Chronology of Events, 1975-1998

1975 April 17 wins civil war—imposes ruthless rural com- munalism, names country (DK). 1978 December 25 invades to install pro-Vietnam regime. 1979 January 10 People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) formed in . January 11 Exiled Prince Sihanouk successfully appeals at UN to con- tinue seating DK. 1981 July 13 International Conference on Kampuchea, New York—93 states attend, no agreement. 1982 Tune 22 Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) announced by three factions; Sihanouk's (FUNCINPEC), 's (KPNLF), and DK. 1985 January 14 becomes prime minister of People's Republic of Kampuchea. 1987 December 4-5 First meeting, in , of Sihanouk and Hun Sen. 1989 July 25-28 First Jakarta informal meeting (JIM) of CGDK parties and PRK. July 30-August 30 Conference on Cambodia—4 factions, 19 countries, no settlement.

xv —

XVI CHRONOLOGY

September 27 Vietnam announces completion of full troop withdrawal. October Evans (Australia) offers proposal for UN-administered tran- sitional period preceding elections. 1990 August 27-28 Five permanent members (P-5) of UN Security Council offer "framework" for comprehensive political settlement.

September 9-10 At Jakarta informal meeting, four factions agree to form a Supreme National Council (SNC). November 26 P-5 agree on draft Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict; SNC almost agrees. 1991 May 1 Voluntary cease-fire achieved in Cambodia. October 16 UN Advance Mission in Cambodia (UNAMIC) established by Security Council. October 23 Paris Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement are signed. November 9 First UNAMIC personnel arrive in Cambodia. 1992 January 9 Yasushi Akashi named special representative of secretary- general in Cambodia. February 28 Security Council establishes UNTAC (UN Transitional Au- thority in Cambodia). March 15 Akashi arrives in Phnom Penh. May 15 SNC adopts Electoral Law; party registration starts. June 13 Phase two of cease-fire begins, without Khmer Rouge. 1993 January 28 SNC sets election of National Assembly for May 23-28. April 4 Khmer Rouge announces nonparticipation in election; cam-

paign starts April 7, with sporadic violence.

May 23-28 Election, 90% turnout; Akashi declares it "free and fair." FUNCINPEC (led by Prince Ranariddh) wins 45 percent of votes and 58 seats; CPP wins 38 percent of votes (51 seats). June 14 Sihanouk restored as head of state, by Constituent Assembly. July 1 Coalition provisional government approved by assembly. September 24 New Constitution of Cambodia promulgated; Sihanouk elected king by assembly, names new government with two prime ministers, Ranariddh and Hun Sen. December 31 UNTAC personnel fully withdrawn; Center for Human Rights remains. 1994 February-March Fighting between Khmer Rouge and government forces no decisive outcome. June Sihanouk proposes he lead a government of national unit)' prime ministers unwilling. July National Assembly outlaws Khmer Rouge. CHRONOLOGY XVII

October FUNCINPEC ministers Sam Rainsy and Prince Norodom Sirivnddh harassed out of office by political rivals. Rainsy starts new political party, Khmer Nation Party (KNP), later the Sam Rainsy Party. 1995 Growing friction between the two prime ministers. 1996 August 8 I eng Sary and 4,000 Khmer Rouge soldiers defect to royal goverment—arranged by Ranariddh, but Hun Sen takes credit. August 28 Saiy creates Democratic National United Movement (DNUM). September 14 King grants amnesty to , after two prime ministers

request it. 1997 March 30 Demonstration led by Sam Rainsy's KNP hit by hand grenades, 16 dead; Hun Sen appears implicated. June 6 Ranariddh negotiates more Khmer Rouge troop defections. July 5 Troops of Hun Sen and Ranariddh fight in and outside Phnom Penh; reports of executions by Hun Sen troops. July 6 Hun Sen dismisses Ranariddh, who has left for Europe; Hun Sen accuses Ranariddh of illegal arms and troop movements. July 10 ASEAN postpones Cambodia entry indefinitely. July 16 nominated by FUNCINPEC remnants for First Prime Minister. July 22 Ranariddh-loyal troops reach Thai border under General Niek Bun Chhay. July 25 tried for murder of Son Sen in Anlong Veng by a

"Peoples Tribunal"; sentenced to house arrest for life. August 6 National Assembly (NA) removes parliamentary immunity of Ranariddh. NA names Ung Huot First Prime Minister.

August 8 DNUM says it will stay neutral. Ranariddh and KNP and BLDP found Union of Cambodian Democrats (UCD) in Bangkok. August 12 King receives , Hun Sen, and Ung Huot in . August IS Hun Sen denounces UN Center for Human Rights. September Foreign aid cut back, and IMF suspends operations. September 19 UN General Assembly leaves Cambodia seat vacant. October 16 Ailing Pol Pot interviewed—no remorse. October 25 King returns to China, after a two-months' visit in Siem Reap.

October 30 Ieng Sary visits Phnom Penh; he supports the CPP line (i.e., that July 5 was not a "coup"). November 7 Hun Sen travels to Japan; he says that Ranariddh may enter XVIII CHRONOLOGY

the election, after requesting an amnesty (Ranariddh says he

is not guilty of crimes). November 18 Sam Rainsy returns to Phnom Penh for a ceremony for the March 30 grenade victims. December 1&2 Twenty-five members of UCD arrive in Phnom Penh; they

seek safe return for all exile-politicians.

December 8 Sam Rainsy and Hun Sen meet for three hours (all smiles). December 19 National Assembly passes electoral law—election to be July 26, 1998. 1998 January European Union (EU) pledges $11 million for election, without insisting on Ranariddh participation. January 25 Khmer Nation Party (Sam Rainsy) open in principle to coali- tion with CPP after a free election. February 2 Ung Huot founds the Populist Party, backed by five ex- FUNCINPEC national assemblymen. February 13 National Election Commission of questionable neutrality.

February U.S. Department of State calls for "free, fair and credible" election.

March 4 Military court convicts Ranariddh (in absentia) of arms smuggling and conspiracy. Hun Sen requests royal pardon. March 21 King Sihanouk pardons Ranariddh of both charges. March 30 Ranariddh returns to Phnom Penh for four days—with bravado, and melancholy—mild clash of demonstrators. KR factions reported fighting one another. April 7 UN S-G Special Representative for Human Rights reports

fifty opposition politicians killed since August. Aprils UN S-G agrees to coordinate management and observation of election. April 11 RCAF fights for control of Anlong Veng. , , escape. April 15 Pol Pot found dead in his sleep. Thai army does not permit an autopsy

May 13 DK Radio goes off the air. June-July Voter registration and poll organization by European Union; NGOs send observers.

July 26 Election mostly free and fair. CPP wins 64 seats; needs a coalition to form a new government.