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Classification of Heterogeneous Operating Systems

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Classification of Heterogeneous Operating Systems Classification of Heterogeneous Operating Systems Kamlesh Sharma* and Dr. T. V. Prasad** * Research Scholar, ** Dean of Academic Affairs Dept. of Comp. Sc. & Engg., Lingaya’s University, Faridabad, India Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract — Operating system is a bridge between usable computing system [1]. Moreover, sophisticated system and user. An operating system (OS) is a software operating systems increase the efficiency and consequently program that manages the hardware and software decrease the cost of using a computer [5]. A large number resources of a computer. The OS performs basic tasks, of operating systems of various types are available for both such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing research and commercial purposes, and these operating the processing of instructions, controlling input and systems vary greatly in their structures and functionalities output devices, facilitating networking, and managing [1]. files. It is difficult to present a complete as well as deep account of operating systems developed till date. So, this Computers have progressed and developed so have the paper tries to overview only a subset of the available operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different operating systems and its different categories. operating systems and a few examples of operating systems Operating systems are being developed by a large that fall into each of the categories. Many computer number of academic and commercial organizations for operating systems will fall into more than one of the below the last several decades. This paper, therefore, categories.With the integration of computers and concentrates on the different categories of operating telecommunications, the mode of information access systems with special emphasis to those that had deep becomes an important issue. The designs of the prevalent impact on the evolution process. The aim of this paper is human machine interfaces are more suitable for easier to provide a brief timely commentary on the different interpretation of information by computers than by human categories important operating systems available today. beings. The concept of machine being able to interact with people in a mode that is natural as well as convenient for Keywords: Operating System, Internal Architecture, GUI, human beings is very appealing. CUI. II. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS I. INTRODUCTION Operating systems can be differentiated based on different An operating system is a software that manages all the parameters used by the existing operating systems of resources of a computer, both hardware and software, and computers. provides an environment in which a user can execute • Interface: CUI, GUI, TUI, VUI, HSUI programs in a convenient and efficient manner [1]. • However, the principles and concepts used in the operating Internal Architecture: By kernel type • systems were not standardized in a day. In fact, operating Mode: Batch Processing Operating System, Real Time systems have been evolving through the years [2]. There Operating System, Single User, Single Tasking Operating were no operating systems in the early computers. In those System, Single User, Multi-Tasking Operating System, systems, every program required full hardware Multi-User Operating System, Distributed Operating specification to execute correctly and perform each trivial System task, and its own drivers for peripheral devices like card readers and line printers. The growing complexity of the III. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INTERFACE computer hardware and the application programs eventually made operating systems a necessity. Initially, operating The manner in which users interact with a program is systems were not fully automatic as Hansen [3] defined an known as its user interface. The user interface controls operating system as a set of manual and automatic how data is entered and how information is displayed. procedures that enable a group of people to share a There are mainly five types of user interfaces: computer installation efficiently. It is fortunate enough for today’s computer users that modern operating systems are fully automatic. Over the years, sustained research in operating systems gave rise to many novel concepts and ideas. Operating systems exist even today because they offer a reasonable way to solve the problem of creating a S. Name Developed by Year No 10 4OS2 for OS/2 JP Software 1988 11 4NT or Take JP Software 1988 Command for windows 12 Windows Microsoft Corporation 2006 PowerShell 13 Darwin Apple Inc. 2000 14 Oberon Niklaus Wirth , Jürg Gutknecht 1985 15 Unix shells Brian Fox 1989 ( bash) 16 cmd.exe in Microsoft corporation 2009 Windows 7 17 Mac OS X Apple Inc. 2008 Terminal 18 Linux Many 1991 19 Unix Shell Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, 1969 Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, Joe Ossanna at Bell Labs 20 RT-11 running Digital Equipment Corporation 1970 on UKNC and Mentec Inc. B. GUI (Graphical User Interface) Graphical User Interface allow users to enter commands by pointing and clicking on icons, buttons, menu items and other objects with a mouse or other pointing devices. Programs running within a graphical environment are executed in a rectangular box called a window. GUIs can be used in computers, hand-held devices such as MP3 Figure 1. Different Categories of OS with Examples players, portable media players or gaming devices, household appliances and office equipment. A GUI A. CUI (Command user Interface) or CLI (Command represents the information and actions available to a user Line interface) through graphical icons and visual indicators such as The command line interface requires the use of the secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, keyboard to enter commands to the computer. All typed command labels or text navigation. The actions are commands are enter at the prompt and require exact usually performed through direct manipulation of the spelling otherwise an error message will be displayed. This graphical elements. Unlike a command line operating method of instructing a computer to perform a given task is system like UNIX or MS-DOS, GUI Operating Systems are referred to as "entering" a command: the system waits for much easier for end-users to learn and use because the user to conclude the submitting of the text command by commands do not need to be known or memorized. pressing the "Enter" key (a descendant of the "carriage Because of their ease of use, GUI Operating Systems have return" key of a typewriter keyboard). A command-line become the dominant operating system used by end-users interpreter then receives, parses, and executes the requested today. user command. Table 2. List of Graphical user interface Table 1. List of Command Line user interface S. Name Developed by Year S. Name Developed by Year No No 1 Xerox Alto Xerox 1973 1 MS-Dos Microsoft Corporation 1981 2 Xerox Star Xerox 1977 2 IBM PC Dos IBM and Microsoft 1980 3 Xerox Global View 2.1 Xerox 1996 3 CP/M CCP Digital Research, Inc. / Gary 1983 4 Xerox GlobalView for X Xerox 1992 Kildall 5 Xerox Rooms for X Xerox 1992 4 DR-DOS Digital Research 1976 Windows 5 Novell DOS Digital Research 1976 6 Three Rivers / ICL Perq Three River Computer 1979 6 OS/2 IBM and Microsoft 1987 7 VisiCorp Visi On IBM Inc. 1982 7 DEC`s RSX Digital Equipment Corporation 1972 8 GEM 1.1 Digital Research 1984 8 RSTS Digital Equipment Corporation 1970 9 GEM 2.0 Apple Computer 1985 9 4DOS for DOS JP Software 2004 10 GEM 3.11 1988 11 Atari TOS 1.0 Atari ST and TT series 1985 S. Name Developed by Year No C. TUI (Touch screen User Interface) of Computer A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can 12 Tandy Deskmate 3.69 Tandy Radio 1984 13 GEOS For the Commodore Berkley Softworks 1985 detect the presence and location of a touch within the 64 display area. The term generally refers to touching the 14 DESQview/X Quar terdeck 1985 display of the device with a finger or hand. Touchscreens 15 AmigaOS 3.5 Amiga International 1985 can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus. Inc. 16 RISC OS 3 RISCOS Ltd. 1992 Touchscreens are common in devices such as all-in-one 17 RISC OS 4 RISCOS Ltd. 1999 computers, tablet computers, and smartphones. 18 BeOS BE Inc. 1991 19 QNX Demo Disk QNX Software 1982 Table 3. List of Touch Screen User Interface Systems 20 Microsoft OS/2 V1.3 Microsoft and IBM 1987 21 IBM OS/2 2.0 IBM 1992 S. Name Developed by Year 22 OS/2 Warp 3 Microsoft 1994 No 23 IBM OS/2 Warp 4 Microsoft and IBM 1996 1 Linpus Linux OS 24 eComStation Demo CD Seresnity Systems 2001 2 Windows 7 Microsoft 2009 25 Apple Lisa Apple Computer Inc. 1986 3 Capacitive touch E.A. Johnson 1972 26 Apple Desktop II Apple Computer 1996 screen 27 GS/OS for the Apple IIgs Apple Computer 1983 4 Kiosk systems University of Illinois at 1977 28 Quark Catalyst 3.0 Quark Incorporation 1982 Urbana-Champaign 29 Apple Macintosh Apple Inc. 1984 5 Point of sale systems McDonald's 1974 30 Mac OS 7.5.5/7.6 Apple computer 1997 6 ATM John Shepherd-Barron 1967 31 Mac OS 8.1 Apple computer 1997 7 PDA Psion 1986 32 Mac OS 9.2.2 Apple Computer Inc. 1999 8 Fairlight CMI Peter Vogel and Kim 1979 33 At Ease Apple Computer 1998 Ryrie 34 At Ease for Workgroups Apple Computer 1988 9 HP-150 Hewlett-Packard 1983 35 OPENSTEP 4.2 Sun Microsoft 1993 10 PLATO IV University of illinois 1970 36 Rhapsody Developer Apple computer 1998 11 iPAD Apple Inc 2010 Release 2 37 MacOS X 10.1 Apple inc. 2001 12 Smartphone IBM, Nokia, Microsoft 1992-2000 39 Mac OS X 10.4.6 (Tiger) Apple Inc.
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