Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science 74, Issue 1 (2020) 19-28

Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science

Journal homepage: www.akademiabaru.com/arms.html ISSN: 2289-7992

Open Application of Packaging in Industry Access

Nur Nadia Nasir1, Siti Amira Othman1,*

1 Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Current conventional plastic is favored due to its affordable price and desirable properties however the major drawback is its non biodegradable properties which lead to environmental pollution. Taking into consideration the issues of non renewable resources, there is where bioplastic were introduce. According to European bioplastic, bioplastic is defined as material produced from biobased, biodegradable or both properties. Bioplastic is coming from renewable resources which can be used to reduce the plastic waste problem. Recently, the existence of bioplastic became one of the promising technologies in various industries especially in packaging industry. This review is highlight include the bioplastic packaging application (food and beverages, healthcare, cosmetic and personal care and consumer packaged goods) in industry for 4 types of bioplastic (PLA, PCL, Starch based and PHAs). Keywords: bioplastic, packaging, PLA, PHAs, PCL, starch based Copyright © 2020 PENERBIT AKADEMIA BARU - All rights reserved Received: 21 October 2020 Revised: 7 November 2020 Accepted: 12 November 2020 Published: 26 November 2020

1. Introduction

World plastic production database recorded almost 360 million tonnes of plastic produce for 2018 [1]. According to Plastic Europe [1], packaging has highest plastic demand by segment for 2018 which is almost 40 percent and followed by building and construction (around 20 percent). In Malaysia, estimation for average Malaysian uses around 16.78 kg of plastic packaging per person annually accord to World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) [2]. WWF also stated that, Malaysian is the biggest per capita users of plastic packaging in the region. A rise government regulation against the use of non-recyclable plastic materials are probably a main driver for the bioplastic in packaging industry. The main purpose usage of bioplastic in plastic industry is to reduce the plastic waste problem mainly for single use plastic such as packaging. The major advantages of are potentially a lower carbon emission, lower energy costs, do not use scare crude oil, reduced waste and improved compostability [3]. As recorded by bioplastic market data for 2019, only 1 percent of bioplastic from the total plastic production are being used in the industry and bioplastic industry are expected to grow throughout

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.74.1.1928

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Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science Volume 74, Issue 1 (2020) 19-28 the year due to increasing demand and awareness from industry and consumer [4]. This review is being focus on the application of the bioplastic as packaging in the industry.

2. Function of Packaging

Each package has several basic functions that researcher and journal define in various ways, even though they contain similar structure. Basically, package function can be divided into 5 major function which is containment, protection, preservation, convenience and information. Each of the function represent a significant role to ensure the product and information are deliver safely and efficiently to the end consumer.

2.1 Containment

The containment function of packaging is to conceal the product and avert from damage and loss, from the production of the product, storage, transportation until to the end user of the product. Without containment function, pollution may occur and become widespread for chemical and liquid product that had a hazard alert to environment neither human [5]. That hazardous may leak and react with surrounding, packaging or the product will become contaminated. Each of product requirements should be considered before choosing the packaging type for the product [5].

2.2 Protection

The protection function of packaging is mostly considered as primary function [6]. It essentially protecting the inside product from the hazard such as the environment, weather condition, animals, microorganism, dust, air, water and others. Packaging also to protect the environment or people from the product [7]. During transport, handling and storage of the product, package is required to stand all of the external forces such as static and dynamic forces to prevent damages or loss of the product.

2.3 Preservation

The preservation function of packaging is mainly focus and should be consider when dealing with the food, medical and others perishable product. It is important to preserve product in a controlled environment so that they will remain safe to use for longer periods of time. According to Sealacekova [8], preservation is required for product that need to maintain certain level of oxygen, humidity, volatile or light sensitive.

2.4 Convenience

Convenience is need to all those involved from the production, storage, transportation until to the end consumer. The product should be convenience to carries, transport, manageable, available in desirable size for the consumer and easy to open the package while maintaining the product qualities [9].

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2.5 Information

Packaging may provide a customer with detail about the quality of the product. This information can be advertising, credible or authorized by consumer rights [10]. Products and explain how the product is use, store, recycle or dispose. A few types of information are obligated by government legislation such as food, medical, chemical product and more. The information on packaging also used for identification and tracking purposes. For example, information of expired date on food product such as bread and barcode mostly use for in-store purpose. Package also listed all information of the product such as material used, nutrition content, product price, barcode and more [11].

3. Type of Bioplastic Packaging

There a very large and numerous of material that was used for bioplastic and make it difficult to categorise it. However, the type of bioplastic can be divided according to their origin [12]. Figure 1 shows the type of bioplastic existed in the industry or still in development.

Fig. 1. Type of bioplastic [12]

However, in this review paper, type of bioplastic will focus more on poly lactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), starch based and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

3.1 Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)

Poly lactic acid or known as PLA is derived from starch or sugar. PLA is from renewable substance such as potato, wheat and corn starch. Due to its excellence mechanical properties, plasticity, transparency and biodegradability makes it’s a good candidate for packaging application [13]. PLA has similar characteristics with (PP), (PE), or polystyrene (PS). However, the major drawback of PLA is it has a relatively low transition temperature (111 – 145℉) and makes it inappropriate for high temperature application [14].

3.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL)

PCL is semi crystalline aliphatic and thermoplastic polymer. By using catalyst, PCL was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of caprolactone monomer. Same as PLA, PCL is biodegradable, biocompatible and nontoxic, high mechanical properties led to attraction of researcher to use PCL as packaging application and others area. Thermally, PCL is more stable than PLA [15]. PCL exhibits excellent chemical and solvent resistance, and good toughness. PCL also very

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Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science Volume 74, Issue 1 (2020) 19-28 compatible which is it can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increases it biodegradability properties or it also can act as plasticizer. The major drawback of PCL is it has low glass transition (- 60℃) and low melting point (60℃) [16].

3.3 Starch Based

This type of bioplastic is usually from rice, wheat, corn, potatoes and anything with starch sources. The development of starch based bioplastic was influenced by the factor which is to produce a better product quality, abundant, cheap and renewable resources [17]. Starch based bioplastic advantages include a healthy cancer free product, pollution complimentary, less energy consumption, light weighted and so forth [18]. Nonetheless, the major disadvantages of starch based bioplastic are brittleness and its hydrophilic nature. Because of that, starch based bioplastic application and processing are limited. However, starch based bioplastic properties can be improved with addition of additives and plasticizer [19].

3.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

Processes by numerous bacterial species in nature, polyhydroxyalkanoates or known as PHAs is from family of polyhydroxyesters of 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-hydroxyalkanoic acid [20]. PHAs is biodegradable and biocompatible plastic. PHAs has wide range of physical and mechanical properties however it depends on the number of carbon atom in the constituent monomer units of the polymer chain. PHAs inhibit an eco-friendly nature and favourable properties which makes it gained attention from industrial application to replace current commercial plastic [21]. However, PHA also has several drawbacks, including poor strain-at-break, a small processing window, a relatively slow rate of crystallization and a higher cost relative to conventional plastic and the main drawback and limitation of PHAs is high cost production [22]. Optimization of PHAs production cost and usage of PHAs is enhance in near future due to rapid research in this area.

4. Application of Bioplastic Packaging In Industry

Bioplastic has been widely used is various application, such as packaging, electric and electronic, building and construction, and , textiles, agriculture and more. As shown at Figure 2, the global production of bioplastic for 2019 is approximately 2.11 million tonnes, with more than 53 percent of the total production bioplastic are used for the packaging industry which is make it the largest sector in bioplastic industry [4], [23]. In this review paper will be discussing 4 main application of bioplastic packaging in industry: 1) Food and beverages, 2) Healthcare, 3) Cosmetic and personal care and 4) Consumer package good.

4.1 Food and Beverages Packaging

Packaging is a part of the food processing industry. is a synthesis of the art, science, and technology of enclosing a product to achieve safe transportation and delivery of the goods to consumers under good conditions at least cost [24]. Packaging for food and beverages has 2 type whether it can be rigid or flexible packaging depending on requirement of the product. The barrier properties for gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor as well as the resistance to moisture are a major criterion for determining which packaging applications a polymer can be considered for. Oxygen and water are two primary factors of the shelf-life of different foods. For

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Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science Volume 74, Issue 1 (2020) 19-28 several cases, for microbial growth or biochemical deteriorative reactions, the absence of oxygen is required to guarantee food quality during storage [25].

Fig. 2. Global production of bioplastic 2019 accord by market segment [4]

According to Suprakas [26], addition of zein and PHAs improve the oxygen barrier for food packaging films. Due to its hydrophobic nature and the versatility of the board of mechanical properties, PHAs are regarded as promising material for the food packaging industry to compete with conventional plastics. The starch based bioplastic with addition of microcrystalline cellulose as is potentially to be use as food packaging with improvement of thermal properties and has better mechanical also barrier properties (water and oxygen content decreases when the microcrystalline cellulose increases) [27]. As reported by Tianyu et al., [28], addition of cellulose or cellulose macro/nano crystals or cellulose nano fibrils into starch based bioplastic will produce film with higher thermal stability, better processability and great mechanical properties. It safe for food packaging and also as edible films because all the materials are from food sources. Ana et al., [29] stated, when addition of ZnO and casein into PCL will reduce permeability of water vapour and suitable as food packaging. It also shows an improvement on mechanical properties and increases antimicrobial activity of the film produce. However, Rivaildo et al., [30] proved that, when addition of ZnO will decreases the degradation temperature about 50 until 70℃ and its thermally stable up to 200℃ which make it suitable for high temperature packaging such as hot grilled chicken. PCL are suitable for food packaging with addition small amount of silver kaolinite for a long term antibacterial films [31]. Addition of 4 percent kaolinite nano clay into PCL will improve gas barrier properties, better processability and thermal stability [32]. PLA is accepted by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) and is appropriated to be used in food and beverages packaging [33]. As stated by Nazratul et al., [34], PLA blend with halloysite nanotubes

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Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science Volume 74, Issue 1 (2020) 19-28 has potential to extend the of packaged cherry tomatoes with improvement of mechanical, thermal and also barrier properties. When magnesium oxide (MgO) nanocomposite were added into PLA resulted decreasing of E.coli bacteria where almost 44 percent is dead after 24 hours and it suitable for food packaging application [35]. The plasticity was improved almost 146 percent when addition 2 percent of MgO nanocomposite. However, Marra et al (2016) [36] reported that addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) with PLA polymer, there is a reduction of E.coli almost 99.99 percent after 24 hours.

4.2 Healthcare Packaging

Healthcare packaging is described as a technique that allows a pharmaceutical and medical product to be sealed from its manufacture to end use. Function of healthcare packaging is to provide a lifesaving medication, surgical instruments, nutraceuticals, tablets, powders, liquids and more [37]. Healthcare packaging promotes isolation and guarantees the safety, identification and convenience of using the medication. The packaging should interact well with the patient and there are no adverse consequences on the patient's health. The main problem in packaging is ecological health [37]. Recent developments in industrial research is into new material and also renewable such as bioplastic. According to Yun et al., [38], PHAs has been used as surgical film during surgery of ventral hernia repair. For PLA and PCL electrospun fibers with addition of graphene nanoplatelets are used for development of biomedical mats [39]. Enrica et al., [39] also reported that, this biomedical mat has 2 main advantages which is 1) Optimum cell attachment ability and fibrous matrix proliferation and 2) Good compatibility in physiological environment of the degradation products released during incubation matrices. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) into gelatin and starch improve the compatibility between the material and has potential to use as medical capsule [40]. Crescentiana et al., [41] stated that, blend of sago starch and carrageenan can be used as hard capsule. As claimed by Vinod et al., [42], starch capsule has potential to replace gelatin capsule. Starch capsule also suitable for drug delivery for treatment of disease such as ulcerative colitis, Crohp’s disease or irritable bowel syndrome. It also no trace of animal origin products. Innovative ’s ECOVAILs were specifically developed to provide a high performance pharmaceutical to overcome plastic problem in medical sector. However, only United Stated manufacturer of pharmacy bottle made from PLA, satisfies FDA guidelines and safe to use [43].

4.3 Cosmetic and Personal Care Packaging

Increasing bio-based material and compostability in cosmetic packaging and also a proper design for end lifecycle approach are fundamental objectives that should be achieved to maximize the cosmetic and personal care packaging sector’s sustainability. According to Coltelli et al., [44], PLA based nanocomposites (chitin) is ideal for use in packaging and personal care, where chitin nanofibrils’ intrinsic anti-microbial and tissue regenerative properties can be useful. As recorded by Mathuriya et al., [45], PHAs is used to make a bottle. When addition of PHAs and starch resulting a high cytocompatibility, does not intruding multi potency and do not influence immunomodulatory activity in keratinocytes which make it possible to use as biodegradable beauty mask [46]. Peter et al., [25] stated that, PHAs is developed as biodegradable packaging material that eco friendly such as cosmetic .

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4.4 Consumer Package Good (Final Good)

Consumer package good can be define as a product which is commonly purchased used and replace by consumer such as carrier shopping , cups, plates, drink related, cutlery and more. In Korea, trash has been made up from the combination of starch based and PCL [47]. According to European bioplastic [48], UK based coop supermarket chain create a compostable bag typically from starch or PLA blend with copolyester. This compostable bag offers a potential reduction of carbon dioxide footprint, greenhouse gas emission, fossil energy consumption, food waste diversion from landfill and resulting enhancing amount of bio waste collected. PLA is commonly used in food services ware such as cups, plates and cutlery. The benefit is food service ware waste can be industrial composted without separation of components [49]. According to Martien et al., [49], starch based materials usually used in loose fill foams for transport packaging. Martien et al., [49] also stated, starch based addition with polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) can be used as grocery bags. Reported by Khoo et al., [50], a typical bio based bag from the United State of America (USA) is made from PHAs.

Table 1 Summary of Application Packaging Food & Beverages Healthcare Cosmetic & Consumer Package Personal Care Good Type of Bioplastic PLA Food packaging Biomedical mats [39], Personal care Compostable bag (extended food shelf Pharmaceutical vails packaging [44] [48], life) [34], [43] Loose fill foam [49] 44 % reduction of E.coli [35], 99 % reduction of E.coli [36] PCL Food packaging [29], Biomedical mats [39] Trash bag [47] High temperature food packaging [30], Antibacterial food packaging [31], Food packaging [32] Starch Based Food films [27], Capsule medical [40], Beauty Mask [46] Grocery bag [47], Edible films [28] Hard capsule [41], Trash bag [49] Gelatin capsule [42] PHAs Food packaging [26] Surgical films [38] Cosmetic Bio based bag [50] containers [25], Shampoo [45], Beauty mask [46]

5. Conclusions

Application of bioplastic especially in packaging sector can be expended due to variety of raw materials and a promising featured that offer by bioplastic. With proper process and material, bioplastic properties can be a match for conventional plastic and also provide a lot of benefit. According to European bioplastic [4,23], global production capacity for bioplastics is expected to increases from 2.11 million tonnes to 2.43 million tonnes and is expected to continuous growing.

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This review paper is aim to discuss the packaging application of bioplastic (PLA, PCL, Starch based and PHAs) in industry. As has been discussed, bioplastic can be used in various of packaging application which is in food and beverages, cosmetic and personal care, healthcare and consumer packaged good. However, to compete with conventional plastic, bioplastic need to improved it properties with addition of co polymer or additives or plasticizer to achieve the desired or expected characteristic. As a further improvement and a lot of research on bioplastic are still being explore, we believe that a lot of new things and opportunities can be discovered in bioplastic application.

Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for facilities provided and gratefully acknowledged the financial support a research grant (H417) that make the research possible.

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