceding two. Lean, which originated in the Japanese automotive industry, is at present the most well-known and widely applied concept for the business cost reduction. It is also known as Lean Manufacturing or Lean Production. The system’s main objective is to focus on cost-cutting in operations which did not add value for the customer. Six Sigma method seeks to ensure quality, or minimize variability, in processes so as to eliminate errors even before they appear. Six Sigma applies process execution methods that exclude the possibility of defects. A combination of these two methods provides a complete set of tools to improve the speed and efficiency of each process. The paper outlines cases of implementation of these methods in the world’s mining industry and its financial effects. The synergy produced through a combination of Lean Management and Six Sigma is extremely powerful in this sector.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 67 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Energy losses in contractions for the ice slurry considered as the Bingham fluid

Łukasz Mika1, Marlena Sołek2,*

1 Department of Thermal and Fluid Flow Machines, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland 2 Kracow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermal and Process Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: ice slurry, Bingham fluid, energy losses

The paper presents the results of the experimental investigations on the ice slurry energy losses and loss coefficients during its flow through contractions. Six contraction ratios were covered: 0.500, 0.615, 0.650, 0.769, 0.800 and 0.813. In the experimental research, the mass fraction of solid particles in the slurry ranged from 5% to 30% (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%). The average size of ice crystals (width/length) 0.1/0.15mm was used in the experimental studies. The ice slurry is a non-Newtonian fluid. Presented experimental studies allow for determining the theoretical correlations for the ice slurry considered as the Bingham fluid in order to calculate the loss coefficients in contractions during laminar flow. The correlation for calculating the kinetic energy correction factor in the laminar range flow of liquid in the Bingham model was used in this work. The results of experimental research also confirmed that the loss coefficients in contractions in turbulent flow of the ice slurry are the same as in the case Newtonian liquids.

**) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 68 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Improvement temperatures of a studio apartment through judicious choice of materials and eco building materials under an arid climate - case study Ghardaïa -

M.K.Cherier1,*, T.Benouaz2, S.M.A.Bekkouche1, M.Hamdani1, R.Djeffal1

1 Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Énergies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria 2 Laboratoire de Physique Électronique et Modélisation, Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen. BP, 119, Tlemcen R.P. 13000 – Algérie

Keywords: Temperature, Construction materials, EnergyPlus, Energy simulatio.

The aim of this study is to approximate the thermal comfort in the home by the judicious use of building materials and the reinforcement of the envelope by the thermal insulation using eco materials. Our task was to investigate minutely the construction materials that are specific to the site and commercially available on the Algerian market under hot climatic conditions. EnergyPlus software was used for energy simulation with “OpenStudio plugin for SketchUp” as an interface. Results indicate that the most suitable building material in terms of thermal comfort for cold seasons and even hot seasons is brick. The simulation allowed us to discover that insulation of the roof is an advantage not to be neglected, as long as it has a considerable influence on the interior temperatures, and it makes it possible to reduce remarkably the fluctuations of the temperature. Eco-friendly material, both environmentally and energy-efficient, is an inevitable alternative to any construction. Our choice has focused on the air gap, if this could be proved experimentally, will therefore be profitable even economically since the cost of an air gap is virtually zero.

[1] S.M.A.Bekkouche, T.Benouaz, M.K.Cherier, M.Hamdani, N.Benamrane, M.R.Yaiche. Thermal resistances of local building materials and their effect upon the interior temperatures case of a building located in Ghardaïa region. Construction and Building Materials Volume 52, 15 February 2014, Pages 59-70. [2] M. Hamdani, S.M.A. Bekkouche, T. Benouaz and M.K. Cherier. Study and Effect of Orientation two Room of Buildings Located in Ghardaïa, Algeria. Energy Procedia 18 ( 2012 ) 632 – 639. [3] Derradji, A. Hamid, B. Zeghmati, M. Amara, A. Bouttou and F. Boudali Errebai, Experimental study on the use of microencapsulated phase change material in walls and roofs for energy savings, Journal of Energy Engineering, (ASCE), Vol. 141, issue 4 December 2015. [4] M. Hamdani. Choix de l’Orientation et des Matériaux de Construction en Vue d’Améliorer les Performances Thermiques des Bâtiments. Doctoral thesis. Aboubeker Belkaid University, Tlemcen. May 2016. [5] http://bigladdersoftware.com/epx/docs/8-6/getting-started/what-is-energyplus.html#what-is- energyplus. [6] Samah K. Alghoul, Hassan G. Rijabo, Mohamed E.Mashena. Energy Consumption in Buildings: A Correlation for the Influence of Window to Wall Ratio and Window Orientation in Tripoli, Libya. Journal of Building Engineering,Volume 11, May 2017, Pages 82-86.

M.K.Cherier: [email protected]

Page 69 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Tentative synthesis of Fe-doped gallium nitride GaN nanopowders for spintronic applications

Michał Musiał1*, Mariusz Drygaś1, Jerzy F. Janik1, Jacek Gosk2, Andrzej Twardowski3

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland 3 University of Warsaw, Institute of Applied Physics, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland

Keywords: nanopowders, gallium nitride, semiconductor, magnetism, spintronics

The semiconductor gallium nitride GaN with a broad direct band gap of 3.4 eV is considered a very advantageous precursor for various spintronic applications. In this regard, spintronics dwells on utilization of both the semiconducting and magnetic properties residing in one material [1, 2]. According to some theoretical predictions, introducing a certain proportion of magnetic centers such as of iron Fe or manganese Mn to the structure of GaN may result in the formation of the semiconducting and ferromagnetic nitride with Curie temperature exceeding room temperature, which is prerequisite for practical applications, for example heterostructure field-effect transistors [3, 4]. Herein, reported are reactions of the organometallic iron precursor/iron(III) bis(trimethylsilyl) amide Fe{N[Si(CH3)3]2}3 [5] with gallium(III) (dimethyl)amide in hexane at RT, 18 h using selected proportions of the iron precursor. This was followed by isolation of each solid by-product and its ammonolysis at the ammonia reflux temperature for 6 h to yield a dark free flowing powder. The as- isolated raw powders were first characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM to be, subsequently, pyrolyzed under a flow of ammonia gas at 700 and 900 ºC, 4 h each producing a dark grey powder. The analytical data were consistent with some iron centers incorporated into the crystal structure of GaN (GaFeN). Preliminary magnetic measurements pointed out also to other than GaFeN phases present in the products including iron nitrides, mainly, Fe4N and elemental iron Fe. In-depth magnetic measurements are planned in the future for an extended pool of the Fe-doped GaN-based products to elucidate their crucial magnetic properties in detail.

[1] H. Przybylinska, A. Bonanni, A. Wolos, M. Kiecana, M. Sawicki, T. Dietl, H. Malissa, C. Simbrunner, M. Wegscheider, H. Sitter, K. Rumpf, P. Granitzer, H. Krenn, W. Jantsch, Magnetic properties of a new spintronic material - GaN:Fe, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 126 (2006) 222, [2] A. Debernardi, Mn-doped GaN/AlN heterojunction for spintronic devices, Superlattice Microst., 40 (2006) 530-532. [3] T. Dietl, H. Ohno, F. Matsukura, J. Cibert, D. Ferrand, Zener model description of ferromagnetism in zinc-blende magnetic semiconductors, Science, 287 (2000) 1019-1022. [4] W. Lee, J.-H. Ryou, D. Yoo, J. Limb, and R. D. Dupuis, Optimization of Fe doping at the regrowth interface of GaN for applications to III-nitride-based heterostructure field-effect transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007) 3509, [5] E. C. Alyea, D. C. Bradley, R. G. Copperthwaite, Three-coordinated transition metal compounds. Part I. The preparation and characterization of tris(bistrimethylsilylamido)-derivatives of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, and iron, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton, 14 (1972) 1580-1584.

Acknowledgements. Study was funded by AGH statutory Grant No. 11.11.210.373.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 70 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The influence of thermoelectric modules fitting on the operational parameters of the thermoelectric generator (TEG)

Michał M. Musiał1*, Stanisław Gumuła1, Krzysztof Wojciechowski2

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: thermoelectric power generation, waste heat, thermoelectric modules

Thermoelectric generators are being strongly developed for industrial applications in the last decades. Efficiency of TEG depends upon the effectiveness of heat exchangers and efficiency of thermoelectric modules. Fitting thermoelectric modules with hot side heat exchanger of the thermoelectric generator is a crucial issue in view of effective operation of all modules. Research concerning the influence of thermoelectric modules on output power and conversion efficiency of the generator will be carried out on dedicated experimental test stand. Experimental stand allows to set hot and cold side temperatures and carry out a research on a few thermoelectric modules simultaneously. Several types of modules will be examined during the investigation. Thermal resistance of the entire system and temperature distributions along the test stand will be tuned using insertions made of ceramics and metals. Results will provide guidelines how to fit thermoelectric modules with hot side heat exchanger to obtain high output power and conversion efficiency.

[1] D. Champier, Energy Convers. Manage. 140 (2017), 167-181 [2] H.S. Lee, Appl. Energy 106 (2013), 79-88 [3] B.A. Cook et al., J. Electron. Mater. (2014)

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 71 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Investigation of the influence wick structure, working fluid amount and working position on the loop heat pipe operation

Patrik Nemec1,*, Milan Malcho1

1 University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Power Engineering, Žilina, Slovakia.

Keywords: loop heat pipe, thermal energy, electronic cooling

Given the rapid progress in the electronics industry, the thermal management of electronics components becomes an important and serious issue. In many applications are common cooling systems often from various reason deficient. The solution how reliably and effective remove waste heat produced by electrical elements is using cooling by loop heat pipe. A loop heat pipe (LHP) is a two-phase device with extremely high effective thermal conductivity that utilizes pressure difference in wick to circulate working fluid. This work deals with LHP design to cooling insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) loaded by heat in range 100 – 300 W. The aim of this work is develop porous wick structures by sintering metal powders suitable for LHP and perform experimental measurements of influence wick structure, working fluid amount and LHP working position to remove waste heat from IGBT. Porous structure developed for this experiment were made of copper powder with a grain size of 50 and 100 μm and nickel powder with a grain size of 20 and 10 μm. Water was used as a working fluid in LHP and investigated volume was in range from 40 to 80 % of total LHP volume. The third parameter investigated in this work was working position of LHP in range from vertical position (90°) to horizontal position (0°). The results experimental works give us several conclusions. To achieve good operation of LHP, the wick structure with high permeability and porosity and fine pore radius is expected. The optimal volume of the working fluid in LHP is approx. 50 – 60 % of total LHP volume. The general conclusion is, that the designed LHP is able effective remove heat from IGBT at any position in range of heat load 100 - 300 W.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 72 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Selection criteria and analysis of wind turbines for DHW

Magdalena Nemś1,*, Artur Nemś1, Adam Ruziewicz1

1 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Poland

Keywords: water heating system, small wind turbines, annual analysis

The article describes the method and criteria of selecting wind turbines used to heat domestic hot water (DHW). It highlights low cost of the installation and a small number of the system's elements. The authors describe a method of choosing turbines based on power characteristics, climatic conditions and heating demands of a building. Power characteristics are described together with power utilisation factors for turbines with a horizontal and vertical axis. Special attention has been drawn to power utilisation factor of the turbine, which depends on climatic conditions and is a better parameter of turbine selection than power characteristics. The algorithm presented determines the method of choosing accumulation tank and the analysis of DHW demand per year. The authors have calculated the heating losses occurring in different elements of installation and showed their influence on the system's power. The last part discusses the possibility of combining wind turbine installation used for heating DHW with the building's central heating or electric wiring system, in order to use the energy surplus.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 73 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Heat mapping and energy planning for Velika Gorica – Analysis of the influence of district heating on regional energy systems

Tomislav Novosel1,* , Neven Duić1, Tomislav Pukšec1

1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia

Keywords: energy planning, heat demand mapping, district heating, renewable energy sources, power to heat

Highly efficient cogeneration and district heating systems have a significant potential for primary energy savings as well as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. They also enable a higher level of utilization of waste and renewable heat sources. These potentials are, unfortunately, still highly underutilized in most European countries. District heating and cogeneration also play a key role in the planning of future energy systems due to their positive impact on the increase of the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, for example wind and solar when combined with power to heat technologies.. In order to ensure optimal levels of district heating penetration into an energy system a comprehensive analysis is necessary to determine the actual demands and the potential energy supply. The goal of this work is to demonstrate a heat demand mapping methodology and the use of its output for energy planning of a system with a high focus on district heating. The mapping has been done using qGIS while H2RES has been used as the energy planning tool. The city of Velika Gorica in Croatia served as the case study.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 74 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessment of the medium parameters in the closed space for the proposal of the Hyperloop Transport Capsule in the aspect of reducing the energy demand of the transport system.

Marcin Nowacki1,*, Damian Olejniczak1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Machines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: capsule, resistance force, pressure, velocity

Increasing transport needs of societies prompt constructors and inventors to seek new ways of satisfying them. These activities are closely related to the development of new transport systems and means of transport. The current technological and social level is limited in implementing new concepts. New transport system concepts combine the advantages of existing systems that function as separate entities. Combining the advantages of rail transport with the characteristics of air transport gave rise to the concept of a new transport system called Hyperloop. This is a system whose main purpose is to create a transport network combining the advantages of air and rail transport with low operating costs. The project assumes that the system will have a pipeline structure and that the transport capsule will move inside the channels. In order to obtain high velocity capsules, it is assumed that the pressure in the pipeline will be reduced. This will reduce the losses resulting from the movement resistance of the moving capsule. Most of the means of transport currently used are moving in open space. In the proposed Hyperloop system, problems with the movement of the capsule as a means of transport within the confined space of the pipeline are different and require specific analysis. Examining and analyzing the conditions inside the Hyperloop loop are important, and the conditions that occur in the system when moving are dependent on the velocity and shape of the capsule. These issues can be dealt with using currently available numerical tools. An attempt to assess the phenomena associated with flow of the capsule by the factor found in the pipeline space as one of the most important, was undertaken in the analyzes conducted. The study involved determination of the force acting on the face of the capsule, which is an important component of the resistance of movement. The obtained results and their analysis were used to evaluate the difference in energy demand of the compared constructions. On the basis of the obtained results, the conclusions were drawn regarding the directions of further modification of the capsule shape aimed at reducing the energy demand necessary for its propulsion.

[1] P. Wygonik, Engine and multitask airplane integration: criteria of engine parameters selection, AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING AND AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY, Volume: 85 Issue: 6 Pages: 460-466, DOI: 10.1108/AEAT-12-2012-0249, 2013 [2] B.P. Koirala, J.P.C. Avila, T. Gomez, R.A. Hakvoort, P.M. Herder, Local Alternative for Energy Supply: Performance Assessment of Integrated Community Energy Systems, ENERGIES, Volume: 9, Issue: 12, Article Number: 981, DOI: 10.3390/en9120981, 2016 [3] I. Pielecha, MODELING OF GASOLINE FUEL SPRAY PENETRATION IN SIDI ENGINES, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 Pages: 47-55, DOI: 10.1007/s12239-014-0005-y, 2014 [4] J. Hunicz, A. Medina, Experimental study on detailed emissions speciation of an HCCI engine equipped with a three-way catalytic converter, ENERGY, Volume: 117 Pages: 388-397 Part: 2, DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.049, 2016

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 75 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Neutronic analysis of mixed thorium-uranium fuel bundle for CANDU reactors

Mikolaj Oettingen1,*, Katarzyna Skolik1, Mateusz Malicki1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: CANDU, Thorium, Heavy water, Monte Carlo, MCB

The paper shows neutronic analysis of the CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) nuclear reactor fuel channel with mixed thorium-uranium fuel bundles. The world fleet of heavy water cooled and moderated nuclear reactors equals about 49 units, mostly CANDU reactors. Therefore, CANDU reactors play significant role in the nuclear energy market, especially in India (22 units) and Canada (19 units). The numerical model of the fuel channel was designed using The Monte Carlo Continuous Energy Burn- up Code – MCB developed at the AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Nuclear Energy. The super-computer Prometheus available in the frame of Pl-Grid Infrastructure at the Academic Computer Centre Cyfronet AGH was used for multi-scale calculations. The considered fuel bundles are composed of two clusters of fuel rods [1]. The innermost fuel rods contain thorium fuel, while outermost enriched uranium fuel [2, 3]. This schema is also know either as a seed-blanket approach or Radkovsky fuel concept. The neutronic analysis considers detailed numerical simulation of the neutron transport in fully heterogeneous geometry of the fuel channel surrounded by the reflective boundary conditions. Moreover, burnup simulations were performed using the Transmutation Trajectory Analysis method implemented in the MCB code. In the analysis we mainly consider time evolutions of major and minor actinides in the neutron field.

[1] C.A. Margeanu, A.C. Rizoiu, Thorium-based Fuels Preliminary Lattice Cell Studies for CANDU Reactors, Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Nuclear and Particle Physics, 11-15 Nov. 2009, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt [2] S. Şahin, K. Yıldız, H. M. Şahin A. Acır, Investigation of CANDU Reactors as a Thorium Burner, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 47, Issues 13–14, 2006, 1661–1675 [3] B. Yang, J. Shi, G. Bi, Ch. Tang, Fuel Cycle Scheme design and Evaluation for Thorium–uranium Breeding Recycle in CANDU Reactors, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Volume 91, 2016, 195–202

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 76 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Shannon entropy of nuclear fuel transmutation

Przemysław Stanisz1,*, Mikołaj Oettingen1, Grzegorz Kępisty1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Shannon entropy, linear chain method, trajectory period folding, transmutation system evolution.

The paper concerns a transmutation of UOX and MOX fuels in the typical PWR geometry. The problem is solved by the linear chain method implemented in the MCB code [1, 2]. In the study we applied the novel trajectories period folding method which allowed for tracking nuclide formation process for a whole fuel cycle. This approach aims to identify pathways for isotopes build-up during entire fuel evolution. The simulated system can be represented by a linear tree graph of all possible transmutation chains. The positions in graph represent transmutation chain history while theirs values define the assigned transitions and passages. This model allows us to represent the evolution of nuclide field as a series of physically occurring nuclide transitions over the entire fuel irradiation time. We used the tree graph approach together with the concept of network entropy as a characteristic measure of network topology. The Shannon entropy applied to the considered numerical problem is a measure of robustness and it was compared with the numerical uncertainties of nuclide field [3, 4]. The numerical uncertainties were obtained using the independent replica calculations, which allowed assessment of statistical error propagation in the considered model of the PWR fuel element.

[1] J. Cetnar, General solution of Bateman equations for nuclear transmutations, Annals of Nuclear Energy 33, 2006, 640-645. [2] M. Oettingen, J. Cetnar, T. Mirowski, The MCB code for numerical modeling of fourth generation nuclear reactors, Computer Science 16, 2015, 329-350. [3] C. E. Shannon, The Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 1948, 379 [4] L. Demetriusa, T. Mankea, Robustness and network evolution - an entropic principle, Physica A 346, 2005, 682–696

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 77 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Evaluate the influence of icing on the rotor blades of a wind turbine with a horizontal axis to change its operating parameters

Damian Olejniczak1,* , Marcin Nowacki1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Machines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: wind turbine, icing, rotor, blade

Currently the most commonly used wind turbines are three-blade turbines with a horizontal axis of rotation. The basic function of wind turbines is to convert the kinetic energy of the air into mechanical energy in the form of rotational motion of the rotor. This function is accomplished by rotor blades which, similarly to the wing of the aircraft, produce a lift force directed perpendicular to the movement of the air molecules flowing the blade profile, thus forcing the rotation of the rotor. The problem of operation of wind turbines is connected with high susceptibility to weather conditions. Under atmospheric conditions close to 0°C and less, and with high humidity, the wind turbine blades may be icing. Accumulation of ice on the wind turbine blades causes a violate air flow through the profile of the blades. This condition leads to a change in the wind speed range needed to generate the rotation of the wind turbine rotor and to reduce the efficiency of the turbine. To evaluate the effect of icing on turbine rotor blades, performed a numerical analysis of the model blade profile. The results of the numerical analysis allowed to evaluate the influence of icing of rotor blades on the change of operational parameters of wind turbine. The conclusions of the numerical simulation are presented in this article.

[1] M. Dudek, M. Skrzypkiewicz, N. Moskala, P. Grzywacz, M. Sitarz, I. Lubarska-Radziejewska, The impact of physicochemical properties of coal on direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY, Volume: 41 Issue: 41 Pages: 18872-18883, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.232, 2016 [2] J. Hunicz, An experimental study into the chemical effects of direct gasoline injection into retained residuals in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH, Volume: 17 Issue: 10 Pages: 1031-1044 DOI: 10.1177/1468087416636492, 2016 [3] R. Jakubowski, EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF TWO COMBUSTOR TURBOFAN ENGINE, EKSPLOATACJA I NIEZAWODNOSC-MAINTENANCE AND RELIABILITY Volume: 17 Issue: 4 Pages: 575-581, DOI: 10.17531/ein.2015.4.13, 2015 [4] R. Jasinski, J. Markowski, J. Pielecha, Probe positioning for the exhaust emissions measurements 12th International Scientific Conference of Young Scientists on Sustainable, Modern and Safe Transport Location: High Tatras, SLOVAKIA Date: MAY 31-JUN 02, 2017. Book Series: Procedia Engineering Volume: 192 Pages: 381-386 Published: 2017 [5] J. Markowski, J. Pielecha, R. Jasinski, Model to assess the exhaust emissions from the engine of a small aircraft during flight 12th International Scientific Conference of Young Scientists on Sustainable, Modern and Safe Transport Location: High Tatras, SLOVAKIA Date: MAY 31-JUN 02, 2017 Book Series: Procedia Engineering Volume: 192 Pages: 557-562 Published: 2017 [6] I. Pielecha, Diagnostics of stratified charge combustion under the conditions of multiple gasoline direct injection JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, Volume: 118 Issue: 1 Pages: 217-225, DOI: 10.1007/s10973-014-3956-3, 2014

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 78 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Neutron spectra unfolding – Bayesian inference approach

Michał Orliński1,* , Paweł Gajda1 , Przemysław Stanisz1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Nuclear Energy, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: neutron flux, Bayesian inference, reaction rate, activation foils

Information about neutron flux spectrum is particularly important for research and development of materials for nuclear systems. The structural properties varies over irradiation time and particles spectrum. However it is impossible to directly measure the neutron radiation, what encourages for developing indirect methods of energy distribution assessment. The proposed method is based on the Monte Carlo sampling from multivariate normal distribution with Bayesian inference for unfolding neutron spectrum [3]. Due to the spatial variation of neutron flux within the considered nuclear system, it is essential to perform a reliable characterization of the spectral distribution. The information of particle fields including the estimation of covariance matrix can provide a full range knowledge about predicted neutron spectrum (flux) inside an investigated material. The method has been developed at the AGH University [1,2] and has been implemented in our team. It allows to get satisfactory results of neutron spectrum unfolding. The algorithm uses the Monte Carlo method to generate random samples from a multivariate normal distribution for every energy group in neutron spectrum. For each randomized spectrum a weight is assigned using the Bayesian inference approach. The weighted average is used to obtain a new multivariate normal distribution with covariance matrix, which gives a better estimate of neutron spectrum. This new approach to unfolding process is practically insensitive to first guest of a priori neutron spectrum in contrary to other methods currently existing. Moreover in our novel methodology we directly obtain information about the uncertainties by computing the covariance matrix. The overall results of the preliminary research are very promising and demonstrate the potential of Bayesian approach. Further investigation is in progress.

[1] J.Cetnar, I.Królikowski, L.Ottaviani, A.Lyoussi, Characteristics of SiC neutron sensor spectrum unfolding process based on Bayesian inference, ANIMMA 2015: the fourth international conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications: Lisboa, 20–24 April 2015. [2] J.Cetnar, I.Królikowski, Report on treatment and analysis of the outcome signal of a combined detector system, I_SMART (Innovative Sensor for Material Ageing and Radiation Testing), Work Package 4: Tools for signal recognition, InnoEnergy Innovation Project Proposal for the topic “Nuclear Energy“, 1 Dec 2014. [3] M.Nakazawa, N.Ueda, T.Taniguchi, A.Sekiguchi, A new adjustment code based on the Bayes' theory combined with the Monte-Carlo technique, J. P. Genthon and H. R6ttger (eds.), Reactor Dosimetry, 649-656, ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg, 1985.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 79 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Power to Gas – an innovative energy conversion and storage solution

Aleksandra Augustyn1,*, Monika Pepłowska 1 Lidia Gawlik 1

1 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Power-to-gas technology, energy conversion, energy storage solution, market analysis

Over the past decade the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in electricity production has been increasing exponentially. The influence of aforementioned trend is already clearly visible in the energy mixes worldwide, including Poland. The development of the technology, support from domestic government along with rising awareness of society cause the alternative sources to become increasingly popular. As a result, the amount of the energy generated from variable sources like wind and solar is increasing and becoming more widespread. Above phenomenon creates new challenges. One of the most difficult is the grid balancing and management, due to the fact the power production is highly depending on the atmospheric conditions. The energy industry urges the innovation solutions and the energy storage has the potential to become one of them. The purpose of this article is to propose Power-to-gas concept as innovative solution for energy sector. Through this technology the surplus of the electricity can be accumulated in hydrogen via electrolysis. The main objective of the article is to identify the potential markets in the European Union (EU) with the best perspectives for the development of the Power-to-gas technology. The authors focused on the preparation of research of P2G technology including especially conversion and an energy storage in different countries.

[1] Göetz M, Lefebvre J., Mörs F., Koch A.M., Graf F., Bajohr S., Reimert R., Kolb T., Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review. Renewable Energy 85 (2016), p. 1371-1390. [2] Guandalini G., Robinius M., Grube T., Campanari S., Stolten D. Long-term power-to-gas potential from wind and solar power: A country analysis for Italy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) p. 13389-13406. [3] The potential of Power-to-gas. Enea consulting, January 2016. [4] Thema M., Sterner M., Lenck T., Götz P., Necessity and Impact of Power-to-gas on Energy Transition in Germany. Energy Procedia 99 (2016), p. 392-400. [5] Von Hausen M., Power to Gas - Potential Markets in Europe, The IMRE Journal, p. 1-12.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 80 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Mathematical model of the flow of compressed air through a reuse elements

Karolina Perz1,*, Aleksandra Rewolińska1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Machines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: Compressed air, mathematical model, pressure drop, filter

Compressed air is a widely used energy medium. It is used in all areas of industry (eg in the food, pharmaceutical, electronic or paint industries). Despite the versatility and convenience of using compressed air, its production requires substantial financial resources to power the compressors and transfer the medium to the receiving equipment. Some analysis of energy costs used to produce the working medium indicates that it is one of the most expensive, if not the most expensive energy sources. These costs increase with decreasing air pressure, including flow resistance resulting from grid design parameters, processing elements used, and compressed air flow characteristics during production and transport of compressed air. The aim of this work is to create a mathematical model to determine the pressure drop of the compressed air associated with the use of equipment and components responsible for air quality maintenance (air filters). The model was based on experimental research carried out at the testing site of the compressed air network. As a result of this experiment it was found that the greatest influence on the pressure value changes in the network when the flow through the filter has a filter life as well as the air flow rate. Knowing the correlation between these parameters will allow you to choose the filter life and to optimize the design of the pneumatic network.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 81 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Energy recovery potential through regenerative braking for a hybrid electric vehicle in a urban conditions

Ireneusz Pielecha1,* , Wojciech Cieślik1 , Andrzej Szałek2

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Machines and Transport, Poznan, Poland 2 Toyota Motor Poland, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: energy recovery, regenerative braking, hybrid electric vehicle.

Vehicles with hybrid drive systems are being equipped with solutions that increase the drive systems efficiency more and more often. One such solution is the energy recovery during braking. In addition it leads to a voltage increase of the energy recovering generator. Battery voltage is increased several times in the inverter system in order to increase the electric generator power. The article presents the possibility of such a voltage gain from vehicle braking in urban driving conditions. The latest models of vehicles with hybrid drive systems were used in the tests, equipped with the same drive units, these were: Lexus NX 300h and Toyota RAV4 Hybrid. These are vehicles equipped with parallel hybrid drives (full hybrid). The tests were performed in an urban environment in the city of Warsaw, on the same routes. The study analyses the startup conditions of such a system and the characteristics of its operation. It has been shown that the increase in the voltage powering the electrical machinery occurs in both vehicles at high torque values. It has been shown that rise in electrical equipment voltage for both of these vehicles mostly depends on their engine speed, and not on the generated power or torque (braking). The maximum voltage increase – almost threefold (up to 650 V) also allows for a two-fold increase in the drive system breaking torque.

[1] M. Alzorgan, J. Carroll, E. Al-Masalmeh, A. Mayyas, Look-ahead information based optimization strategy for hybrid electric vehicles, SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2226, 2016. [2] C.-T. Chung, Y.-H. Hung, Performance and energy management of a novel full hybrid electric powertrain system, Energy, 89 (2015) 626-636. [3] W. Cieślik, I. Pielecha, A. Szałek, Assessment of parameters of the hybrid drive system in vehicles in urban traffic conditions, Combustion Engines, 161(2) (2015) 14-27. [4] Y. Huang, H. Wang, A. Khajepour, H. He, J. Ji, Model predictive control power management strategies for HEVs: A review, Journal of Power Sources, 341 (2017) 91-106. [5] C. Liu, W. Liu, L. Wang, G. Hu, L. Ma, B. Ren, A new method of modeling and state of charge estimation of the battery, Journal of Power Sources, 320 (2016) 1-12.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 82 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The influence of addition of CRT Glass cullet on selected parameters of concrete composites.

Alina Pietrzak1,*, Małgorzata Ulewicz1

1 Częstochowa University of technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa, Poland

Keywords: concrete, mortar, recycling, CRT glass cullet

In recent years, with the abandonment of use of CRT television and computer screens the waste dumps observe systematic growth of amounts of CRT glass. The Glass waste from CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) is characterized by different chemical composition, depending on the type of appliance and its manufacture year. The monitors are usually made of two types of glass, i.e. the barium-strontium glass and led glass, bound together with led frit. The high led oxide content (11-24%) of this material makes the CRT waste glass particularly dangerous for the environment and forms a significant ecological issue worldwide. The best way to overcome this negative influence of glass waste on the nature surrounding us is to reuse and process it, that is to recycle it. The article investigates the influence of addition of CRT glass cullet on selected mechanical properties of concrete and mortar. Composition of two batches of concrete utilized 0-2 mm fraction of glass cullet, as replacement of sand, in amounts of 10 and 15%. The remaining 3 batches utilized CRT glass cullet as addition to dust fraction, calculated in relation to the mass of cement (5, 7.5 and 10% respectively) with volumetric deduction of aggregate. The following were measured for 6 resulting batches of concrete: compression strength after 2, 7 and 28 days of curing; frost resistance for 100 cycles of freezing and defrosting, water absorption, specific gravity and depth. The CRT glass cullet was added to mortar in the following quantities: 5, 7.5 and 10% of cement mass. Research results indicate the validity of use of the previously unused CRT glass cullet in production of concretes.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 83 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The identification of intellectual capital in the energy sector on the basis of a mining company

Marta Podobińska-Staniec1,* , Roman Magda1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering , Krakow, Poland

Keywords: intellectual capital, value, mining companies

The purpose of this article is to present the value of intellectual capital, which still remains an unexplored subject, as an important element of an organisation. In this paper, the authors present a selected method for measuring intellectual capital and the indication of places where the capital is generated. The analysis of intellectual value refers to two Polish mining companies: LW Bogdanka SA and JSW SA. Using theValue Added Intellectual Coefficient method, the authors evaluated the level of intellectual capital in the selected companies and indicated which one of them managed these intangible assets more efficiently. Furthermore, the authors presented their proprietary method which can be helpful in improving the intellectual capital management. The information concerning the value levels and the places where this capital grew is very important for defining improvement and development activities. The knowledge about the ways an organisation may improve by building on the setup of its tangible and intangible assets and resources appears to be an efficient way of developing an organisation, especially in an industry involving difficult conditions, such as mining.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 84 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Numerical calculations of main stress in the rock massif around salt cavern for compressed air storage.

Krzysztof Polański1,*

1 AGH University, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Energy storage, salt caverns, compressed air

The article will be presentation of results of numerical calculations of main stress around salt cavern for energy storage of compressed air. In the CAES operation scenario, there are very fast changes in stored air pressure (2MPa within 2 hours) so there are equal a rapid changes and high amplitudes of temperature inside the cavern. As a part of consideration, there were performed numerical calculations to verify how big is the influence of temperature changes on the state of deformation-stress case around the storage cavern. The calculations based on the operating installation using the CAES technology (Compressed Air Energy Storage) for energy storage in compressed air. The results of calculations for scenario of work the storage cavern based on the parameters of the Huntorf discusses in this paper shown that thermal influence to the stresses around cavern is significant in the immediate vicinity of the cavern. The comparison with the results obtained during the modeling without the influence of temperature to the stresses indicates that the differences in obtained results are not as big as expected and the differences disappear with the increase of distance from the cavern axis. The preliminary numerical calculations shown that the influence of temperature on the deformation- stress case of the CAES cavern is importance when considering the stress state at a distance of less than 60m from the cavern axis (at caverns diameter 30-35m). With the increase in cavern diameter, it is possible that the impact range will be proportionately larger, but each case requires individual modeling include shape of cavern and the scenario of cavern working cycle.

[1] Crotogino F.: Compressed Air Storage. First International Renowable Energy Storage (IRES I) Conference, Gelsenkirchen. Oktober 2006. [2] Dzierżanowski Ł.: Elektrownie CAES. Energia Elektryczna – nr 2-3/2011. [3] Robb D.: The CAES for wind. Renewable Energy Focus, Volume 12, Issue 1, January–February 2011, Pages 18–19. [4] Samotyj M.: Złapać wiatr i pod ziemię! Materiały problemowe Cire 2012. [5] Ślizowski J., Urbańczyk K., Lankof L., Serbin K.: Wytypowanie możliwych lokalizacji podziemnych zbiorników do magazynowania energii w postaci sprężonego powietrza z punktu widzenia wykorzystania podziemnych struktur geologicznych we wskazanych obszarach Polski. Opracowanie niepublikowane IGSMiE PAN 2011. [6] Urbańczyk K., Ślizowski J.: An attempt to asses suitability of middle-Poland salt domes for natural gas storage., Archives of Mining Sciences, vol. 57, issue 2 2012. [7] Wang S.Y., Wu J.L.: Optimal sizing of the CAES system in a power system with high wind power penetration. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems Volume 37, Issue 1, May 2012, Pages 117–125 [8] Kuczyński S., Skokowski D. H., Włodek T., Polański K.: Compressed air energy storage as backup generation capacity combined with wind energy sector in Poland –implementation possibilities, AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2015 vol. 32 no. 1, s. 23–32

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 85 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Ecological and financial aspects of gas boiler co-operation with alternative energy sources for multi-family buildings

Danuta Proszak- Miąsik1, Sławomir Rabczak1

1 Rzeszow University of Technology, Dept. of Heat Engineering and Air Conditioning, Rzeszów, Poland

Keywords: gas boiler, solar collector, heat pump

Due to intensive economic and industrial development in the last decades, resulting in environmental degradation and too fast depletion of natural resources, there is an increasing interest in implementing sustainable development principles, i.e. meeting human needs with environmental considerations. The construction industry is a major consumer of energy in the world, so it is justified to aim at reducing energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency and maximizing the use of waste energy and renewable energy. In the case of residential buildings, one use the most energy for heating of water for utility purposes and for central heating purposes. Not large multi-family residential buildings are characterized by similar parameters of energy needs as single-family buildings, which results primarily from the nature of use. The main difference between single and multi-family buildings is the area per capita. Smaller area reduces energy consumption for room. On the other hand, the higher demand for hot water follow the larger number of inhabitants. As a primary source of heat in urban areas, there are currently used solid fuel boilers, gas boilers or using system heat. Owing to the smog phenomenon, old coal boilers are being modernized to reduce pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. In this publication, the example of hot water installation in a multi-family building shows what effects will be achieved if we use alternative sources such as solar collectors or heat pumps for traditional gas water heating systems. For each of the two variants, the approximate investment outlays and costs associated with the operation of the system in the variant were estimated and the estimated annual emissions from the incineration of natural gas.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 86 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Integration of a heat exchanger on the supply air with the ground- source heat pump in a passive house – case study

Bartosz Radomski1,*, Lawrence Drojetzki1 , Tomasz Mróz1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: energy efficiency, integrated HVAC systems, energy storage.

A ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system designed to cooperate with a low temperature heating system and hot water production was installed in a new passive house nearby the city of Poznan (Poland). The paper describes an integration of the GSHP system with a heat exchanger on the supply airflow in order to recover the waste heat from outside (fresh) ventilation air and store it in the ground during summer, as well as to heat the supply air in winter what prevents the recuperator from freezing. Analytical calculations to evaluate the energy, economy and environmental benefits of supplying the low heat reservoir with heat from fresh air were made. Chilled supply air compensates the heat gains from building and is exhausted, simultaneously overcoming a part of the cooling loads by using mechanical ventilation system. Heat taken in the heat exchanger by the glycol mixture is used in the evaporator of the heat pump, which produces hot water with increased energy efficiency – increased coefficient of performance (COP). After that glycol mixture is supplied to the ground. In the case of stagnation of the heat pump, glycol mixture exiting the heat exchanger is directed to the ground, where part of the delivered waste heat is stored. The results of calculation experiment indicated that heat recovered from the supply ventilation air during summer is increasing the Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF) of the heating system in winter, consequently significant energy savings can be achieved, what is a part of the idea of the Sustainable Development. Based on the simulations it has also been demonstrated that the proposed technical solution has a high application potential for micro and macro scale installations using GSHP.

[1] T.L. Bergman, A.S. Lavine, F.P. Incropera, C.P. Dewitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7the ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2011 [2] B. Sunden, Introduction to heat transfer, WIT Press, Billerica, 2012 [3] T. Mróz, Energy Management in Built Environment, Publishing House of Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, 2013 [4] C.O. Popiel, J. Wojtkowiak, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 51 (2013) 135-148 [5] C.O. Popiel, J. Wojtkowiak, B. Biernacka, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 25 (2001) 301-309 [6] C.O. Popiel, J. Wojtkowiak, I. Prętka, Foundations of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2 (2002) 151-164 [7] K. Allaerts, J. Al Koussa, J. Desmedt, R. Salenbien, Energy and Buildings 138 (2017) 559-568 [8] U. Lucia, M. Simonetti, G. Chiesa, G. Grisolia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 70 (2017) 867-874 [9] Z. Liu, W. Xu, X. Zhai, Ch. Qian, X. Chen, Renewable Energy 101 (2017) 1131-1140

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 87 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Application of the selected derivatives to estimate the mining investment projects

Robert Ranosz1,*, Barbara Kowal1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Cracow, Poland

Keywords: investment valuation, option, security, project value

This article was devoted to the valuation of mining investment projects (using Monte Carlo method), using the selected derivatives. The objective of using the said derivatives in the valuation process is to secure future revenue of the mining company by way of securing the prices of raw materials. According to the authors of the article, the use of such derivatives shall allow to reduce fluctuations of the obtained results and improve their reliability. The assumption of the performed analysis is to compare the results of the investment value for three variants. The first variant requires the use of financial options to secure the prices of raw materials, the second one - the use of futures contracts, and the last one assumes that the company shall not take actions aimed at securing prices of raw materials. Thanks to availability of data, the analysis was conducted based on financial data published by the copper producer. The obtained results show that from the point of view of investment values and risk of negative investment values, the most beneficial action would be to secure the prices of raw materials in the process of estimating mining investment projects through options.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 88 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Effect of radiative cooling on heat transfer through construction dividers

Zbigniew Respondek1,*

1 Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa, Poland

Keywords: radiative cooling, heat loss in buildings, roof-ceiling, insulating glass units

The article analyses the impact of radiative cooling of construction dividers on heat loss in buildings. Radiative cooling means a temperature decrease of external surfaces of construction dividers below ambient temperature occurring in certain conditions - cloudless sky at night, on surfaces of construction dividers positioned horizontally or diagonally. Based on the dependencies recommended in literature and standards, a mathematical model describing heat transfer in the conditions of radiative cooling has been selected. The analysis was based on two models of construction dividers, i.e. roof-ceiling and insulating glass unit (IGU). For a roof-ceiling, the study analyses the impact on heat loss in the conditions of radiative cooling of such factors as thermal insulation thickness, wind speed, surface emissivity, etc. Heat losses occurring in the conditions of a cloudless and overcast sky were compared. For IGUs, the study analyses the impact of radiative cooling on heat transfer by convection and radiation in the sealed gas-filled spaces. The results of own instrumental studies of temperature drops on the surface of IGUs in operating conditions are also presented. The results were compared with the computational model. It was found that radiative cooling of construction dividers in certain weather conditions has a significant effect on heat loss, which should be included in calculations, particularly in the case of roof-ceilings and insulated glazing with a large area, situated horizontally or diagonally. It has been shown that low radiation temperature of the atmosphere may result in an increase of temporary heat loss at low external temperature by the analysed dividers by over 25%. The wide variation of temperature in the gas-filled space of IGU can increase heat loss in unfavourable conditions by over 120% in relation to glass unit with declared parameters for the standard conditions.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 89 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of factors influencing the hard coal sales in light of coal demand forcasts in Poland

Aurelia Rybak,* , Anna Manowska2

1 Department of Management and Safety Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Department of Management and Safety Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Keywords: Coal sales, forecasting, ARMAX model, environmental factors

In order to prepare the coal company for the development of future events, it is important to predict how can evolve the key environmental factors. This article presents the most important factors influencing the hard coal demand in Poland. They have been used as explanatory variables during the creation of a mathematical model of coal sales. In order to build the coal sales forecast, the authors used the ARMAX model. Its validation was performed based on such accuracy measures as RMSE, MAPE and Theil's index. The conducted studies have allowed to identify the statistically significant factors out of all factors taken into account. They also enabled a creation of the forecast of a coal sales volume in Poland in the coming years. To maintain the predictability of the forecast, the mining company should continually control macro environment. The proper demand’s forecast allows the flexible and dynamic adjustment of the production or stocks level to market changes. It also makes it possible to adapt the product range to the customer requirements and expectations, which in turn translates into the increased sales, release of funds, reduced operating costs and increased financial liquidity of the coal company.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 90 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

TiO2 films grown by pulsed laser deposition and reactive sputtering for PV applications

Paulina Sawicka-Chudy1*, Grzegorz Wisz2 , Łukasz Głowa3, Łukasz Mleczek4, Szymon Górny1, Maciej Sibinski3, Marian Cholewa1, Bogumił Cieniek2, Stanisław Adamiak2, Piotr Potera2

1 Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1 Street, Rzeszow 35-317, Poland. 2 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1 Street, Rzeszow 35-317, Poland. 3 Department of Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 211/215 Street, Lodz 90-924, Poland.

Keywords: TiO2, photovoltaics, thin film solar cells, semiconductors

Solar energy as an unlimited source of green energy can help to overcome global warming and air pollution, which are caused by the current extensive use of conventional fossil fuels [1]. Quality of solar energy conversion into electric power depends on the location, orientation, type of photovoltaic (PV) system, and construction of solar cells. To effective use of solar energy to provide electric power, efficiency of PV devices must be maximized [2]. Metal Oxide (MO) semiconductors are one group of the new low cost materials with great potential for PV application [3]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), as one of the most important n-type semiconductor of this group. It’s low cost, high stability and environment friendly. Titanium dioxide can be use as buffer layer in thin film solar cells [4]. TiO2 thin films deposited on glass and silicon were obtained by DC magnetron sputtering technique (PVD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) by the help of Modular Platform PREVAC. The properties of samples were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally basic material properties such as thickness, layer structure and optical properties were examined. Obtained films have nanocrystalline structure with average grain diameter in the range of 20÷40 nm. Optical measurements detected that the both films have wide band gap 3.4 eV (PVD) and 3.5 eV (PLD). The article presents detailed discussion of influence technique manufacturing TiO2 on thin film morphology and parameters considering possible photovoltaic application in polycrystalline heterostrucure.

[1] Lu L and Guo M L Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 149 (2016), 310–319. [2] P. K. Das, M. A. Habib, M. Mynuddin, Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 4 (2015), 125- 136. [3] L. Zhu Development of Metal Oxide Solar Cells through Numerical Modelling, PhD thesis. [4] S. Hussain, C. Cao, Z. Usman, Z. Chen, G. Nabi, W.S. Khan, Z. Ali, F.K. Butt, T. Mahmood, Thin Solid Films, 522 (2012), 430–434.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 91 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of passive residual heat removal system in AP1000 nuclear power plant

Jakub Sierchuła1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: passive safety systems, AP1000 reactor, residual heat, nuclear power station safety, nuclear power engineering

The paper will present operating principles of passive safety systems used in modern nuclear power plants with AP1000 reactor. Paper will describe in detail the passive residual heat removal system and the passive containment cooling system in above-mentioned power plant. Furthermore, the paper will consist thermos-hydraulic analysis of a scenario, in which power plan loss off-site power, reactor is shut- down and the active elements (especially Diesel generators) failed. Considerations and calculations will present the role of passive safety systems in nuclear power plant. In particular described phenomena will concern two above-mentioned systems, which are responsible for residual heat removal. Change of the few of the most important parameters, like reactor’s temperature on inlet or outlet, medium flow or heat exchange in the refuelling water storage tank, will be simulated, presented and described. Mathematical model also will include the role of passive systems and its impact on the main parameters in nuclear power plant with AP1000 reactor.

[1] L.K. Kim et al., “Potential Signatures and the Means of Detecting a Hypothetical Ground Source Cooled Nuclear Reactor”, “Science & Global Security”, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2016, pp. 92–113. [2] Q.M. Men et al., “Calculation Method of Passive Residual Heat Removal Heat Exchanger and Numerical Simulation”, “Journal of Power and Energy Engineering”, No. 2, 2014, pp. 8–14. [3] B. Jia et al., “Numerical Simulation of PRHR System Based on CFD”, “Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics”, No. 1, 2013, pp. 74–81. [4] W. Pudlik, “Wymiana i wymienniki ciepła” [Heat transfer and heat exchangers], GUT Publishing House, Gdańsk 2012.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 92 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Independent replica method for statistical error assessment in Monte Carlo burn-up calculations

Grzegorz Kępisty1 , Katarzyna Skolik1,* , Michał Orliński1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Nuclear Energy, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Independent replica method, Monte Carlo burn-up, High Temperature Reactor, statistical uncertainty, error propagation

Analytical estimation of error propagation in the burn-up calculations coupled to Monte Carlo neutron transport is a very complex task and still requires some assumptions and approximations [1]. In practice, it is convenient to choose independent replica method that allows assessing the statistical component of uncertainty [2]. In the present work, we discuss principles of this method and demonstrate its applicability. We have used numerical tests and the MCB5 code [3] to model a full core High Temperature Reactor (HTR) actinide-burner [4]. Single irradiation cycle with shuffling, equilibrium loading and reactivity control has been considered. We have made 20 simulations of reduced neutron precision, each having different seed of Monte Carlo random number generator. The results have been compared with a single reference calculation and show uncertainties of the order of 0.01%-0.1% for total masses of isotopes and about 0.1%-0.5% for their local concentrations in fuel zones. In addition, the evolution of neutron multiplication factor and power density has been analysed. The results show that the average values and their uncertainties from 20 samples reflect in reliable way the single calculation of high precision. This conclusion is valid both for local and global quantities. Independent replica method can be applied to fuel cycle Monte Carlo study of any nuclear system.

[1] M. Tohjoh, T. Endo, M. Watanabe, A. Yamamoto, Annals of Nuclear Energy 33 (2006) 1424- 1436. [2] M.R. Sternat, W.S. Charlton, T.F. Nichols, Monte-Carlo Burnup Calculation Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation Determination, Proceedings of the INMM 52nd Annual Meeting, Palm Desert, CA, July 17-21, 2011; [3] M. Oettingen et al., Nuclear Engineering and Design 242 (2012) 399-412; [4] J.C. Kuijper et al., PUMA Plutonium and Minor Actinide Management in Thermal High- Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors, Publishable Final Activity Report (2010), Project of the EURATOM 6th Framework Programme – Contract #FP6-036457;

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 93 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Thermal comfort in a passive solar building

Wiktoria Sobczyk1* , Eugeniusz Jacek Sobczyk2

1 Faculty of Mining & Geoengineering, AGH University of Science & Technology, Krakow, Poland 2 Mineral Energy and Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: energy, passive solar building, thermal comfort

Passive solar systems use specific elements of the building to accumulate heat. No medium is used for heat transport and transfer. Sunlight in the form of visible and infra-red waves penetrate into the rooms, accumulating in walls, floors, and ceilings. The elements heat up and emit thermal radiation, producing the greenhouse effect. Erecting a passive house is based on well-known construction materials. Passive building construction is a sector of the construction industry with low energy requirements to heat house interiors. Passive houses require a small amount of energy to provide thermal comfort, but it requires proper modernisation and additional installations to function. These include: ensuring a tight building envelope, thermal protection of external walls, tight flooring, HRU (recuperator), heat pump with a ground heat exchanger, and domestic hot water (DHW). Passive heating methods are effective for buildings with small unit energy demand for heating purposes. They can also be a good source of heat in traditional construction industry. The application range of passive technology is very broad. The paper offers a description of possibilities of reducing energy consumption in modern passive solar buildings. The research was carried out based on the analysis of regulatory documents (EU directives, Polish legislation, analyses of reports and publications of the US Department of Energy – National Energy Technology Laboratory). The applied methods comprised the modelling and design method, as well as the analytical method. Heat balance was calculated using Herz OZC, version 3.0 © computer software 1994-2007 P.W. The heat demand of the passive building has been calculated considering the heat recovery from ventilation and the efficiency of the recuperator. The average annual cost of heating of the energy- efficient building is PLN 4,715, while of the traditional building – PLN 14,115, i.e. three times as much. The solutions proposed in the article significantly reduce the heat load on a traditional building, so they are a good way to reduce heating expenditures. Building a passive solar house is a green investment offering tangible environmental and economic benefits. Construction of passive buildings contributes to lower consumption of fossil fuels, the resources of which are shrinking with the ever-increasing demand for energy.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 94 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Ice slurry flow through gate valves – local pressure loss coefficient

Marlena Solek1, Łukasz Mika2

1 Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kraków, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Kraków, Poland

Keywords: ice slurry, gate valve, pressure loss coefficient

The pressure loss coefficient in either pipes or elbows have been already described in detail in numerous publications, however there are limited references to the local coefficient and flow of ice slurry through gate valves smaller than 1 inch. The paper aims to outline the calculation results of local pressure loss coefficient in three different models of a gate valve in their two opening positions. The study was carried out on ice slurry with the mass fraction of ice particles of 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% and 5%. The slurry is considered to be the Bingham Plastic liquid within this study and the local loss coefficient data were provided thanks to the obtained results of the local resistance calculations in the fittings tested in the experimental investigation. The transitional behavior of ice slurry has been detected. The value of the local pressure loss coefficient decreases firstly up until transition point then it remains constant in the turbulent flow regime. The ice crystals content directly determines its value, as the larger ice mass fraction in the mixture, the greater value of the loss coefficient. Those discrepancies result from the correlation of the experimental value of the local resistance in the gate valve and the ice slurry viscosity, which grows with refrigerant’s ice crystals content. Declining opening position of the gate valves results in decreasing the value of the loss coefficient data in relation to the Reynolds number for Bingham liquid. The analogous transitional behaviour of liquid has also been drawn in the conclusions presented in the body of literature involving the determining the loss coefficient in any fitting inserted in the slurry-based installation [1-8].

[1] V. Fester, P. Slatter, N. Alderman, Resistance Coefficients for Non-Newtonian Flowsin Pipe Fitting in: J. De Vicente (Eds.): Rheology, InTech, [online] [access: 2017-06-23] www.intechopen.com/books/rheology/resistance-coefficients-for-non-newtonian-flows-in-pipe- fittings [2] V.G. Fester, P.T. Slatter, Dynamic similarity for non_newtonian fluids in globe valves, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 87 (2009) 291-297. [3] A.M. Kabwe, V.G. Fester, P.T. Slatter, Prediction of non-Newtonian head losses through diaphragm valves at different opening positions, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, (2010) 959-970. [4] D.M. Kazadi, Non-Newtonian Losses Through Diaphragm Valves, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009. [5] T. Kimura, T. Tanaka, K. Fujimoto, K. Ogawa, Hydrodynamic characteristics of a butterfly valve – Prediction of pressure loss coefficient, ISA Transactions 34 (1995) 319-326. [6] Ł. Mika, W. Zalewski, Local pressure loss coefficient during the flow of slurry ice through sudden pipe extansions, Technical Transactions 1-M/2015 (2015) 67-74. [7] Ł. Mika, Opory przepływu zawiesiny lodowej w elementach instalacji chłodniczej, Wydanictwo Politechniki Krakowskiej, Cracow, 2011. [8] R.M. Turian, T.W. Ma, F.L.G. Hsu, M.D.J. Sung, G.W. Plackmann Flow of concentrated non- Newtonian slurries: 2 Friction losses in bends, fittings, valves and venturi meters, Intt. J. Multiphase Flow 24 (1998) 243-269.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 95 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Effect of fuel parameters and control of operation of the prototypical straw-fired boiler on a level of carbon monoxide emission

1,* 1 Krzysztof Sornek , Mariusz Filipowicz

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Sustainable Energy Development, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: biomass, micro-cogeneration, straw-fired boiler, renewable energy sources, carbon monoxide emission

The restrictive standards in the field of flue gas and dust emission from small heating appliances make it necessary to improve the operating parameters of the biomass-fired boilers. This paper shows the results of tests aimed at determination and reduction of the carbon monoxide (CO) emission during straw combustion in the batch boiler designed as a part of the prototypical micro cogeneration system. Basis on the previous investigations, we can mention several factors which significantly impact on the carbon monoxide emission level from the tested batch boiler. There are e.g. fuel parameters, a way of control of the boiler’s operation and air distribution inside combustion chambers [1,2]. All above factors have been considered in relation to the diagram of contaminants formation during combustion of biomass. The tests have been conducted using dedicated control and measurement system based on the WAGO PFC200 PLC controller, a set of sensors and actuators, and control algorithm developed by authors. In the first part, the impact of different straw parameters on the carbon monoxide emission were analyzed. There were took into account e.g.: straw humidity, bulk density (fragmentation) of the straw, and geometry of the fuel bed. Next, different ways of a control of the inlet air fan, the outlet flue gas fan and the oil pump operation were implemented and tested (oil was used as a heating medium instead of a water). At the end, some modifications in the air distribution system have been introduced to ensure more efficient post-combustion of CO in the area of the secondary combustion chamber. It may be generally concluded, that only proper combination of all above factors allows to ensure environmental friendly operation of the straw-fired batch boiler. A significant reduction in the CO emission is possible e.g. by using recommended amount and geometry of the fuel bed, dry straw, and the appropriate control method of combustion process. On the other hand, due to the fact, that considered boiler is a part of the micro cogeneration system and its operation is not only dependent on the environmental aspects, some outlines for the proper fuel preparation were developed.

[1] K. Sornek, M. Filipowicz, Chemical and Process Engineering, 37 (2016) 503-515. [2] K. Sornek, M. Filipowicz, K. Rzepka, Journal of the Energy Institute, 90/4 (2017) 613-623

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 96 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The study of the operation of straw-fired boiler dedicated to steam generation for micro-cogeneration system

Krzysztof Sornek1,*, Mariusz Filipowicz1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Sustainable Energy Development, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: biomass, micro-cogeneration, straw-fired boiler, renewable energy sources

The combined heat and power generation, based on the use of renewable energy sources, is an essential aspect of currently developing energy systems. Among the other renewable sources, the biomass is characterized e.g. by high caloric value, wide availability and low prices. Taking into account the fact, that biomass should be used locally in distributed energy systems, this paper is focused on the study of operation the straw-fired boiler, being a part of developing microscale CHP system. This system is originally based on the Rankine Cycle (RC) operation, but in future it may be adapted to Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) operation. Basis on the previously conducted studies (described e.g. in [1]), dedicated construction of straw- fired batch boiler was designed and implemented. This boiler has a capacity of 100 kWth and oil jacket. Thermal oil heated in the boiler is transferred to the evaporator – two shell and tube heat exchangers – and emergency oil-water heat exchanger (if needed). The control of the boiler and evaporator operation is realized using especially developed automation system based on the use of PLC controller (WAGO PFC200). This system control air fan and pumps using data obtained from temperature sensors, pressure sensors and flow meters (located in the selected points of oil, steam and water circuits). Results presented in the paper include the impact of various aspects of the boiler operation on the oil heating and steam generation process, such as: various fuel inputs, various control methods and different configurations of heat exchangers connection (the use of only one or two heat exchangers). The analysis of the obtained results allowed to define the operation parameters of the tested boiler and evaporator. Transient analysis of the power and efficiency of the oil circuit (depending on the tested control scenario and fuel input) were conducted. Finally, some outlines for control the operation of the boiler and evaporator were prepared.

[1] K. Sornek, M. Filipowicz, Chemical and Process Engineering, 37 (2016) 503-515.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 97 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Applicability of adsorption cooling/desalination systems driven by low- temperature waste heat

Sebastian Stefański1,* , Wojciech Kalawa1 , Karol Sztekler1, Tomasz Siwek1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: adsorption chiller, adsorption desalination, waste heat utilisation, adsorption cooling and desalination

Environmental and economic factors have a very strong impact on technological development. Energy efficiency is one of the most important topics associated with new technologies and their improvements. Increasing restrictions are being imposed on energy consumption and pollutant emissions in many countries, especially in the European Union. At the same time, the whole energy sector is facing rapidly growing cooling demands. A cooling system based on sorption processes may be an interesting alternative, especially adsorption chillers which can be driven by heat at a temperature from 45°C. The application of this kind of systems has one more advantage: it enables seawater desalination for drinking and service water. The paper presents an overview of adsorption chillers applicability in polygeneration using low-temperature waste heat derived from technological processes and power plant cooling. The newest systems, their parameters and working conditions are described. Also, directions of current research focused on adsorption chillers with desalination function are demonstrated based on literature. A review of available adsorption chillers technologies, materials and exemplary research installations is also presented. The general conclusion is that adsorption cooling and desalination technology have a strong potential, especially in regions with limited drinking water resources and high cooling demands.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 98 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Optimization of combined heat and power (CHP) market allocation: The case of Poland

Alicja Stoltmann1,*, Marcin Jaskólski1, Paweł Bućko1

1 Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk, Poland

Keywords: cogeneration, certificates of origin, MARKAL, incentives, promotion mechanisms, support systems.

Combined heat and power (CHP) production is a way of primary energy saving and emission reduction by generating electricity and useful heat at the same thermodynamic process. Therefore, promotion mechanism for the electricity from high-efficiency cogeneration (CHP-E) was implemented in the European Union. However, CHP-E promotion mechanisms proved low effectiveness in certain countries, e.g. Poland, where the prices of certificates of origin were kept at relatively low levels. This paper attempts to analyse the effect of different CHP-E support systems on the market allocation of different cogeneration technologies. The impact of replacement/buy-out fee and resulting shadow prices of certificates on the market share of CHP-E and the technology choice was studied. The convergence/divergence of CHP-E promotion mechanism and EU Emission Trading Scheme and electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) was also investigated. MARKAL model of Polish power system was applied to calculate the installed capacity and annual electricity production from cogeneration plants in time perspective to 2050. The paper presents a description of the MARKAL model of Polish power system.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 99 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Acoustic emission method for facilitating decision making about the safety of structures being elements of smart cities

Grzegorz Świt1 , Anna Adamczak1,* , Aleksandra Krampikowska1

1 Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Poland

Keywords: acoustic emission method, structures, smart cities, civil engineering, safety

Smart City concept is called the concept of the future and it relates to the so-called intelligent cities. Currently, it is the most promising idea aiming at their development, as well as to the development of local economy. Smart City is a response to the changes that have been occurring in the whole world, relating to both expansion and functioning of the cities that become more intelligent every year. Modern agglomerations should use the newest information and communication technologies in such a manner that they increase the interactivity and the effectiveness of urban infrastructure, but also in order to raise the awareness of the residents. Every city that wants to become smart should include numerous aspects connected with urban life in its development plan. One of the factors ensuring the effectiveness of city functioning is Smart Building, which is an intelligent, environmentally friendly construction, and most of all, it is safe for people. Ensuring the safety of the construction requires performing a series of diagnostic operations in all phases of construction object's life cycle. As the result of the influence of external factors on the structure, including environmental factors, and as the result of useful loads that change during long-time exploitation, the objects are subject to degradation. Early and precise detection of damages that occurred during the use allows to take reasonable measures, including repairs, ensuring uninterrupted exploitation of the object. Therefore, especially in the recent period, a lot of attention has been paid to the topic of diagnostics and monitoring of the structures being exploited, and it is connected with the issue of durability and assurance of reliability of these structures. The article presents the application of acoustic emission methods for monitoring the condition of the construction. Complete usefulness of the AE method applied in monitoring the destructive processes in structures was confirmed, especially that it allows to assess the occurring destructive processes in the conditions of real exploitative loads. It was shown that the presented method is a successful diagnostic tool enabling effective and safe functioning of intelligent city.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 100 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Bridge management system within the strategic roads as an element of smart city

Grzegorz Świt1 , Anna Adamczak1,*, Aleksandra Krampikowska1

1 Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Poland

Keywords: acoustic emission, smart cities, bridges

A permanent increase of population in large urban centres - both in Poland and in the whole world - causes environmental pollution, demographic changes and, most of all, the growth of the traffic volume. A way to deal with all problems of cities is the performance of the Smart City conception, which allows to build intelligent solutions improving transport, energy technology, tourism and many other fields that constitute the economy. The basis of the operation should be an efficient communication infrastructure, because the dynamics of the economic development is significantly dependent on the efficiency and the reliability of the communication system. It can be also stated that the development of the transport networks, including those on highly urbanised areas, is essential to ensure proper functioning of economic and social life. Correctly conducted monitoring and the diagnostics of the bridges should help the road administration with managing these objects and with extending the lifetime period, so it should allow to optimise the completion period and the scope of possible renovation, repair or enforcement, and in the case of discovering that there are damages that endanger the safety of the construction, it should ensure justified removal from service. The article presents an example of the use of acoustic emission method for the assessment of the condition of My Thuan cable-stayed bridge by the Tien Giang river. The application of AE technique enables monitoring and following the processes occurring in the total volume of the structure, regardless of stress and deformations, but depending on the integrity of the construction, and this is of key importance for the durability of use and safe work of the bridge. Thanks to this, it enables the performance of the Smart Cities concept in relation to the intelligent infrastructure and ensuring a proper level of safety.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 101 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

An experimental study of the dust deposition effect on the photovoltaic module efficiency

Marek Jaszczur1, Janusz Teneta2, Katarzyna Styszko1, Qusay Hassan1,3, Paulina Burzyńska1, Ewelina Marcinek1, Natalia Łopian1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Poland 3 University of Diyala, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iraq

Keywords: PV system efficiency, dust accumulation, degradation of the efficiency of PV

The dust deposition effect on photovoltaic module performance is a complex problem and it depends primarily on very localised environmental conditions. It is only through the systematical study of the dust accumulation at different locations of the Earth and at different seasons that the dust deposition effect on the PV system degradation can be better understood. Maximising the photovoltaic system efficiency is also crucial in order to increase the competitiveness of this technology. Unfortunately, dust deposition on the module cover surface may significantly reduce the power output and in consequence it may cause energy production-related losses and economic losses. In this study conducted in the city centre of Kraków, Poland characterised by high pollution and low wind speed the focus is on the evaluation of the degradation of efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) modules due to natural dust deposition. The PV power output was analysed in order to find a relationship between the mass of dust particles deposited on the module surface and the degradation of system efficiency. The obtained experimental results demonstrated that dust particles have a significant impact on PV performance and the reduction in efficiency manifest a nonlinear relationship with the dust mass deposition. The maximum mass deposition observed for rainless exposure periods of one week during the non-heating season exceed 400mg and results in an efficiency loss are about 1.27%. The efficiency loss gradually increased with the mass and it follows the exponential. It was observed that this loss is not only mass-dependent but that it also depends on the dust properties. The samples from the same period have similar properties and the effect of mass is a key issue while the samples from different periods possess different properties (dust deposition under different environmental conditions – wind, humidity, rainfall) and in that case, the sample mass is not the only key factor. The small positive effect of the tiny dust layer on the module performance was observed also which slight increases in surface roughness which results in better light trapping and absorption in solar cells but still without significant decrease in light transmissivity.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by NFOŚiGW Grant “Pilotażowa modernizacja oświetlenia ulicznego Miasta Krakowa wraz z rozbudową warstwy telemetrycznej, stworzeniem systemu sterowania oraz budowa instalacji PV” (139/2015/Wn06/OA-is-ku/D). We gratefully acknowledge the meteorological data provided by the Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected], tel. +48 12 617 2657, fax +48 12 617 2685

Page 102 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Comparison of energy performance and toxicity of diesel engine fuelled with diesel oil, rapeseed oil and oil mixture

Karol Tucki1,*, Anna Bączyk1, Marek Klimkiewicz1, Michał Sikora1

1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: rapeseed oil, alternative fuels, diesel engine, toxicity

Over the last thirty years, the European Union pays more and more attention to using the energy from renewable sources, and to improve air quality. From 90. until now researches on the use of various unconventional fuels to power internal combustion engines are carried out. The aim of the work was to determine the effects of rapeseed oil and a mixture of rapeseed oil and diesel (50:50) for energy parameters, toxicity and smoke opacity and performance indicator diagrams on working diesel engine compared with diesel. The study was performed in steady state conditions of the engine work for the selected crankshaft speed (1600 rpm) and the engine load (60 Nm). The analysis can show conclusions as follows: (1) the content of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases is particularly disadvantageous in comparing fuels, (2) in the case of the use of rapeseed oil, as a fuel for diesel engines, we found a beneficial effect of an increase in the value of the compression ratio to reduce negative differences between treatment fuels (3) delay in starting injection of rapeseed oil has not alleviated the negative difference of test parameters (4) an increase in compression ratio and speed up the beginning of the injection leads to an increase in the content of nitrogen oxides. In considering the results of the analysis, we can conclude that the mixture of oils can be used as an alternative fuel for ignition diesel engines [1]. At the same time, it is useful to have in mind the fact that the current Member States are preparing for the development of advanced biofuels. The European Union has adopted Directive 2015/1513 [2], and one of its main objectives should be limiting the share of energy from 'first generation' biofuels up to 7% of final energy consumption in the transport sector by 2020. That means a decrease in the importance of these fuels and the reduction of their participation in the transport [3].

[1] Osipowicz T., Stoeck T., Wpływ oleju rzepakowego jako dodatku do paliwa na emisję substancji toksycznych do atmosfery przez silnik ZS, Autobusy 6 (2014), 207-209 [2] Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2015/1513 z dnia 9 września 2015 r. zmieniająca dyrektywę 98/70/WE odnoszącą się do jakości benzyny i olejów napędowych oraz zmieniającą dyrektywę 2009/28/WE w sprawie promowania stosowania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych [3] Rękas A., Wroniak M., Krygier K., Rynek rzepaku i oleju rzepakowego w Polsce i na świecie. Perspektywa rozwoju produkcji w latach 2003/2004-2014/2015, Przemysł Spożywczy 70 (7), (2016), 16-19

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 103 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Crude rapeseed oil as a fuel for propulsion of the vehicle

Karol Tucki1,*, Anna Bączyk1, Marek Klimkiewicz1, Michał Sikora1

1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: crude ,rapeseed oil, Ford Fiesta

Currently, when the automotive industry is growing faster than ever, air pollution is the subject of international debate, and emission standards are systematically tightened, a very important topic for this situation is to seek power car engines alternative possibilities, mainly used in passenger cars fed with vegetable fuels [1,2]. The article presents the results of tests of passenger car (brand Ford Fiesta 1.8D), with an additional installation to fed up the engine with raw rapeseed oil. Load characteristics, the compression pressure, the level of external noise when the vehicle is stationary and the temperature distribution of the individual elements of the engine were examined. In order to make ecological research of engine, analysis shows the results of the toxic exhaust fumes components. Control of engine fed with rapeseed oil has shown that the process of burning after work by 80 thousand km runs correctly and does not affect negatively on the injection pump. Studies show that the use of crude rapeseed oil does not reduce power and torque, does not adversely affect the operation of the injection pump. Pressure, noise and smoke opacity value were not significantly different (within the limits of error) of the results obtained for diesel. Disturbing fact is the increased amount of carbon deposits on the surface of the piston crowns and valves, exhaust gas ducts and the ends of the injectors. This is a negative phenomenon, which, however, can be significantly mitigated by the use of additives in rapeseed oil, which would improve its combustion. Very important thing, in the context of the adaptation of the engine to start feding with rapeseed oil, is testing the temperature distribution of the engine.

[1] Karpiuk W., Kinal G., Smolec R., Analysis of the effects of rape fuels on elements modern injection systems in diesel engines. Combustion Engines 162 (3), (2015), 988-995 [2] D'Alessandro B., Bidini G., Zampilli M., Laranci P., Bartoci P., Fantozii F., Straight and waste vegetable oil in engine: review and experimental measurement of emission, fuel consumption and injector fouling on a turbocharged commercial engine, Fuel 182, (2016), 198-209

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 104 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessment of low-rank coal application in coal-fired boiler

Łukasz Uruski1,*

1 EDF Polska S.A., Department of Research and Development, ul. Ciepłownicza 1, 31-587 Kraków, Poland

Keywords: low-rank coal, pulverized-coal boiler, energy sector

Increase in energy demand as well as progressive exploitation of coal deposits caused that low-rank coals (LRC), with low calorific value and high ash content, find application in the energy production sector. Its application in the economy based on fossil fuels seems to be inevitable, especially when it is economically justified. However, its combustion in typical coal boilers has an impact on the operation of power plant, particularly in the context of the environmental regulations being introduced and flexibility challenges in energy markets. LRC was applied to feed two natural circulation boilers with front wall burners equipped with SCR or SNCR installation. Several weeks of tests were conducted. Almost 800 samples of coal, fly-ash and sewages were collected. Continuous monitoring and aggregation of data was carried out. Influence of the coal application on operating parameters, corrosion of the heat exchange surfaces, coal by-products quality and emission of air pollutants was discussed and compared with typically used coal. The research methodology that was applied for assessment of LRC combustion influence on boiler and depollution installation will be presented. Operating data achieved during LRC combustion was compared with the operating parameters reached during combustion of typical coals with higher heating value and lower ash content. Based on measurements and observations, conducted in relatively short period of time, prediction of influence on exploitation parameters in the long term were determined. Also, some crucial parameters were identified and further control of boiler operation was suggested.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 105 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Impact of wet fuel gas desulphurisation (WFGD) on mercury emission to atmosphere

Michał Wichliński1,* , Grzegorz Wielgosz1 , Rafał Kobyłecki1

1 Technical University of Czestochowa, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa, Poland

Keywords: mercury, emission, power plant, wet fuel gas desulphurisation, WFGD.

In large coal-fired power plants, air pollution control devices play a very important role. The most commonly used exhaust gas scrubbers are electrostatic precipitators, whereas for flue gas desulphurisation, the wet flue gas desulphurisation (WFGD) is used most often in the power industry. This type of installation of desulphurisation is most often combined with pulverized boilers, which are the most common type of boilers used in Polish power industry. Many publications say high WFGD efficiency in reducing mercury emissions to the atmosphere, but data are sometimes very divergent [1,2,3]. Reduction of mercury emissions into the atmosphere in the WFGD absorber occurs during the flue gas desulphurisation process, which are washed with aqueous slurry of limestone. Bivalent mercury Hg2+ is readily soluble in water, which reduces the amount of mercury emitted into the atmosphere. This article describes the possibilities of reducing mercury emissions into the atmosphere through a wet flue gas desulphurisation. The research was carried out on two power plants equipped with pulverized boilers, an electrostatic precipitator and a wet flue gas desulphurisation. The content of mercury in the flue gas before and after the WFGD was investigated, as well as mercury content in coal, limestone, and WFGD products, i.e., gypsum and slag. The obtained results allowed for the preparation of the mercury balance for both WFGD. The balances show how the mercury stream that is introduced into the WFGD is emitted into the atmosphere and deposited in solid desulphurisation products. The results show that about 50% of the mercury contained in the exhaust gases on the absorber is deposited in the gypsum, about 1% in slag, and the remaining about 49% is emitted into the atmosphere.

[1] L. Sloss, Mercury emissions and effects-the role of coal, IEAPER 19, 1995. [2] M. Wichliński, R. Kobyłecki, Z. Bis, Możliwości usuwania rtęci ze spalin w urządzeniach do oczyszczania gazów, Polityka Energetyczna, Tom 17, Zeszyt 4, 2014, 317-328. [3] L. Gray, Review of Control Technologies for Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants, MANE 696H01 – Air and Water Pollution Prevention and Control, Rensselaer Hartford, 2013.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 106 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of Boil Off Rate problem in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) receiving terminals

Tomasz Włodek1,*

1 AGH University, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Boil Off Rate, BOG, LNG, LNG storage terminals, Vaporization,

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has an increasingly important role in the global natural gas market. Global demand for natural gas will grow over the coming years. LNG is transported by ships to unloading points at the storage terminals. During the LNG storage processes some part of LNG evaporates into gas phase. Evaporated LNG is called Boil off Gas (BOG). LNG is stored at cryogenic temperatures. Heat flow has an impact on evaporation process. It indicates there is continuous boil-off of small fraction or portion of LNG due to warming during storage process. This boil-off gas is generated primarily due to heat flow from the ambient air through tank insulation, unloading and recirculation-line insulation. Vaporization process causes changes in the composition of stored Liquefied Natural Gas. Increased vaporization process may negatively affect the stability and safety of the LNG storage process. Rate of vaporization (boil off rate) should be precisely determined. For these reasons different calculation models to determine the LNG boil off rate are shown in this paper, also there are presented some boil off rate calculation results for different Liquefied Natural Gas compositions. Obtained results show that Boil Off Rate is higher for LNG composition which contains nitrogen. Due to lower bubble temperature nitrogen evaporates first from the LNG, it causes significant LNG density drop in surface layer in storage tank. Difference of densities in surface and bottom layer of stored LNG may cause the stratification process and consequently affect the stability of storage process (possibility of roll-over phenomenon).

[1] M. Łaciak, Archives of Mining Sciences, 2013, 58 (2), 349. [2] M. Łaciak, Zwiększenie efektywności energetycznej odparowania oraz bezpieczeństwa magazynowania skroplonego gazu ziemnego (LNG), Wyd. AGH, Kraków, 2013. [3] T. Włodek, M. Łaciak, AGH Drilling, Oil and Gas Quaterly, 2015, 32 (2), 275. [4] A. Farzad et al., International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2007, 49, 989. [5] T.Włodek, 16th Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM 2016, 2016, III, 729. [6] D.Y. Peng, D. B. Robinson, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1976, 15, (1), 59. [7] Q.S. Chen, J. Wegrzyn, V. Prasad, Cryogenics, 2004, 44, 701. [8] F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, A. S. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Edition, John Wiley and Sons.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 107 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Organization of coal distribution in PGG sp. z o.o.

Ewelina Włodarczyk1, Aurelia Rybak1

1 Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Gliwice, Poland

Keywords: geomarketing, distribution of hard coal, coal market conditions

During the planning of the hard coal distribution the specific nature of coal industry must be taken into account. First of all analysis of the hard coal sales time series reveals a regularity of this phenomenon. The increased consumption of this fuel is clearly marked in the winter. As a result, mining companies are not able to eliminate sales and production seasonality due to natural causes. Therefore, in order to adapt to variable market conditions mining companies must manage production and distribution in order to survive the period of reduced demand, but also to meet the increased demand when needed. The aim of this article is to show how distribution of hard coal (and energy fuels) is organized in one of the largest coal company in Europe. The analyzed company was merged (1.04.2017) with Katowicki Holding Węglowy SA to form a new business entity. These actions have changed the organizational structure of the companies. To examine the company's newly established structure an document analysis method was used. This study allowed to clarify the hard coal market in terms of marketing and to divide it on the basis of the coal consumption level. Two groups of customers, i.e. large customers and so-called small customers have been identified. The distribution channels of hard coal have been analyzed, as well as the methods of coal carriage to individual customers. The analysis of documents shows that small customers are the primary recipients of broken coal and small quantities of pea and rice coal. In the case of the coal distribution to small customers the most common solution is a merchant participation. The role of the merchant is in addition to reach the largest number of customers, the reduction of seasonal fluctuations. The delivery of coal is usually carried out for those buyers by road transport. Conducted research allowed to clarify the hard coal market in terms of marketing and to divide it based on the level of hard coal consumption. Analysis of coal distribution has been carried out in order to enable future modifications of the company's distribution process using geomarketing tools such as for example geocoding, Voronoi polygons, geoprocessing.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

Page 108 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Decision support model for urban heat system planning

Artur Wyrwa1,*

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: modelling, heat system, planning, decision support.

The article presents an energy-economic model that can be used for decision support in developing strategies aimed at reduction of air pollutant emissions from the residential sector. The model was develop with the use of the General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS). It is a bottom-up model coupled with the GIS-based tool making use of the geo-referenced datasets describing buildings. These datasets include, among the others, the buildings boundaries, utility types, location, number of floors. At first, an energy demand for space heating was estimated at the building level. Then, the model solved the Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) problem by taking measures: (i) on the supply side (e.g. fuel and/or technology switch) and (ii) on the demand side (e.g. replacement of windows, improving insulation of the building envelope and the roof). The objective function minimized by the model are the total costs of covering heat demand. A number of user-constraints were defined, including, e.g. limitations of emissions of air pollutants, dedicated budget for emissions reduction, priority given to either demand-side or supply-side measures. The applicability of the model was demonstrated in a case- study done for a town in Poland. Several scenarios were considered to show what can be done to decrease emissions and what were the costs of implementation of the proposed measures. The results show that emission reduction can be achieved with negative costs due to investments in thermomodernization of energy intensive buildings.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 109 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Techno-Economic Analysis of Adsorption-Based DH Driven Cooling System

Artur Wyrwa1,* and Yi-Kuang Chen1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: district heat, adsorption, cooling, modelling, techno-economic analysis.

With the arising environmental awareness against greenhouse gas emissions, a significant amount of investment has been put to district heating (DH) systems and cogeneration and/or trigeneration in the last decades. However, it also implies a more competitive DH supply market in addition to the growing improvements of building energy efficiencies which decreases the heat demand. This study has examined the economic feasibility of adsorption-based district heat driven cooling system compared with convention air compression unit through a techno-economic model built in GAMS. The article describes the model settings, equations and input data as well as the result and discussions. The sensitivity analysis of adsorption investment cost, heat price, electricity price and the discount rate and two other scenarios of other locations and of constant outdoor temperature profile are also included. Overall, the results indicate that this type of system is not competitive, mainly because of its technological constrains by temperature. Only when a fixed outdoor temperature profile is assumed plus free heat, adsorption systems would be preferable. This implies that the potential of its application at other climate and free heat source is still worth investigating.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 110 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Positive energy practice in Lubuskie District - a case study

Joanna Zarębska 1,*, Andrzej B. Zarębski 2, Janusz Adamczyk 3

1 University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Economics and Management, Division of Environment and Public Sector Economy Management, Zielona Góra, Poland 2 Maritime University of Szczecin, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Ship Automation, Szczecin, Poland 3 University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Economics and Management, Division of Environment and Public Sector Economy Management, Zielona Góra, Poland

Keywords: positive practice, cleaner technologies, life cycle assessment (LCA)

According to assumptions of the sustainable development, changing into cleaner technology by the public power utility is the requirement of our times. Such actions are the example of a positive practice and they affect well on the environment, ecology and society. It is also consistent with the aims of Polish Energy Policy. In this article “Zielona Góra” Public Power Utility EDF Group (EC) is the first to have abandoned production of electricity and warmth on the basis of coal mine and introduces natural gas. Investing in oil and gas boilers was the revolution in the company and a good example of positive energy and environmental practice. The use of new and less emissive materials (natural gas, heating oil) in the production also affects the local society and the city itself. Following “Zielona Góra” Heat and Power Plant, another institution introduces the clean technology. It is PGE Plant in Gorzów Wielkopolski for which a gas and steam block was put into operation. It has ensured energy independence in Lubuskie District. All investments of the above are essential especially for regions and cities which has problems with a low emission. Luckily, it does not concern these two towns. A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) for an old and new energy production technology in EC “Zielona Góra” was used in presenting the environmental benefits. It was carried out by the employees of the University of Zielona Góra in cooperation with the industry.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 111 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Modelling of flexible boiler operation in coal fired power plant

Maciej Żyrkowski1,*, Piotr Żymełka1

1 R&D Department, EDF Polska S.A. Cieplownicza 1 street, 31-357 Krakow

Keywords: flexibility, boiler, simulation modelling, power units, coal

Polish energy market is comprised of numerous aged 200 MWe coal units. In order to work in changing market conditions - with growing number of renewable energy sources as well as new supercritical coal power plants - these units will be forced to work with extended flexibility. It results in ability to change load level faster and to extend their designed load range. It is both challenge for turbine and boiler part of the power plant, designed to work as the base load unit. Study presented in the article was performed in order to analyse behaviour of one 225 MWe coal unit, working in extended load range (from 90 – 225 MWe), by using Ebsilon®Professional software. The major goal of study, was to verify quality of physical measurements as well as calculation algorithms embedded in power plant’s DCS system, in the load range below designed technical minimum (90-135 MWe). Two models – turbine part and boiler part - were prepared and validated, using reliable data from test campaign performed in-situ. In this article, the boiler behaviour is comprehensively described with indication of issues, that must be addressed when considering boiler operation in load range below its technical minimum.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 112 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Semiconductor-based continuous-flow photocatalysis for lignin- inspired molecules valorization

Juan C. Colmenares1,*, T. Dańko1, V. Nair1

1 Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw , Poland

Keywords: selective photocatalysis, microfluidic photoreactors, lignin valorization, semiconductor-based thin layers, chemicals from biomass.

Lignin is underutilized and the bulk of produced lignin (representing about 70 million metric tons per year) is only employed as a combustible material for its high heat value. Due to its high aromatic content, lignin has great potential to function as an alternative to non-renewable fossil resources, for the production of important aromatic fine chemicals, for instance, for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Future methods of lignin-based compounds valorization must be based on new materials and green technological approaches just because the existing methods don’t meet the necessary environmental and economic requirements [1]. Among these technologies, photocatalysis represents a promising solution [2,3] which in combination with microfluidic photocatalytic reactors has advantages such as large surface-area-to-volume ratio, better temperature control, high light efficiency and high control of fluid flow [3,4]. We report the use of our method based on ultrasound technology for the fabrication of semiconductor-based thin layers incorporated in the internal wall of a polymeric fluidic microreactor [5], the study of their activity in the selective photo-oxidation of lignin-based model molecules (e.g. from aromatic alcohols to the production of high added value chemicals such as aromatic aldehydes and carboxylic acids) and the correlation of their performances with the composition, surface morphology and distribution of the active sites The microfluidic device was fabricated using non-cleanroom based technique which makes it suitable for large scale applications.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Centre (NCN) in Poland within research project Sonata Bis Nr. 2015/18/E/ST5/00306. More information on this project at http://photo-catalysis.org

[1] R. Rinaldi, R. Jastrzebski, P.C.A. Bruijnincx, B.M. Weckhuysen, M.T. Clough, M. Kennema, J. Ralph, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55 (2016) 2–54. [2] S.H. Li, S. Liu, J.C. Colmenares, Y.J. Xu, Green Chemistry, 18(3) (2016) 594-607. [3] J.C. Colmenares, R.S. Varma, V. Nair, Chemical Society Reviews (2017) DOI:10.1039/c7cs00257b. [4] D. Cambié, C. Bottecchia, N.J.W. Straathof, V. Hessel, T. Noë l, Chemical Reviews, 116 (2016) 10276−10341. [5] Method and device for the deposition of nanoparticles on the inner wall of the capillary polymer using ultrasonic waves. J.C. Colmenares, E. Kuna, D. Łomot. Polish patent application Nr P.420175 (January, 2017).

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

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Page 114 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

ENVIRONMENT

Page 115 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Page 116 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Corporate culture versus Corporate Social Responsibility in Polish companies of the energy sector

Marta Sukiennik1 , Patrycja Bak1+

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: corporate culture, Corporate Social Responsibility, energy sector, Polish mining sector

The objective of the article is to show the role of the corporate culture in terms of CSR activities. The article outlines basic elements and factors that shape level of the corporate culture. The determinants of the corporate culture, which significantly affect both internal shape and image of the whole corporation in society, were indicated. Additionally, some aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) were mentioned. While considering the fact that CSR is often treated as a PR tool or sales tool, the authors also attempted to show that the CSR activities have impact on the corporate culture of a given organization. The article pays special attention to such activities, which are significantly combined with the corporate culture and contribute to its improvement. The corporate culture, together with all its determinants, should not only function as a mere declaration, but its principles should be implemented and sustained in daily operations of the company. The CSR policy is often coincident with the declarations of the culture of an organization, which should contribute to collaboration between such two scopes of operations of the companies. The article contains examples of CSR impact on the level and shape of the corporate culture within selected companies of the energy sector.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 117 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Production of geopolymer materials from calcium fly ash

Paweł Baran1,*, Katarzyna Zarębska1, Natalia Czuma1, Adam Kanciruk2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 The Strata Mechanics Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: geopolymer, calcium fly ash, fly ash modification

Term „geopolymer” refers to inorganic (aluminosilicates), amorphous, synthetic polymers of characteristic composition and properties in case of high strength, thermal stability, high surface, hardness, fire and chemical resistance and ability to immobilize toxic metals. Usage of fly ash as a product for geopolymer production is attractive as it allows for both: efficient recycling of energy sector waste and production of material of good properties. The mechanism of production of geopolymers is not well recognized as changes may occur once the fly ashes composition is changing. In the work the analysis of synthesis parameters was performed as well as determination of the influence of fly ashes modification process on the properties of received geopolymers. The research have been performed for the calcium fly ash formed as a result of brown coal burning. For the purpose of modification of fly ash it was subjected to the process of magnetic separation and removal of unburned carbon. Selected in this way fly ashes were subjected to activation process with the use of alkaline solution composed out of mixture of sodium silicate (waterglass) and highly concentrated NaOH solution. Received products were subjected to physical properties analysis - mechanical compressive strength properties. As a result of performed experiments, it was found that the process of removal of ferromagnetic elements substantially increases the strength parameters. The highest strength was found for the sample characterized by the highest share of NaOH during the synthesis.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 118 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Life Cycle Inventory of the extraction of the rare earth elements (REEs) under uncertainty using the Monte Carlo (MC) method: case study from the beneficiation of REE in the flotation tailings from COVAS mine in Portugal

Bogusław Bieda1,*, Katarzyna Grzesik1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Management, Krakow, Poland 1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Life cycle assessment, life cycle inventory, rare earth elements, Monte Carlo simulation, Crystal Ball

The study proposes an stochastic approach based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for life cycle assessment (LCA) method limited to life cycle inventory (LCI) study for rare earth elements (REEs) recovery from the secondary materials processes production applied to the tailings from COVAS mining site located in Portugal. The overall uncertainty of an LCI is usually dominated by a few major uncertainties. MC simulation, based on random numbers can be considered the most effective quantification approach for uncertainties. The software Crystal Ball® (CB), simulation program, associated with Microsoft® Excel, was used for the uncertainties analysis. Uncertainty of data can be expressed through a definition of probability distribution of that data. The environmental data used in this study are obtained from: (i) Enviree Report for 2016-2017 (ii) values based on literature, (iii) the processes already described in the ecoinvent database. REEs (lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, and tungsten) have been inventoried. The output report provided by CB, after 10,000 runs is reflected in the frequency charts and summary statistics. It is a relatively new technique, especially in Poland, that deals with environmental management, which in recent years have attracted more and more interest. The analysed parameters are assigned with log-normal distribution. The results obtained using MC simulation are more reliable than the deterministic approach. It is concluded that uncertainty analysis offer a well-defined procedure for LCI studies, early phase of LCA, and provide the basis for defining the data needs for full LCA of the REE beneficiation process.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 119 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption from passenger cars tested over the NEDC and WLTC – an overview and experimental results from market-representative vehicles

Piotr Bielaczyc1,*, Andrzej Szczotka1, Joseph Woodburn1

1 BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd, Bielsko-Biala, Poland

Keywords: CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, WLTP, WLTC, NEDC

EU legislation specifies that the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) be used for type approval testing of existing (not new) types of passenger cars, a test which generates official values for CO2 emissions and fuel consumption (which is calculated from CO2 emissions based on a carbon balance). A significant body of evidence shows that the type approval values obtained by manufacturers of light duty vehicles are lower than those which occur during real usage on the road. Longstanding objections that the current test cycle is unrepresentative and delivers unrealistic results has led to the development of a worldwide harmonized light-duty test cycle (WLTC), as part of wider changes in the overall test procedure (the worldwide harmonized light-duty test procedure – WLTP). This paper discusses both driving cycles and their characteristics with the aim of making the topic accessible to the non-specialist; later in the paper CO2 and fuel consumption results obtained by testing several European passenger cars over both cycles in an emissions testing laboratory are reported. The test vehicles were a good representation of passengers cars in use in EU countries such as Poland – they featured both spark ignition and compression ignition engines, met the Euro 5 standard and had appreciable accumulated mileages.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 120 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Comparing CO2 and Fuel Consumption Tested Under Laboratory Conditions Using the WLTP Procedure with Real-World Fuel Consumption

Piotr Bielaczyc1,*, Mateusz Gandyk2 , Andrzej Szczotka1, Joseph Woodburn1

1 BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd, Bielsko-Biala, Poland 2 Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

Keywords: CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, WLTP, WLTC, RDE

The new WLTP test procedure was used to measure fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from a variety of vehicles under laboratory conditions using and to compare these fuel consumption results to results reported by drivers operating the same vehicles under real-world conditions. Laboratory testing was carried using a chassis dynamometer situated within a climatic chamber. A number of vehicles were tested, representing a range of passenger cars types commonly encountered on European roads. Exhaust emissions were measured using the legislative test method. The results were compared with values from one (or more) publicly accessible databases containing user reported real-world fuel consumption data, which can also be back-calculated to CO2. These user reported values were compared to values for the entire WLTP test and its four phases and brief analyses were performed. Fuel consumption results generated over the entire cycle are repeatable and reproducible. However, they remain lower than the values reported by drivers for real-world usage – the overall mean discrepancy being on the order of 10%-20%, both for CO2 and fuel consumption. When considering the individual phases, the initial (cold start urban) phase of the test generates the highest fuel consumption results (as expected), which were found to be higher than reported real-world fuel consumption values. When the results of the other phases were considered in addition to the first phase, it was possible obtain a result with lower discrepancy, although the same approach did not work for all test vehicles. While the new WLTP procedure is more demanding than the previous one, differences remain between laboratory fuel consumption results and real-world fuel consumption. Since the test cycle covers a range of driving conditions (phases), these individual phases can be examined to see which best matches real-world data, based on which a system of weighting factors for the various phases might be proposed.

Page 121 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Global development of emissions reduction from light duty vehicles

Piotr Bielaczyc1,*

1 BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd., Bielsko-Biala, Poland

Keywords: LDV development, emissions regulations, WLTP, RDE, vehicle powertrain technology

The automotive industry (especially the LDV sector) is currently under unprecedented pressure from a wide range of factors particularly in terms of environmental performance and fuel consumption. The major global automotive markets have all set limits for exhaust emissions from new road vehicles, which have become increasingly stringent over the past few decades. There is also considerable pressure to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions – around 80% of all new passenger cars sold globally are subject to some kind of energy efficiency regulation. Long-established emissions test procedures are changing and standards are becoming much harder to meet, necessitating changes in R&D methods, strategies and calibrations, fuels and – crucially – powertrains. This presentation examines the current situation regarding regulation of emissions rules including new stringent world-wide emissions regulations WLTP and RDE, new regulations and emission limits to be introduced in EU, USA, China, India, Japan and the impact on powertrains used in new vehicles across the world. Powertrain technologies which can help to overcome challenges are mentioned and key trends are analysed. Finally, some brief comments are offered on what the next few years will bring on automotive powertrain technology development introduced on main automotive world markets.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 122 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Proposition of changes in the law governing the combustion of solid fuels in individual energy source used by households in Poland in terms of maximizing environmental, social and economic effects

Paweł Bogacz1,*

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: smog, low emission, pollution, solid fuels, households, mining

The effect of smog is one of the most important environmental problems in Poland today. According to a research [1], the main source of this situation is low-stack emissions. It is primarily responsible for the appearance of suspended dust and benzo(e)pyrene in the air. In the last few years, a broad social campaign was launched in Poland, followed by a legislative action to significantly reduce the problem of low-stack emissions and, in consequence, smog. These measures are based mainly on the CAFE Directive [2], the Environmental Protection Act [3] and the National Air Protection Program [4]. As a result, there are now so-called mass-produced in Poland: anti- smog resolutions and Low Emission Reduction Programs. In this article, author presented the results of simulating the impact of these decisions on environmental (level of reduction of suspended particulate matter and benzo(e)pyrene), but also social aspects (improvement of health indicators versus decrease in employment in mining and related industries) and their economic consequences (related general economic). Selected documents concerning the limitations and changes in the range of used furnaces and types of fuels by the households, analytical data from Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) (including Local Data Bank of the Polish Central Statistical Office) [5] and own calculations are the base for this analysis. On the basis of the obtained results, in the final part of the work, author proposed the method of elimination of low emission, which will take into account the environmental, social and, consequently, economic aspects.

[1] https://www.mos.gov.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/mos/srodowisko/lesnictwo/KPOP_do_roku_202 0.pdf [online] [access: 09.06.2017] [2] Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2008/50/WE z dnia 21 maja 2008 roku w sprawie jakości powietrza dla Europy, Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej, 11.6.2008, L 152. [3] http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20150002278 [online] [access: 09.06.2017] [4] https://www.mos.gov.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/mos/srodowisko/lesnictwo/KPOP_do_roku_202 0.pdf [online] [access: 09.06.2017] [5] https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/start [online] [access: 09.06.2017]

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 123 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Evaluation of environmental impact of selected nuclear reactor technologies considering assumptions of the Polish energy policy

Tomasz Bury1,*

1 Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Gliwice, Poland

Keywords: nuclear reactor, radioactive waste, pollution emission, contamination

Electricity generation in Poland is mainly based on coal combustion. European energy policy toward sustainability and mitigation of global warming forces significant changes in the structure of the Polish electricity production system. The domestic energy policy assumes increase of renewable energy sources utilization and construction of first nuclear power plant. It is planned to install up to 4.5 GWe in nuclear units in the perspective of the year 2030. Considering current nuclear reactor technology status it is obvious that generation III or III+ reactors should be installed in the first Polish nuclear power plant. Technology is not chosen yet but it seems that the pressurized water reactors are a preferred option. Despite of the final choice Poland will have to face a big challenge related to nuclear fuel cycle – radioactive waste management. The work deals with assessment of amounts of radioactive waste produced during the operation of selected nuclear reactors. Pressurized water reactors (EPR, AP-1000, APR-1400), boiling water reactors (ABWR, ESBWR), and heavy water reactor (ACR-1000) operation was analyzed. All types of radioactive waste (gaseous, liquid, and solid) were considered at all levels of activity (low level, medium level, and high level). Emissions of radioactive pollutants were evaluated, as well as thermal contamination of the environment due to the turbine condensers cooling. Special attention was paid to the spent nuclear fuel issue. The analysis was done taking into account the whole planned exploitation period. Another part of the analysis was devoted to the radioactive waste disposal facilities and their environmental impact. The uranium ore mining in Poland was also considered in the final part of the analysis.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 124 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Research on HONDA NHX 110 fueled with biogas, CNG and E85

Adrian Chmielewski1,*, Robert Gumiński1, Tomasz Mydłowski1, Artur Małecki1, Krzysztof Bogdziński1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: Test stand, opened pressure diagram, vibration acceleration, biogas.

The work presents research on HONDA NHX 110 fueled with biogas, compressed natural gas – CNG, and the mixture of bioethanol with gasoline – E85. The experiment study was conducted on the author's test bench which contained: internal combustion engine ICE – HONDA NHX 110, electrical machine, electrical loading unit, control chain which contain NI cards and prepared application in LabVIEW software for data acquisition, a detailed description of the test bench have been presented in [1, 2]. In herein work, the influence of different angles of the ignition advance on value change of an open pressure diagram (for a single cycle and average value), the electric power value, vibration acceleration of internal combustion body for biogas have been presented. The results discussed in this work convey practical information about the vibroacoustic activity, maintenance of internal combustion engine [3-7] as distribution generation source (electricity generation state) which have been powered by alternative fuels.

[1] A. Chmielewski, R. Gumiński, T. Mydłowski, A. Małecki, K. Bogdziński, Research study of HONDA NHX 110 powered by an alternative fuel, 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17 IOP Conference Series: Energy and Enviromental Studies [In print]. [2] J. Dybała, T. Mydłowski, A. Małecki, K. Bogdziński, Dynamometer and test stand for low power internal combustion engine, Combustion Engines, 162 (2015) 996-1000. [3] A. Chmielewski, S. Gontarz, R. Gumiński, J. Mączak, P. Szulim, Research on a Micro Cogeneration System with an Automatic Load-Applying Entity, In Springer, Cham: Szewczyk R., Zieliński C., Kaliczyńska M. (eds) Challenges in Automation, Robotics and Measurement Techniques. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 440 (2016) 387-395. [4] A. Chmielewski, R. Gumiński, J. Mączak, S. Radkowski, P. Szulim, Aspects of balanced development of RES and distributed micro-cogeneration use in Poland: Case study of a mCHP with Stirling engine, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60 (2016) 930-952. [5] J. Milewski, Ł. Szabłowski, J. Kuta, Control strategy for an internal combustion engine fuelled by natural gas operating in distributed generation, Energy Procedia, 14 (2012) 1478-1483. [6] Ł. Szabłowski, J. Milewski, J. Kuta, K. Badyda, Control strategy of a natural gas fuelled piston engine working in distributed generation system, Rynek Energii, 3 (2011) 33-40. [7] J. Milewski, Ł. Szabłowski, J. Kuta, Optimal control strategy of NG piston engine as a DG unit obtained by an utilization of Artificial Neural Network, Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM 2012) IEEE, (2012) 410-416.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 125 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Research study of HONDA NHX 110 powered by an alternative fuel

Adrian Chmielewski1,*, Robert Gumiński1, Tomasz Mydłowski1, Artur Małecki1, Krzysztof Bogdziński1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: Biogas, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), mixture of bioethanol with gasoline (E85), NOx emission.

Nowadays more and more attention is focused on distributed energy generation (eg. distributed generation sources which are widely promoted by the European Union). The view of 2020 [1, 2] assumes purposes for the each member states of the European Union, connected with respect for energy and alternative fuels. One of the assumptions is to achieve a 10% share of alternative fuels in transport. This objective can be achieved by using internal combustion engines powered by an alternative fuels (e.g.: compressed natural gas – CNG, Liquid natural gas – LNG, hydrogen, biogas, the mixture of bioethanol with gasoline – E85 and others [3-5]). In the present work, the research study of HONDA NHX 110 fueled with gasoline Pb95, CNG, biogas and E85 have been presented. The experiment was conducted on the author's test stand [6] located on the equipment Institute of Vehicles of the Faculty of Automotive Construction Machinery Engineering of the Warsaw University of Technology. The research study for different ignition advance angles at maximum internal combustion engine load (electricity generation state) have been shown. The influence of the powered by gasoline Pb95, CNG, biogas and E85 on the value of mean indicated pressure, mechanical power generated by internal combustion engine at different angles of the ignition advance have been presented. Moreover, the influence of emission of hydrocarbons – HC and nitrogen oxides – NOx at different angles of the ignition advance have been analysed.

[1] A. Chmielewski, R. Gumiński, J. Mączak, S. Radkowski, P. Szulim, Aspects of balanced development of RES and distributed micro-cogeneration use in Poland: Case study of a mCHP with Stirling engine, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60 (2016) 930-952. [2] A. Chmielewski, R. Gumiński, S. Radkowski, P. Szulim, Aspects of support and development of distributed microcogeneration in Poland, Rynek Energii, 5 (2014) 94-101. [3] J. Milewski, Ł. Szabłowski, J. Kuta, Control strategy for an internal combustion engine fuelled by natural gas operating in distributed generation, Energy Procedia, 14 (2012) 1478-1483. [4] Ł. Szabłowski, J. Milewski, J. Kuta, K. Badyda, Control strategy of a natural gas fuelled piston engine working in distributed generation system, Rynek Energii, 3 (2011) 33-40. [5] J. Milewski, Ł. Szabłowski, J. Kuta, Optimal control strategy of NG piston engine as a DG unit obtained by an utilization of Artificial Neural Network, Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM 2012), IEEE (2012) 410-416. [6] J. Dybała, T. Mydłowski, A. Małecki, K. Bogdziński, Dynamometer and test stand for low power internal combustion engine, Combustion Engines, 162 (2015) 996-1000.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 126 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of the impact of individual phases in the building process cycle on the environment with respect to the principles of sustainable development

Agnieszka Czajkowska1*, Manuela Ingaldi2

1 Kielce University of Technology, Kielce, Poland 2 Częstochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland

Keywords: construction, building process cycle, environment.

Construction is one of the most dynamically developing sectors. Continuous population growth entails urbanization processes which from all areas of human activities consume more and more natural resources. Development of the construction sector is a process that must not be stopped. However, the principles of sustainable development should be respected while the remaining natural resources should be adequately managed. Application of the sustainable development principles into this sector of the economy can greatly improve the condition of the natural environment throughout the world. All definitions of sustainable development agree on the need for proper management of natural resources. The paper analyses the phases of the building cycle from the standpoint of the negative impact on the natural environment. Based on the interrelationship diagram (the tool for the quality management system), the study emphasizes the major causes of problems and discusses them in detail. The facilitations to each key stage were proposed in order to reduce the harmful impact of the factors of the building process on the environment. The paper analysed the advantages and drawbacks of the proposed solutions.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 127 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Fly ash granulated and non-granulated zeolites for removal of selected exhaust gases pollutants

Natalia Czuma1,*, Katarzyna Zarębska1, Paweł Baran1, Piotr Zabierowski1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: fly ash zeolite, granulation, sorption

Zeolites are microcrystalline aluminosilicates that have the ability to capture exhaust gas pollutants. Due to the economical aspect, the researchers highlighted the potential for sorption of exhaust gases pollutants by fly ash zeolites [1]. Performed researches indicated that zeolites from fly ashes can be used as sorbents of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide [1-3]. The result of the synthesis of zeolite from fly ash is material in a form of light powder [4]. On a scale larger than the laboratory use of the material in such a state can cause significant difficulties such as dusting, difficulties in placing the material in the adsorber. Therefore, it is necessary to test the zeolitic materials granulation capabilities [5]. The application of granular binder not only affects the mechanical properties of the granulate, but also the sorption properties of the material. In the case of improperly chosen binder, adsorbent pores may be blocked, which will adversely affect its sorption properties. There is relatively small amount of information in the literature on dry, wet, pressure and pressure- free zeolite granulation methods with or without binder. The literature also does not provide a sufficient comparison of individual additives to the granulation process with respect to their effect on the sorption capacity of a particular adsorbate. In the performed studies, granulation of zeolitic material using water glass was done. Sorption studies were performed on granulated and non-granulated material. For comparative purposes, sorption studies were carried out on the starting material for the zeolite synthesis –fly ash. As a result of the tests, possibility of obtaining granules with good mechanical properties was found. The expected decrease in sorption capacity of the granulated material was also shown.

[1] A. Srinivasan, M.W. Grutzeck, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 9 (1999) 1464–1469. [2] T.T Suchecki, T. Wałek, M. Banasik,. Polish J. Environ. Stud., 13, 6 (2004) 723–727. [3] N. Czuma, K. Zarębska, P. Baran, E3S Web Conf., 10, 10 (2016). [4] M. Król, A. Mikuła, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 243 (2017) 201–205. [5] M. Franus, M. Wdowin, L. Bandura, W. Franus, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 24, 3A (2015) 854– 866.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 128 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Selective photooxidation of lignin model compound- benzyl alcohol in a microfluidic reactor

J.C. Colmenares 1,*, T.Dańko1,*, S. Cano Navarro1, A. Lewalska-Graczyk1

1 Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences

Keywords: Photocatalysis, biomass, lignin, microreactors, high-value aromatics, ultrasounds.

Selective oxidation of lignin-based model aromatics to aromatic compounds containing aldehyde and carboxylic groups is currently under research focus due to the high value of these products e.g. in food and pharma industries.[1] Photocatalytic oxidation of lignin is a promising alternative to thermal heterogenous catalysis which is based on harsh reaction conditions and expensive catalysts.[2] Implementation of photocatalysis in a microfluidic reactor system may be particularly beneficial in comparison with conventional batch processes due to the increase of contact surface area between the reagents and the catalyst, shorter molecular diffusion distance, improved heat and mass transfers, no requirement for separation steps and a facile control of reaction parameters, all this together leading to high selectivity for the desired products (e.g. aromatic aldehydes/ acids).[3,4] Encouraged by the argumentation presented above, we have performed studies on photocatalytic oxidation of the simplest model aromatic compound of lignin- benzyl alcohol in a microfluidic photoreactor designed in our group. To make this possible, nanostructured TiO2 and ZnO were synthesized by ultrasound-promoted sol-gel process and deposited on the internal walls of the µ- photoreactor. Synthesized nanophotocatalysts were characterized, among others, by XRD and SEM techniques. Next, photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol was performed in the microflow system. The influence of various reaction parameters such as reagents’ retention time, substrate concentration and solvent on the conversion and selectivity of the reaction was studied and compared to commercially available catalysts.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Centre (NCN) in Poland within research project Sonata Bis Nr. 2015/18/E/ST5/00306. More information on this project at http://photo-catalysis.org

[1] R.Behling, S. Valange, G. Chatel, Green Chemistry 18(7) (2016) 1839-1854. [2] S.H. Li, S. Liu, J.C. Colmenares, Y.J. Xu, Green Chemistry 18(3) (2016) 594-607. [3] H. Eskandarloo et al., Chemical Engineering Journal 270 (2015) 158–167. [4] D. Cambié, C. Bottecchia, N.J.W. Straathof, V. Hessel, T. Noë l, Chemical Reviews, 116 (2016) 10276−10341.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected] [email protected]

Page 129 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Recognition of the educational needs in the field of detailed segregation and management of bakery waste.

Alina Dereszewska1,*, Renata Korzeniowska-Ginter1

1 Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science, Gdynia, Poland

Keywords: waste segregation, ecological avareness, educational activities

One of the fundamental problems present-day societies are facing is over-excessive production of waste. Its quantity can be reduced by selective segregation and by directing towards proper waste management. The earlier the stage at which waste products are separated into individual categories, the better the effect of their processing . In order to meet the growing recycling requirements, segregation should be done directly by the consumers producing the waste, i.e. at the place of its origin. Such waste collection system is described as “at source” segregation. It is only possible with full acceptation and engagement of the local societies. This, in turn, depends on the consumers’ access to information, their knowledge and ecological awareness of the benefits that “at source” segregation generates. The level of this awareness can be shaped by undertaking various educational activities. Due to the varied factors determining whether consumer groups of different social status, age or access to education will take up environmental actions or not, it is very important to recognize the elements which foster such attitude. In this work, bakery products were selected as an exemplary waste stream, which can be isolated from mixed waste products through “at source” segregation. Previous studies showed high social acceptance for isolation of bakery products as a separate category of organic waste [2]. This work has diagnosed consumer attitudes attributable to various group ages. Four age groups were identified, including school- aged youth (10-12 y/o, 12-15 y/o, 15-18 y/o and over 40 y/o). Based on analysis of the acquired information, the educational needs characteristic for the surveyed age-groups were identified. In this work, action models for raising ecological awareness of particular consumer groups in the field of waste management also have been proposed.

[1] M.Carchesio, F. Tatàno, M. Goffi, M.Radi, Sustainability, 7 (2015) 7492-7511 [2] Korzeniowska-Ginter R., A. Dereszewska, E. Spigarska, Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists Annals, t. XVIII, 3, (2016) 184-189 (in Polish)

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 130 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The evaluation of the biogas potential of lignocellulosic waste subjected to the enzymatic hydrolysis

Alina Dereszewska1,*, Stanisław Cytawa2

1 Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science, Gdynia, Poland 2 “Swarzewo” Wastewater Treatment Plant, Wladyslawowo, Poland

Keywords: biogas,lignocellulosic waste , co-fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis.

In the age of high demand of renewable energy, cheap waste-friendly raw materials are needed for its production. In municipal sewage treatment plants the production of energy is obtained through the fermentation of primary and excess sludge as well as biogas burning. One of the intensification methods of this production is the implementation of co-fermentation, in which the sludge is mixed with organic wastes before digestive chambers [1]. The cost of solid wastes is an important factor in the substrate selection, so many common waste products are used (eg brewery wastes, oil). Commonly available ligninocellulosic substrates (grass, straw, sawdust, vegetables) are cheap but relatively small in use. The advantage of lignocellulosic wastes is low cost and full availability of the raw material during the whole year. The disadvantage is the difficulty of the availability of organic carbon for methanogenic bacteria [2]. The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of enzyme preparation in the solution of solid wastes with different degree of affinity and resistance on hydrolysis (grass, straw, sawdust) as well as on the increase of biogas production. The study used a commercial glucanase based on the enzyme product in feed. Economical cost of enzymatic treatment also was analyzed. The study was carried out in a 50L fermentation model, the volume of biogas production was measured for 24-72 hours after the feedstock was introduced. The changes in some parameters of solutions of lignocellulosic pulp and fermentation sludge (pH, COD,TS,VS) were also analyzed. The test results showed that 10-30% increase of COD and lower pH in waste solutions was obtained after enzyme addition. The amount of biogas obtained per 1 g VS of pure raw materials was 10-975 L/kgVS when after the enzyme application increased by as much as 130%. The largest increase in biogas volume was obtained for straw-waste. The cyclic introduction of the investigated lignocellulosic pulp into the fermentation chamber had neither negative effect on the fermentation process nor significantly altered the fermentative sludge parameters.

[1] O. Nowak, P. Enderle, P.Varbanov, Journal of Cleaner Production, (2015) 88,125-131 [2] M.J.Stolarski, M.Krzyżniak, M.Śnieg, Production of biomass from lignocelluloses crops as potential feedstock for biogas plants and energy generation industry, in A. Cenian, J. Gołaszewski, T. Noch (Eds.) Eco-energetics-Biogas: Research, technologies, law and economics in the Baltic Sea region. Wyd. Gdanska Szkoła Wyzsza, Gdansk, 2014,34-40

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 131 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Problems and benefits of using green roofs in Poland

Wojciech Drozd1,*

1 Tadeusz Kościuszko Cracow University of Technology

Keywords: green roofs, use, technical condition

Rapid development of technology and industry has led to the degradation of the human environment. When people saw this effect, when environmentalists started raising the alarm, a new trend began. An eco-friendly lifestyle has become fashionable. This has resulted in an increased interest in green roofs. Green roofs make it possible to use the previously useless area of the roof and turn it into a friendly green space. Thanks to its design a green roof ensures the development of vegetation in a different environment than its natural one. Plants can be planted either on tall buildings or on underground garages, serving as recreational areas or even as circulation routes. Such solutions have many different advantages. They are now a fashionable trend in architecture, despite the fact that their history is as old as the history of humans. They are used mainly in cities, but also work well outside of them. The subject of this article is to present problems as well as the benefits of using green roofs. The purpose of this article is to describe the advantages of using green roofs. The advantages are both ecological and what's very important today - also economic and aesthetic. In order to be objective, we also need to talk about the drawbacks of this type of construction investment. Source materials in the article come from scientific literature, the results of experiences and research conducted abroad, as well as from the manufacturers of green roof systems and their contractors. This study may be helpful in answering the question of whether it is worth following the new trend and using green roofs. The article makes it easier to consider all pros and cons.

[1] www.studioatrium.pl [2] The Facts and Myths about Green Roofs, www. greenroof.bcit.ca [3] Using Green Roofs to Enhance Biodiversity in the City of Toronto, 2010 [4] Dachy zielone: Cz. 2. Rodzaje dachów i technologia ich wykonania, Administrator 11/2008 [5] Hutchinson Doug, Abrams Peter, Retzlaff Ryan, Liptan Tom, Stormwater Monitoring Two Ecoroofs in Portland, Oregon, USA [6] Fortuniak Krzysztof, Miejska wyspa ciepła. Podstawy energetyczne, studia eksperymentalne, modele numeryczne i statystyczne; Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2003 [7] www.imgw.pl [8] Green Roofs Benefits, www.greenroofs.org/index.php/about-green-roofs/green-roof-benefits [9] Green Spaces, Better Places, www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/131015.pdf [10] www.blog.shibumi.pl

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 132 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Modification of fly ash produced in the process of burning fossil fuels - granulation method

Paweł Gara1,*, Ewa Wisła-Walsh1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: granulation, fly ash, binders, compressive strength

The low grain size, fly ashe resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels creates a number of ecological problems both during storage and transport, and often make its re-use more difficult. One way to avoid this problem is to compact this kind of waste in the granulation process. The granulation process generally requires the use of different binders that are divided into matrix, film, and chemical type binders. Depending on the chemical composition of the fly ash and the type of the binder used, the obtained aggregate forms (granulates) find numerous applications, e.g. in the production of adhesives, zeolites and/or concrete, in manufacture of building materials, aggregates for road works or for ground leveling. In many applications, especially in road engineering works or in ground leveling, the basic requirements, next to the compressive strength of the granules obtained, are the leachability of sulfate ions and the pH-value of the eluates. The paper presents results of research on the granulation process of fly ashes resulting from the combustion of hard and brown coals burned in both pulverized and fluidized furnaces, with the application of the following binders: water, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and mixture of calcium sulfate hemihydrate and calcium hydroxide. For the resulting granulates, tests were conducted to determine compressive strength, SO2 sorption capacity, the pH value, and the content of sulfate ions in the eluate before and after sorption tests. The obtained results show that the granulation process mostly decreases leachability of sulfate ions and the pH-value of the eluates while simultaneously providing adequate compressive strength of the obtained compacted forms (granulates).

[1] G.Baykal, A.G.Döven, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 30 (2000) 59-77. [2] P.Gomathi, A.Sivakumar, Research journal applied science engineering technology, 7(6) (2014) 1101-11-06. [3] B.Patel Chribag, Indian journal of applied research, 5(1) (2015) 8-10. [4] E.Wisla-Walsh, R.Mięso, W.S.Sikora, Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne, 13 (1999)99-119. [5] T Leszczuk, Acta Mechanica et Automatica, 8(3) (2014)141-145.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 133 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessment of exhaust emissions from vehicles in real traffic conditions

Maciej Gis1,*

1 Motor Transport Institute, Environmental Protection Centre, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: vehicles, exhaust emission, real conditions

The growth in the global vehicle number and environmental issues requires to reducing the exhaust emissions. CNG is considered as an alternative fuel. In Poland is during operation relatively large fleet of vehicles with CNG engines, including passenger cars and buses. An in-depth knowledge of the emissivity of such vehicles is a very important issue. The article presents the comparative results of exhaust emission of passenger car with engine fuelled petrol or CNG, during tests D1 and D2 on the chassis dynamometer, tests registered earlier in real traffic conditions. The paper presents too, tests under real traffic conditions two city buses that meet the Euro VI emission standards. Diesel engine of the first bus, was fuelled by diesel oil. Spark ignition engine, of the second bus, was fuelled CNG. Tests buses were conducted in real traffic conditions using PEMS devices.

[1] J. Merkisz, J. Pielecha, St. Radzimirski: New Trends in Emission Control in the European Union. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2014. [2] Commission Regulation (EC) No. 582/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No. 595/2009 of the European Parliamentt and of the Council with respect to emissions from heavy-duty vehicles (Euro VI) and amending Annexes I and III to Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. OJ L 167/1 (June 25, 2011).

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 134 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Evaluation of the environmental and economic aspects of the use of common reed from eutrophic lakes for energy purposes

Marcin Niemiec1*, Łukasz Paluch1, Zofia Gródek-Szostak2 , Anna Szeląg-Sikora3, Jakub Sikora3

1 University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Krakow, Poland 2 Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Cracow University of Economics, Poland 3 Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow , Poland

Keywords: common reed, eutrophication, economic, energy, biomass

The spatial expansion of reed clusters is one of the most frequently defined causes of biodiversity loss in lake ecosystems. Common reed is a cosmopolitan species; it habitats wetlands, both dry and submerged, and periodically wetland. Increasing the area of reed rushes leads to a reduction of breeding areas of many species of avifauna, especially in wetlands. The effect of eutrophication on water reservoirs is the increase in the area occupied by reed rushes. Removing biomass from water reservoirs is one of the methods of their reclamation by slowing the eutrophication process. The aim of the study was to evaluate the economic and environmental efficiency of the removal and utilization of common reed from selected lakes of the region of Pojezierze Mazurskie (Masurian Lake District) for energy purposes. Within the framework of the objective of the study, in 2016, samples of reeds were collected from 15 selected lakes. In biomass samples, the caloric value and chemical composition were determined. Based on the caloric value, the potential for using biomass for energy purposes was estimated, but based on the chemical composition, the amount of nutrients removed from the aquatic environment was estimated. The results of the studies show that the average biomass collected from the surface of 1 m2 of reed rushes was 1.05 kg per dry weight. The biomass energy value ranged from 16.4 to 18.1 MJ · kg -1. Based on the results of the study, it was estimated that removal of reed from 1 ha of reed rush would allow removing, on average, approx. 120 kg of nitrogen, almost 14 kg of phosphorus, 25 kg of sulphur and 120 kg of potassium. The reed biomass removed from an area of 1 hectare yields, on average, over 170 GJ of energy. The ash formed during the combustion process can be used as a soil improvement material because of the high content of macroelements and the relatively low content of heavy metals. The results show that removal of reed can be an effective procedure, leading to lowering the eutrophy of the lakes under increased supply of biogenes from the catchment area.

[1] T. Mirowski, A. Szurlej, G. Wielgosz, Kierunki energetycznego wykorzystania biomasy w Polsce, Polityka Energetyczna, 8 (2) (2005), 55–75. [2] M. Komulainen, P. Simi, E. Hagelberg, I. Ikonen, S. Lyytinen, Reed energy – Possibilities of using the Common Reed for energy generation in Southern Finland, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Reports 67, Turku, 2008, 8-12. [3] J. Alberski, M. Olszewski, A. Bałuch-Małecki, M. Kurzeja, Wartość energetyczna biomasy z użytkowanych ekstensywnie łąk warkalsko-trojańskich, Łąkarstwo w Polsce, 18 (2015), 7-16. [4] G. Bonanno, R. Lo Giudice, Heavy metal bioaccumulation by the organs of Phragmites australis (common reed) and their potential use as contamination indicators, Ecological Indicators, 10 (3) (2010), 639-645. [5] T Vazic, Z. Svircev, T. Dulic, K. Krstic, I. Obreht, Potential for energy production from reed biomass in the Vojvodina region (north Serbia), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48 (2015), 670-680.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 135 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Screening Life Cycle Assessment of beneficiation processes for Rare Earth Elements recovery from secondary sources

Katarzyna Grzesik1,*, Karolina Kossakowska1, Bogusław Bieda2, Ryszard Kozakiewicz1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Life cycle assessment (LCA), rare earths elements (REEs), beneficiation, recovery, tailings

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are crucial for high-tech industries and renewable energy generation appliances, while there is a high risk of supply, as the China's predominance in the production and refining of REE is absolute. REEs have been identified as critical raw materials for the development and competitiveness of the EU economy. On the other hand, there are several important REE containing materials still being not properly addressed. The ENVIREE project, funded by the ERA-MIN programme, is aimed at contributing to REE supply within Europe, by addressing the exploitation of specific secondary sources, such as tailings and mining waste. The ENVIREE project aims at the innovative recovery processes of REE from secondary sources. Within the project innovative leaching is being investigated followed by selective and effective separation of the metals. Prior to leaching and separation, other steps of treatment needed to be implemented. Physical and chemical pre-treatment i.e. beneficiation involves various processes such as comminution, magnetic separation, flotation. Within the ENVIREE project two secondary sources: tailings from New Kankberg (Sweden) and Covas (Portugal) have been identified as very promising and rich in REEs. As these sources have complete different characteristic, their beneficiation processes vary significantly. In order to have a complete holistic view of the developed processes, one of the key domains of the project is the assessment of environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is employed to be sure that recovery processes are environmentally feasible and friendly. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is more and more frequently used as a tool for evaluating the environmental performance of products or services. This is a powerful decision supporting tool, which helps to guide the development of new products or processes, toward a net reduction of resource requirements and emissions, i.e. towards minimal environmental impact. The aim of this paper is to report the Life Cycle Assessment modelling with SimaPro software of beneficiation process developed for two secondary sources: tailings from New Kankberg (Sweden) and Covas (Portugal).

[1] European Commission, Report on Critical Raw Materials for the EU. Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials, May 2014 [2] ENVIREE project website. Why we need REE. Available on http://www.enviree.eu/about- enviree/why-we-need-ree/, accessed April 2017. [3] European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability, International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook - General guide for Life Cycle Assessment - Detailed guidance. Publications Office of the European Union, 2010.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 136 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Reliability Assessment of Landfill Gas Collection System

Gabriela Hajduga1,*, Agnieszka Generowicz1

1 Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: reliability level, biogas recovery, waste management.

The European Union imposed on all member countries, the obligation to increase energy production from renewable source (e.g. biogas). Polish national law defines biogas as a gas obtained from biomass and in particular, from animals waste, vegetable waste, waste water treatment plants and landfill sites. On landfills, where biogas is produced automatically, degassing systems are being installed, which allows to produce energy from biogas used to cover facility's consumption needs and/or to sell to an external power grid. Elements of this kind installations are strictly interrelated and cooperates with each other. Because of that, each installation can be considered as a system for which, it is possible to determine the level of its reliability. Reliability calculations allows to determine its level by means of indicators determining the ability to perform the tasks that the system should perform and to identify the most neuralgic components of the system. Because of its composition, biogas is harmful to the environment, so it is important to reduce the quantity of biogas entering the atmosphere, furthermore the high methane content makes it very flammable, so it is extremely important to discharge biogas in a correct and uninterrupted manner. Failure of landfill gas collection system elements, can result in a number of hazards, for example: explosion, spontaneous combustion of landfill sites and contamination of groundwater and air. The paper presents an attempt to determine the reliability level of an example of a landfill gas collection system, with identification of its weakest elements and a proposal, for the modernization of the installation. In this article, for a landfill gas collection system with known technical structure and values of reliability parameters of its elements, values of whole system reliability parameters has been analyzed and calculated by using known and adapted, for this kind installation, methods. The Analysis allowed to interpret obtained results of system’s reliability indicators, indicate the weakest point of the installation (system) and to propose modernized version of the system by changes in its original technical structure. The changes resulted in favorable changes with regard to the reliability of the object.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 137 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Efficient system of environmentalists´ remuneration and its practical application

Petra Horváthová1,*, Marcela Davidová2

1 VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Economics Ostrava, Czech Republic 2 VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Keywords: environmentalists, remuneration, total pay, survey.

The aim of this article is to bring information on one of the important terms for successful functioning of organizations operating in the environmental sector. The well established and working system of environmentalists´ remuneration, based on the concept of total pay, has major impact on the success and competitiveness of such organizations. The article is focused, on the basis of available theoretical information and the existing practical experience, on describing modern contemporary system of environmentalists´ remuneration. It also provides general overview of this issue based on the questionnaire survey made by the authors in the Czech organizations operating in the environmental sector. The purpose of the article is providing recommendation how to help organizations reward environmentalists and increase their overall efficiency.

[1] M. Armstrong, H. Murlis. Reward Management, 5th ed., Kogan Page, Philadelphia, 2007. [2] S.J. Perkins, G. White. Reward Management: Alternatives, Consequences and Contexts, 2nd ed., Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London, 2011. [3] G.T. Milkovich, J.M. Newmann, B. Gerhart. Compensation, 11th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, London, 2014.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 138 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Segregation and recycling of packaging waste in central Poland

Manuela Ingaldi1,*, Agnieszka Czajkowska2

1 Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland 2 Kielce University of Technology, Kielce, Poland

Keywords: packaging, segregation, packaging waste, recycling.

Due to the increasing consumption of earth resources, new term "scarcity" appeared. Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human needs and wants, in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive resources to fulfil all human wants and needs [1]. And we must remember that, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development, these resources should be enough also for future generations. Limited access to raw materials and a large amount of waste affect the need for waste recycling [2]. Especially in the case of packaging waste it is very important, because its life cycle is very short, and materials used for packaging production can be recycled. However, to make recycling of these materials possible, its previous segregation should take place. The organization of waste segregation was introduced and described by the Act of 11 July 2011 amending the Act on maintaining cleanliness and order in municipalities and some other acts. This Act introduced compulsory segregation of waste [3]. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the approach of individual consumers to segregation of packaging waste after a few years of the operation of the new Act in Poland. The research was conducted in the form of an electronic survey among different types of households from the central Poland. The paper includes the most important results of the survey.

[1] E. Günther, D. Meyr, Scarcity, in: B. Jereb, D. Kukovič, D. Meyr (Eds.) Environmental Management & Audit 1. Scarcity & Introduction To Environmental Management, SPH – Scientific Publishing Hub, Czestochowa – Žilina – Celje – Osijek – Kotor, 2016, 1-19. [2] M. Ingaldi, Management of the packaging waste in companies in Poland, in: 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2015,www.sgem.org, SGEM2015 Conference Proceedings, June 18-24, 2015, Book5 Vol. 3, 385-392. [3] Ustawa z dnia 11 lipca 2011 roku o zmianie ustawy o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach oraz niektórych innych ustaw (OJ 2011, No 152, item 897).

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 139 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Particle emission parameter analysis from multirole fighter aircraft engine

Remigiusz Jasiński1,*

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: exhaust emissions, turbine engine, aviation, aircraft

The topic of emissions from combustion engines has gained a lot of interest in the scientific community and involved public opinion due to the known association between exposure to multiple air pollutants and short and long-term effects on human health. The growing knowledge of the processes involved in the creation of air pollution from combustion engines and a dynamic development of emission measuring devices lead to the creation of new rules and conditions for the certification of aircraft engines. The article presents an analysis of the size distribution of particles emitted from jet engine. Studies were performed in two steps: in stationary conditions on an engine dynamometer and during multirole fighter aircraft landing operation. The aim of the study was to determine the size distributions of particles emitted by jet engine during landing operation and stationary tests. The parameters of the turbine engine during testing on a dynamometer were same as parameters during landing operation of the aircraft. The main subject of analysis were total concentration and size distribution of particles.

[1] M. Masiol, R.M. Harrison, Atmospheric Environment, 95 (2014) 409–455. [2] V. Ramanathan, Y. Fengm, Atmospheric Environment, 43 (2009) 37–50.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 140 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Suitability of coal deposits for CO2 sequestration – case of Poland

Grzegorz S. Jodłowski1, Marta Wójcik1, Natalia Florencka

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: carbon dioxide, mitigation, sequestration, underground storage, sorption.

Mitigation of carbon dioxide is one of the most investigated issue in the engineering. The interest in this problem is caused by the climate changes related to the increasing concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide. Many solutions are considered to solve this problem, the sequestration (geological storage) is one of them. Porous rocks located under the impermeable cap rock are regarded as the most suitable for this purpose [1]. Storage in the saline waters [2] or in the deep deposits of coal [3] are considered as promising place for sequestration of carbon dioxide. The set of data on sorption of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor on the series of coals from Polish coal mines is considered within the Multiple Sorption Model. Thermodynamic dependencies taking places under the location of sorbate molecule in the bulk or on the surface are introduced to the model. Model is continuously developed with new discovered issue of the complex phenomenon. Detailed data on the sorption capacity, coal geometric structure (distribution of pores and its heterogeneity), swelling and contraction [4], energy aspects of the process are estimated on the base of simultaneous analysis of sorption isotherm of different sorbates on the sample of the same coal. The analysis gives possibility of estimation of sorption capacity of the beds located in abandoned coal mines. Deep deposits of hard coal needs further thermodynamic considerations because of changing of the mechanism of location - carbon dioxide becomes the over-critical liquid under the pressure of cap rocks in the depth bigger than 800 m. Eventually, the set of data on sorption capacity of CO2 and CH4 gives possibility to predict deposits predestinate for CO2 storage. Additional benefit of underground storage of CO2 in the coal bed is generation of methane removed from bulk and its recovery [5]. This last property of the process could results in economic improvement of the process. Finally selected coal beds in the terrain of Poland are studied in the point of view of CO2 sequestration and the storage potentially is estimated together with rough evaluation of methane recovery.

[1] Tarkowski R., Uliasz_Misiak B. Mineral Resources Management 23, 3 (2007) 109-117 [2] Liu, D., Li, Y., Song, S. et al. Environ Earth Sci (2016) 75: 962 [3] Arif M., Barifcani A., Lebedev M., Iglauer S. Fuel 181 (2016) 680-689 [4] Zhang Y., Lebedev M. et al. Fuel 182 (2016) 568-576 [5] Wang H, Ran Q. et al. J. Natural Gas Sci. and Eng. 33 (2016) 678-686

The investigations were lead under financial support of Statutory Research AGH-UST No. 11.11.210.373

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 141 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Influence of Sustainability on Comprehensive Assessment of Buildings

Jaromír Jurča1, Petr Horák1

1 Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Services, Brno, Czech Republic

Keywords: Sustainability, Energy efficiency, Indoor Environment, Thermal comfort.

Present design of buildings and the way of building assessment focus primary on decreasing of energy consumption, efficient energy management and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions having significant impact on climate change. This emphasis stems from European Union 2020 targets. However, in the issue of comprehensive building assessment are missing headline targets or limits to achieve type-stable level of indoor environment quality. Under the scope of sustainable building assessment can be considered aspect of acoustics, natural and artificial lighting, air quality or thermal behaviour. By means of sustainable development are applied wider targets directly and indirectly influencing overall building performance. This contribution describes connection between application of specific aims of sustainability applied by BREEAM with final influence on energy efficiency and indoor environment in terms of evaluation of thermal comfort using predicted mean vote and predicted percentage dissatisfied indices. The subject of analysis is office building in Brno.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 142 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Multi-annual hydro-climatic trends in the Dunajec Basin

Mariola Kędra1,*

1 Cracow University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Water Management, Cracow, Poland

Keywords: trend, discharge, precipitation, air temperature, mountain river.

Owing to changing climate conditions, this study analyses potential hydro-climatic trends for the most recent 60 years (1956–2015). The study area is situated in the mountain catchment of the Dunajec River in the Polish Carpathians. The focus of the study was to evaluate multi-annual trends in mean monthly river flow for each season of the year as well as to compare the direction of these trends with potential trends in seasonal values of surface air temperature and precipitation. An increase in minimum discharge (p<0.005) during the winter was identified for sites located along the upper and middle course of the Dunajec River, while only a weak trend in mean winter discharge was found for the studied downstream site. Moreover, increases in mean and maximum discharge are weakly significant for autumn at every site studied. Increasing trends in mean and maximum air temperature (p<0.005) were identified for the spring and summer; in addition, an increase in minimum air temperature (p<0.1) was found for winter. Precipitation shows an increasing tendency in mean and maximum values for spring, but a decrease in minimum values for summer (p<0.05) as well as decreases in mean and maximum values for winter (p<0.1). Overall, the revealed trends imply discernible, multi-annual changes in hydro- climatic conditions for the studied mountain catchment.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 143 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Endocrine disruptor levels in ambient particles from different mid- European urban environments and their relation to local pollution sources.

Magdalena Kistler1, Katarzyna Styszko2,*, Anna Korzeniewska2 , Katarzyna Szramowiat2, Mira Flassch1, Anne Kasper-Giebl1

1 TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna Austria 2 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: particulate matter, combustion aerosols, emerging contaminants, endocrine disruptors, PAHs

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include, among others, substances such as phthalates, (polychlorinated) biphenyls, dioxins or alkylphenols, and inhibit the correct function of endogenous human hormones. Also carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often reported along with ECDs [1]. Mentioned compounds can be released into the urban atmospheres during anthropogenic activities, e.g., various combustion processes and are spread between gaseous and particle state. This study compares the concentrations of selected EDCs in the winter ambient aerosols from two different urban environments in mid-Europe. The comprehensive characterisation of chemical composition allows estimating the main sources of particulate matter and correlation analysis shows the relation of each identified source with targeted pollutants. Samples were collected from Dec. 2015 to Jan. 2016 in Graz (AT) and in Krakow (PL). Both locations can be distinguished by expected impact of combustion sources: biomass burning in Austria and coal combustion and incineration of solid waste in Poland. All samples are quartz fibre filters and represent PM2.5 fraction collected with 24 h – 48h resolution. In Austria the filters were collected in the frames of standard monitoring (EN N 12341), thus with high volume samplers. In Poland filters were collected with low volume samplers according to EN 14907. The analytical work comprised thermo- optical carbon analysis (Sunset OCEC Lab Analyser), determination of major inorganic ions and relevant saccharides by means of ion chromatography (ICS 3000, Dionex) and determinations of PAHs, bisphenol A (BPA), and further phenols by means of GSMS (Thermo Scientific). Interestingly the periodically measured winter PM2.5 concentrations in both cities seem to be at similar levels of about 30-40 µg/m³. This is also good in line with our previous observations from Jan.- Feb. 2013(data in preparation for publication). Although the source analysis allows to expect higher levels of targeted organic compounds in Krakow, the preliminary results from Graz show that for BPA the concentrations are in same range (up to 2 ng/m³), while the main discrepancies are visible for PAHs (up to an order of magnitude).

Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support of OeAD and of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland) in the frame of WTZ Projects PL06/2013 and PL09/2015. The analyses of endocrine disruptors were conducted by Polish partner, while the estimation of source contributions is the domain of Austrian partner.

[1] J. Annamalai, V. Namasivayam, Environment International, 76 (2015) 78-97.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 144 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The relationship between lean and green manufacturing and their connection with performance and quality of production system

Joanna Kopania1,*

1 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Organization and Management, Lodz, Poland

Keywords: lean manufacturing, green manufacturing, production system, wastes.

At the present time our society live in a culture that has been significantly shaped by different branch of industry and consumption of material goods has extreme value. To produce any single good, there is a long chain of processes which environmental impact is not always immediately visible. As a result of industrial process, increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere leading to the greenhouse effect, deficiency of energy and natural resources, release of toxic material and waste generation during the manufacturing processes are observed. As the environmental perspective has been an important role in firms strategies and consumers’ preferences. Companies more often are including environmental management issues in their process production. The synergies between the lean and green manufacturing concepts are known, because “green thinking is thinking lean”. It is important the formal management systems with a company specific operations' system were integrated. This study was focused on environmental aspects in manufacturing operations through the prism of lean manufacturing concept for analysed plants. As the study presented in this paper shows, there is potential for cross-field learning between the concepts, especially if the formal management system, like Quality Management Systems (QMS), Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and occupational health and safety (OHS) are take into account. This led to production of economically viable products with minimum environmental impact. A properly designed green manufacturing system reduces operational costs through efficient use of raw materials, energy and labour, thus adding value to the product. It also leads to improved product quality and production processes and also reduces the cost of production.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 145 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

An overview of the challenges in the studies of solid particle emission

Anna Korzeniewska1 , Katarzyna Szramowiat1,*, Janusz Gołaś1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: solid particles, chemical composition, combustion processes

Studies on particulate matter emission from solid fuel combustion are important due to the fact that particulate matter has a negative impact on human health as well as on the environment. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major constituents of the air pollution and it has received much attention in the last few years. The combustion of solid fuels such as coal and biomass for heat and electricity generation is one of the principal contributors to PM emission. Coal fired boilers are widely used in power plants due to their low cost despite the fact that coal combustion produces significant amounts of pollutants. A large fraction of the emission of anthropogenic PM and black carbon comes from the household coal combustion for heating and cooking. Residential coal combustion has significantly high emission factors of PM, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC), due to incomplete combustion and no air pollution control device installed. During high PM pollutant episodes in winter, coal combustion is considered as the largest anthropogenic source, especially for organic aerosol. High concentrations of PM in urban areas have been observed on relatively slow moving roads and expressways because of vehicle emission which can lead to the formation of the secondary organic aerosols (SOA). According to the previous studies, the highest particle emission occurs when a car accelerates. Therefore, transient driving conditions could have a great impact on the size distribution of particles. This work stands for the synthesis of recent studies on organic pollutants emitted during combustion processes. The paper presents the forms of organics in solid phase, as condensed on the surface of the particulate matter. Preliminary studies on this subject have already been carried out and were the subject of the paper to be published soon.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 146 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Mechanical properties, phase composition and microstructure of autoclaved sand – lime product

Ryszard Dachowski1, Paulina Kostrzewa1,*

1 Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce, Poland

Keywords: sand-lime products, microstructure, mechanical properties

Autoclaved sand-lime products (silicates) are manufactured from natural raw materials and they are classified as healthy and ecological materials. A traditional raw material mix consists of quicklime (about 7% by weight), quartz sand (about 90% by weight) and water (about 3% by weight). Due to the great interest of silicate products, there have been numerous studies and modifications designed to refine the material. Autoclaving is a thermal processing. This is a very important process in the production of silicate products. This is a process of hardening the material with saturated steam (pressure about 1.6 MPa and a temperature of about 200°C). During the autoclave process, between lime and aggregate chemical reactions take place. The result is a material with extremely good compression strength, frost resistance and durability. Pressure above 1 MPa and temperatures above 100°C gives rise to various forms of amorphous and crystalline, which have a different ratio CaO/SiO2. The degree of crystallisation of the hydrated calcium silicate determine properties of a product. The article presents the research of sand – lime products. Correlations between their physical and mechanical properties and microstructure. Numerous images of scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis contained in the article show the internal structure and phase occurring in the traditional sand - lime product and modified with different additives.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 147 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Parameters of additional chalcedonite meal

Anna Kotwa1,*

1 University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce, Poland

Keywords: compressive strength, water absorption, capillary action, chalcedonite powder

Laboratory tests were conducted of mortars supplemented with 0%, 10%, 20%, 35%, 50% of chalcedonite powder. Chalcedonite powder replaced the percentage amount of cement. The subject of tests was impact of admixture on properties of hardened mortars including: compressive strength, bending strength, water absorption and capillary rising. Tests of compressive strength were conducted following 2, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days, whereas water absorption, capillary rising were tested following 28 days. The mortar demonstrated the biggest compressive strength where cement was replaced with admixture in 5% and following curing period of 90 days it was 72.1MPa. Mortars where cement was replaced in 5%, 20%, 35% and 50% demonstrated decrease of bending strength comparing to the reference mortar. During the test regarding water absorption, 50% admixture of powder resulted mass increase by 6.1 % in relation to the reference mortar, whereas 20% admixture of chalcedonite powder resulted in mass increase by 3.9% in relation to the reference mortar. Water absorption resulted from capillary rising during tests was below 3.5%. Use of new wastes in practice requires assessment regarding its performance. Due to quantity of wastes generated during production of crushed aggregates, it is necessary to find methods for management thereof. However safe use thereof required broad know- how based on results of laboratory tests considering environmental and technical aspects, as well as changes in the legislation. Therefore analyses will be necessary regarding impact of chalcedonite powders and ashes on performance of cement composites taking into account their composition, and the results thereof will be indispensable at design phase of mortars purposed for specific use.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 148 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Environmental and sustainable development indicators for a preliminary strategic assessment of REE recovery from mine tailings

Ryszard Kozakiewicz1,*, Katarzyna Grzesik1, Bogusław Bieda2, Karolina Kossakowska1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering; Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: REE, tailings exploitation, EIA, indicators

Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered as critical strategic resources. Their significance for the development of modern technologies provided an incentive to search alternative resources which include, among others, industrial tailings. Because of the low REEs concentration in ore from secondary sources and the difficulty in REE separating, there is a need for individual selection of enrichment and recovery methods for individual landfills. At the same time, in line with the EU directives and good planning and development practice, environmental aspects must be taken into account as early as possible in the decision-making process. Presented recommendations are part of the ENVIREE project, which aims to develop environmentally-friendly REEs recovery technologies from selected industrial waste disposal sites. The recommendations complement results of Life Cycle Assessments for ore enrichment and separation technology. Based on a review of the environmental aspects (screening, scoping stage of environmental assessment), a set of environmental, emissions, technology efficiency, sustainable local development indicators are proposed. The set of indicators refers to the stage of acquisition and beneficiation of the material from industrial landfills, and after the determination of the basic emissions levels from the plant in the semi-technical phase, may support the ecological ranking of projects.

[1] N. Adibi, Z. Lafhaj, E.D. Gemechu, G. Soonnemann, J. Payet; Introducing a multi-criteria indicator to better evaluate impacts of rare earth materials production and consumption in life cycle assessment; Journal of Rare Earth Vo. 32. No. 3 Mar 2014, Elsevier 2014. [2] Deliverable D2.1: Report on the most suitable combined pretreatment, leaching and purification process; ENVIREE – Environmental friendly and efficient methods for extracting of Rare Earth Elements from secondary sources; 2016. [3] Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) website: https://www.globalreporting.org/Pages/default.aspx [4] B.C. McLellan, G.D. Corder, A. Golev, S.H. Ali; Sustainability of the Rare Earths Industry; 4th International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security, SustaiN 2013; Elsevier Open Access 2014. [5] Silvia C. Gutierrez-Gutierrez, Frederic Coulon, Ying Jiang, Stuart Wagland; Rare earth elemetns and critical metal content of extracted landfilled material and potential recovery opportunities; Waste Management 42 (2015), 128 – 136; Elsevier 2015.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 149 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The use of environmental requirements in public procurement at the design stage for construction or extension of the sewage treatment plant

Renata Kozik1,*, Izabela Karasińska – Jaśkowiec1

1 Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: public procurement, sewage treatment plant, quality management

The application of environmental criteria in public procurement should be considered in terms of implementing the principle of sustainable development. Hence, dissemination of environmental criteria in public procurement is one of the strategic objectives of the European Union, enabling the improvement of environment. There are specific solutions that allow the contracting authority to take environmental aspects into account while evaluating offers and contractors qualifications (e.g. EMAS). The contracting authority has the option of requiring the contractor to demonstrate the implementation of environmental management measures or systems. During the procurement procedure, the contracting authority may require from the contractor to demonstrate the implementation of environmental management measures or systems and verify that the contractor's existing quality system guarantees the proper performance of the contract or minimizes negative environmental impacts or whether the proposed products meet the requirements of certain standards or technical specifications. To confirm that the offered supplies, services or works meet the specific requirements, the contracting authority may demand specific documents. This gives it the legal system, indicating the executive regulations of the Public Procurement Law. These regulations provide this opportunity. The purpose of the paper is to indicate how the contracting authority can apply environmental requirements at the stage of preparing tender documentation for the construction and extension of waste water treatment plants and wastewater infrastructure. The article presents the original results of research carried out in dozens of municipalities, which in 2009-2015 carried out public sewage infrastructure contracts with the financial support of the European Union. The results of the studies indicated that the contracting authorities generally did not require the contractor to implement environmental management systems and did not indicate such criteria when selecting contractors..

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 150 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The environmental impact of the railways operations – the dependence of speed on the level of vibration emission

Barbara Kożuch1,*, Tadeusz Tatara1

1 Institute of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

Keywords: Pendolino train, WODB scale, ELECTRE methods

Railway transport plays a significant role in shaping the quality of the environment. Vibration from railways is a big concern for engineers. Because of its negative impact on the surrounding area it is also an environmental problem. The paper deals with the dependence of speed on the level of vibration emission. It based on the experimental study which was done during the passage of the Pendolino train (EMU 250). “In situ” measurements have been performed by accredited Laboratory of Structural Mechanics at Cracow University of Technology. Speed of the train was varying between 40 and 250 km/h. The evaluated building was located at distance of approximately 50m from the railroad. Assessment of the impact of vibrations on the structure was presented by indicators of the perceptibility of vibration through constructions (WODB). The innovation of this publication is the application of multi-criteria decision analysis methods for assessing the impact of vibration. The ELECTRE (ELimination and Choice Expressing REality) methods are used to evaluate the increase in vibration emission depending on the speed for each frequency band. The limits specified by Polish standards in any of the passages have not been exceeded. As proven in the paper, a train speed increase doesn’t uniformly make the vibration higher in each frequency band. Therefore, the study shows which speed changes have a significant impact on emissions.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 151 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

How do composites with natural fibre behave in different environments?

Aleksandra Heimowska1,, Katarzyna Krasowska1,*

1 Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science, Department of Industrial Commodity Science and Chemistry, Gdynia, Poland

Keywords: polymer composite, natural fibre, degradation, compost, sea water

At the present time, when the large amount of litters has contaminated our planet and environmental awareness has increased, the new environmental friendly materials are in request. Natural fibre reinforced composites are very interesting alternative to synthetic oil-based fibre enhanced polymer composites, because natural fibres are derived from renewable resource. They do not have a large energy requirement to process and they have light weight, high specific modulus and are biodegradable. Natural fibres may be classified in two categories: non-wood (such as flax, hemp, jute, ramie) and wood fibers (such as pine, spruce, oak, maple, aspen) [1-4]. The object of the present study was to demonstrate the behavior of two polymer composites with natural fibre (Ramia/Ecoflex®, wood flour/PP) to exposure condition in natural environments. The environmental degradation of these composites took place in the Baltic sea water and compost. The incubation lasted for a period up to 18 months. The macro - and microscopic observations of polymer surface, weight changes and mechanical properties were tested during experiment. The characteristic parameters of both natural environments were also controlled during incubation time and their influence on the rate of degradation was discussed. The results revealed that kind of environment, where materials were landed, has significant influence on degradation rate. The environmental degradation proceeded faster in compost than in sea water. During the incubation in the Baltic Sea water the conditions were favourable for the growth of bacteria while in the compost for fungi. The composition of composites with natural fibre had an influence on the rate of degradation process too. The obtained results indicate that the degradation of Ramia/Ecoflex® composite is faster than wood flour/PP composite in both natural environments.

[1] C.M. Clemons, D. F. Caulfied, Natural Fibers, in : Marino Xanthos (Ed.) Functional Fillers for Plastics, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KgaA, Weinheim, 2005. [2] St. Zajchowski, C. Gozdecki, M. Kociszewski, Kompozyty (Composites), 5 3 (2005) 45-50. [3] St. Zajchowski, J. Tomaszewska, Teka Kom. Bud. Ekspl. Masz. Elektrotech. Bud.- OL PAN, (2008) 183-188. [4] K. Mazur, St.Kuciel, International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 3 5 (2016)

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 152 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of solar collectors' use in a single family house in Poland and Spain- a case study

Dorota Anna Krawczyk1,*, Antonio Rodero2, Łukasz Kolendo1

1 Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Białystok, Poland 2 University of Cordoba, School of Engineering Sciences of Belmez, Cordoba, Spain

Keywords: solar systems, energy, SPBT, collectors, renewable energy.

Renewable energy sources especially solar systems have become popular lately although it is worthy to note that types of installations used and shares of renewable energy sources differ between European countries significantly. Main rules of selection of solar collectors, their advantages and the most important parameters determining the solar collectors efficiency (as the structure, the flow rate of the heating medium, the effect of connection into batteries) were described in [1]. Methods that can be used during analysis of solar energy available as well as parameters influencing effective radiation, for instance shading were presented in [2] -[6]. In this paper we analysed a single family house with horizontal roof located in two countries: Poland and Spain. In both locations during analysis we took into account an influence of climatic conditions, national rules, companies recommendations, cost of installation of the system, price of optional energy generation etc. We estimated Simple Payback Time (SPBT) for two types of collectors: plate and pipe ones and noted specific national and European Union financial programs dedicated new installations. Results help to understand differences in development of solar energy market in chosen countries.

[1] P.Antoniuk, M.Niewińska, D.A.Krawczyk, Porównanie wybranych technologii wykorzystanie energii słonecznej (Comparison of Selected Solar-Powered Technologies). Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja (2017) 144-150. [2] D.A.Krawczyk, Ł.Kolendo, Projektowanie instalacji solarnych z wykorzystaniem GIS ─ studium przypadku (Designing Solar Installations by Using GIS – a Case Study), Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja 1 (2017), 20-23. [3] ŁKolendo Ł., D.A.Krawczyk, Metoda oceny przydatności połaci dachowych do posadowienia instalacji solarnych z wykorzystaniem geodanych 3D (The Method of Assessing the Suitability of Roof Surfaces for Mounting Solar Devices Using 3D Geodata). Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo,. Wentylacja 10 (2016), 400-405. [4] Ł.Kolendo, D.A.Krawczyk, Wykorzystanie GIS i danych klimatycznych do obliczeń potencjału solarnego możliwego do wykorzystania w systemach C.W.U. i C.O. (Using GIS and climatic data for calculations of solar resources possible to implement in heating of domestic hot water and heating systems) Rynek Energii 5 (2016), 64-70. [5] D.A. Krawczyk, A.Rodero, The usage of solar energy for electricity production on example of Andalusia (Spain). Rynek Energii 1 (2015), 119-126.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 153 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Measurements of carbon dioxide concentration and temperature in dormitory rooms in Poland and Spain- a case study

Dorota Anna Krawczyk1,*, Antonio Rodero2, Paulina Antoiuk1

1 Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Białystok, Poland 2 University of Cordoba, School of Engineering Sciences of Belmez, Cordoba, Spain 3 student of Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland

Keywords: carbon dioxide, temperature, microclimate, residential building

Main parameters of microclimate that could influence people behaviour and comfort are: temperature, carbon dioxide level, relative humidity, noise and lighting intensity during the day and evening. During analysis of energy efficiency the most important factor is temperature and many researches concentre only on this one, however it is necessary to maintain a proper indoor air quality. In this paper we show results of measurements conducted in selected dormitory areas in Poland and Spain, using an instrument TSI 9565. Buildings differed not only in climatic data but also in objects construction (heat transfer coefficient values, materials), air change rates (ACH), density of occupation. Moreover data obtained during research was compared with theoretical model of changes in CO2 in time. In case of 3 tested rooms CO2 concentration was in recommended range during all measurement period, while in one house even initial value was too high. Temperature was found between 19.0oC and 24.4 oC.

[1] D.A.Krawczyk, K.Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk, Mikroklimat pomieszczeń biurowych badania empiryczne i ankietowe – studium przypadku, monografia s. 100, Politechnika Białostocka, Białystok 2015 (Microclimate of the office buildings- measurements and surveys – a case study). [2] D.A.Krawczyk, A.Rodero, K.Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk A.Gajewski, CO2 concentration in naturally ventilated classrooms located in different climates– measurements and simulations. Energy and Buildings, 2016, 491-498. [3] D.A.Krawczyk, K.Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk, A.Rodero, The analysis of microclimate parameters in the classrooms located in different climate zones. Applied Thermal Engineering 113, 2017, 1088-1096 [4] P.Antoniuk, Analysis of selected parameters of IAQ in public buildings located in Poland and Spain, Master thesis 2017

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 154 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Distribution of water-soluble ions in dust particles depending on meteorological conditions

Marek Kucbel1,2* , Barbora Švédová1,2 , Helena Raclavská1 , Jana Růžičková1 , Konstantin Raclavský1 , Veronika Sassmanová2

1 ENET Centre - Energy Units for Utilization of non Traditional Energy Sources, VSB – TU Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic 2 VSB-Technical university of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Department of Power Engineering, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Keywords: Particulate matter, Water-soluble ions, ELPI+, Meteorological conditions

Particulate matter (PM) pollution in the air is a serious problem worldwide. It raises much public attention in Ostrava (Czech Republic), especially in the winter season with frequent smog situations. In the urbanized district Ostrava-Poruba, analysis was made of water-soluble ions – sulphates (SO4), - - 3- - + nitrates (NO3) , nitrites (NO2) , phosphates (PO4) , chlorides (Cl) , ammonium ions (NH4) , magnesium (Mg)2+, calcium (Ca)2+, sodium (Na)+ and potassium (K)+ in different grain sizes of dust particles (17.5- 156 nm, 156-258 nm, 258-384 nm, 384-606 nm, 606-952 nm, 952-2480 nm, and 2480 - < 9930 nm) taken using an electrical low pressure impactor ELPI+ depending on weather conditions. The correlation 2- - + analysis shows that the presence of water soluble ions (SO4) , (NO3) and (NH4) in the dust particles of sizes from 156 to 952 nm is mainly influenced by temperature. For particles in the range from 606 to 2- - + - 952 nm, significant effects of moisture were also demonstrated with (SO4) , (NO3) , (NH4) , and (Cl) .

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 155 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Sea surface origin of carbon in aerosols in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea

Agnieszka Witkowska1, Anita U. Lewandowska1,*

1 Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland

Keywords: aerosols, POC, PIC, WIOC, EC

Since oceans cover a significant portion of the earth's surface, they play a crucial role in carbon emission from the sea to the atmosphere. The emissions is affected by such factors as air temperature and humidity, wind strength, the intensity of blooms of phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a concentration in seawater or the size and length of the occurrence of precipitation. In the period of greatest productivity of phytoplankton due to organic carbon emission from the sea surface to the air the concentration of aerosols in the coastal zone may increase by 25%. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the sea in shaping the concentration of suspended organic carbon in PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic. Parallel measurements of physical and chemical parameters of sea water and aerosols were carried out in Gdynia in 2013-2014. The data was expanded to include information such as air temperature and humidity, wind strength, advection of air masses as well as the amount of precipitation, sea water temperature and its salinity. Obtained results establish that in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea concentration of organic and elemental carbon increased with particle size. OC dominated in aerosols and accounted for an average 22.6% of their total weight. EC accounted for an average of 5.5% of particulate matter mass. It has been found that the main and common source of organic and elemental carbon was combustion of fossil fuel. However, part of the organic carbon was associated with sea salt. This may indicate an effective OC emission from the sea surface with marine aerosols. Organic carbon could be present in the atmospheric aerosols as a result of biological processes occurring in the water column. This was confirmed by the relationship between the concentrations of OC in aerosols and POC in seawater and between the concentration of OC in aerosols and primary production in the sea. In late winter and spring OC concentration in aerosols increased with increasing concentrations of chlorophyll- a in sea water. The relationship between the biological processes taking place in sea water and emission of organic matter into the atmosphere turned out to be a complex process that occurs with a certain time delay.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 156 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

A method of calculating CO2 savings obtained by external lighting of vehicles that use electroluminescent diodes

Zbigniew Łukasik1, Jacek Kozyra1,*, Aldona Kuśmińska - Fijałkowska1

1 University of Technology and Humanities, Faculty of Transport and Electrical Engineering, Radom, Poland

Keywords: Emission CO2, Energy efficiency, LED

LED vehicle lighting is developing very fast and it is becoming more and more available. Due to new EU regulations, it is installed in all new cars. They are also selected by the owner of older models of cars. LED revolution has brought not only better visibility, but also allowed to save money and protect environment. In order to support development and quick implementation of new advanced technologies reducing CO2 emission coming from vehicles, EC directive had to be introduced and it enables producers and suppliers to submit applications for approval of innovative technologies contributing to reduction of CO2 emission coming from passenger cars. Therefore, it was necessary to explain criteria for determination of which technologies should be qualified as eco-innovations and based on what rules and calculation methods, the level of reduction of CO2 emission may be determined. Total demand for energy of a vehicle equipped with bulbs (rear lamps) and halogen lamps (headlights) is about 60 % of demand for energy for dipped headlights and 14% demand for rear position lights. If we use combination of xenon lamps and LED lamps for configuration of vehicle lighting, demand for energy will be reduced by 39%. If we used only LED lamps, energy consumption would be reduced by 60 %. In this article, the authors presented a method of calculation of CO2 savings obtained by application of exterior lighting with LED diodes. Moreover, they presented optimization of energy consumption and savings thanks to application of LED technology and percentage reduction of CO2 emission.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 157 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Active methods of mercury removal from flue gases

Marta Marczak1,*, Stanisław Budzyń1, Jakub Szczurowski1, Piotr Burmistrz1, Krzysztof Kogut1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: solid fuels, mercury emission, flue gases purification,

Mercury is a highly toxic heavy metal with no physiological role in living organisms. Due to its negative influence on health, as well as its global distribution, long atmospheric lifetime and aptitude for water environment and living tissue deposition, US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) classified mercury and its compounds as a serious air quality threat [1]. Such widespread of mercury in the environment originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources [2-3]. Global anthropogenic emission of mercury is roughly evaluated for 2 000 Mg/year [2]. Along with Germany, Poland is a country with the highest annual mercury emission in Europe. According to KOBiZE report for 2014, annual Polish mercury emission is around 10 Mg [4]. Over 90% of mercury emission of Poland comes from coal combustion. The aim of this study was to understand mercury behavior during coal combustion and flue gases purification in terms of emission reduction with use of active methods. Out of various active methods, flue injection of dust-sized sorbents was the main technology of interest. One of the main attempts of this research was to recommend a low-cost organic sorbent such as lignite dust and coke dust that could efficiently substitute expensive dust-sized activated carbons. Sorption potential was determined for dust-sized organic sorbents. Those sorbents are materials classified as macroporous. Total volume of pores for organic sorbent were 0.018 and 0.054 cm3g-1. The research included combustion of subbituminous coal and lignite from Polish power plants. The experiment was conducted for temperatures reflecting conditions inside flue gases purification installation. Concentration of mercury in flue gases emitted into the atmosphere was measured by mercury analyzer AMA – 254 for both subbituminous coal (5.3 µg·m-3) and lignite (17.5 µg·m-3).

[1] US EPA, A Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions From Electric Utility Steam Generating Units: Final Report to Congress; EPA-453/R-98-004a, US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1998. [2] AMAP/UNEP, Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway/UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. [3] D. Kocman,M. Horvat, N. Pirrone, S. Cinnirella, Contribution of contaminated sites to the global mercury budget, Environ. Res. 125, 2013, 160–170. [4] KOBiZE (National Centre for Emissions Management), Poland's Informative Inventory Report 2015. [5] Burmistrz P., Kogut K., Marczak M., Zwoździak J.: Lignites and subbituminous coals combustion in Polish power plants as a source of anthropogenic mercury emission, Fuel Processing Technology, 152, 2016, 250–258.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 158 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The potential of fuel cells as a drive source of maritime transport

Jarosław Markowski1,*, Ireneusz Pielecha1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: potential, fuel cells, maritime transport

The state of environmental pollution brought about as a result of the modern civilization has been monitored, in the interests of the environment and human health, since the seventies of the last century. Ensuring the energy security is one of the most basic existential requirements for a functional civilized society. The growing civilizational needs caused by broadly understood development generate demand for the production of all kinds of goods in all sectors of the economy, as well as world-wide information transfer. The current energy demand is mostly covered using fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Some of the energy demand is covered by the energy generated in nuclear reactions, and a small part of it comes from renewable energy sources. Energy derived from fossil fuels is inevitably associated with fuel oxidation processes. These processes, in addition to generating heat, are responsible for the emission of harmful compounds to the atmosphere: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. These pollutants pose a serious threat to the people as well as the environment in which they live. Due to the large share of fossil fuel energy generation in the process of combustion, it becomes necessary to seek other means of obtaining the so-called "clean energy". Fuel cells may have a very high potential in this respect. Their development has enabled attempts to use them in all modes of transport, and in particular in road vehicles. An important factor in the development of fuel cells is their relatively high efficiency and the coinciding strictening of the emission norms from internal combustion engines used to power maritime transport. Therefore, the aim of this article has been to assess the potential of fuel cells as a main source of propulsion power source. A review of the designs of fuel cell systems and their use was performed. The article summarizes the assessment of the potential role of fuel cells as a power source of maritime transport.

[1] Avadikyan A., Cohendet P., Heraud J.A., 2003 – The Economic Dynamics of Fuel Cell Technologies. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. [2] Tomczyk P., 2005 – Ogniwa paliwowe – czas rozwoju. Biuletyn Polskiego Stowarzyszenia Wodoru i Ogniw Paliwowych nr 1, 12–24. [3] Srinivasan S., 2006 – Fuel Cells. From Fundamentals to Applications, Springer, N.Y. [4] Jensen S.H., Larsen P.H., Mogensen M., 2004 – Hydrogen and synthetic fuel production from renewable energy sources. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29, 1571–1586.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 159 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Economic aspects of reducing low-stack emission in Poland

Marian Turek1, Aneta Michalak1,*, Izabela Jonek-Kowalska1

1 Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;

Keywords: low-stack emission, air pollution, costs of reducing low-stack emission.

Air pollution caused by low-stack emission is currently one of the most important problems in our country. Poland, next to Bulgaria, is the most polluted country in the European Union. This problem stopped being an issue raised only by scientists and taken up in case of environmental reports but has become a subject of dynamic social discussion, acquiring a broad environmental, social and economic dimension. In relation to the desire to take decisive actions in order to improve the quality of air by local authorities, state authorities as well as by an increasingly large group of people, concerned by the ongoing state of affairs, the topic of reducing low-stack emission requires in-depth research. One of the aspects constituting the subject of the research taken up by the Authors is the economic and financial dimension of decreasing low-stack emission in Poland. The objective of the paper is to present the problem of low-stack emission in the economic and financial context. In the first place the phenomenon of smog has been subjected to analysis, as one of the most significant consequences of low-stack emission, influencing health of human beings, environment and tangible assets. Then an attempt was made to express the previously identified results of low-stack emission in economic and financial categories, taking into consideration the costs borne for the purposes of realizing undertakings aimed at decreasing low-stack emission, costs avoided due to the decrease of the number of illnesses caused by low-stack emission, costs avoided due to the restriction of the negative influence of low-stack emission on the environment and on tangible assets as well as economic benefits achieved thanks to the reduction of low-stack emission.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 160 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Selective oxidation via photocatalysis for lignin valorisation in continuous flow microreactors

J.C. Colmenares 1#, V. Nair1*, A. Lewalska-Graczyk1, S. Cano Navarro1

1 Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences

Keywords: Photocatalysis, biomass, lignin, microreactors, high-value aromatics, ultrasounds.

Lignin is one of the three major components of lignocellulosic biomass. Its high content of aromatic carbon makes it an important feedstock that can be converted into value-added chemicals e.g. in the fuel and food industries. The main source of lignin nowadays comes from paper industry and wood hydrolysis.[1] Unfortunately, these residues (up to 70 million tons per year) are highly underutilized, serving mostly as a heat source in combustion processes at the pulp factories. The valorisation of lignin is a challenging issue due to its complex and stable structure[1], many of the approaches involve harsh reaction conditions and application of expensive catalysts to depolymerize lignin and upgrade it to the desired products.[2,3] Therefore, implementation of new materials and green energy solutions in lignin valorization is necessary in order to achieve satisfactory results (selectivity, yield) and meet the economic and environmental requirements. The approach taken by our group is based on the synthesis of thin layers of photocatalytic nanomaterials (TiO2 and ZnO) on the inner walls of a microfluidic reactor.[4] By employing ultrasound- assisted sol-gel process, it is possible to tune the synthesis of photocatalyst nanoparticles, resulting in consistent morphologies, sizes and surface properties of the materials.[5,6] These low temperature synthesis methods could be a promising green chemistry strategy for obtaining catalyst nanoparticles with the desired properties deposited on the internal walls of the microtubes. Further modifications with dopants (e.g. Fe, Co) could reduce the electron-hole recombination rate and band gap energy, improving the catalyst’s efficiency under solar light, which is a cheap and abundant source of energy. Carrying out photocatalytic reactions in such a microfluidic reactor has a number of advantages over batch processes (high surface area, improved mass and heat transfer, no separation steps, etc.). Facile control of reaction parameters may lead to high selectivity for the desired products e.g. aromatic aldehydes/ acids. To sum up, this approach could contribute to the selective production of high value compounds from bulk lignin sources while avoiding the necessity for harsh conditions and expensive catalysts in the future.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Centre (NCN) in Poland within research project Sonata Bis Nr. 2015/18/E/ST5/00306. More information on this project at http://photo-catalysis.org.

[1] S.H. Li, S. Liu, J.C. Colmenares, Y.J. Xu, Green Chemistry, 18(3) (2016) 594-607. [2] R.Behling, S. Valange, G. Chatel, Green Chemistry 18(7) (2016) 1839-1854. [3] R.Rinaldi, R.Jastrzebski, M.T.Clough, J.Ralph, M.Kennema, P.C.Bruijnincx, B.M. Weckhuysen, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55 (29) (2016) 8164-8215. [4] Q. Zhang et al., Journal of Hazardous Materials 254–255 (2013) 318–324 [5] J.C. Colmenares, ChemSusChem 7(6) (2014) 1512-1527. [6] J.C.Colmenares, E.Kuna, P.Lisowski, Topics in Current Chemistry 374 (5) (2016) 59.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected] [email protected]

Page 161 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Microclimatic conditions in office spaces

Magdalena Nakielska1,* , Małgorzata Sztubecka1 , Krzysztof Pawłowski1

1 UTP University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Bydgoszcz, Poland

Keywords: microclimate, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD), thermal control

The microclimate of interiors is the set of all the physical and chemical parameters of the rooms influencing the human body and the building. From the time of the introduction of installation systems into the construction industry, shaping the internal microclimate of the building has become on the one hand an easier task, but on the other hand it requires due diligence and professional knowledge of the design of the internal conditions of particular rooms. Modern solutions enable people to interfere in a building object in order to ensure the right temperature, damp proofing, appropriate lighting, etc. This article presents the methods of assessing the rooms in terms of thermal comfort, and it also discusses the impact of acoustics and lighting on the microclimate of the interior. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) indicators were determined in an analytical way for selected office spaces and the analysis of factors affecting conditions in particular rooms was carried out, including an off-thermal factor which is the noise level. The article contains the comparison of the results obtained from the observation with the recommendations contained in the legal regulations and, in particular in the Regulation of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy of 26th September 1997 on general provisions concerning industrial safety.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 162 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Study on silylation of diclofenac metabolites in the perspective of measuring the environmental occurrence using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Katarzyna Nosek1*, Janusz Gołaś2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: diclofenac metabolites, derivatization, silylation, MSTFA, GC-MS

Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been recognized as a contaminant of emerging concern, due to its frequent detection in aquatic environment and low removal from wastewater. The presence of pharmaceutical metabolites in waters has been scarcely documented, however, according to pharmacokinetics, metabolites can be released to the environment in similar or even higher amount than parent compound. Therefore, it seems to be essential to consider both, parent pharmaceutical and its metabolites when assessing environmental risk, but a sensitive analytical methods need to be elaborated. This work presents the study on silylation of two main metabolites of diclofenac: 4’- hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac using N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), which is the first stage of developing gas chromatography mass spectrometry method (GC- MS) for measuring the environmental occurrence. The influence of time and temperature of silylation on stability of derivatives have been tested. The chromatogram of diclofenac as well as both tested metabolites shows two peaks indicating that two silylated compounds of target analytes are formed – analyte derivative and silylated byproduct of analyte. The byproduct of diclofenac is presumably formed by ring closure and it can correspond to diclofenac lactam. Similar fragmentation pattern of metabolites byproducts suggests formation of lactam forms of metabolites as well. Byproducts of all target compounds show much more intense signals and better stability than target analytes and have lower chromatographic retention times indicating higher polarity. Expectedly, two tested hydroxy metabolites which are positional isomers demonstrated very similar mass spectrum but at the same time they have been successively separated by GC column. Further works are necessary towards defining optimum derivatization conditions of diclofenac metabolites to obtain stable and linear analytical signal.

[1] T. Kosjek, et al., Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 26 (2007) 1076-1085 [2] K. Nosek, et al., International Journal of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, 94 (2014) 961-974 [3] L. Lonappan, et al., Environment International, 96 (2016) 127-138 [4] D. Stülten, et al., Science of The Total Environment, 405 (2008) 310-316 [5] S. Perez, et al., Science of The Total Environment, Analytical Chemistry, 80 (2008) 8135-8145

Acknowledgments This work was financed by the AGH University of Science and Technology Grants No. 11.11.210.374 and 15.11.210.410

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 163 of 232

Effect of coal and biomass co-combustion on the concentrations of selected gaseous pollutants

Krzysztof Nowak1*, Krzysztof Wojdyga2, Sławomir Rabczak3

1, 3 Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Building, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow, Poland, 2 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: co-combustion, hard coal and biomass, concentration of gaseous pollutants, heating boilers

One of the main environmental problems is the protection of atmospheric air from pollution, which is a result of increase the cover needs of the energy. This problem is particularly important in Poland, where the heat market is one of the largest in Europe and is based in 75% on the use of fossil fuels. The amount of fuel, its type and quality directly affect boiler operation, heat generation capacity, combustion process and thus emissions. The change of the pollutant emission factor also results in a variable load on the boiler room dependent on external conditions. Reduction of emissions pollutants in the energy production process is possible, for example, by increasing the share of renewable fuels in the overall energy balance. One of the possibilities to increase the share of these fuels in the energy sector is co- firing hard coal and biomass. The paper presents results of measurement of concentrations of selected air pollutants in the exhaust gases from co-firing of coal and biomass. Based on experimental research, has been created statistical models on the influence of co-combustion of hard coal and biomass in WR water boilers during unstable conditions on the concentration of selected gaseous pollutants.

Page 164 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Measurements of building envelope airtightness with gas tracing method

Katarzyna Nowak1,* , Katarzyna Nowak-Dzieszko1 ,

1 Cracow University of Technology, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: building airtightness, gas tracing method, infiltration, microclimate

The knowledge of the air flow and air exchange in the building is an indispensable source both on the design and operation stage of the building. Infiltration of air determines the proper functioning of the natural ventilation system, still the most commonly used in Polish constructions. The building airtightness is described by n50 parameter indicating the amount of air being exchanged through the building envelope during one hour at a pressure difference of 50 Pa between indoor and outdoor environments. It is determined in fan pressurizing tests. This parameter however does not specify the real air exchange. The real air exchange through the building envelope can be determined with gas tracing method. Air flow rate, n, is obtained from the decaying curie of gas trading concentration observed after injection of tracer gas in the building. Different types of gas can be used in the measurements, one of them is carbon dioxide. CO2 is also generated by building occupants which allows for using this metabolism product in the air tightness measurements and in the same time in determining of occupants comfort. Microclimate of internal space is affected by temperature, relative humidity, air speed and air quality. In Poland, the permissible concentrations of carbon dioxide in the indoor air is not regulated. One of the main impurities resulting from the indoor use is carbon dioxide. At high concentration levels it causes disturbed rhythm and depth of breath, malaise, drowsiness, pain and dizziness, and even hypertension. The paper presents the results of tests conducted in the laboratory class of the university campus. The tests conducted during the classes allowed to determine and describe the microclimate conditions inside. Analysis of CO2 decay after completion of classes was the basis to the envelope airtightness measurements as well as the natural ventilation system effectiveness.

[1] ISO 9972:2015 Thermal performance of buildings. Determination of air permeability of buildings. Fan pressurization method. [2] ISO 12569 thermal performance of buildings and materials. Determination of specific airflow rate in buildings. Tracer gas dilution method. [3] Shaw C. Y., Tamura G. T. Air-tightness and air-infiltration measurements, Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, 1980. [4] Radosław Górzeński, Michał Szymański, Andrzej Górka, and Tomasz Mróz (2014) Airtightness of Buildings in Poland. International Journal of Ventilation: March 2014, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 391-400. [5] Sherman M. H., Chan R.: Research and Practice Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Raport No LBNL-53356, 2004. [6] Bulińska A. Analiza wykorzystania generowanego metabolicznie ditlenku węgla jako znacznika gazowego do określania wymiany powietrza w pomieszczeniach. Prozprawa doktorska, Politechnika Śląska, Gliwice 2011.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

Page 165 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Environmental performance indicators of the hard coal mines

Romuald Ogrodnik1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: environmental aspect, environmental performance, environmental performance indicators, hard coal mine.

Mining is a specific type of activity that significantly interferes with the environment. Such kind of interference is unheard of in other industries. On the one hand, mining companies directly contribute to the reduction of natural resources. On the other hand, mining activities result both immediate and long- term adverse environmental effects. A uniform way of determining the environmental impact of mining companies is therefore needed. It will make possible to compare companies with regard to negative environmental interventions. It will also outline the effectiveness of the activities of companies in the environmental field. The above assumptions can be realized by properly defining and selecting appropriate environmental performance indicators. The aim of this article is to determine environmental performance indicators of hard coal mines. The article describes environmental performance with particular emphasis on microeconomic environmental performance and its indicators. Particular attention was paid to the nonfinancial indicators. It presents significant environmental aspects. On the basis of the identification and assessment of environmental aspects six groups of environmental performance indicators of hard coal mines was suggested. The indicators, according to the author, can be used to manage environmental aspects. The indicators can be used to build reports on the effectiveness of environmental hard coal companies.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 166 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Utilization of ceramic waste by using it as special concrete aggregate

Paweł Ogrodnik1,*, Jacek Szulej2

1 The Main School of Fire Service, Faculty of Fire Safety Engineering, Warszawa, Poland 2 Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin, Poland

Keywords: Ceramic cullet, utilization, fire temperature.

Both red and white ceramics are non-biodegradable materials and their disposal presents currently a serious problem. It is extremely important to bring new options of their recyclability at the rapid economic growth. Quite a new and interesting method is to produce so-called "green concrete" based on recycled ingredients. Concrete structures of this type are known as environmentally-sustainable structures. These facilities are erected in such a way so that their total impact on environment within the full cycle of their existence, including the operation period, was reduced to the minimum. In the same time, concrete applied to such elements shall meet the requirements among others within the range of strength, durability as well as thermal capacity. The use of red ceramics as a concrete aggregate is a well-known issue, however, there is little research on white aggregate concrete [1-2]. The research was carried out on six empirically designed concrete mixtures, three of which were made on aluminate cement and others on Portland cement. All samples were made using recycled aggregates of white ceramics selected and crushed to fraction of 0-4mm and 4-8mm. This particular type of aggregate, as it has been proven in previous authors’ work [3], showed very favorable features in terms of the influence of thermal loads. Another issue concerned an attempt to reduce spalling phenomenon, ie explosive thermal chipping of concrete particles by using air entraining admixture which was supposed to allow free flow of the water vapour. Compression strength tests were carried out on beam halves measuring 160x40x40mm by loading their lateral surfaces. Prior to performing proper tests, part of the samples were subjected to a thermal treatment according to the standard ‘temperature-time’ curve. Samples were warmed up for 120 minutes until the furnace chamber temperature reached approximately 1050°C. Then they were cooled down, and subsequently, the strength tests were conducted. Using an interative design method for a concrete mixture, assuming that the mixture substrates were limited to the commonly used cements and the appropriate amount of air entraining admixture, a tight concrete was received of high strength parameters which also demonstrates resistance to explosive thermal chipping of concrete particles under the conditions of high temperatures.

[1] R.M. Senthamarai, P. Devadas, D. Manoharan Gobinath, Concrete made from ceramic industry waste: Durability properties. Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 2413-2419 [2] C. Medina, M.I. Sánchez de Rojas, M. Frías, Reuse of sanitary ceramic wastes as coarse aggregate in eco-efficient concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites 34 (2012) 48-54 [3] A. Halicka, P. Ogrodnik, B. Zegardło, Using ceramic sanitary ware waste as concrete aggregate, Construction and Building Materials (2013), vol. 48, 295-305

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 167 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Changes of the acoustic conditions connected with the development of traffic presented on the example of the A2 highway.

Franciszek Tomaszewski1, Małgorzata Orczyk1,*

1 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Machines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: motorway, changes of acoustic climate, noise, traffic volume, the environmental pollution

The article presents the character of acoustic conditions and their parameters. The acoustic conditions are a significant factor affecting peoples’ lives in big urban agglomerations. It is connected with providing appropriate conditions for living and relaxation for the inhabitants in residential areas. This work includes the data concerning present acoustic conditions of the Greater Poland Voivodeship and Poznan. On the example of the Komorniki - Krzesiny section of the A2 highway, the authors proposed changes related to the monitoring studies of the acoustic conditions. For the study, the southern ring road of Poznan, which is a section of the A2 highway, has been chosen. This section of the highway has been chosen because it is located in a lowered area and mostly runs through residential areas with various types of urbanisation. In the considered section, noise has been measured in four measuring stages. These stages consisted in including subsequent sections of the A2 highway to the traffic and measuring the acoustic background (without vehicles). The study considered different locations of the highway in relation to the ground level as well as different distances of noise measuring points from the edge of the roadway. The study was a basis for the evaluation of the highway’s influence on the surrounding areas and people living nearby. Moreover, the article presents also the analysis of changes of traffic intensity in Poland.

[1] Orczyk M., Analysis and assessment of the influence of road traffic on the level of noise around motorway A2 Komorniki-Krzesiny - Doctoral Thesis, Poznan, 2007. [2] Assessment and modeling of external and internal noise of means of urban transport, Report from the research project of the National Science Center, No 5748/T02/2010/39, Poznan, 2013. [4] [online] [access: 17.04.2017] https://www.gddkia.gov.pl/ General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways, Synthesis of results of road traffic in 2015 on country net of state roads. [5] [online] [access: 17.04.2017] http://www.gios.gov.pl/halas/index.htm The conditions of acoustic climate in Poland on the basis of the research of Provincial Environmental Protection Inspectorate. [6] General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways, A forecast of influence on the environment of the results of realization of national road construction programme between 2011- 2015, Warsaw, 2010, vol. B.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 168 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Application of macrophytes to compare the assessment of the ecological status of the Pilica River in years 2012 - 2015

Tomasz Orliński1

1 Cracow University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: ecological state, macrophytes, river Pilica, Water Framework Directive

Directive 2000/60/EC commonly called the Water Framework Directive defined a new way of assessing the state of surface water based on two types body of water: natural and artificial or heavily modified water body. The assessment is made by comparing surface water status with the reference state, that is, a state close to the completely natural, based on biological, physicochemical and hydromorphological elements [1]. The ecological state of surface water, together with the surface water chemical status is used to determine the general surface water status. The ecological state of surface water is responsible for the quality of the structure and the functioning of the aquatic ecosystem, while the chemical state is responsible for appearance in water of particularly harmful substances for the aquatic environmental [4,5]. The present paper compares the ecological status of the Pilica river waters in the years 2012 – 2015 with the use of aquatic plants as ecological quality indicators according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Research was conducted in three different sections of the Pilica river, which were within the boundaries of separate but adjacent surface water body. The field research were carried out using a Polish research method called The Macrophyte Method for River Assessment (MMRA). The method is based on quantitative and qualitative evaluation of species compositions of macrophytes within a designated river section. MMRA allows the evaluation of the macrofit reaction (bioindicators of ecological quality) mainly on the degradation associated with trophic impurities. This method has been developed and successfully used to assess ecological status of rivers throughout the country [2,3]. In this article, special emphasis was placed on comparative analysis of results obtained from field measurements in the years 2012 – 2015, supported by theoretical knowledge on the assessment of ecological quality of surface water. The results of the evaluation showed improvement of the ecological status of the Pilica river on two research sections: Przyłęk and Kuźnica Wąsowska, and a slight decrease on quality on the Szczekociny research section.

[1] Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field water policy [2] K. Szoszkiewicz, S. Jusik, T. Zgoła, Key to macrofit analysis for the purpose of assessing the ecological status of surface water. Biblioteka Monitoringu Środowiska, Inspekcja Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa, 2010. [3] K. Szoszkiewicz, J. Zbierska, S. Jusik, T. Zgoła, Macrofit Test Guidelines. Methodical manual for the assessment and classification of ecological status of waters flowing from aquatic plants., Wydawnictwo Naukowe Bogucki, Poznań, 2010. [4] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 21 lipca 2016 r. w sprawie sposobu klasyfikacji stanu jednolitych części wód powierzchniowych oraz środowiskowych norm jakości dla substancji priorytetowych (Dz.U. 2016 poz. 1187). [5] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9 listopada 2011 r. w sprawie klasyfikacji stanu ekologicznego, potencjału ekologicznego i stanu chemicznego jednolitych części wód powierzchniowych (Dz.U. 2011 nr 258 poz. 1549).

1) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 169 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Biosorbents for waste water cleaning from coloring agents

Agnieszka Orzechowska-Zięba1,*, Grzegorz S. Jodłowski1 , Marta Wójcik1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: biosorbents, waste water, coloring agents, adsorption

Waste water containing coloring agents appears as a result of processing in the textile industry. Cleaning of the water from this chemical compound could be made by the using of cheap sorbents. Many idea are considered and elaborated with aim to solve this problem. One of them is adsorption of the coloring agents on biosorbent touched only a little by the pretreatment. Many biological substances are naturally porous like nut shell, skin of citrus fruits, plum seeds, olive seeds and many others. The idea presented in this study is based on small pretreatment of orange peel and using such transformed biomaterial to adsorption of coloring agents. Firstly the peel of orange is cut to small pieces with size about 5*5 mm and dried in 105oC until stable mass of sample is achieved. Obtained product is porous and relatively cheap because usually it is a waste from food industry (after squeezing of the orange juice). Solid adsorbent obtained in this way is studied for adsorption of methylene orange and green bromocresol . The spectrum of light absorbance is measured before using of this method to main procedure of adsorption measurements. The full spectrum within the range of spectrophotometer (from 295 nm to 780 nm) is under investigation in the aim of selection of right wavelength of light for the indirect adsorption level measurements. For selected wavelength the calibration curve is done with using of the set of diluted solution of dye from starting concentration, used for adsorption of both dyes on biosorbent and on active carbon obtained from coco nut as a reference sample. The adsorption is determined on the base of calibration curve. Preliminary results shows that dried orange peel is relatively good adsorbent for investigated dyes. One problem arise only under investigation – the swelling of the biosorbent under contact with water. In some cases biosorbent passes to gel and it is technologically difficult to led the process until the biosorbent gelifies and is flooded out from the apparatus. It shows the direction of further investigation: the light carbonation of biosorbent in controlled conditions.

[1] Kozioł-Komosińska J., Rosik-Dulewska Cz., Dzieniszewska A., Pająk M., Wykorzystanie kompostu jako biosorbentu w usuwaniu barwników kwasowych ze ścieków przemysłu włókienniczego. Archives of Env. Prot., 2011, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 3-14 [2] Wawrzkiewicz M., Zastosowanie sorbentów różnego typu w procesie usuwania barwników z roztworów wodnych i ścieków przemysłowych. Przemysł chemiczny 2012, 91/1, 45-52 [3] Ayan E.M., Secim P., Karakaya S. and Yanik J., Oreganum Stalks as a New Biosorbent to Remove Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions, CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water, 2012, 40/8, 856–863 [4] Karagöz S., Tay T., Ucar S., Erdem M., Activated carbons from waste biomass by sulfuric acid activation and their use on methylene blue adsorption. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 6214-6222

The investigation were lead under financial support of Statutory Research AGH-UST No. 11.11.210.374

*) Corresponding author:[email protected]

Page 170 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Hot water supply with air source heat pump working with CO2

Tadeusz Orzechowski1,* , Mateusz Orzechowski2 , Monika Osowska3, Katarzyna Równicka3

1 Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia PP 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland 2 Statistical Office in Kielce, Wróblewskiego 2, 25-369 Kielce, Poland 3 Kielce University of Technology, EcoClimatica Assoc., Al. Tysiąclecia PP 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

Keywords: heat pump, carbon dioxide, domestic hot water, climate conditions

In 21st century, the global warming effect is one of the most commonly articulated problems. The main reason for this is the rapidly growing consumption of non-renewable fuels and excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Hence, the most important engineering task is the development of modern technologies that consume less energy and reduce the degradation of the human environment. Both the residential and commercial building sectors are one of the three major energy consumers. Heat is mainly used for heating purposes, domestic water heating and air conditioning. In Poland this represents more than 31% of total energy consumption. The fourth part of which is used to heat the domestic water. Such high consumption causes that reducing conventional heat production methods is a priority for the coming years. Among others, air-to-water type heat pumps are particularly suitable for the replacement of heating devices in energy upgrading of buildings. They are easy to install and integration to existing heating systems. No external collector or boreholes required. Air is a good source of renewable energy and possible to combine with solar collectors. The refrigerants currently used in compressor heat pumps are considered to be adversely affected by the environment by causing global worming. After any maintenance their re-use requires special procedures so as not to cause them leak into the atmosphere. Such requirement is very difficult to meet. Therefore natural refrigerants such as hydrocarbons, ammonia and others are being addressed. Among them is carbon dioxide, which has characterized by low global warming potential (GWP). The CO2 heat pump cycle is transcritical and doesn’t fully change phase. Due to its properties it is appropriate for high temperature hot water supply and it operates at far higher pressure than standard compression cycle equipment. When selecting a heat pump it is necessary to estimate its seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP), which depends on local climate conditions, which has a major impact on the cost of use compared to the old or modernized heat system. The paper refers to the SCOP for a air to water heat pump working with CO2 applied to heat the domestic water under climate conditions in Kielce recorded in a single year. Heat pump performances at partial loads are also considered.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 171 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Optimal insulation thickness of the historic object due to the heat pump source

Tadeusz Orzechowski1,*, Mateusz Orzechowski1

1 Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia PP 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland 2 Statistical Office in Kielce, Wróblewskiego 2, 25-369 Kielce, Poland

Keywords: optimal insulation thickness, heat pump, performance assessment, seasonal efficiency

Growing demand for energy, along with simultaneous depletion and more difficult access to fossil fuels, and also increase in environmental pollution result in a rising interest in renewable energy resources. In Poland, renewable energy is produced from solar, hydro and wind sources, and also from biofuels: solid, liquid and biogas. Poland also has geothermal resources located in three vast basins. However, water temperature is not always high enough to ensure direct use. Therefore, to be able to extract energy, it is necessary to employ dedicated installations, mostly ground source heat pumps. Free heat from the atmosphere is utilised by air source heat pumps. In household sector, one of the major energy consumers, energy is used mainly for heating buildings and providing hot water. In the years 1993 and 2012, the mean domestic sector accounted for 70.9% and 14.8% of the total energy consumption, respectively. Meanwhile, according to the Energy Market Agency forecasts, the percentage reductions in final energy consumption in the residential sector should amount to 1.9%, 2.6%, 3.3% and 3.8% in the years 2016, 2020, 2025 and 2030 respectively. To achieve those levels, it is necessary to take decisive actions aimed at energy modernization of existing buildings. That requires proper selection of optimal solutions, especially in the case of old buildings, which being under supervision of conservation officers cannot be thermally upgraded using typical technologies that involve the external walls insulation retrofit by over-cladding. When thermal upgrades of such buildings are prepared, strict requirements concerning the energy performance are often relaxed. One of the major factors which should be examined is the insulation of the walls, which significantly affects heating and cooling loads, and thus directly influences energy consumption. The paper presents simple methodology for calculating the optimal insulation thickness so that the costs of the thermo-modernization would be covered by savings in heating expenses, when thermo- modernization loan is accessible at fixed interest rate. The results of a given solution implementation depend on the energy prices and type of heat source. The study presents the results of such calculations for the building heated with air-to-water heat pump. The results of the investigations are referred to the mean climatic conditions recorded in Kielce.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 172 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Dimensional evaluation of particles emitted from piston engines of various applications

Jacek Pielecha1,*, Jarosław Markowski1, Remigiusz Jasiński1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: particulate matter, aviation, exhaust emissions, combustion engines

The article presents an analysis of the particle size distribution, emitted from piston engines of various applications, which often is associated with the use of various fuels. Dimensional assessment was performed based on selected supercharged engines for passenger cars (fuelled with gasoline and diesel) and small civilian aircraft (fuelled with Avgas gasoline). Characteristic engine operating conditions were chosen, in order to perform measurements of the particle number and size distribution in typical engines operating areas. For passenger car engines engine operating parameters were chosen, whose share in the entire engine operating area is greatest. While for aircraft engines – selected engine operating phases – specifically engine start, warm up, and operation at different load values. The obtained results allowed to compare the size distributions of the particles emitted by different types of piston engines. This resulted in obtaining characteristics, which indicate that the size distribution of particles depends on the fuel, and – to a lesser extent – the operating conditions of the tested supercharged internal combustion engine.

[1] G. Karavalakis, D. Short, R. Russell et al., Assessing the impacts of ethanol and isobutanol on gaseous and particulate emissions from flexible fuel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 2014, 14016–14024. [2] A. Mamakos, G. Martini, A. Marotta, Assessment of different technical options in reducing particle emissions from GDI vehicles. Journal of Aerosol Science, 63, 2013, 115–125. [3] M. Masiol, R.M. Harrison, Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review. Atmospheric Environment, vol. 95, 2014, 409– 455. [4] V. Ramanathan, Y. Fengm Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives. Atmospheric Environment, vol. 43, 2009, 37–50.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 173 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Nitrogen oxides emission evaluation for Euro 6 category vehicles equipped with combustion engines of different displacement volume

Jacek Pielecha1,*, Agnieszka Magdziak1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: exhaust emissions, diesel engines, Real Driving Emissions, combustion engines, nitrogen oxides

The introduction of changes in the type approval testing procedures for vehicles is also a matter of reducing the problem of exceeding the limits specified in standards. The previous laboratory studies of vehicles’ emission did not contain information on the actual engine operating conditions. Particular attention was paid to the comparative study of engines with spark and compression ignition in the context of nitrogen oxides emissions. The reason for this consideration was a significant discrepancy in the size of the engines (the displacement volume) for vehicles with a similar curb weight. The article presents the assessment of the vehicles’ ecological indicators in real traffic conditions according to the latest proposals for RDE (Real Driving Emissions) testing. It has been shown that despite the compliance of the vehicles with emissions approval limits in terms of nitrogen oxides performed in the study on a chassis dynamometer, they are – especially for vehicles equipped with compression ignition engines – exceeded in actual operation. It proves that special attention should be paid to compression ignition engines, which pose a threat in terms of nitrogen oxides emissions. The development of automotive industry, new engine designs powered by alternative fuels and using hybrid drives, should proceed keeping the latest emission testing procedures in consideration.

[1] Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/427 of 10 March 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6), Verifying Real Driving Emissions, Official J. European Union, L 82, 2016. [2] M. Kousoulidou, G. Fontaras, L. Ntziachristos, P. Bonnel, Z. Samaras, P. Dilara, Use of portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) for the development and validation of passenger car emission factors. Atmospheric Environment, 64, 2013, 329–338. [3] T. Vlachos, P. Bonnel, A. Perujo, M. Weiss et al., In-use emissions testing with portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) in the current and future European vehicle emissions legislation: overview. Underlying Principles and Expected Benefits. SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh., 7 (1), 2014, 199–215.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 174 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Development of an innovative technology to culture energetic plants with the use of ecological stimulators of natural origin, taking Helianthus tuberosus as an example

Krzysztof Piotrowski1, Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda1,*

1 Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Str. Banacha 12/16, 92-237 Lodz, Poland.

Keywords: energetic plants, ecological stimulators, biomass, Asahi SL, Biojodis

Helianthus tuberosus is one of the most commonly cultivated plants in Europe, valued primarily because of its great potential for green biomass production and also because of edible tubers and ornamental values. The multi-directional use of individual plant parts, small farming requirements, rapid growth, high regeneration capacity and high calorific value have contributed to the intensification of sunflowers in European agriculture. The experiment was conducted in a growing room (controlled conditions) where soil moisture (30%), temperature (20°C) and insolation were controlled; in a greenhouse (controlled soil moisture, weather dependent temperature) where every three weeks alternate soil drought (20% soil moisture) and excessive soil moisture (60%) were imposed; and under field conditions (uncontrolled), where soil moisture, temperature, sunlight depended on the weather. During the whole vegetative season, the plants were treated at 3-week intervals with 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% concentrations of natural Asahi SL, and Biojodis 1%, 2% and 3% concentrations and their development and physiological activity were assessed. Every day plant height and chlorophyll(a+b) were measured and in the middle and at the end of the vegetative season gas exchange parameters were marked: net photosynthesis, transpiration, intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance and enzymatic activity of phosphatises, moreover the degree of electrolyte leakage was estimated ( integration of cytoplasmic membranes). Analysis of physicochemical parameters of Helianthus tuberosus justified the use of Asahi SL and Biojodis biopreparations. Every-three-week application of the stimulants in the form of watering and spray reduced the unfavorable impact of stress and positively affected growth and development of the plants which grew higher and their biomass yield and metabolic activity were greater. The use of biofertilizers as promoters of plant growth and of their natural resistance to pathogens and stress as well as an alternative to chemical fertilizers is considered one of the most promising strategies in organic and integrated farming.

The study was financed: Grant N304 102940; B1711000001566.02

[1] K. Piotrowski, Z. Romanowska-Duda, M. Grzesik. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 25, No. 2 (2016), 741-751, 2016. [2] K. Piotrowski, Z. Romanowska-Duda, M. Grzesik. Przemysł Chemiczny DOI: 10.15199/62.2016.8.31, 95/8. 1569-1573, 2016.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 175 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Environmental impact of hazardous goods transported by sea

Marzenna Popek1,*

1 Gdynia Maritime University, Department of Industrial Commodity and Chemistry, Gdynia , Poland

Keywords: dangerous goods, marine pollution

Carriage of goods by sea is the most important form of transport in the world. In 2015, it accounted for more than 80% of global freight. The volume of transportation of goods by sea is an indicator of the global economy. Some goods transported by sea can be hazardous during transport because of their chemical nature. There are classified as dangerous goods. The term “dangerous goods” includes any empty unclean packaging such as tank – containers, receptacles, intermediate bulk containers (IBC’s), bulk packaging, portable tanks or tank vehicles which previously contained dangerous goods, (unless the packaging has been sufficiently cleaned of residue of the dangerous cargoes and purged of vapours to nullify any hazard) or has been filled with substances not classified as being dangerous. It is estimated that more than half of packaged goods and bulk cargoes transported by sea today can be regarded as dangerous, hazardous or harmful to the environment. The most significant categories of situations during sea transportation of dangerous goods which have impact on the environment are uncontrolled release of liquid into the environment, gas emissions and waste generation. Sea transport of dangerous goods is regulated by IMO regulations, EU regulations and national legislation. It is regulated in order to prevent possible accidents and injuries, damaging goods and environment pollution. Safety is the one of the main concerns in all activities related to the transport of dangerous goods. In order to ensure that such transport keeps on being profitable and environmentally friendly, emphasis is placed on the quality and condition of infrastructure, transport safety, and carefully focused supervision and control. This paper includes analysis of the action aimed at preventing and minimizing sea pollution caused by transportation of dangerous goods. Measures to improve the environment include detailed standards of packing, marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions and notifications.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 176 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The Process of Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration under Real Driving Conditions

Piotr Pajdowski1, Bartosz Puchałka1,*

1 BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd., Exhaust Emission Laboratory, Bielsko-Biała, Poland

Keywords: Diesel, DPF, regeneration, particulate matter

The global automotive industry is actually facing complex challenges to ensure solutions that reduce transportation related environmental impact. Because of this, solution were created to reduce exhaust gas emission, like for example DPF [1]. This study was conducted to examine the process of Diesel particulate filter automatic active regeneration during on-road mileage accumulation of Diesel passenger cars. The Diesel test vehicles used in this study were equipped with Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), lean NOx trap (LNT, only one vehicle type) and two types of Diesel particulate filter: DPF and FAP (French: filtre à particules) as aftertreatment systems, and satisfied either the Euro 5 or the Euro 6 emissions standards, depending on the vehicle. The test vehicles’ mileage before testing was at least 30 000 km. The soot accumulated during normal use of the vehicles on various types of routes. Collected and processed data were obtained over a distance of 15 000 km. During soot accumulation and DPF regeneration, many parameters from the electronic control unit (ECU) were recorded, i.e. vehicle velocity, engine speed, accumulated soot mass, differential pressure and temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the DPF. The distance covered during the soot accumulation phase depended on the driving conditions, and was sometimes as high as 850 km. During the regeneration process, the temperature at the DPF inlet sometimes rose above 500 °C, and above 600 °C at the outlet, and the differential pressure sometimes reached over 250 mbar.

[1] J. Jang, Y. Lee, O. Kwon, International Journal of Automotive Technology, 18, 5 (2017) 751-758. [2] A. Konstendopoulos, M. Kostoglou, E. Skaperdas, E. Papaioannou, D. Zarvalis, E. Kladopoulou, SAE Technical Paper Series, 2000-01-1016.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 177 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Recovery and disposal of hazardous waste. Modern management of hazardous waste in Poland.

Justyna Pyssa1,

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: hazardous waste, cost of recovery and cost of disposal of hazardous waste, hazardous waste treatment,

The selection of technology of hazardous waste disposal should take place according to the principle of sustainable development. It means that the rational waste management, taking into account both ecological and economic factors, enforces the demand for maximizing the utilization of waste in all possible applications while limiting its negative impact on the environment at the same time. The organization of comprehensive hazardous waste management makes the number of facilities at which the hazardous waste is disposed decrease. The desired result of such measure is the limitation of number of potential sources of environmental contamination and greater economic effects (than in case of individual enterprises). One cannot also omit the fact that the comprehensive hazardous waste management has a positive impact on the choice of optimal technology of disposal of hazardous waste and this in turn is related with enabling the introduction of modern technologies, full application of technological operations, increase in work efficiency, obtaining lower operating costs and ensuring the environment protection at a proper level. In case of waste disposal, residues coming from that process can be utilized economically. Economic and ecological considerations require minimizing the consumption of primary raw materials from nature and use of any waste arising at different stages of cargo turnover and material trading to the border of economic profitability. In the article legal acts regulating the management of hazardous waste have been analyzed. Methods of recovery and disposal of hazardous waste (thermal, physical, biological and chemical methods as well as storage) have been discussed. Economic and ecological criteria of the selection of technology of disposal of hazardous waste have been analyzed.

Acknowledgements The work is financed within the frames of statutory research no 11.11.210.373 at the Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 178 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Technical and technological aspects of sewage waste management after amendments in legislation in Poland

Justyna Pyssa1,

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: sewage sludge, legislation, thermal methods, biotechnological methods, costs of sewage sludge management.

Sewage sludge is generated in water treatment plants as specific waste resulting from the processes of sewage purification and it requires the proper treatment. The growth in the number of people and use of modern more effective technologies of waste treatment results in an increase of amounts of produced sewage sludge. Costs related with its treatment and management also rise. The substance undergoes the operation of processing in order to make its properties stable and decrease its volumes. It is estimated that costs connected with processing of sludge and its further management comprise some 20 to 60 percent of the total expenditure related to functioning of waste treatment plant. The most frequent form of sludge on waste dumps and in the environment is initially stable (usually after oxygenic, non- oxygenic and calcium-based stabilization). The substance poses yet quite a significant problem because of big hydration, mass and potential sanitary danger. It would seem that municipal sewage sludge should enrich the soil with valuable elements (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and magnesium) as well as organic matter due to its fertilizing and humus-generation facilitating features. However, the substance often contains excessive amounts of heavy metals and there is presence of organic pollution as well as pathogenic organisms and eggs of parasites The introduction of prohibition of waste storage in 2016 as well as significant limitations to the use of sludge for agricultural purposes was a serious hindrance to the management of the waste. It seems that the most effective manner allowing for the neutralization of processed sludge is the thermal utilization. Thermal processing of sewage sludge enables the complete disposal of generated waste. The products obtained as the result of process do not pose any threat to the natural environment. The technology of thermal neutralization of the sewage sludge has been an evolving trend over the last years in the management of sludge. It begins to gradually displace other methods of managing. For this reason samples of sewage sludge have been taken from one of wastewater treatment plants in the Malopolska province and an analysis of their elemental composition has been performed for better examination of the problem. Then the energy characteristics of the sludge have been checked. Basing on that the best possible way of management of the examined sediment has been proposed.

Acknowledgements The work is financed within the frames of statutory research no 11.11.210.213 at the Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 179 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Energy consumption in humidification process

Sławomir Rabczak1*, Danuta Proszak-Miąsik1, Krzysztof Nowak1

1 Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Building, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow, Poland

Keywords: humid air, adiabatic humidification, steam humidification, humidifier, humidifying energy

The purpose of the air-conditioning system is to provide people in an air-conditioned room or facility with thermal-humidity comfort. For this purpose, the external air before entering into the room is processed for its treatment. These processes include, among others, humidification of the air. Too high a humidity level also does not benefit the building and its people. Humidification of the air can be realized as directly, then the steam or water mist injection takes place in the room, and indirectly, when the supply air to the room is humidified in the ventilation system. The energy consumption in the humidification process depends primarily on stream of humid air, methods of humidifying the air (water or steam), the type of energy carrier used to produce steam or secondary heating of humid air, range of relative humidity maintained, external humidity parameters. In the case where both the steam and the secondary heating use the same energy sources, the costs in both cases will be comparable. In this paper the calculation of energy demand in hourly and annual period as well as for water and steam humidifier unit have been calculated and presented in many tables and figures. The semidetached house were taken under consideration to analyzed the energy consumption for humidification process. The amount of energy needed to humid the air during the annual season varies from 127 to 545 kWh/ar, depending on the humidifier used and the pump power, while for steam humidification the amount of energy for humidification is less than 9421 kWh/a. As a result, water humidification should be considered more economical. The basic difference between water and steam humidification, as evidenced by the hx graphs is decrease in the air temperature during water humidification and need to reheat it. Taking into account the energy requirements in both cases is similar. The humidifying costs of the steam humidifiers are much higher than those of water humidification.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 180 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Mass concentration and chemical composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) in the Polish urban areas

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska1,2,*, Grzegorz Majewski3 , Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec1, Barbara Mathews1

1 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland 2 Faculty of Fire Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Słowackiego St., 01-629 Warsaw, Poland 3 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 166 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: atmospheric aerosol, secondary organic matter, water-soluble ions, elemental carbon, fossil fuels

Correlations between concentration of submicron particles (PM1) and health effects of exposure to them, as well as their influence on other environmental components and even climate change have been proven and are widely discussed in literature [1,2]. Analyzing the data concerning the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosol from over whole Europe [3-5] one can notice evident lack of chemical characteristics of the fine dust fractions, including PM1. The goal of the presented work was to measure concentrations and determine chemical composition of PM1 at two urban sites in Poland (Zabrze and Warsaw). Diurnal (24-h) samples of PM1 were collected at an urban background site in Zabrze and in Warsaw from 24 June to 22 August 2014 (60 samples; summer) and from 8 January to 8 March 2015 (60 samples; winter). The samples were analyzed for carbon (organic OC and elemental EC) and water soluble ions + + − 2− − (Na , NH4 , Cl , SO4 and NO3 ) by using, respectively, a Sunset Laboratory carbon analyzer and a Herisau Metrohm AG ion chromatograph. To perform the 24-h mass closure calculations for PM1, the chemical components were categorized into: primary (POM) and secondary (SOM) organic matter, secondary inorganic matter (SIM), elemental carbon (EC) and NaCl. The 24-hour concentrations of PM1 were subject to seasonal fluctuations which are typical of urban areas in Poland. Most of the PM1 components revealed higher mean concentrations in winter than in summer. It was found that secondary aerosol (SOM+SIM) accounts for approx. 60% of the PM1 mass in Warsaw and 50% of the PM1 mass in Zabrze. The primary sources of its precursors and – to a smaller extent – of the primary matter as well – are traffic and combustion of various fuels for the purpose of heat and power generation.

[1] C.A. Pope, D.W. Dockery, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 54 (2006), 709– 742. [2] P. Paasonen, A. Asmi, T. Petäjä, M.K. Kajos, M. Äijälä, H. Junninen, H. T. Holst, J.P.D. Abbatt, A. Arneth, W. Birmili, Nature Geoscience, 6 (2013) 438–442. [3] W. Rogula-Kozłowska, K. Klejnowski, P. Rogula-Kopiec, L. Ośródka, E. Krajny, B. Błaszczak, B. Mathews, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 7 (2014) 41-58. [4] G. Majewski, W. Rogula-Kozłowska, Theoretical and Applied Climatology,125 (2016) 79-92 [5] J-P. Putaud, Van Dingenen R, Alastuey A, Bauer H, Birmili W, Cyrys J, Flentje H, Fuzzi S, Gehrig R, Hansson HC, Harrison RM, Herrmann H, Hitzenberger R, Hu¨glin C, Jones AM, Kasper-Giebl A, Kiss G, Kousa A, Kuhlbush TAJ, Lo¨schau G, Maenhaut W, Molnar A, Moreno T, Pekkanen J, Perrino C, Pitz M, Puxbaum H, Querol X, Rodriguez S, Salma I, Schwarz J, Smolik J, Schneider J, Spindler G, ten Brink H, Tursic J, Viana M, Wiedensohler A, Raes F, Atmospheric Environment, 44 (2010) 1308–1320.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Page 181 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Current trends in network based air quality monitoring systems

Mariusz Rogulski1,*, Artur Badyda1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: low-cost PM monitors, air quality monitoring networks, sensor networks.

Air quality is a serious problem in modern cities due to the significant impact of air pollution on the health of the population, the global environment and the global economy. Recent studies point to the crucial role of information about pollution on micro level, which translates into direct exposure of people to air pollution. To provide such information, it is necessary to create real-time systems with large spatio-temporal resolution, since such information cannot provide conventional measurement systems due to limited data availability and scalability problems. Current research and direction for development focus on the concept of a next-generation air pollution monitoring systems that use new measurement technologies and techniques for communicating and delivering data. These systems can be complementary to traditional air quality monitoring systems. The article presents current trends in the world in this area – the example of static (Static Sensor Networks), social (Community Sensor Networks) and mobile (Vehicle Sensor Network) measurement systems. There are also shown Polish initiatives related to environmental quality monitoring as well as experience of implementing their own measurement network based on static low-cost air quality monitoring stations in Nowy Sącz.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 182 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

An analysis of the dust deposition on solar photovoltaic modules

Katarzyna Styszko1,*, Marek Jaszczur1, Janusz Teneta2, Hassan Qusay1,3, Paulina Burzyńska1, Ewelina Marcinek1, Natalia Łopian1, Lucyna Samek3

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Krakow, Poland 3 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: dust accumulation, particle deposition, air pollution, photovoltaic modules

The solid particles deteriorates the performance of the photovoltaic modules and results in power losses which lower system efficiency as well as the temperature increase which additionally decrease the performances and life-time. The dust chemical composition and particle size or the concentration and formation of a dust layer on the titled surface of solar module may differ with time and location The aim of the study was the evaluation of dust deposition on the solar photovoltaic modules during non- heating season in one of the most polluted European city Krakow. The total time dependent particle deposition and their correlation to the air pollution with particulate matter was analysed. The sampling site was located in the city centre characterized by high traffic intensity and low air speed. Several identical photovoltaic (PV) modules and TSP (Total Suspended Particles) sampler were installed on the roof of Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology. The samples of TSP were collected during the non-heating season for 5 weeks on quartz fiber filters using low volume sampler. Dust deposited on the PV module during variable exposure periods from one day up to one week were collected in plastic containers using water collector, followed freeze drying. During the field experiment, nine of identical surfaces of solar modules were used. All of the PV modules were cleaned periodically except two of them which were not cleaned at all. TSP was calculated as a difference of mean masses of filters before and after sampling, respectively. Mass of dust deposition was also determined gravimetrically, as a difference of mass plastic containers before and after sampling. The concentration of TSP in the study period ranged between 12.5 and 60.05 µg m-3. The concentration of PM10 observed on Voivodship Inspectorate of Environmental Protection traffic station, located 1,2 km from TSP sampler varied from 14 to 47 µg m-3. The measured dust deposition density were from 1.62 to 277.06 mg m-2 for exposure periods of one day, two, four days and one week respectively.

Acknowledgements The study was supported by AGH University Grant no. 11.11.210.374.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected], tel. +48 12 617 2032, fax +48 12 617 2399

Page 183 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Inorganic and carbonaceous fraction in PM2.5 across Central Europe

Katarzyna Styszko1,*, Anita Lewandowska2, Magdalena Kistler3, Katarzyna Szramowiat1, Agnieszka Witkowska2, Anne Kasper-Giebl3, Lucyna Falkowska2, Janusz Gołaś1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Gdansk, Poland 3 Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna, Austria

Keywords: fine fraction, inorganic secondary aerosol, organic secondary aerosol, heating period, Central Europe

Anthropogenic aerosols are typically composed of various inorganic and organic species among which sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and carbonaceous aerosols including elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) are of major interest, due to their common abundance and effects on climate, visibility and human health as well as nutrient effect in case of their deposition into aquatic environments. Measurements of PM2.5 in six different locations during winter period were used to characterize sources of organic and elemental carbon as well as inorganic ions across central Europe. The contributions by source category varied substantially across regions. The high level concentrations of PM2.5, above target value, 25 µg/m3, from 48% up to 98% of studying period indicated negative influence on human health in Central Europe. The highest concentration has been noted for carbonaceous fraction in tested fine fraction of aerosols. Organic carbon dominated and its contribution was similar at all measuring stations, equaled average 30%. The lowest contribution of organic matter (OM) in the whole mass of PM2.5 was determined in Gdynia, located at Baltic sea coast and the higher was observed in Graz, in Austrian Alps, 30% and 50%, respectively. The opposite trend has been observed for inorganic secondary aerosols (SIA), which higher contribution were observed in the North than in the South of Central Europe, (30-40% and 15-20%), respectively. In the winter of 2013, combustion of fossil fuels was the main source of carbonaceous fraction in PM2.5, at the most measuring stations. Transport had the key contribution in the South, industrial, Austrian Graz. As was expected, transport and combustion of fossil fuels had the lowest effect on chemical composition of fine fraction of aerosols in Zielonka (regional background station), located in the neighborhood of woods, far distance from cities with high density of population and industry.

Acknowledgements The study was supported by AGH University Grant no. 11.11.210.374.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected], tel. +48 12 617 2032, fax +48 12 617 2399

Page 184 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with PM2.5 and PM10 from Krakow city during heating season

Katarzyna Styszko1*, Magdalena Kistler2, Marta Marczak1, Mateusz Karczewski1, Katarzyna Szramowiat1, Anne Kasper Giebl2

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

Keywords: PAH, HULIS, Particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, Krakow

Air pollution associated with the presence of particulate matter gradually attracts more attention of the scientists, because of their growing quantities in the atmosphere. Exposure to particulate matter in the air, both of those up to 10μg of aerodynamical diameter (PM10) and 2.5 μg (PM2.5) especially at concentrations more than the legal limit, can bring together diverse health effects especially on the circulatory and respiratory system of living organism and influence climate stability. Among many of the compounds that constitute particulate matter, such as Elemental Carbon (EC), humic-like-substances (HULIS), polysaccharides and inorganic matter Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) seems to be the most important out of them, mainly due to their confirmed adverse health effects [2]. Reduction of their concentration is a challenge as they can be emitted through various anthropogenic activities like transportations, combustion processes and residential heating systems. Out of many cities with elevated pollution levels, Kraków is one unique due to many influencing factors that control the air quality within the city. Despite the emission of pollution from industrial and automotive sources during the wintertime it also faces a problem of outworn residential heating systems [22], pollution transported from Silesian Industrial Region and its basin location responsible for pollution entrapment. This study aims to determine PAH PM10 and PM2.5 content in Kraków during wintertime. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in Kraków were measured during three months between 2014 and 2015. The concentrations of various particulate matter constituents such as EC, OC, HULIS, Polysaccharides, Ions, Anions were also measured for potential information on PAH source. Received information allowed for the determination of PAH size allotment, their peak concentrations during measured periods and possible sources basing on potential tracers presence and meteorological parameters.

[1] EU Directive 2008/50/WE from 21.05.2008 [access: 05.02.2017] https://goo.gl/P28Jag [2] WHO, 2003. Health Risks of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, 252 [3] A.Lochno, Air protection program for Gliwice-Mikołowskie and Częstochowa-Libliniec areas in upper-Silesian voivodeship, where the elevated amount of pollutions were detected (in polish). Katowice, 2010 [online] https://goo.gl/72bCrj

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 185 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Chemical composition of particles emitted from stationary and mobile sources

Katarzyna Szramowiat1, Katarzyna Styszko1,*, Lucyna Samek2, Magdalena Kistler3, Mariusz Macherzyński1, Anna Korzeniewska1, Piotr Bielaczyc4, Anne Kasper-Giebl3, Janusz Gołaś1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland 3 TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna Austria 4 BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd., Bielsko-Biala, Poland

Keywords: solid particles, stationary sources, mobile sources, combustions processes, fuels

It has been known for a long time, that alongside natural sources, combustion processes are the one of many human activities which emit solid particles. However, there is still at present no documented evidence for any relationship between specific stationary combustion technologies and the presence of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Similarly, the chemical composition of particles emitted from various sources has to be identified in order to properly apportion the ambient air pollution by particulate matter. The study presents the chemical characterisation of particles emitted during residential and industrial processes of combustion of solid fuels (representing the stationary emission sources) and particles emitted from Diesel engines for passenger cars and medium-duty vehicles. Solid fuels were combusted in a domestic stove, maintaining the similar conditions of the process during each sample collection. Emitted particles were collected on quartz fibre filters. Particle samples from engines were collected on glass-fibre filters during the New European Driving Cycle and European Steady Cycle emission tests. The samples were analysed for the presence of elemental and organic carbon, inorganic ions, non- metals and metals, including heavy metals. The content of analysed chemicals differed depending on the emission source. With respect to stationary combustion sources, the main factor determining the emission of solid particles are related principally to the fuel quality. The duty of vehicles was also a factor influencing the chemical characterisation of particulate matter emitted from engines. The current efforts to control fine particulates also result in the appreciable reduction of the total number of particles emitted by both diesel and gasoline engines.

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the AGH University of Science and Technology (grant no: 11.11.210.374). The samples of particles from engines were collected by BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd what is highly acknowledged.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 186 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The impact of zeolite tuffs as the cement supplement on the environment and selected dynamic and material properties

Jacek Szulej1,*, Paweł Ogrodnik2

1 Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin, Poland 2 The Main School of Fire Service, Faculty of Fire Safety Engineering, Warszawa, Poland

Keywords: damping coefficient parameter, material properties, concrete, zeolite, clinoptilolite.

Continuous development of building structures, which are characterized by substantial spans and low stiffness, demands the search for innovative materials or the modification of already known ones in order to obtain better dynamic and material features. During such studies, a widely understood ecology shall be taken into account and thus, the materials and technology shall be selected in such a way to reduce their adverse influence on the environment to the greatest extent. Bearing this fact in mind, it was decided to analyze dynamic and material properties of concrete with the addition of zeolite tuffs. There are above 100 known types of zeolite materials in nature, the most common and in the same time most frequently used type is clinoptilolite. Zeolites are characterized by pozzolanic, ion-exchange, absorption and catalytic properties which indicate a wide range of their usage. The material research of concretes with the addition of various zeolites occurring in different areas of the world has been partially recognized [1-3]. The supplement of zeolite in a concrete mix has a positive effect on, among others, water penetration, degree of corrosion and shrinkage, the increase of strength and durability. The application of zeolite as a partial cement supplement enables reducing negative effects of cement production which are the emission of greenhouse gas CO2 and ashes. In order to determine material and dynamic characteristics of modified concrete, five series of samples were performed. The standard cubic and cylindrical concrete samples, reinforced concrete plate models were included. Concrete mixes consisted of the same amount of aggregate, water and plasticizer, however, they differed in the amount of cement and zeolite (they contained 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% share of zeolite). The values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, compression strength after 3, 7, 14, 28 days, compression strength after 150 cycles of freezing, abrasion strength were obtained. Moreover, the depth of water penetration under the pressure was determined. The coefficients of logarithmic vibration damping of the concrete plates of the first modes of concrete reinforced plates were determined by the collocation method [4]. Samples with the addition of 10% zeolite demonstrated a positive impact on, among others, compression strength, reduction of water penetration under the pressure and the degree of vibration damping.

[1] Meysam Najimi i inni. An experimental study on durability properties of ceoncere containing zeolite as a highly reactive natural pozzolan. Construction and Building Materials 35 (2012) 1023–1033. [2] Ahmadi B., Shekarch M. Use of natural zeolite as a supplementary cementitiuos material. Cement & Concrete Composites 32 (2010) 134–141. [3] Yılmaz B. i inni. Properties of zeolitic tuff (clinoptilolite) blended portland cement. Building and Environment 42 (2007) 3808–3815. [4] Szulej J. The studies of the dynamic and material parameters of reinforced concrete elements with the addition of zeolite tuffs and plasticizer. Buildings and Architecture 4 (2016) 109-11.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 187 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Hydrophobization of bleaching clay used for purification of waste frying oils

Elżbieta Vogt1,*, Wiktor Pacura1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: hydrophobization, beaching clay, waste frying oils.

The amount of waste frying oils produced in industrial frying processes is so vast that they are causing a serious danger to the environment. This kind of pollutions is similar to the petroleum pollution. Waste oils contain enough valuable triglycerides to use them as a raw material for biodiesel production after cleaning [1-3]. Various kinds of adsorbents are applied in the waste frying oils purification processes [4-7], especially bleaching clay as a sorbent. However, this sorbent is characterized by very high water absorption, which causes problems during its storage and use. The paper presents the results of research on the possibility of carrying out the hydrophobization process of bleaching clay Jeltar 100 and the usage of such modified sorbents for purification of waste frying oils. The hydrophobization process was carried out with the usage stearic acid solutions with organic solvents (5% in/in level of acid in the solid (material Jeltar 100/5)). The hydrophobization degree of modified sorbent was determined. Utility properties of the hydrophobic sorbent were evaluated in contact with waste frying oils. It has been proved that the properties of the sorbent Jeltar 100 after the hydrophobization process are improved. The density of frying oil after the purification process decreases. The acid value [8] of the purified oil decreases significantly when the hydrophobic Jeltar 100/5 was used. The greater increase is observed in iodine value [9] for oil purified by sorbent Jeltar 100/5. Peroxide value [10] of oil after its purification increases to the value obtained for waste frying oil, however, in the case of the sorbent Jeltar 100/5 increase in this parameter is reduced. It has been found that the hydrophobized sorbent absorbs a smaller amount of liquid products from crude oil than the raw sorbent. When purifying process will be conducted on a larger scale this differential will have a positive effect on the process yield and create less waste.

[1] A.A. Refaat, Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 7, 1 (2010) 183-213. [2] A.B.M.S. Hoissain , A.N. Boyce, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15, 4, (2009) 312-317. [3] N. Saifuddin N., A.Z., Raziah, H. Nor Farah, E-Journal of Chemistry, 6, S1 (2009) 485-495. [4] J. Cvengros, Z. Cvengrosova, Biomass Bioenergy 27, 2 (2004) 173-181. [5] B. Buczek, W. Chwiałkowski, Żywność. Nauka. Technologia. Jakość 4, 45 (2005) 85-99. [6] J.M. Dias, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, M.F. Almeida Fuel 87, 17-18 (2008) 3572-3578. [7] Z.J. Predojević, Fuel 87, 17-18 (2008) 3522-3528. [8] PN EN ISO 660:2009. [9] PN-EN ISO 3961:2013. [10] PN-EN ISO 3960:2010.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 188 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Emissions and energy consumption of new generation concretes at the production stage

Daniel Wałach1,* , Piotr Dybeł1 , Joanna Sagan1, Magdalena Gicala1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: new generation concrete, energy consumption, sustainable development

Development of concrete technology results in a new generation of cement-based concrete such as high-performance concrete (HPC), self-compacting concrete (SCC) and high-performance self- compacting concrete (HPSCC) [1][2]. Mentioned concrete characterized by better parameters not only in terms of strength and durability but also rheology of the mixture. Obtaining such properties requires adoption different composition and proportion of ingredients than the ordinary concrete [3]. Greater share of cement in these concretes causes an increase the energy consumption (per unit of concrete volume) at the production stage. However, the use of the new generation concretes allows to reduce of overall dimensions of structural element, due to the increased strength parameters. Such solution may finally result in lower consumption of resources and energy, as well as decrease of gas emissions, which are confirmed by indicators such as global warming potential (GWP [kg CO2-eq.] ), ozone depletion potential (ODP [kg. CFC11-eq.]), or abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (ADP foss. [MJ]). As an example, in analyzed compressive column elements, through using HPSCC, material reductions amounted 32%, whereas GWP decreased by 22,1%, ODP 22,4% and ADP foss. 21%. The article presents the results of the analysis of the using of new generation concrete in an exemplary building in the context of indicated parameters.

[1] A.Kmita, A new generation of concrete in civil engineering, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 106 (2000) 80-86. [2] A.Ajdukiewicz, W.Radomski, Trends in the Polish research on high-performance concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites 24 (2002) 243-251. [3] Z. Giergiczny, J. Małolepsz, J. Szwabowski, J. Śliwiński, Cementy z dodatkami mineralnymi w technologii betonów nowej generacji, Wydawnictwo Instytut Śląski Sp. z o.o. w Opolu, Opole 2002.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 189 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Social acceptance of Renewable Energy in Lower Silesia in Poland

Edyta Ropuszyńska-Surma1, Magdalena Węglarz1,*

1 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Computer and Management Science, Wroclaw, Poland

Keywords: sustainable development, RES, energy consumer, household, social acceptance

There have been a large number of studies focusing on reducing the environmental impacts associated with the energy sector. Renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar energy have been prompted to mitigate these environmental impacts. Here we try to answer the question why the development of RES among households in Poland is so weak. The survey was conducted in November and December 2015 within a project called ‘Modelling prosumers' behaviour on the energy market’, which is funded by the NCN (National Centre of Science) by grant no. 2013/11/B/HS4/01070. This research adopted a quantitative approach to investigate the social acceptance of renewable energy sources from household’s perspective in Lover Silesia, Poland. The main aim of the paper is the identification of the factors, especially related to education level and profession performed, that influence social acceptance of the installation of renewable energy among households. The additional aim of the paper is to made typology of respondents – energy consumers according to their relation to RES, on the base of this and previous works [3]. We proposed the coefficient that divided the respondents into different groups according their relation to social acceptance of RES. In the literature there are some proposition of segmentation of consumers according to their relation to the environment see [1, 2, 4]. The results show that the groups of the biggest social acceptance of the RES installation are: male, people in the age range of 30-49, people with secondary technical education, people living in single- family houses and the owners of private company or the farmers – the farm’s owners. Besides the results show that economic factors are the best motivators for households to install RES, among which the respondents indicated potential savings and potential profits. This study provides useful references for policy makers to further promote the utilization of renewable energy sources among households.

[1] I. Diaz –Rainey, J. K. Ashton, Profiling potential green electricity tariff adopters: green consumerism as an environmental policy tool? Business Strategy and the Environment 20, 2011, pp. 456-470. [2] H. Meffert, M Kirchgeorg, Marktorientiertes Umweltmanagement, Poeschel Verlag, Stuttgart, 1992. [3] E. Ropuszyńska-Surma, M. Węglarz, The pro-economical behaviour of households and their knowledge about changes in the energy market. E3S Web of Conferences Vol. 14, 2017, Energy and Fuels 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20171401006. [4] R. Scarpa. K. Willis, Willingness-to-pay for renewable energy: Primary and discretionary choice of British households' for micro-generation technologies, Energy Economics 32, 2010, pp. 129- 136.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 190 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Deposition of PAHs in internal and external air of the Tri-city Agglomeration

Kinga Wiśniewska1, Anita U. Lewandowska1,*, Marta Staniszewska1

1 Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland

Keywords: PAHs, aerosols, household dust, Tr-city region

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread pollutants in the environment. They are present in aerosols, which can enter respiratory system, impair pulmonary function and cause cancer. Sources of PAHs are mainly connected with combustion processes, however, factors determining their deposition are internal and external. That is why considerable number of them occurs in houses and outside air equally. The aim of the study was to compare PAHs’ deposition between indoor and outdoor in the Tri-city Agglomeration. Furthermore, such comparisons never been held out in the region. Indoor and outdoor air were sampled during heating season 2016-2017. Indoor air quality was tested in 34 houses using passive method. Outdoor, PM1 and PM2.5 were collected. Monthly deposition of benso(a)pyrene, benso(ah)anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were taken into investigation. PAHs concentration analyze was performed using the liquid chromatography. Total PAHs deposition in the household dust varied from 0.8 μg∙m-2∙month-1 to 1185 μg∙m-2∙month-1 (on average 75.4 μg∙m-2∙month-1). Deposition of PAHs obtained outdoor ranged from 2.5 μg∙m-2∙month-1 to 170.9 μg∙m-2∙month-1 for PM1 (with average equal to 31.7 μg∙m-2∙month-1) for PM2.5 it was between 29.2 μg∙m-2∙month-1 and 1994.9 μg∙m-2∙month-1 (on average 388.3 μg∙m-2∙month-1).

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 191 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Experimental research of sewage sludge conditioning with the use of selected biomass ashes

Marta Wójcik1,* , Feliks Stachowicz1, Adam Masłoń2

1 Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow, Poland 2 Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow, Poland

Keywords: sewage sludge, conditioning, dewatering, biomass ash, biomass

Due to the number of new residents attached to the sewerage system, the amount of produced sewage sludge is systematically growing. The high content of water in sludge results in its big volume and contributes to the high operating costs of wastewater treatment plants [1]. In order to reduce the maintenance cost of treatment plants, dewatering is one of the most important processes in the whole sewage sludge treatments. The stable structure is the reason why raw sewage is characterized by low dewatering capacity [2]. Chemical conditioning is commonly used in order to improve mechanical dewatering. The cost of chemical reagents is significant, thus it is important to find effective and inexpensive conditioners. This paper presents the improvement of sewage sludge dewatering with the use of selected biomass ashes. In laboratory tests, ashes from willow tree and beech wood combustion were used. The research was carried out for the following dosages of ash: 5; 7.5; 15 and 30 g∙dm-3 which corresponds to the weight ratio of ash to the content of sewage sludge dry mass (d.m.): 170; 250; 500 and 1000 g/kg d.m., respectively. The application of biomass ash to sludge reduced the capillary suction time (CST) from approximately 137.77 s to 66.77 s for willow ash and to 61.19 s for beech wood ash. The effectiveness of sludge dewatering was investigated by means of vacuum filtration and the centrifugation. The results have shown that the sewage sludge moisture content decreased with the addition of biomass ash. The best results were obtained for the highest dosage of ash and for this reason, this amount of material was considered as an optimal dose. With a 30 g∙dm-3 dosage of ash, the moisture content decreased approximately by 9 ÷ 17 % for willow ash and about 9 ÷ 20 % for beech wood ash, depending of the method of dewatering. The confirmation of the effectiveness of aforementioned method could provide a new approach in sewage sludge management and energetic waste utilization [3].

[1] P. Wolski, L. Wolny, I. Zawieja, Engineering and Protection of Environment, 13 (2010) 67-77. [2] Ch. Changya, P. Zhang, Z. Guangming, D. Jiuhua, Z. Yu, L. Haifeng, Chemical Engineering Journal, 158 (2010), 616-622. [3] Wójcik M., Stachowicz F., Masłoń A., E3S Web of Conferences (accepted for publication).

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 192 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Identification of porous coal structure by the using of Multiple Sorption Model

Marta Wójcik1, Grzegorz S. Jodłowski1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: coal, porous structure, modelling, sorption

Coal has been regarded as a cheap adsorbent since several years [1]. The coal sorption properties are not particularly impressive, but the lack of preprocessing makes it a useful material for industrial processes where a large consumption of porous material is. Detailed investigation of sorption properties of coals different types is necessary for indication these classes of coal which are the most suitable for chosen technical process [2]. The sorption isotherm of selected small molecule substances where measured or taken from literature. Water vapor, methanol, water, carbon dioxide and methane were used as a molecular probes of the coal structure. Sorption isotherms are taken as the basis for simulation of theoretical sorption isotherms until the satisfying fit is reached. Multiple Sorption Model is used for the simulation. This model assumes the co-existence of three classes of physicochemical phenomena: adsorption, absorption and expansion between them. Model gives possibility to estimate the structure of hard coals taking into account the complex nature of coal. Estimated parameters depicts the pore size distribution, surface area, heterogeneity of surface, energy involved in the absorption – expansion – absorption sub processes. Identification is more precise if bigger number of sorption system are taken to the calculations. The procedure of unchangeable sorption parameters (capacity of monolayer) using result in some difficulties under simulation but in effect one could elaborate more realistic estimation of hard coal matter. The set of sorption isotherms on hard coals from Polish coal mines with stated above adsorbates is introduced to the model and simulation were led. Results of simulations in the form of geometrical description of coal and energy factors of adsorption states the data base of coal samples which let us to select coal suitable for many technological purpose [3-5].

[1] Finqueneisel, G; Zimny, T; Vogt, D; et al. Fuel Processing Technology 57: 3 (1998) 195-208 [2] Xiang J., Zeng F. et al. Science China: Earth Sciences 57:8 (2014) 1749-1759 [3] Meng X., Gao M. et al. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 24 (2016) 818-823 [4] Guo H., Cheng Y. et al. Energy Fuels 30: 9 (2016) 7014–7024 [5] Cheng J., WangX. et al. Fuel Processing Technology 149 (2016) 49-54

The investigations were lead under financial support of Statutory Research AGH-UST No. 11.11.210.373

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 193 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Cities of the future - bionic models of new urban systems

Alicja Krzemińska1,*, Anna Zaręba 1, Anna Dzikowska2, Katarzyna Jarosz3

1 University of Wrocław, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, Wrocław, Poland

2 General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military Academy of Land Forces, Wrocław, Poland

3 International University of Logistics and Transport in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland

Keywords: city of the future, smart-city, Eco-city, bionic urban system, sustainable development

The concepts of the cities we know nowadays, and which we are accustomed to, change at a very rapid pace. The philosophy of their design is also changing. It will base on new standards, entering a completely different, futuristic dimension. This stage is related to changes in the perception of space, location, and lack of belonging to definite, national or cultural structures. Cities of the future are cities primarily intelligent, zero-energetic, zero-waste, environmentally sustainable, self-sufficient in terms of both organic food production and symbiosis between the environment and industry. New cities will be able to have new organizational structures – either city states, or, apolitical, jigsaw-like structures that can change their position – like in the case of the city of Artisanpolis, designed as a floating city, close to the land, reminiscent of the legendary Atlantis. Also the designs of cities suspended above the ground, either in a shape resembling termite nests, or completely or partially submerged under water, are interesting. The design feature that makes them interesting is the ability to transform quickly the urban tissue and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Also a different kind of perception of space and state integration is an interesting feature.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 194 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Multiscale Transit Oriented Development (TOD) for sustainable communities

Anna Zaręba1,* , Alicja Krzemińska1 , Krzysztof Widawski1 Anna Dzikowska2

1 University of Wrocław, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, Wrocław, Poland 2 General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military Academy of Land Forces, Wrocław, Poland

Keywords: transport communication, communities redevelopment, Transit Oriented Development,

Transit Oriented Development in districts and cities planning is dependent on multiple factors including: location, context, population density and redevelopment strategy. Transit Oriented Development Institute (US national planning organization to promote sustainable communities around rail stations) identifies ten principles which characterize the TOD communities and among them: stations and communications hubs located in sites with highest ridership potential, higher density mixed- used, walkable development in ½ mile radius from station, pedestrian oriented communication with retain and café streets, public squares in proximity of stations, reduce of parking space, multi-modal connections and stations which act as generators of communities redevelopment. The research examines the concept of TOD on chosen case studies, describes the pattern of urban form which best suites TOD districts and cities and evaluate current practices. The paper focuses on TOD projects in various scales: from TOD introduces in suburban areas, urban fringes to TOD in large metropolitan cities (ex. in high density Central Business Districts – CBDs). This paper focuses primarily on the place which connectivity takes in transit-oriented development systems on different scales. The research examines the concept of TOD on chosen case studies, describes the pattern of urban form which best suites TOD districts and cities and evaluates current practices. The paper is based on analysis of TOD projects on different scales: from TOD introduced at international scale (ex. the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in the selected Latin America large cities), at national scale in large metropolitan cities (ex. in high density Central Business Districts of Dalian city in China) and at urban, urban fringe and neighborhood scale of Edmonton in Canada. The literature review study examines the patterns of transit-oriented development and highlights current planning practices. The research was based on identifying contemporary case studies, through the analysis of literature, reports, government and policy documents, conference proceedings and websites of international networks relevant to transit-oriented development. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) have a strong effect on vitality of urban ecosystems, delivers multiple environmental benefits and wider recreation areas accessibility. In urban, highly transformed landscape, TOD is a bonding element which delivers to city environment biodiversity and help to reduce energy demands. Mixed-used areas planned around transit-oriented hubs with easy access to public green areas deliver a wide range of benefits to local communities. Moreover the interrelated system of greenery and transport can be supplemented with eco-solutions such as rainwater harvesting and efficient waste management.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 195 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The use of CMMS model for the description of SO2 sorption isotherms on fly ash zeolites

Katarzyna Zarębska1,*, Paweł Baran1, Natalia Czuma1, Sylwester Furmaniak2, Piotr Gauden2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Chemistry, Toruń, Poland

Keywords: fly ash zeolite, SO2 sorption, CMMS model

Synthetic zeolites produced out of fly ash are valuable alternative both for natural zeolites and the ones produces out of pure chemicals. Strictly determined, during the synthesis, structure and properties of those materials as well as possibility of its production in economically and environmentally justified way allows for its use as sorbents for gaseous pollutants. In this work there were presented results of SO2 sorption capacity experiments on zeolite materials synthesized form fly ashes from selected polish heat-power plants with respect to commercial zeolites. For the purpose of mathematical description of received results the CMMS model was used. As a result of performed experiments it was found that the synthesized materials are good SO2 sorbents, the influence of presence of water vapour during SO2 sorption was also determined. It was proved that different type of zeolites reveal differentiated behaviours in case of different sample preparation methods.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 196 of 232

FUELS

Page 197 of 232

Page 198 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Electrochemical conversion of agricultural solid waste biomass in solid oxide fuel cells

Bartosz Adamczyk1,2, Magdalena Dudek1,2*, Andrzej Raźniak1,2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, AGH Centre of Energy, ul. Czarnowiejska 36, 30-054 Krakow, Poland

Keywords: fuel cell, biomass, carbon fuel, DCFCs

In the past decade there has been growing interest in the application of carbon as a solid fuel for utilisation in fuel cell technology. Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) are electrochemical devices which directly convert the chemical energy of carbon-based solid fuels into electricity and heat. Various types of DCFCs have been investigated recently. One of the most popular classifications is based on the kind of electrolyte used in the cell. Carbon fuel can be oxidised in an environment of alkaline, molten carbonate, or solid oxide electrolytes (DC-SOFCs). Carbon-based solid fuel appears to be an attractive and abundant source of solid fuel for DC-SOFCs due to its easy storage and transport and high level of reactivity at high operating temperatures. The development of direct carbon fuel cells also opens up new opportunities for the electrochemical conversion of various carbonaceous fuels in DC-SOFCs to produce electricity. Moreover, even some waste materials and by-products of industrial processes appear suitable for conversion in DCFCs. Therefore, new branches of chemical technology can be developed for the utilisation of organic waste materials, which sometimes create difficulties in the recycling process. Traditionally, waste biomass has been used as a resource for pellet production, burned directly for heating purposes, or used for co-combustion in industrial power plants. A growing percentage of waste biomass is being used as microbial feed in the production of biogas or bioethanol for energy purposes. In this paper, carbonaceous materials involving raw and carbonised corn cobs, vitis coignetiae leaves, and dregs of coffee and tea were investigated as solid fuels for direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells. Char applied as solid fuel was obtained by means of the thermal processing of pulverised samples in a quartz reactor at 850°C for 1 h in inert gases. The char derived from this process was then used to supply fuel cells. The physicochemical properties of the obtained solid fuels were characterised by means of the X-ray diffraction analysis method, Raman spectroscopy, and the scanning electron microscopy method. The chemical composition of samples was also determined. The family of voltage (U)–current (I) and power (P)–current (I) curves was determined for a DC-SOFC supplied by the investigated solid fuels. The relationship between the physicochemical properties of various solid fuels and the electrochemical performance of a DC-SOFC supplied by those fuels was studied. It was found that waste-biomass-derived carbon materials constitute promising alternative solid fuels for DC-SOFC application.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by Statutory activity AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Energy and Fuels. Some of the measurements were performed using the research infrastructure of the AGH Centre of Energy.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 199 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessment of the possibility to replace rapeseed oil with selected oils in a diesel engine

Karol Tucki1,*, Joanna Mączyńska1, Marek Klimkiewicz1, Anna Bączyk, Michał Sikora1

1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: diesel engine, diesel, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil

Constantly tightened european law regulations, the increase in the emission of pollutants coming from road transport and economic considerations are the main reasons for the changing the petroleum derivatives transport fuels with alternative fuels. Well-known and commonly used solution in Poland is the partial substitution of diesel with fatty acid methyl esters, mainly produced from rapeseed oil [1]. An analysis of literature allowed us to say that it is possible to use self-existent esterified rapeseed oil for fuel purposes [2]. However, the high cost of the transesterification process is a crucial problem. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the crude rapeseed oil can be used as a fuel in diesel engines in agriculture machinery and self-production [3]. Changes in development of the fuel sector is cause for assessing the usefulness of other vegetable oils as a fuel. The aim of this paper was to determine the possibility of taking the place of rapeseed oil used as a fuel in diesel engines with palm oil or sunflower oil. Comparative researches of combustion processes of selected vegetable oils (including rapeseed oil – model oil) and diesel oil (reference point) were conducted. Studies were carried out in a constant volume chamber. Autoignition delay, time of combustion and increase of pressure were studied parameters of the process. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is recommended to use palm oil to replace rapeseed oil as a fuel in a diesel engine. In addition, it is possible to use sunflower oil for this purpose. Characteristics of the rapeseed oil combustion process is most similar to process of palm oil. Moreover, the parameters of the palm oil combustion process are similar to those characterizing diesel. Sunflower oil was characterized by lower maximum combustion pressure and longer autoignition delay compared to other tested vegetable oils.

[1] A. Kupczyk i in. 2017. Stan i perspektywy oraz uwarunkowania prawne funkcjonowania sektorów biopaliw transportowych w Polsce, Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 104 (1), (2016), 39-55. [2] M. Ziółkowska, Wpływ paliw estrowych na proces utleniania oleju silnikowego w czasie eksploatacji, Nafta-Gaz 73( 1), (207), 43-48. [3] M. Czechlowski i in., Zadymienie spalin silnika z zapłonem samoczynnym zasilanego tłuszczami zwierzęcymi, Eksploatacja i niezawodność 17(1), (2015), 49-53.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 200 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Comparison of parameters and composition of exhaust fumes of engine fed with rapeseed oil and its mixtures with diesel and gasoline

Karol Tucki1,*, Anna Bączyk1, Marek Klimkiewicz1, Michał Sikora1

1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: crude rapeseed oil, diesel, gasoline

Nowadays, in order to reduce the amount of toxic compounds and greenhouse gases produced in combustion of fuels, there is increasingly interest of looking for alternatives to diesel or other biocomponents that can improve ecological indicators of fuel. This is also one of the elements of the climate and energy policy concerning the energy of the European Union, anticipating a reduction depending on conventional fuels (import) and reductions of greenhouse gases. The article presents the results of research of company diesel engine Farymann 18W fed with diesel, rapeseed oil (RO) and their mixtures (30%diesel+ 70%RO, 50%diesel + 50%RO, 85%RO + 15%GAS). The aim of the study was to determine the parameters and the toxicity of exhaust gases of the engine compression-ignition powered by different types of fuels. The study was performed in the conditions laid down for specific speed of the crankshaft (2000 and 2500 RPM speed). In order to make ecological research of engine, analysis shows the results of the testing the emissions of toxic exhaust fumes components (THC, CO, NOx) GHG (CO2) and comparison of the values of the fuel consumption and smoke opacity. Analysis of the performance results revealed that the use of rapeseed oil causes an increase in smoke opacity and fuel consumption. Add rapeseed oil or gasoline to diesel fuel can increase emissions of THC, CO, CO2, and decrease of NOx emissions. The increasingly noticeable trend consisting of departing from various kinds of biodiesels, e.g. due to the negative effects of this fuel, not only on the injection equipment, but also on the performance of the engine. The second factor affecting changes in the selection of low-carbon fuels, are updates of the european rules that indicate new directions in the development of biofuels. EU law gradually reduces (by 2020) the production of fuels and generation and at the same time, promotes the growth of advanced fuels.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 201 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Mercury in Polish bituminous coals used in coke production

Piotr Burmistrz1, Krzysztof Kogut1, Marta Marczak1*, Jerzy Górecki1, Tadeusz Dziok1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: anthropogenic mercury emission, bituminous coal, coal cleaning, coking, mercury distribution

Poland emits 9.59 Mg of mercury to the atmosphere annually. Over 90% share in this emission is generated by combustion and thermochemical usage of coal [1]. One of thermochemical process using coal is coking. In Poland coking industry uses over 12 million Mg of bituminous coals each year. In contrary to lignites and subbituminous coals used in power plants, the bituminous coals lack reliable data on their mercury content. The aim of this work was to determine mercury content in bituminous coals delivered to Polish coke plants and to analyze possible removal of mercury during coal cleaning processes. 83 samples from 9 mines were analyzed. The average mercury content varied from 28.4 to 182.6 μg kg-1 with mean value of 75.9 μg kg-1. The analysis of mercury content in six coals treated by (i) flotation, (ii) dense-media washing and (iii) cleaning in jig washer, revealed that mercury content in relations to net calorific value can be reduced between 27% (flotation) and 71% (dense-media washing). In addition, the distribution of mercury, ash and sulfur between products and rejects in the process of coal cleaning was determined. For this purpose the samples of raw coals, clean coals, middling products, and rejects derived from six coal preparations plants were examined (67 samples). Publication presents results of mercury balance during bituminous coal coking. The mercury is transferred to tar (75%, mean mercury content 2007 μg kg-1), coke (6%, 7.5 μg kg-1), sulfur (3%, 2998 μg kg-1) and purified coke oven gas (7,5 μg m-3). Balance data indicates that almost 14% of mercury is emitted to the atmosphere during the process of filling the coke oven chambers with coal.

[1] KOBiZE (National Centre for Emissions Management), Poland’s Informative Inventory Report 2014.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 202 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Production of fuel pellets from a mixture of sawdust and rye bran

Sławomir Obidziński1,*, Magdalena Dołżyńska1

1 Białystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland

Keywords: granulation, granulate, density, kinetic strength, sawdust, rye bran

The aim of the research was to assess the suitability of the waste from grain milling industry, in the form of rye bran, as a supplement to sawdust, as a component of a granular blend, with its purpose for fossil fuel. The specific purpose of the study was to determine the effect of rye bran content in the mixture with sawdust on the demand for power of a granulating-briquetting prototype device and on the quality of the obtained granules (density, kinetic strength and calorific value). The basic raw material used in the research was residues (sawdust, chips, sawdust) produced in pine and spruce wood in 50/50 proportion, produced in the production of sawn timber (boards, floor boards, battens, construction timber and other products) used by PHU Konar Plant Stasiełuk Wojciech. During research, rye bran was added to the waste, originating from the Romaszówka Mill near Korycin. Study of the granulation process was carried out using a prototype granular-briquetting device with a flat die having a hole diameter of 12 mm and thickness of 28 mm. The influence of rye bran content (5, 10, 15 and 20%) in the wood waste mixture on the power demand and on the density, kinetic strength and calorific value of the obtained granulate was determined. Granulation experiments were conducted at a mass flow rate of 50 kg/h at a rotational speed of 170 rpm and a working gap between the thickening rollers and the die of 0.4 mm. After 24 hours of leaving the working system through the granulate, its density and kinetic strength were determined using the Holmen tester. The obtained values for the granulator's power during granulation show that the addition of rye bran contributes to the reduction of the granulator's demand for power. The obtained granulate values from the wood waste and rye bran mix (over 1100 kg/m3) at the rye content indicate that the obtained granulate has good market quality and is a solid solid fuel. Increasing the content of rye bran from 0 to 20% results in a slight decrease in net calorific value from 15.8 to 15.5 MJ/kg (with a 15% granulation humidity), so that rye bran can be used as an additive for sawdust in production. Fuel pellets.

The research was carried out within the scope of work no. S / WBIIIŚ / 2/2015 and financed from the resources for science of Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 203 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Studies on the process of granulating post-harvest tobacco waste

Sławomir Obidziński1,*, Magdalena Dołżyńska1, Michał Puchlik1

1 Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Division of Agri-Food and Forestry Engineering

Keywords: granulation, tobacco waste, fuel from waste

The purpose of this paper is to determine the usefulness of post-harvest tobacco waste as raw material for the production of fuel pellets. The material used in the production of pellets was tobacco waste in the form of leftovers after harvest, plant stalks, shoots and flowers. Raw material was obtained from a tobacco plantation near Suchowola in the Podlasie province in Poland. The paper presents the results of the pressure agglomeration (granulation) test conducted on a prototype granulating-briquetting unit using a flat die having a hole diameter of 12 mm and a 28 mm hole length co-operating with a three-roll thickening system. The influence of the humidity of the comminuted tobacco waste (17, 21, 25%) and the rotational speed of the rolls system (120, 170, 220 rpm) on the power demand and on the kinetic strength and density of the obtained granules were determined. Studies of the granulation process were carried out at a mass flow rate of 42 kg/h and a gap between the rolls and the die of 0.4 mm. The kinetic strength and granule density were determined 24 hours after leaving the working system through the pellets. The kinetic strength was determined using the Holmen tester. Basing on the research, it has been found that chipped post-harvest tobacco waste is a material which is prone to thickening and does not require the addition of binder during the process of its granulation. Increasing the humidity of the tobacco waste (from 17% to 25%) results in a decrease in power demand and a decrease in the density and kinetic strength of the resulting granules. The obtained granules can be treated as valuable and ecological solid waste. The post-harvest tobacco waste granulate has a high low calorific value of approx. 14 MJ/kg (with a moisture content of 7.5%) and a high calorific value of 16 MJ/kg.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 204 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Some aspects of the storage of hydrogen as fuel for supplying polymer membrane fuel cells for application in aircraft

Magdalena Dudek1,*, Andrzej Raźniak1, Piotr Dudek2, Piotr Wygonik3, Mariusz Korkosz4

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Cracow, Poland 3 Rzeszow University of Technology, The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow, Poland 4 Rzeszow University of Technology, The Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow, Poland

Keywords: fuel cell, PEM, hydrogen storage

Hydrogen storage is a key enabling technology for the advancement of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in applications involving stationary power, portable power, and transportation. Hydrogen is characterised by the highest value of energy per mass of any fuel; however, its low density at ambient temperatures results in a low value of energy per unit volume, and thus requires the development of advanced storage methods involving the potential for higher energy density values. Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid. Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks; storage as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures, because the boiling point of hydrogen at a pressure of one atmosphere is −252.8ºC. Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of solids (by adsorption) or within solids (by absorption). In the case of application in a UAV involving a PEMFC stack, hydrogen is usually stored in a composite cylinder. The purpose of the paper was to determine the optimal condition parameter of a 10-kW fuel cell generator powered by hydrogen fuel stored in composite tanks. A PEMFC fuel cell stack was constructed from two 5 kW modules connected in series. The output of the open circuit voltage was designed to equal 200‒240 V. The maximum power output Pmax was expected to fall within a range of 100‒140 V, the current within a range of 100‒120 A. The voltage (U)-current (I) curves were determined for each module separately and for both modules connected to the 10-kW PEMFC stack. The current (I) and voltage (U) time-dependent characteristics were also determined under static and dynamic load. An analysis was performed of hydrogen fuel consumption for electricity production and purification of the anode space. Based on the electrical and hydrogen flow rate measurements, it was determined that the consumption of one 5-kW PEMFC module was about 65 dm3/min; the calculated electrical efficiency was about 55%. The influence of humidity and the pressure stability of hydrogen fuel on the fuel cell module on the magnitude of generated electricity was investigated and discussed.

The research presented in this paper was financed as a project PBS3/A6/24/2015 AOS-H2 the Applied Research Programme (PBS) of the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBIR). Poland, in the years 2015–18. Some of the measurements were performed using the research infrastructure of the AGH Centre of Energy.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 205 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessment of the possibility of mercury removal from the organic and mineral matter of hard coals in the process of thermal pretreatment

Tadeusz Dziok1,*, Andrzej Strugała1, Jerzy Górecki1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland AGH University, AGH Centre of Energy, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: hard coal, organic and mineral matter, thermal pretreatment, mercury removal.

One of the methods which enable a reduction of mercury emission from the energochemical coal conversion processes is the usage of low-mercury coal. The availability of such coals is limited. This necessitates the use of technological operations which allow for the removal of mercury from coal before its conversion (the precombustion methods). The effectiveness of these methods is strongly dependent on the mode of mercury occurrence in coal. It is common knowledge that mercury can occur in coal in both the organic and mineral matter. Therefore, a universal method should allow for the removal of mercury from the mineral matter as well as from the organic matter of coal. The coal cleaning technologies currently used (dry and wet) enable the removal of only a portion of mercury occurring in the mineral matter from coal. In the case of the thermal pretreatment process, there is a conspicuous lack of knowledge concerning its effectiveness in terms of mercury removal from the organic and mineral matter of coal. This issue was considered in the presented paper. To achieve the goal, samples of clean coals and rejects derived from the hard coal cleaning process were investigated in the thermal pretreatment process at the temperature of 300 °C. The examined clean coals were characterized by a relatively high content of the organic matter and a low content of the mineral matter. The rejects, by contrast, contained mainly the mineral matter. The thermal pretreatment process allowed for the removal of mercury from clean coals within the range from 13.0 to 45.2%. In the case of the rejects, the effectiveness of mercury removal was 33.3% and 34.5%. On this basis, it could be assumed that the thermal pretreatment process enables a partial mercury removal from both the organic and mineral matter of hard coal. The first section in your paper

Acknowledgements This paper was prepared as a part of the grant for young scientists of the Faculty of Energy and Fuels at the AGH University of Science and Technology, No. 15.11.210.408

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 206 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Studies on mercury occurrence in inorganic constituents of Polish coals in the context of reducing mercury emission from coking plants

Tadeusz Dziok1,*, Andrzej Strugała1, Adam Włodek2

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: coking plants, mercury emission, coking coal, coal washing, mercury, EPMA

In the coal coking process a significant amount of mercury occurring in a coal blend is released to the atmosphere. A certain amount of mercury remains in coke and the rest passes into raw coke gas and then to coke gas cleaning products. Coke is commonly used in the processes of pig iron and steel production and thus contributes to mercury emission from this industry sector. One of the ways of reducing mercury emission from coking plants as well as of lowering mercury content in coal coking products is to reduce mercury content in a coal blend. This could be obtained in the coal washing process. The optimization of mercury removal from coal in the process of coal washing requires the knowledge of mercury occurrence. For Polish coking coals the modes of mercury occurrence, have not been sufficiently investigated so far. In this paper, a qualitative analysis of mercury occurrence in inorganic constituents of Polish coking coal was performed using an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) in order to verify that hypothesis. The obtained results have confirmed a strong relationship between mercury occurrence in Polish coking coals and the presence of sulfides (pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite) in them. Significant amounts of mercury were also noticed for barite, siderite, and aluminosilicates. The highest value of mercury content, at the level of 1 000 000 μg/kg, was obtained for marcasite.

Acknowledgements This paper was prepared as a part of the statutory activity of the Faculty of Energy and Fuels at the AGH University of Science and Technology, No. 11.11.210.373

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 207 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Hydrogenization of road transport in Poland, now and in the future

Gis Wojciech1*, Menes Edward1 and Waśkiewicz Jerzy1

1 Motor Transport Institute, 80 Jagiellońska Street, (03-301), Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: hydrogen, vehicles, fuel cells, transport

The adventages of hydrogen as an automotive fuel is the lack of pollutants emission from motor vehicles (with fuel cells) which is especially important in crowded city centers and with the possibilities of its local production. The use of hydrogen fuel in the road transport to a large degree brings about independence from the import of crude oil and crude oil derived fuels. In the case of producing hydrogen by water electrolysis using electricity from renewable energy sources, the result is the use of "clean" energy. The development of hydrogen technology in the road transport in the EU countries is recommended, among the others, in the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2014/94/EU of 22 October 2014. Under the provisions of the said Directive, it is recommended to EU countries to progressively ensure accessibility to hydrogen vehicles on their territories, and above all to ensure the possibility of driving hydrogen vehicles between the member States. The territorial accessibility for hydrogen vehicles is determined by the availability of hydrogen refueling infrastructure, in the first place along the TEN-T network. The world's first hydrogen refuelling station was opened in Dearborn in the USA. The following single hydrogen refuelling stations were activated usually on the occasion of major world events such as: EXPO in Osaka in 2005, in Zaragoza in 2007, in Shanghai in 2010, the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008, etc. The dynamic development of the number of hydrogen refuelling stations occurred at the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century. For example, in 2012 there were 27 new hydrogen refuelling stations opened in the world, in 2014 17 stations. In July, 2014 the Linde Company began mass production of hydrogen refuelling stations (28 already ordered by Japan). Launching of the new hydrogen refuelling stations was accompanied by the closure or temporary suspension of the operation of some stations already opened - mostly in the United States (20 stations), but also, for example in Italy (16 stations), or Spain (3 stations). In March 2015 there were 184 hydrogen refuelling stations operating in the world (82 in Europe, 63 in North America) [1-4].

[1] Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. [2] Assessments of the implementation of European alternatives fuels strategy and possible supportive proposals. Project TREN/R1/350-2008-Lot-3 COWI, August 2012. [3] H2 Mobilite France, Study for a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle National Deployment Plan. [4] Report prepared as part of the HIT-2-Corridors project: Circumstances of the national plan for hydrogenization of road transport in Poland.

______*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 208 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Investigation of ash deposition in PF boiler during combustion of torrefied biomass

Katarzyna Jagodzińska1,*, Waldemar Gądek1, Marek Pronobis1, Sylwester Kalisz1

1 Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Gliwice, Poland

Keywords: torrefied biomass, PC boiler, slagging and fouling, ash behavior

Higher heat participation of biomass in Polish energy mix is required due to environmental policy of the European Union. Polish power industry is dominated by pulverized fuel (PF) boilers equipped mainly with bowl or ring-ball mills in which the milling of raw biomass is inefficient. One of technologies concerning biomass pre-treatment in order to improve their grindability is thermal (200- 300°C) disintegration of cellulose and lignin, called torrefaction. It is also necessary to determine the impact of torrefaction on the tendency of biomass to slagging and fouling the boiler surfaces in order to fully characterize the process effect. Due to that, the main aim of the study is to determine the propensity of torrefied biomass to slagging and fouling during its combustion in 140 t/h PF boiler in reference to coal combustion. There are several types of biomasses taken into consideration, inter alia, palm kernel shell (PKS) and osier. The study attempts also to answer the question how fuel change affects the heat exchange in the boiler. Analysis is premised on long-standing experimental measurements, with elemental analysis of fuel, ash oxides analysis and 0-dimenstional model of a PF boiler [1,2,3]. Up to now, various predictive coefficients have been developed for the characterization of ash. These are inter alia: basic to acidic oxides (B/A), chlorine content (Cl), silica content (SiO2), Babcock index (Rs), ash fusibility index (AFI), fouling index (Fu), slag viscosity index (Sr), ash fusion temperature (IDT, ST, HT, FT) [4]. However, these indices were developed for coal ashes and may characterize the biomass properties improperly [5]. Therefore, the object of this study is an analysis of their usability for biomass ash characterization. The results of the study are, inter alia, slagging and fouling indicators for each fuel based on its chemical composition as well as its impact on heat transfer, flue gas and working medium temperature distribution in the boiler and the heat transfer coefficients for each heating surface.

[1] P. Basu, C. Kefa, L. Jestin, Boilers and burners: design and theory, Springer, New York, 2000. [2] тепловой расчет котелъных агрегатов (нормативный метод) [Thermal calculation of boiler units (normative method)], Energia, Moscow, 1973. [in Russian] [3] M. Pronobis, Wymiana ciepła w zanieczyszczonych powierzchniach konwekcyjnych kotłów, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej, seria: Energetyka (z. 115), Gliwice, 1992. [4] A. Garcia – Maraver, J. Mata-Sanchez, M. Carpio, J. A. Perez-Jimenez, Journal of the Energy Institute, 2 (2017), 214 – 228. [5] M. Pronobis, S. Kalisz, M. Polok, Fuel, 112 (2013), 437-482.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 209 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Briquetting lignite-biomass blends for composite solid fuels for combustion purposes

Andrzej Janewicz1,*, Bogdan Kosturkiewicz1 , Aneta Magdziarz2

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computing, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Lignite–biomass briquettes, Co-combustion, TG, Fly ash

The main aim of this study was to determine the possibility of briquetting lignite-biomass blends to obtain composite solid fuels for combustion purposes. Research was conducted at Department of Manufacturing Systems and Department of Thermal Engineering and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology to develop a technology for briquettes preparation. The briquetting process was carried out in the cylindrical die and in the roll press. The gravity hopper and new asymmetrical layout briquetting system were used in the roll press and briquettes in the shape of the saddle i.e. without the splitting plane were obtained. Effects of the ratio of biomass to lignite (20/80; 30/70;40/60 and 50/50), moisture content (9,9%-31,3%), and briquetting unit pressure (32-210MPa) on the strength of the briquettes were investigated. The obtained results showed possibility of briquetting of lignite-biomass blends in the cylindrical die and in the roll presses and the mechanical strength obtained briquettes was high i.e. shatter index >90% and compressive strength >1MPa. All of the produced briquettes were not water resistant. Based on physical and chemical analysis of prepared briquettes it was confirmed that briquettes have good fuel properties for combustion process. Thermal behavior of studied lignite and prepared mixture was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The samples were placed in an alumina crucible. C.a. 15 mg of sample was heated from an ambient temperature up to 1000°C at constant two rates: 10°C/min, 40°C/min and 100°C/min in a 40 ml/min flow of air. Finally, basic analysis of ash from burning briquettes were carried out and some of the results are presented.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 210 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Direct addition of wastes as a method of coal steam gasification process enhancement

Mateusz Karczewski1,*, Stanisław Porada1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Steam Gasification, Hard Coal, Ash Fusion, Waste, Catalysis.

The solid-gas/liquid conversion processes, such as gasification technology, have a long history of utilisation in industry, but over time they were largely supplanted by other solutions relying on natural gas and crude oil ubiquity. The potential of gasification technology was recently discovered again as a part of clean technologies of coal processing development. Steam gasification is one of more popular technological variations of gasification with other possibilities including use of air, oxygen or carbon dioxide. It allows for the production of methane, carbon oxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, together called as synthesis gas or syngas. Synthesis gas is used in chemical sector for production of organic chemicals such as methanol or alkanes, but it can also be utilised in the energy sector for an energy source for fuel cells or as a hydrogen source in hydrogen economy solutions. Such potential is unfortunately diminished by various technological limiters such as low reactivity of some coal and partial conversion of coal into liquid side product: tar. Among various potential solutions, the addition of various catalytic additives has shown to be the most promising as it allows for high process enhancement with simple measures [1]. Recent studies of the author have shown that simple addition of selected waste materials in a role of catalytic additives for the process can be a potential approach for simple and economic enhancement of the gasification process of coal with steam [2]. This paper aims to determine whether utilization of wastes can be a viable method of hard coal steam gasification process efficiency improvement by utilising this approach on hard coals that are used in the energy sector. The resulting data will be compared in terms of influence on coal reactivity, syngas yield and by activation energies for gaseous products. In addition, the ash fusion temperatures were determined in order to assess the influence of the additive on the process.

[1] F. Huhn, J. Klein, H. Jüntgen, Fuel 62(2), 196–199 (1983) [2] M. Karczewski, S. Porada, Analysis of Green Liquor Influence on Coal Steam Gasification Process, E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 14. EDP Sciences, 2017.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 211 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Method for identification of organic and elemental carbon in unburned carbon

Marek Kucbel1,2,*, Barbora Švédová1,2, Jana Růžičková1, Helena Raclavská1, Konstantin Raclavský1, Hana Škrobánková1, Petr Pavlík2

1 ENET Centre - Energy Units for Utilization of non Traditional Energy Sources, VSB-Technical university of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic 2 VSB-Technical university of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Department of Power Engineering, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Keywords: elemental carbon, organic carbon, char, unburned carbon, thermo-optical analysis.

Organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are products of incomplete combustion of biomass, fossil fuels and biofuels. OC and EC can be used to identify the fuel used. Samples of char or unburned carbon from combusting various types of fuels were taken from walls of a furnace and from grid. Effects of changes of combustion of different type of fuel, such as hardwood and softwood or lignite and hard coal, on the change the concentrations of the OC/EC were monitored. Verification and implementation of a new methodology was applied (sample pre-treatment method) for determination on an OC/EC laboratory analyzer. Carbonaceous particles were quantified by thermo-optical method (by OC/EC Analyzer Sunset). Higher percentages of elemental carbon and organic carbon were found for char compared to unburned carbon with the exception of EC for hardwood. The percentage of organic carbon ranged from 7.8 % to 16.9 % for char. While the percentage of OC in unburned carbon ranged from 0.1 % to 6.9 %, the percentage of EC in char ranged from 26.6 % to 52.6 %. In contrast, the percentage of EC in unburned carbon ranged from 1.3 % to 94.1 %.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 212 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Simulation of ammonia combustion in dual-fuel compression-ignition engine

Jakub Lasocki1,*, Mateusz Bednarski1, Mieczysław Sikora1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: ammonia, combustion engine, dual fuel, compression ignition, simulation

Ammonia is regarded as an attractive alternative fuel for combustion engines with a great potential to replace currently used petroleum-based energy carriers. Its direct combustion does not result in emission of carbon dioxide and it can be produced from renewable sources. The energy density of ammonia is reasonable, it is relatively easy to store and has well established infrastructure for production, storage, handling and distribution. However, ammonia is corrosive to some materials, difficult to ignite due to high octane number and high autoignition temperature, and has low heating value. Therefore theoretical and experimental studies are needed to enhance the performance and expand the operating range of ammonia-fuelled engines. This study investigates the technical feasibility of introducing ammonia to dual-fuel compression-ignition engine, where a pilot dose of diesel oil initiates the ignition of ammonia-air mixture. Numerical simulations of the combustion process were carried out using a one-dimensional model, parametrized according to the specifications of a four-cylinder, turbocharged compression-ignition engine with conventional direct injection supply system, modified slightly for ammonia induction. The model was validated by comparison with empirically determined data. The simulations were performed for different combinations of ammonia-diesel oil ratios at various engine speed and load. Ammonia was treated as an energy replacement for diesel oil. Engine performance and emissions of selected pollutants in dual-fuel operation mode were compared to that with diesel oil only. The results showed that different ammonia-diesel oil ratios can be used to achieve the same engine torque. A higher than rated power, depending on engine load conditions, can be obtained with the addition of an extra dose of ammonia. The influence of ammonia on the emissions of particular pollutants varied and was discussed in detail. Acquired combustion characteristics and engine performance parameters allow for a positive verification of the proposed model. The drawn conclusions may be useful for the development of dual-fuel engine control algorithms.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 213 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Some technological solutions for the production of hydrogen using renewable energy sources as fuel for a PEMFC stack designed for UAV application

Bartłomiej Lis1, Magdalena Dudek1,*, Andrzej Raźniak1, Michał Kawalec2, Mariusz Krauz2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 Institute of Power Engineering Ceramic Department CEREL, Boguchwała, Poland

Keywords: fuel cell, PEM, hybrid electrical system, UAV,

In recent years there has been an increase in the number of applications of electric engines in various kinds of vehicles, including bicycles, motorcycles small ground vehicles, drones, aircraft, and other applications. Anticipated advances in these technologies include reductions in noise and emissions, improvements in ease of ride, and a tendency towards decarbonisation of the energy carrier and higher levels of power train efficiency. Electrochemical power sources can be applied to a supplying DC motor in the form of batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Low-temperature proton exchange membranes appear to be suitable power sources for electric power systems in UAV technology. They can be used as main power sources for supplying electric engines and as components of auxiliary sources in lightweight aircraft such as PEMFC stacks supplying energy to onboard DC system This paper includes an analysis of the results of electrical investigations of a 500-W PEMFC stack applied as a main or an auxiliary power source in a hybrid electrical system designed for UAV construction. The paper also includes preliminary results of hydrogen production in a low-temperature polymer electrolyser powered by DC sourced from renewable energy sources. A laboratory photovoltaic panel installation was used to determine the efficiency of hydrogen production using power-to-gas technology. On the basis of electrochemical and electrical measurements, it can be stated that the use of local renewable energy sources enables the environmentally friendly production of hydrogen fuel; moreover, this fuel, stored in high-pressure composite cylinders, can be used to power vehicles driven by a DC motor powered by PEMFC fuel cell stacks.

This work is supported by National Centre of Research and Development, as a Sector Program INNOLOT, project HYBRIDRIVE “Technologies of hybrid power drive for lightweight or unmanned aerial vehicles.” Some of the measurements were performed using the research infrastructure of the AGH Centre of Energy.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 214 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Assessment of the content of selected ecotoxic elements in waste from the coal cleaning processes

Dorota Makowska1,*, Andrzej Strugała1, Faustyna Wierońska1, Martyna Bacior1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: ecotoxic elements, waste, coal cleaning.

The wet coal cleaning processes are mainly used for coking coals to improve their quality for pyrolysis processes. They can also be used as a potential method for the removal of such pollutants as ecotoxic elements [1-3], thus contributing to the reduction of emission of these elements to the atmosphere as a result of coal conversion processes. A problem, however, may be posed by the waste from these enrichment processes, in which these elements are accumulated. As waste has to be properly disposed of by usage or by storage, the content of ecotoxic elements and their possible environmental impact should be monitored. The aim of this paper is to present the results of an analysis of the content of selected ecotoxic elements such as arsenic, lead and thallium in waste from the coal cleaning processes in respect of the possibility of safe management of this waste. The study focused on samples of waste resulting from wet gravitation and flotation cleaning from four coking coal processing plants belonging to the mines of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The analysis of the contents of the examined elements was performed with the use of atomic absorption spectrometry. An analysis of leaching of these elements from the waste from one of the coal-processing plants was conducted to determine the potential impact of landfilling or use in land reclamation. The content of arsenic, thallium and lead in the examined waste is higher than the average content of these elements in the earth's crust. The content of arsenic does not, however, exceed the permissible content of this element in soils in accordance with the Ordinance of the Minister of the Environment [4]. In turn, lead content is in some cases greater than the allowable value for Group A soils (protected areas) but does not exceed the limit values for Group B soils (agricultural and urban areas). Thallium is not included in the regulation; however, its quantity in the tested waste does not exceed 1.73 mg / kg. The arsenic, thallium and lead leaching tests show that these elements are virtually eluted from the examined material in contact with clean water. Their content in the prepared water extracts did not exceed the limit of analytical determination, but in some cases was greater than the limit of detection (DLAs = 1.4 ppb; DLTl = 2.9 ppb, DLPb = 1.9 ppb).

[1] D. Makowska, K. Bytnar, T. Dziok, T. Rozwadowska, Effect of coal cleaning on the Content of some heavy metals in Polish bituminous coals, Przemysł Chemiczny 2014, t. 93, nr 12, p. 2048-2053. [2] D. Makowska, A. Strugała, F.Wierońska, A. Włodek, Investigations of the effectiveness of lead disposal from hard coal through the cleaning proces, E3S Web of Conferences 2016, vol. 10, art. No 00117, p. 1-6. [3] Mercury in waste products from hard coal processing plants, Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 2015, vol. 31, issue 1, p. 107-122. [4] The Ordinance of the Minister of the Environment from 9th September 2002 on soil quality standards and land quality standards (Dz.U. 2002 nr 165 poz.1359).

Acknowledgements This research was conducted as a part of the statutory activity of the Faculty of Energy and Fuels at the AGH University of Science and Technology, No. 11.11.210.373

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 215 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Possibility of decreasing the emission of thallium from hard coal conversion processes through coal cleaning

Dorota Makowska1,*, Andrzej Strugała1, Katarzyna Świątek1, Faustyna Wierońska1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: hard coal, ecotoxic elements, heavy metals, thallium, coal cleaning processes.

Energo-chemical coal processing in one of the major anthropogenic sources of atmospheric pollutants such as ecotoxic elements and their compounds. Thallium, which is one of the most toxic elements apart from mercury, cadmium and lead, deserves special attention. This element present in coal can pass into a gaseous phase and / or accumulate on the smallest fly ash particles, which are not caught by flue ash removal system, as a result of the combustion (or gasification or pyrolysis) process. In this way it gets into the atmosphere posing a threat to the environment. Therefore, not only constant monitoring of thallium emission into the atmosphere by combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of coal should be considered, but also the possibility of its reduction. The purpose of the present study was to determine the potential for the removal of thallium from hard coal prior to its use in coal conversion processes through coal cleaning. The research focused on samples of coals and their beneficiation products (i.e. coal concentrates, intermediate products and waste) from six industrial installations belonging to the coking coal mines of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The analysis of thallium content was performed with the use of atomic absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace. The ultimate analysis (including pyrite sulphur determination), proximate analysis and the determination of the content of the main constituents of mineral matter were carried out in order to identify the mode of occurrence of thallium in the examined samples. In addition, the elemental analysis of mineral phases was performed with the use of an electron microprobe. Based on the conducted research, the effectiveness of the gravity enrichment in dense medium and in jigs as well as the effectiveness of flotation enrichment in the removal of thallium from coal were calculated. The distribution of this element between the individual parts and products of the coal cleaning processes has been analyzed. The studies have shown that thallium is associated with the mineral matter of coal. This element was identified in sulphides (the highest amount in marcasite) and in potassium feldspar. It has been shown that through the coal cleaning processes it is possible to remove from 41% to even 92% of this element from coal. The coal concentrates resulting from these processes had a high calorific value, a low ash content, and the content of thallium was not higher than 0.49 mg / kg.

Acknowledgements This research was conducted as a part of the statutory activity of the Faculty of Energy and Fuels at the AGH University of Science and Technology, No. 11.11.210.373

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 216 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Determination of kinetic parameters of pyrolysis of wheat straw using thermogravimetry and mathematical models

Mateusz Szubel1,*, Andrea Dernbecher2, Tadeusz Dziok1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Lipsk, Niemcy

Keywords: Straw, pyrolysis, thermogravimetry

In many countries of the Central and Eastern Europe which have huge economic and energy potential of the straw, this agricultural waste becomes to be attractive material which can be utilized near to place of the production in the heating devices as well as in the gasifying facilities. Unfortunately straw is characterized by strongly various properties, which depends on type of straw, geographic location of growing as well as methods of the cultivation. Due to this fact, comprehensive approach to studies of the straw from given region is required to obtain information necessary to perform reliable simulations of its thermochemical conversion, what allows to carry out the optimisation of operation of the heating devices and the gasifiers. The paper presents methodology and results of the studies of the wheat straw from the southern Poland. The analysed properties were selected in order to use them for further development of the numerical simulation of the heterogeneous combustion of the considered fuel. Proximate and ultimate analysis as well as determination of the heat of combustion have been performed and compared with data presented in literature. Then thermogravimetry was carried out to determine content as well as dynamics of the decomposition of the pseudocomponents in the fuel. Selected approaches to model fitting and model-free methods described in this paper have been applied to find kinetic parameters of the straw pyrolysis. As a result of TGA the dynamics of the mass loss of the biomass samples during pyrolysis for selected heating rates was determined. The results of the model fitting have been compared to measured values of the TGA experiments and good agreement was found. The individual decomposition of each pseudo-component during pyrolysis at each applied heating rate has been described.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 217 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Economic and environmental benefits from carbonized biomass use for energy purposes – case study for the community from southern part of Poland

Paweł Drobnik1,*, Tomasz Mirowski2, Adrianna Kopeć3

1 Carbontim Sp. z o.o. – research and development company 2 The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science 3 Student of Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology

Keywords: biomass, carbonization, low-stack emission, solid fuels

The article describes the concept of renewable fuels production based on local biomass with addition of specific portion of carbonized biomass. Such combination of materials allows to achieve renewable fuels representing high calorific value representing also low price in comparison with hard coal and wooden pellets. Concept described in that paper is feasible and easy to implement in the vast majority of communities in Poland. The biomass carbonization process was not developed lately, but its current combination with the state of the art technical solutions allows to make it almost fully automatic and economically justified. Adjusting scale of Biochar production to local potential of biomass residues allows to treat that mature technology as the most suitable for the sector of small and medium enterprises specialized in wood processing. In the calculation part the concept of “virtual district heating networks” has been presented, where significant reduction of “low-emissions” from the communal sector is achieved through substitution of fossil fuels by pellets made of carbonized biomass. Implementation of that concept in communities without well-developed district heating networks shall bring a significant reduction of air pollution (dust, CO2, SO2 etc.). Calculations presented in the article show that reduction of low-emissions can be done with limited financial expenditures even 10 to 15 times lower than construction of district heating networks with even negligible increase of heat price delivered to final customers.

[1] Paska J., Surma T., Electricity generation from renewable energy sources in Poland, In Renewable Energy, Volume 71, 2014, Pages 286-294, ISSN 0960-1481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.05.011. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148114002626) [2] Mirowski T., Kubica K., 2016 – The role of biomass in energy clusters. Energy Policy t.19, issue 4, Pages 125-138 [in polish] [3] Szramowiat K. at al., 2016 – Carbonaceous species in atmospheric aerosols from the Krakow area (Malopolska District): carbonaceous species dry deposition analysis. SEED 2016. E3S Web of Conferences 10, 00092 (2016). [4] Budzianowski W.M., Can ‘negative net CO2 emissions’ from decarbonised biogas-to-electricity contribute to solving Poland’s carbon capture and sequestration dilemmas?, In Energy, Volume 36, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 6318-6325, ISSN 0360-5442. [5] Drobnik P., Mirowski T., 2017 – The concept of virtual district heaing network supplied with cheap and high calorific renewable fuels based on Biochar. “Czysta Energia” no 9-10(190)/2017, Pages 18-20 [in polish] [6] K. Klavina, J. Klavins, I. Veidenbergs, D. Blumberga – Charcoal production in a continuous operation retort. Experimental data processing. Energy Procedia 95 (2016), Pages 208-2015.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 218 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Approaching mechanochemical synthesis of kesterite – a prospective solar cell material

Katarzyna Kapusta1,*, Mariusz Drygaś1, Michał Musiał1, Jerzy F. Janik1, Karolina Weręgowska2, Sławomir Podsiadło2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 Faculty of Chemistry of Warsaw University of Technology, Ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland

Keywords: kesterite, mechanochemical synthesis, pyrolysis, band gap, solar cells

Due to shrinking fossil fuels resources and because of such fuels detrimental impact on environment, the solar energy has potentials to be the best solution to both the environmental aspects and the fuel crisis [1]. Nowadays, harvesting the energy from the sun using photovoltaic cells is the most popular source of renewable energy. Its advantages include placing an energy source near the consumer, which reduces energy losses in electricity transmission. It also seems to be most promising solution to problems of energy supply to non-urbanized areas far away from the power grid [2]. The prominent material used to produce photovoltaic cells is silicon (ca. 80 %). However, in recent years there have been lots of studies on the chalcogenides, i.e., chalcopiryte-type CuInxGa1-xSe2 (CIGS) or cadmium telluride CdTe. The energy conversion efficiency of these materials is comparable to that of silicon-based PV’s and reaches 20 %. On the downside, gallium, indium and tellurium are expensive and scarce, both selenium and cadmium are toxic, and silicon has an indirect band gap that makes it necessary to apply relatively thick layers to absorb enough energy [2, 3]. New hopes of photovoltaics seem to be placed in the kesterite-type of materials, mainly, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS). The latter has a near-optical direct band gap (1.4-1.5 eV) and large absorption coefficient (> 104/cm). None of its constituent elements is dangerous to the environment and their occurrence in nature is quite common. They form stable and durable bonds. Considering the advantages of CZTS, it can be anticipated that this material with the favourable characteristics has a real chance to challenge the chalcogenides and silicon and, eventually, dominate the PV market [4]. This presentation shows preliminary results of the study on mechanochemical synthesis of CZTS. The substrate elements were ground in a high-energy ball mill and, then, pyrolyzed under argon at temperatures in the range of 450-550 ºC. The milling process was carried out at 900 rpm at different grinding times. The powders after milling and after pyrolysis were examined by powder XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy. The as-milled materials consisted mostly of a cubic sphalerite-type phase and didn’t show clear energy transition in the UV-vis range. After pyrolysis, their structure was shown to be transformed to the tetragonal phase with the band gap varying between 1.4 and 1.6 eV.

[1] S. Ji, C. Ye, Cu2ZnSnS4 as a new solar cell material: The history and the future, Rev. Adv. Sci. Eng., 1 (2012) 1-3. [2] P. Boszkowicz, Krzemowe warstwy funkcjonalne na ogniwa słoneczne – Ph.D. dissertation (in Polish). AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Physical Chemistry and Modelling, Kraków, 2013. [3] K.K. Patel, D.V. Shah, V. Kheraj, Effects of annealing on structural properties of copper zinc tin sulphide (CZTS) material, J. Nano- Electron. Phys., 5 (2013) Art. No. 02031.

Acknowledgements. Study was funded by AGH statutory Grant No. 11.11.210.373.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 219 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Economic and legal aspects of direct processing of sugar beet to ethanol

Ewelina Olba-Zięty1,*, Janusz Gołaszewski1, Michał Krzykowski2, Jakub Zięty2, Hans van Klink3

1 Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland 2 Department of Civil Law II and Economic Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland 3 Dutch Sustainable Development BV (DSD, Wemeldinge, The Netherlands

Keywords: bioethanol, economics, sugar beet,

Sugar beet is a key resource of the future chemical platform of sugar biorafinery. Decontrol of production amounts of sugar in the European Union in 2017 makes it necessary to look for other profitable production alternatives in the sugar industry. One of those approaches is based on a direct processing of beetroot to bioethanol. The research at hand has described and compared process flows (PFD) as well as incomes and financial expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX) [2,3,4] of two technological variants that focus on direct processing of sugar beet to ethanol, the first one – with the use of Betaprocess® technology and the second – the reference technology. The Betaprocess® technology is an original method of pretreatment that lets the substrate directly reach digesters and effectively carry out the fermentation process due to efficient degradation of plant cells. Research results show that the whole processing process is simpler in the case of using the Betaprocess® technology, including lowering investment and operational burdens of the installation in comparison to the reference technology. This paper has also tried to analyse the direct processing of sugar beet to ethanol while considering the abiding legal regulations, including the law on liquid biofuels and biocomponents [1,5].

[1] J.R. Kwiatkowski, A. J. McAloon, F. Taylor, D.B. Johnston, “Modeling the process and costs of fuel ethanol production by the corn dry-grind process,” Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 288– 296, May 2006. [2] T.A. Maung, C.R. Gustafson, The economic feasibility of sugar beet biofuel production in central North Dacota. 2011. Biomass and Bioenergy 35: 3737-3747 [3] K. Wamisho, D. Ripplinger, A. De Laporte, Cost of joint production of ethanol and industrial sugar juice using Energy beets in Northen Plains of the United States 2015. Biofuel, Bioprod. Bioref. 9: 749-759 [4] D.G. Vačurović , S.N. Dodić, S.D. Popov, J.M. Dodić, J.A. Grahovac, Process model and economic analiysis of ethanol production from sugar beet traw juice as part of the cleaner production concept. 2012. Bioresource Technology 104: 367-372 [5] Biocomponents and liquid biofuels Act from 25th of August 2006 (O. J. 2006 N. 169 pos. 1199).

This paper has been co-financed by ERA-NET BIOENERGY of the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) entitled Biofuels and green chemicals from sugar beet through direct processing. CHEMBEET

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 220 of 232 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Identifying indicators for social sustainability assessment of CCU technologies: using a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Technique

Parisa Rafiaani1,2,*, Zoumpolia Dikopoulou3, Tom Kuppens1, Miet Van Dael1,4, Hossein Azadi1,2,5, Philippe Lebailly2, Steven Van Passel1,6

1 UHasselt, Environmental Economics Research Group, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium 2 Economics and Rural Development, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium. 3 UHasselt, Business Informatics, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium 4 Unit Separation and Conversion Technologies, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 5 Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 6 Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium

Keywords: CO2 emissions, social indicator, TOPSIS, impact assessment, life cycle.

Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies capture CO2 waste emissions and utilize them to generate new products (e.g., fuels, chemicals and materials) with various environmental, economic and social opportunities. However, as most of these CCU technologies are in the R&D stage, their technical and economic viability are examined with very little attention to the social aspects. Besides, the lack of systematic research into social impacts is mainly due to the difficulty in identifying as well as quantifying social aspects through the entire life cycle of CCU products. The first step within social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is to identify the relevant social indicators. Within SLCA it is common to involve stakeholders in indicating which social impact categories and related indicators are most relevant to them. As there are multiple social indicators and stakeholders’ opinions, the identification step is a multi-criteria decision making issue. To address this, in this study a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Technique called TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is applied which is rarely utilized for the assessment of social performances within the biobased economy. TOPSIS is employed to empirically determine the relative importance of the indicators for measuring social impacts. To do so, first the relevant stakeholders, potential social impact categories and subcategories, and potential performance indicators are listed using UNEP/SETAC guidelines. Second, through an online questionnaire survey, CCU experts at international level provide linguistic instead of numerical ratings to the social sub-categories and their potential indicators. Afterwards, TOPSIS is used to generate aggregate scores for impact subcategories and to identify indicators of high importance. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the influence of criteria weights on the decision making process. The final set of main social indicators resulting from our study provides the basis for the next steps in the social sustainability assessment of CCU technologies, i.e. data collection and impact assessment. Furthermore, our outcomes can be also used to inform the producers regarding the most and least important social issues for CCU technologies so that the potential social impacts caused by their production activities can be improved or prevented.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 221 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Economical and ecological effects of yielding basket willow Salix viminalis

Wiktoria Sobczyk1*, Eugeniusz Jacek Sobczyk2

1 Faculty of Mining & Geoengineering, AGH University of Science & Technology, Krakow, Poland 2 Mineral Energy and Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: biomass, energetic willow, economical and ecological effects

The aim of the investigations was the assessment of the size of harvest of five energetic basket willow clones at a plantation of the Forest Inspectorate Krzeszowice, the Forest Inspectorate Brodła branch, in the Malopolska voivodeship. The paper presents the effect of yielding of the willow Salix viminalis, which is characterized by intense weight gain An economic analysis was conducted for the plantation, the environmental effect was calculated and the social outcome was determined. An ecological analysis showed, that the biomass combustion process emits far fewer pollutants than coal: 8 times less carbon oxide and 6 times less sulfur dioxide. The total carbon dioxide emissions are zero. The environmental effect is significant. The willow Salix viminalis is a plant, which easily adapts to vegetation on any soil. The plant growing does not require any special agrotechnical treatment. By the establishment and maintenance of willow plantations can contribute to rural development, increase income and reduce unemployment in the country. Farmers are willing to assume willow plantations, if you will guarantee the sale at attractive prices. Europe is looking for alternatives to conventional energy sources, combustion of which releases a greenhouse gas - carbon dioxide.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 222 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Installation with batch reactor for cane and millet torrefaction process to estimate torrefaction temperature and residence time

Szymon Szufa1 *, Łukasz Adrian2 , Piotr Piersa3, Marta Marczak4, Artur Cebula5, Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda6, Sebastian Kowalczyk7,

1 Biomass Training Research, Opole, Poland 2 Eko-Look, Sieradz, Poland 3 APS-Ekoinnowacje Sp. z o.o., Lodz, Poland 4 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 5 Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Krakow, Poland 6 University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Lodz, Poland 7 Ensys s.c., Sliwiny, Poland

Keywords: torrefaction, energy crops, biomass, cane, millet

Lignocellulose biomass like energy crops have high caloric value and shows promise in use in local CHP plants in distributed energy systems. Biomass of agricultural origin has the biggest potential for all kind of renewable energies in Poland because it provides continuous electricity generation, and is the only comprehensive source of renewable heat. Torrefaction or simply roasting of biomass is a thermal degradation of biomass structures by heating it in an inert gas atmosphere like nitrogen under atmospheric pressure. Biomass of agricultural origin has the biggest potential for all kind of renewable energy sources in Poland. Biomass is most often subjected to a compaction process in order to facilitate its energy use. Currently, intensive works on the process of biomass torrefaction are being carried out.The purpose of this paper was to determine the optimum parameters of the torre-faction process. For this purpose the temperature and residenc time of torrefaction process were determined. These parameters are crucial in the design of industrial biomass torrefaction installations. In this investigation, the authors examined the torrefaction process of two types of energy crops: cane, millet. The choice of crop was dictated by the following arguments: the selected crops grow in low-grade soils and have an expected high caloric value. In this work detailed analyses of the torrefaction process using a batch reactor were performed. Using the torrefaction process, energy crops were investigated to obtain an optimal torrefaction process temperature, residence time and fuel characteristic. To build up a demonstration plant for torrefaction process of energy crops a specific temperature of the carbonisation process should be known for every type of fuel. Another parameter such as residence time is also crucial as it ensures fuel best C/H ratio and in effect: High Heating Value, carbonisation level and physicochemical properties of new fuel for energy production.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 223 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Virginia Mallow as an energy crop - current status and energy perspectives

Stanisław Szwaja1,*, Aneta Magdziarz2, Monika Zajemska1, Anna Poskart1, Dorota Musiał1

1 Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21 Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Keywords: energy crop, torrefaction, combustion, Chemkin

Currently, the energy crops are designed as promising renewable energy source. The most popular are Miscanthus Giganteus, willow and Virginia mallow [1-3]. They are well known as plans, but use these fuels in energy production still needs more investigations. It results from some disadvantages such as biological degradation, low bulk density and low energy density [4,5]. That is why, pre-treatment processes are required to enhance combustible properties. Thus, this paper demonstrates the current state and energy perspectives of Virginia mallow which can be one of the most promising energy crop in Poland. The studies of Virginia mallow focus on the combustion characteristics of torrefied biomass using both experiments and modelling. The torrefaction process were studied using TG analysis. The studied biomass was characterized in terms of its ultimate and proximate analysis. After the torrefaction process of Virginia mallow, the improvements of energy properties were observed. The impact of torrefaction was confirmed by enhancing fuels properties (higher carbon content, and HHV, lower moisture content, lower ratio O/C). Both raw and torrefied biomass were investigated by TGA analysis in order to proceed with the Chemkin calculations. The Chemkin calculations showed changes in the composition of the main evolved gaseous products.

Acknowledgements This work was performed within the project entitled: "Feed, energetic and economic potential of the Virginia Mallow on light, fallow and recultivated soils", realized within the frame of the BIOSTRATEG program; contract number: BIOSTRATEG1/270745/2/NCBR/2015 financed by the National Centre for Research and Development

[1] H. Borkowska, R. Molas, Biomass and Bioenergy 36 (2012) 234-240. [2] J. Franzaring, I. Holz, Z. Kauf, A. Fangmeier, Biomass and Bioenergy 81 (2015) 574-583. [3] Brosse N, Dufour A, Meng X, Sun Q, Ragaukas A., Biofuels Bioproducts Biorefining 6 (2012) 580-598. [4] A. Magdziarz, M. Wilk, R. Straka, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 127 (2017), 1339-1349. [5] M. Wilk, A. Magdziarz, I. Kalemba, Energy 87 (2015), 259-269.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 224 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of the occurrence of elements and critical raw materials in ash from Polish lignite deposits

Barbara Bielowicz1,*, Jacek Misiak1 , Marian Wagner1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: lignite, fly ash, Clarke values.

Fly ash collected from landfills at power plants using lignite from the following mines: Turów in Bogatynia, Bełchatów in Rogowiec, and Pątnów in Konin was subjected to analysis. Petrographic studies were performed using a reflected light optical microscope. The chemical composition (the presence of minor, trace, and rare elements) was determined using ICP-MS and X-ray spectroscopy. Petrographic examination using a JEOL JXA-8230 electron microprobe analyzer allowed determining critical elements in the selected minerals. Silicate and aluminosilicate enamel, mullite aggregates, magnetite-hematite iron microspheres and fine unburned carbon particles were found in the analyzed fly ash samples; in addition, small amounts of gypsum and anhydrite were also recorded. The results of oxide analyses of fly ash samples, e.g. CaO content higher than 10% wt, suggest their calcium character. In order to present interesting concentrations of the analyzed critical elements, their maximum contents were compared to their Clarke values (for sedimentary rocks and crustal rocks). The comparison to Clarke values of sedimentary rocks, based on calculation of the enrichment factor (EF), has shown that the content of majority of critical elements in lignite and its ashes is similar to the mean values for sedimentary rocks; the contents higher than Clarke value did not exceed the mentioned values and were observed in the case of tungsten (6.2 - the Turów deposit) and silver (5 to 7 in the Turów, Sieniawa, Legnica W, Mosty, and Łęknica deposits). In addition, the comparison of analytical content to Clarke values of crustal rocks did not fundamentally alter these relations; the maximum contents higher than the Clarke value were recorded for tungsten (9.4) and silver (9.3) in the Turów deposit, antimony (5.5) silver (6.7) in the Legnica West deposit, and silver (6.7) in the Mosty and Łęknica deposits. The microanalysis of iron microspheres has revealed the presence of Ga. In the case of the platinum group, the presence of Pd, Pt, In, Nb, V, Cu, and Ti was confirmed.

This article was supported by the Polish National Science Centre under research project awarded by decision no. DEC-2013/09/D/ST10/04045 and Statutory Research No 11.11.140.320

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 225 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of the content of nickel, chromium, lead and zinc in solid products of coal combustion (CCPs) coming from Polish power plants

Faustyna Wierońska1,*, Dorota Makowska1, Andrzej Strugała1, Krzysztof Bytnar1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: hard coal, ecotoxic elements, by-products of coal combustion

According to data from the European Environmental Agency (EEA), taking into account only the energy production and distribution sector, Poland emits almost 12.4% of chromium, 13.6% of nickel, 23.5% of lead and 28.9% of zinc yearly when compared to the total emissions of these pollutants released by the Members (EU28) in this sector [1]. Coal combustion processes constitute one of the biggest emission sources of the above-mentioned elements into the environment. The annual consumption of hard coal in Poland exceeds 70 million tons, nearly 60% of which is attributed to the energy sector [2]. Based on the literature, the amounts of Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in Polish hard coals from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin are 7.3, 9.8, 24.3 and 53.6 mg/kg, respectively [3]. During coal combustion these elements are mostly accumulated in bottom and fly ash. However, a large part of them is released into the atmosphere in the form of gases or particles associated with fly ash [4]. The identification of distribution of the above-mentioned elements between by-products from the coal combustion processes (CCPs) is necessary to develop effective methods of reducing the emission of these elements into the environment In the article the content was determined of four ecotoxic elements (Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) in coal blends, average daily samples of fly ashes, ash-slag samples and products of desulphurization (gypsum and filter cakes), which came from two Polish fossil fuel power plants. Both plants use the same flue gas treatment system consisting of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), an Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) and Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) based on the wet lime method. In both cases, for the purposes of combustion, Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers fired by hard coal, are installed. The content of the elements in all samples was determined with the application of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with flame atomization (FAAS).

[1] [online] [access: 26.03.2017] www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/air- emissions-viewer-lrtap. [2] Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Zużycie paliw i nośników energii w 2015 r., GUS, 2016 [3] H.R. Parzentny, L. Róg, Potentially hazardous trace elements in ash from combustion of coals in limnic series (Upper Carboniferous) of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Górnictwo i Geologia, tom 2, zeszyt 3, 2007, s. 81-91 [4] K. Srogi, Pierwiastki śladowe w węglu, Wiadomości Górnicze, vol. 2, p. 87 – 96, 2007

Acknowledgements This paper was prepared thanks to funding from Faculty of Energy and Fuels at the AGH University of Science and Technology as part for PhD Students Grants 2017, No. 15.11.210.403.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 226 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Effect of using coke dust as a sorbent for removing mercury from flue gases on the content of selected ecotoxic elements in fly ash

Faustyna Wierońska1,*, Piotr Burmistrz1, Andrzej Strugała1, Dorota Makowska1, Sebastian Lech2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science and Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: ecotoxic elements, coke dust, mercury removal, fly ash, coal combustion

Passive methods, which are used for the purification of flue gases, are insufficient in the case of the emission of mercury and other ecotoxic elements into the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce additional methods of reducing the emission of these pollutants. In order to reduce the emission of mercury to the atmosphere, e.g. the injection of coke dust into flue gas ducts can be used. The efficiency of this sorbent has been confirmed in laboratory tests and a demonstration installation [1, 2]. In accordance with the authors’ concept, coke dust is dosed in front of the electrostatic precipitator and then separated fully in the electrostatic precipitators along with fly ashes. Prior to injection, coke dust contains negligible amounts of mercury (4.8 – 10.5 µgHg/kg, depending of the grain size), which is a value several times lower than the Hg content in subbituminous coals and lignites. However, it also can be a carrier of other ecotoxic elements such as nickel and chromium. Their content in coke dust is often much higher than in coal blends used for energy purposes or in fly ashes. In the article, the influence was determined of coke dust dosage as a sorbent for removing mercury from exhaust gases, on the content of arsenic, nickel, chromium, lead, cooper and zinc in fly ashes. The examined samples came from the demonstration installation for monitoring and abatement of mercury emission from coal combustion in pulverised fuel boilers. The content of particular elements in the tested samples was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with flame atomization (FAAS; Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn) and with electrothermal atomization (GFAAS; As).

[1] M. Marczak, P. Burmistrz, M. Karczewski, J. Szczurowski, K. Gałkowski; Analysis of gas-phase mercury sorption with coke and lignite dust; E3S Web Conference; vol. 14, p. 1-9, 2017; https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20171402009 [2] P. Burmistrz i inni “Zastosowanie pyłu koksowego jako sorbentu do oczyszczania ścieków przemysłowych i spalin ze spalania węgla”, 106–119 [w:] Technologia paliw wyzwania i szanse. Praca zbiorowa pod red. Piotra BURMISTRZA; Kraków: Wydział Energetyki i Paliw, Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie, 2016 (ISBN: 978-83-911589-8-2)

Acknowledgements This research was conducted as a part of the statutory activity of the Faculty of Energy and Fuels at the AGH University of Science and Technology, No. 11.11.210.373.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 227 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Effect of grain size on the sorption and desorption of hydrogen on crushed hard coal

Katarzyna Zarębska1, Paweł Baran 1, Agnieszka Ćwik1,2 , Katarzyna Czerw 1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland 2 UPC University, Institute of Energy Technologies, Barcelona, Spain

Keywords: sorption, hydrogen, hard coal.

Mining working environment comprise natural and technical hazards. The mine atmosphere is a resultant of atmospheric air being pumped into underground mining excavations and various processes that occur in-situ spontaneously. One of the dangerous processes that can occur and change the air composition is oxidation of coal due to the contact with oxygen contained in the air. This can lead to an increase in the temperature of the coalbed. Consequently gases, such as carbon monoxide, various unsaturated hydrocarbons and hydrogen may be formed. If the content of these gases increases to 1-2%, there is a risk of self-ignition. That is why mine ventilation is a principal practice. Hydrogen can be adsorbed by coal and then emitted during excavation and combustion (Grossman, 1994). It has also been found that the amount of hydrogen emissions depends on the oxidation time and the temperature but not on the carbon content and moisture content. Similar studies have been carried out on Cohen's lignite (2008), where it was found that after oxidation of coal at 313 K, the hydrogen emission is proportional to the amount of oxygen used. So far, a great deal of work has been done in the field of sorption of gases on hard coal, especially methane and carbon dioxide sorption (Ceglarska - Stefańska, Zarębska, 2005). The idea of hydrogen sorption on activated carbon is also known (Baran, Buczek, 2015). Few works show the sorption of hydrogen on hard coal. Cygankiewicz et al. (2012) investigate the dependence of hydrogen sorption and the content of carbon and oxygen in hard coal. Previous studies did not concern the dependence between the hydrogen sorption and desorption processes on coal and the difference in their grain size fractions. This work aims to show whether there is such a relationship. This paper presents the results of low pressure hydrogen sorption and desorption measurements on hard coal. In addition, the effect of grain size on the sorption capacity was examined.

[1] Grossman S.L., Davidi S., Cohen H., 1994: Emission of toxic and fire hazardous gases from open air coal stockpiles. Fuel 73, 1184 [2] Cohen H., 2008: Molecular hydrogen formed via low temperature oxidation of bituminous coals as the source of explosions in underground coal mines // 25th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, PCC – Proceedings. USA: CSREA Press. [3] Ceglarska-Stefańska G., Zarębska, K., 2005: Sorption of carbon dioxidemethane mixtures. Int. J. Coal Geol. 62, 211–222 [4] Baran P., Buczek B., 2015: Adsorpcja wodoru na modyfikowanym węglu aktywnym — Adsorption of hydrogen onto a modified activated carbon, Przemysł Chemiczny 94 nr 3, s. 328– 330 [5] Cygankiewicz J., Dudzińska A., Żyła M., 2012: Examination of sorption and desorption of hydrogen on several samples of polish hard coals. Adsorption 18 (3-4)

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 228 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Comparison of catalysts based on individual alkali and alkaline earth metals with their composites used for steam gasification process of coal

Katarzyna Zubek1,*, Grzegorz Czerski1, Stanisław Porada1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: coal gasification, catalyst, kinetics

One-component catalysts based on alkali and alkaline earth metals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) as well as their composites were introduced on coal samples used in gasification process. The aim of this work was to compare the impact of these catalysts on the steam gasification process of coal by analysing the results of catalytic and non-catalytic measurements. The use of composites was intended to check whether is possible to accomplish the synergistic effects and overcome the shortcomings of individual metal catalysts. Measurements were conducted at elevated pressure of 1 MPa and at four temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1000 °C. Based on the obtained results, curves of the formation rate of gasification products were developed and yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide were evaluated. The influence of temperature and type of catalysts on the kinetics of H2 and CO formation was determined and the kinetic parameters (activation energy and/or pre-exponential factor) were calculated on the basis of three models (isoconversional method, Grain Model and Random Pore Model). The obtained results showed the effectiveness of the catalysts tested, especially at lower temperatures (800°C - 900°C). In this temperature range the one-component catalyst containing 3 wt% of Na was the most effective. Other single component catalysts (3 wt% K, 3 wt% Ca) were less catalytically active at 800°C than composite catalysts consisting of 1wt% Na/1wt% K and 1wt% Na/1wt% K/1wt% Ca, although the former composite contained lower amount of catalytically active material. These results suggested that at low temperatures greater importance than quantity has the type of catalysts. Moreover, kinetic parameters indicated that the addition of catalyst caused the reduction of values of activation energy of CO and H2 formation reactions by nearly half in comparison with non-catalytic process.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 229 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Studies on the possibility of extending coal resources for coke production through the application of coal predrying

Piotr Żarczyński1,*, Andrzej Strugała2

1 ArcelorMittal Poland S.A. Zdzieszowice Unit, Zdzieszowice, Poland 2 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: cokemaking, coal predrying, coal base for coke production.

Bituminous coals with very good coking properties, known as the “hard” type, are basic components of coal blends utilized for the production of high quality blast furnace coke. Their appropriately high share in the coal blends ensures coke quality complying with the requirements of coke end-users. The deficit of “hard” coals on the market as well as their high price are the reasons which make coke producers decrease their share in coal blends and replace them with coals of the “semi-soft” type, featured by worse coking properties but, at the same time, lower price and wider availability. Unfortunately, such an action causes a decrease in coke quality. A solution for this situation could be the implementation of the coal predrying process which involves a partial moisture removal from the blend down to 5%. The benefit of implementing the predrying process with this boundary moisture content is a coke quality improvement without causing technological problems. The goal of the research was to determine if the application of the coal predrying process could enable an increase in the share of “semi-soft” coals in coal blends (as an alternative to “hard” coals) without a decrease in coke quality. The objects of study were two sets of coal blends with a varying share of “semi-soft” coals. The first set of blends was composed exclusively of Polish coals and the second set was composed of Polish and foreign coals. Both sets of coal blends were applied for coke production in a test oven with a movable wall either in the wet or in the pre-dried state. Considering the basic quality parameters of the produced coke, such as coke strength and abrasion (the Micum and Irsid Drum Tests), as well as coke reactivity and its strength after reaction (the NSC test), the possibility of a partial substitution (ca. 10-20%) of “hard” coals with “semi-soft” coals in the coal blend used to produce a high quality coke has been proven. Studies have confirmed the positive impact of coal predrying on coke quality. Additionally, it was feared that for the tested blends the wall pressure would increase in a dangerous way in the case of the coal predrying process implementation but, fortunately, such situations did not occur. Based on the results it can be concluded that through the application of coal predrying the consumption of “semi-soft” coals can increase ca. 2÷3 times.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 230 of 232 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environmental Development

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS - erratum

Krakow Technology Park, Poland 14-17 November 2017

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 1 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Analysis of thermodynamic properties and parameters of dry zeotropic mixtures used as working fluids in ORC

Michał Bańkowski1,*, Aleksandra Borsukiewicz1

1 West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, Szczecin, Poland

Keywords: ORC, zeotropic mixtures, dry working fluid, wet working fluid

The paper is a continuation of previous work [1] in which the thermodynamic analysis of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been made by using wet working fluid available in Refprop 9.0 database [2]. In this paper has been included thermodynamic analysis of three dry zeotropic mixtures: R227ea / R134a; R227ea / R32; R227ea / R134a / R32 for three different mass compositions of these mixtures and for pure R227ea. Substances R134a and R32 represent a group of so called wet fluids while R227ea is included to group of dry fluids. Selected new dry zeotropic mixtures have been analysed for their basic thermodynamic properties such as: critical temperature, critical pressure, working pressure range, evaporation enthalpy, saturation curves and other properties relevant for use in ORC systems. Particular attention has been directed to the analysis of the effect of the mixture composition on the range of so- called temperature glide, i.e. the temperature change of the fluid during the isobaric phase change processes: condensation and evaporation of the working medium. In addition, the use of internal heat regeneration was investigated because when dry fluids are used it is possible. As a result of the obtained calculations, it was found that the pure R227ea was the most efficient working fluid, but a little less power and cycle efficiency was obtained for the mixture R227ea / R 134a (95/5) which is characterized by lower GWP values than pure substance.

[1] Bańkowski M.; Borsukiewicz-Gozdur A.; Analiza wybranych parametrów termodynamicznych substancji zeotropowych, pod kątem zastosowania ich jako płynów roboczych w układach ORC; Praca zbiorowa pod redakcją Krzysztofa Pikonia i Magdaleny Bogackiej; Współczesne problemy energetyki IV; Wydawca: Katedra Technologii i Urządzeń Zagospodarowania Odpadów; Gliwice; 2017 [2] Lemmon E. W., Huber M L., McLinden M O.; Refprop 9.0; National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder; USA; 2010 [3] Dz.U. 2015 poz. 881z dnia 15 maja 2015 r. o substancjach zubożających warstwę ozonową oraz o niektórych fluorowanych gazach cieplarnianych [4] Mocarski S.; Wpływ składu mieszaniny roboczej butan/etan na efektywność pracy siłowni ORC; Praca magisterska; Szczecin; 2013 [5] Papierowska E.; Chaczykowski M.; Wykorzystanie technologii ORC w celu wytwarzania energii ze źródeł; Przegląd Naukowy – Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska nr 61, 2013: 336–347 [6] Lewandowski W.M.; Ryms M.; Kołoła R., Kubski P.; Poprawa sprawności układów ORC i systemów trigeneracyjnych poprzez zastosowanie różnych termodynamicznych wariantów ich działania; Nafta – Gaz 9: 794–799; 2010 [7] Bonca Z.; Butrymowicz D.; Targański W.; Hajduk T.; Poradnik Nowe czynniki chłodnicze i nośniki ciepła własności cieplne, chemiczne i użytkowe,;IPPU MASTA sp.z o.o.; Gdańsk; 2003

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Page 2 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Impact of Corporate Culture on business goals of Energy Sector Companies

Patrycja Bak1,*, Marta Sukiennik1

1 AGH University, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: corporate culture, Energy Sector Companies, global challenges, business objectives

The objective of the article is to determine the role of corporate culture in the process of building business goals in a company. The publication presents the core and the determinants shaping the corporate culture. The problem is presented on the basis of companies from the energy sector. Only the companies that combine innovation with the company’s business goals, as well as design and implement an operating model of innovations will be successful. The main task of energy companies is economic efficiency, developing and ensuring lowest possible costs for generation and supply of energy to the recipients. New business models, directions and modes of investments, enhancing efficiency, use of technological data are only some of the challenges faced by energy companies. The business goals presented in the article will rely on three pillars selected for the needs of this study; they include: education, innovation and cooperation. New business models in the energy market require collaboration with new business partners. Defining a business goal and a business strategy taking into account the elements of innovation is a very important and essential milestone on the way to success. However, this is not a sufficient element. Polish energy companies have already taken the first steps towards increasing innovation by defining business objectives, and often also innovation strategies and first- line operations. The key challenges are still the definition of innovation assumptions or planning of budgets using modern financial management tools.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 3 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Investigate Turbine Blades Cooling Ways for Micro-Jet Engines

Qusay Hassan1, 2, Marek Jaszczur1,*

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering, Poland 2 University of Diyala, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iraq

Keywords: Micro Jet Engines, Turbine Blades, Materials, Cooling ways..

In recent years, the use of micro jet engine has been increased and it likely to continue to increase because of the ever-increasing uses such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), small missiles. The researchers are continued to develop and update these engines in terms of performance, efficiency and continuity of work for long periods in different conditions. many industrial applications used many technics to provide an effective means for the turbine blades heat transfer. The paper presents a unique approach to design and numerical investigation for micro jet engine turbine blades cooling system based on internal channel cooling that manufacturing from CMSX-10 (Nickel base Super alloy). The analysis consisted tow designing categorised depending on the turbine blades cooling system. Heat transfer configurations compared on the basis of heat transfer efficiency by achieving lower surface temperature and higher Nusselt number. The range of temperature has been used from 10°C to 1200°C. The results were very satisfactory and agreement with the literature experimental data, where the survival of blades in temperatures 843°C is appropriate for alloys to bear temperatures up to 2000°C. The stress analysis applied on the blades are not considered.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 4 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Comparison of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in energy crop species cultivated on arable land contaminated with heavy metals

Katarzyna Nowak1,*, Alicja Szada-Borzyszkowska1, Jacek Krzyżak1, Szymon Rusinowski1, Maciej Soja1, Marta Pogrzeba1

1 Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Poland

Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza, energy crop, heavy metals.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a widespread terrestrial symbiosis, involving 80 – 85% of vascular plants in almost all ecosystems. AM fungi increase plant tolerance to heavy metals by developing mechanisms allowing immobilization metals within or near the root and preventing their translocation to the shoot. Therefore, AMF could be involved in phytostabilization of heavy metals contaminated soils. The aim of the presented study was to explore the effect of heavy metals on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) root colonization of selected energy crop species: Miscanthus x giganteus, Panicum virgatum and Spartina pectinata cultivated on heavy metals contaminated arable land under different fertilisation (NPK vs. microbial inoculation). For the estimation of mycorrhizal development, the roots were prepared according to a modified method of Philips and Hayman (1970). Subsequently, the evaluation of AMF colonization was conduct according to Trouvelot et. al. (1986) method. Additionally, heavy metals content in soil was investigated. All examined plant species formed arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and differences in degree of mycorrhizal colonization among experimental variants were found. Influence of soil fertilization on AMF root colonization is species-dependent. Both NPK fertilization and microbial inoculation resulted in reduction of mycorrhizal colonization in Miscanthus x giganteus, which could be related to negative effects of nitrogen and phosphorus to species diversity of AM fungal communities and changes in the species composition. Additionally, competition between microorganisms derived from microbial inoculum and native AMF could occur, being the cause of reduction in AMF root colonization. In Panicum virgatum degree of AMF root colonisation was increased under different soil treatment, which could indicate the differences in fungal and plant diversity and also specific fungal-plant interactions. Soil fertilisation had no effect on degree of Spartina pectinata root mycorrhization, since they were almost fully colonized independly on fertilization. It could have been the result of the highest susceptibility of this species to AMF root colonization regardless of soil conditions. Additionally, present dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) in S. pectinata roots could may contribute in enhancing intensity of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In conclusions, contamination with heavy metals did not result in restriction of mycorrhizal colonization, which could be a consequence of AMF adaptation to extreme conditions. Nevertheless, among tested species, the highest level of mycorrhizal colonization was found for Spartina pectinata roots. It indicates the highest susceptibility of this species to development of mycorrhizal structures regardless of heavy metal pollution and fertilization.

Acknowledgements Research financed by the PHYTO2ENERGY project – 7FP for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration of the European Union, under the Grant Agreement No. 610797 and Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas statutory founds).

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 5 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Numerical simulation of wind turbine using chimera technique

Robert Roszak1,*, Piotr Zuchniarz1

1 Poznan University of Technology, Chair of Virtual Engineering, Poznan, Poland

Keywords: wind turbine, numerical simulation, chimera technique.

This paper presents CFD simulation tools and chimera technique applied to configuration with rotating elements. For the calculation of the case with rotating elements, CFD analysis requires a definition of individual fluid domains. The calculation of CFD simulation is associated with rotating flow grid. Computational Fluid Simulation calculations for the rotating elements are not possible on single mesh. It is therefore necessary is to use the chimera method in these cases. This paper presents a solution to this problem on the example of wind turbine based on real configuration's geometry. The most challenging part of the calculation in this case is the process of deformation of the flow mesh at each time step. This approach was necessary due to the rotating elements and interpolation of the results between rotating element and fixed flow domain. Finally the authors present a response of CFD analysis for d rotating elements based on real geometry of the wind turbine

[1] Flaga A. Siłownie Wiatrowe, ISBN: 978-83-7242-632-1, Kraków 2012 [2] Knupp M., Algebraic mesh quality metrics for unstructured initial meshes, London 2009 [3] Roszak R., Posadzy P., Stankiewicz W., Morzyński M., Fluid structure interaction for large scale complex geometry and non-linear properties of structure), Archives of Mechanics 2009, vol. 61, pp. 1-24, [4] [Schwarz T, Spiering F. Kroll N., Grid coupling by means of Chimera interpolation techniques, DLR, 2010

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 6 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Evaluation of the properties of waste from African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus B.) Farming in the context of using it for agricultural purposes

Jakub Sikora1,*, Marcin Niemiec2, Krzysztof Mudryk1, Anna Szeląg-Sikora1, Sławomir Kurpaska1, Hubert Latała1

1 University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering 2 University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry

Keywords: aquaculture, water recirculation, aquaculture waste, African catfish

Development of modern aquaculture involves increasing the share of production in closed systems with water recirculation. In such facilities, waste with a considerable content of the solid fraction and a high concentration of biogenic elements is generated in the process of water treatment. According to present legislation, such waste cannot be used as fertilizers, which is contradictory to the idea of sustainability and rationalization of the use of environmental resources. The aim of this paper was to assess the chemical composition of African catfish farming waste in the context of the possibility of using it for fertilization purposes. The assumed goal was achieved by studying the waste generated at a water treatment facility that uses the method of active microscreens in an African catfish farm. 10 samples of waste (which, in raw form, is transported to the local sewage treatment plant) were collected for the research. The content of dry matter, macroelements, microelements and heavy metals was determined in the studied waste. Nitrogen and carbon content was determined by elemental analysis method, whereas the content of the other macroelements and trace elements was determined using the ICP-OES method. Results of the conducted research point to high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. These are the main elements which decide on the fertilizing value of the studied material. Nitrogen content was approximately 5.354%, whereas phosphorus content – 3.436% calculated on dry matter. Results of the conducted research indicate unambiguously that the studied material should be used for fertilization. Directing this waste to sewage treatment plants is not well-founded from the economic and environmental point of view. The issue of proper management of waste generated in aquacultures with water recirculation should be regulated at the legislative level to reduce the amount of biogens dispersed in the environment and to improve the efficiency of production of aquaculture animals.

[1] A. Mazzola, G. Sarà, Aquaculture, 192, 2–4 (2001) 361-379. [2] O. Schneide, V.Sereti, M.A.M. Machiels, E.H. Eding, J.A.J. Verreth, Water Research, 40, 14 (2006) 2684-2694. [3] J.A., Steeby, J.A. Hargreaves, C.S. Tucker, S. Kingsbury, Aquacultural Engineering, 30, 3–4 (2004) 115-126. [4] M. Illera-Vives, S.S.Labandeira L.M. Brito, A. López-Fabala, M.E. López-Mosquera, Scientia Horticulturae, 186 (2016) 101-107.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 7 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Hydrogen-Natural Gas mixture compression in case of transporting through high-pressure gas pipelines

Łukasz Zabrzeski1,*, Piotr Janusz1, Krystian Liszka1, Mariusz Łaciak1, Adam Szurlej1

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: natural gas, hydrogen, gas pipelines, gas market

When dealing with search for ideal energy production solutions, one of the direction may be the use of hydrogen based on excess electricity. Gaseous state and the existing gas network can be used to deliver it to customers. Quantity of hydrogen in the natural gas system would be different depending on its production, hence it should be sent as an additional component sent by pipeline next to natural gas. Due to the difference in its physicochemical parameters with respect to the characteristics of natural gas, the work of gas compressors at different hydrogen concentrations will be different. An additional aspect taken into account when considering the effect of hydrogen on the performance of the compressor is the change of the main parameters which characterizes the flow. It may turn out that they will also positively influence the work of compression needed in the same compressor stations. Such changes may in consequence lead to additional savings, some of which are described in this paper.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 8 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Performance tests of home, fast refueling station of compressed natural gas (CNG)

Szymon Kuczyński1, Krystian Liszka1, Mariusz Łaciak1, Andrii Oliinyk1, Adam Szurlej1*

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV), environment

Oil-based products like gasoline ore diesel account for 95% of all energy used in cars around the world. Mobility has become a necessity in people’s everyday life, which led to an addiction to oil. In the search for an answer to the world’s addiction to oil, Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) are the best available solution. Currently, in automotive transport to power vehicles, almost exclusively hydrocarbon based fuels are used. Due to increase of hydrocarbon fuels consumption, quality parameters are tightend for clean environment. At the same time efforts are undertaken for development of alternative fuels. The reasons why looking for alternative fuels for petroleum and diesel are: to increase vehicle efficiency and to reduce the environmental impact, reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and savings in consumption of limited oil resources . Most essential fuel in the campaign of environment protection against pollution is natural gas. Natural gas as fuel may be either compressed (CNG) or liquefied (LNG). Hydrogen can be used as a basic starting material for the chemical industry, an important raw material in the refinery processes, as well as a fuel vehicle transportation. Natural gas can be used as CNG which represents an excellent compromise between the availability of the technology that is proven and relatively cheap to use in many areas of the automotive industry. Natural gas can also be seen as an important bridge to other alternative sources of energy derived from fuel and harmless to the environment. For these reasons CNG as a fuel stimulates considerable interest in the worldwide. Aims of this article is to present results of independent performance tests of home, fast refuelling station of compressed natural gas (CNG) based on one stage hydraulic compressor (instead of multistage mechanical compressor technology) which provides the possibility to compress low pressure gas from residential gas grid to 200 bar for its further usage as a fuel for NGVs.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 9 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Possibilities of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) use for power generation

Mariusz Łaciak1, Karol Sztekler2, Adam Szurlej1, Tomasz Włodek1*

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), power generation, electricity, natural gas

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has an important role in the global industry and energy balance. The use of this energy carrier has been increasing for last decades. The broad development of the LNG sector has been noticeable in the search for new supply directions by natural gas customers. An important option to transport the gas is to convert it into liquid natural gas (LNG) and convey it using insulated LNG tankers. At receiving terminals, the LNG is unloaded into storage tanks and then pumped for the required pressure, vaporized and compressed for final pipeline transmission to natural gas pipeline system. The LNG production process consumes a considerable amount of energy. This energy is stored in LNG as cold energy. At an unloading terminal, LNG is evaporated into gas phase at ambient temperature before pumping into the natural gas transmission system. Seawater or ambient air are commonly used for the regasification process of the LNG. In process of regasification the large part of energy stored in LNG may be recovered and used for electricity generation. In the presented paper a general analysis of the various thermodynamic schemes proposed for power production from regasification has been made. Direct expansion cycle, Rankine cycle and Brayton cycle are analyzed in presented case.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 10 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

Energy, environmental and economic efficiency of solar photovoltaic in the central part of Europe

Sylwia Wciślik1,*

1 Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce, Poland

Keywords: photovoltaic, economic efficiency, Europe,

This paper analyses energy, environmental and economic efficiency of solar photovoltaic installation located in the middle of Europe (Poland), where the intensity of the sun radiation is not too high in comparison with other Europe [1] world countries [2]. Currently, one of the basic requirements posed for the buildings subjected to modernization is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions even above 90% in comparison with the original values. In order to fulfil such criteria, it is necessary to apply alternative solutions based on renewable energy sources. The solar PV provide a rational option. For such a case, the emissions of basic pollutants such as CO2, SOx, NOx or particulates is obtained. European law [3] prompts us to the use of renewable energy sources, but often cost-effectiveness analysis of their use demonstrates a lack of profitability. The study also gives the results of calculations of payback time for an exemplary investment. The payback time is expressed with the use of three parameters: Simple Payback Time, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return, which commonly are abbreviated to SPBT, NPV and IRR respectively.

[1] J. Hernandez-Moro, J.M.Martinez-Duart, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20 (2013) 119–132. [2] T.A. Deetjen et al., Applied Energy, 180 (2016) 607–616. [3] Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Page 11 of 12 Book of abstracts 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development – SEED’17

The influence of temperature on the sorption properties in hard coal - CH4 system

Katarzyna Zarębska1,*

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland

Keywords: sorption, hard coal, methane

Methane receiving from coal bed, based on naturally occurring process of gas desorption, is connected with the safety problems, along with the increase of environmental protection requirements. From “in situ” and laboratory research it is known that emission of methane from Polish coal bed is slow process. Therefore for the purpose of obtaining methane, factors that could accelerate the process should be used. Desorption stimulators are sorption properties of coals, conditions of the bed in situ (depth, tensions conditions), temperature, humidity and composition of gases mixtures affecting the coal. One of the basic parameter in the coal-gas system, determining the accumulation methane possibilities is sorption capacity of coal. Sorption capacity of coal is the reason for its volumetric deformations and decrease in the surface energy, and as a result the decrease in strength and increase in rock deformation. It has high importance in case of exploitation of coal in gas mines, as volumetric changes may affect the tension state of the structurally deformed coal. In the work there were described the results of sorption experiments performed for Polish hard coal, which selection was connected with currently being performed works, on the territory of samples origin, on the possibility of mine methane obtaining. The choice of coal was done in correlation to previous geological, sorption and petrographic research as well as determination of reservoir potential of genetic CH4 content. Experimental research of sorption were performed by volumetric method with the use of sorptomat apparatus ASAP 2010, Micromeritics. The experiments were performed in temperature of 298 K and 323 K in low pressure conditions up to 1 bar. Experiment performance in two temperatures is connected with the change of temperature in coal deposit during its exploitation, which may differ even of several degrees, what in recognizable way disturbs the coal-gas system equilibrium. Accompanying process is the change of pressure in the deposit, and by this, amount of gas captured by the coal.

*) Corresponding author: [email protected]

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