The Anglo Indian Community in Kerala
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THE ANGLO INDIAN COMMUNITY IN KERALA Thesis submitted to the University of Kerala for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By K. V. THOMASKUTTY Principal St.Johns College, Anchal KERALA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THIRUVANANTHAPURAM September 2012 1 DR. T. JAMAL MOHAMMED Charitham, Kariavattom Thiruvananthapuram CERTIFICATE Certified that the thesis entitled THE ANGLO INDIAN COMMUNITY IN KERALA submitted for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University of Kerala is a record of bonafied research work carried out by K. V. THOMASKUTTY under my supervision. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any degree before. Thiruvananthapuram DR. T. JAMAL MOHAMMED 07.09.2012 Supervising Teacher 2 K.V.THOMASKUTTY Principal St. Johns College, Anchal DECLARATION I, K. V. THOMASKUTTY, do hereby declare that this thesis entitled THE ANGLO INDIAN COMMUNITY IN KERALA has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar title or recognition Thiruvananthapuram K. V. THOMASKUTTY 07.09.2012 3 CONTENTS Pages PREFACE i - v LIST OF PLATES v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 - 7 CHAPTER II HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND EXPANSION OF ANGLO-INDIAN COMMUNITY IN KERALA 8 - 37 CHAPTER III SOCIO-CULTURAL TRAITS, PATTERNS, LIFESTYLE AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF ANGLO-INDIANS IN INDIA 38 - 69 CHAPTER IV ANGLO-INDIANS OF KERALA, A CASE OF COCHIN SETTLEMENT 70- 94 CHAPTER V THE CHANGING STATUS OF THE ANGLO- INDIANS IN THE POST INDEPENDENT ERA- 95 - 128 A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS CHAPTER VI THE PEAGEANTRY OF THE ANGLO-INDIAN INSTITUTIONS AND STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE 129-154 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION 155-164 APPENDICES 165-197 GLOSSARY 198-200 BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 – 209 4 PREFACE The European domination in India lead to the evolving of a new biological hybrid ethnic group called the Eurasians later came to be known as Anglo-Indians. Over a period of time they became a noticeable minority in India having distinct characteristics of their own. A small minority living in the mainstream of the society holding English as their mother tongue and following western style of life is a unique feature exclusively of Anglo-Indian. Their devotion, love of music, art, costume, cuisine and gender equality has some striking differences from the traditional Indian society. Despite constitutional protection, reservations and nominations facilities they doomed to their privacy and the general public in Kerala maintained a false impression about their origin, social life and organisation. Historical background, socio-cultural patterns, resemblance to European life and the complexities coiled the community which face the threat of extinction aroused the curiosity to go deep in to their life in its totality. No serious study has been made on the Socio- economic traits and cultural heredity of the Anglo-Indian Community in Kerala. 5 The study is based on an exhaustive examination of authoritative sources, primary as well as secondary. A good deal of materials for the study have been collected from Central Archives and Directorate of State Archives, Thiruvananthapuram, Archives of Kerala Legislative Assembly and office of the Anglo-Indian Association in Cochin. The reports of various commissions and committees appointed by Government of Kerala from time to time, Cover files, confidential files and various Department Files available in the State Archives have been consulted. Materials such as the Proceedings of the Kerala Legislative Assembly, Various Acts and Proclamations were also used for the study. Apart from the literary sources stated above, non- literary sources such as interview with Anglo-Indians also provided ample amount of data for this research work. In interviewing the Anglos certain criteria had to be accepted since indiscriminate interview could not be resorted to. A representative character was adopted. People from different walks of life had to be selected for the purpose. The matter collected from the interviews was corroborated with the information gathered from the written documents. 6 Secondary sources like Manuals, Gazetteers, Research papers, Newspapers, Journals and published works relevant to the present study were obtained from different institutions such as Kerala University Library, Libraries of the Department of History, Department of Politics and Department of Sociology of the University of Kerala and State Central Library, Thiruvananthapuram. I am obliged to the librarians of all these libraries for their pleasant support. It gives me immense pleasure to express my thanks to a great number of people whose invaluable contributions has made this thesis possible. Words won’t suffice to express my gratitude and indebtedness to my guide, Dr. T.Jamal Mohammed, formerly professor in History and Principal, Mannania College of Arts and science, Pangode, Trivandrum, for the unflinching encouragement, scholarly help and timely advice given by him throughout my research work. From the depth of my heart, I record my sincere thanks and obligations to him for his valuable guidance at all stages of my research. I am also obliged to Most Rev. Dr. Samuel Mar Irenios, Auxiliary Bishop of the Major Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram for the constant encouragement and support. Thanks are also due to Dr. Suresh 7 Jnaneswaran, Head of the Department of History and Dean, faculty of Social Science, University of Kerala for his timely help. Thanks area also due to the librarians and staff of Kerala University Library, departments of History, Sociology and Politics for their support. I also gratefully remember all the staff at the various Archives and Association offices. I am thankful to my colleagues and friends especially Dr. K.Alexander, Divya, Resmi and also Meera and Sreenidhi of the Department of law for their generous support and assistance. A host of Anglo-Indian friends generously helped me in this research. Anglo-Indian Association Manjanakad president Mr. Andrew Rodrigues, Mrs. Grace Rodrigues, Mrs. Hyasinth, Mr. Jenson D’Costa, Mr. Dexter D’Cruz, Mr. Lester Concesso, Mr.Kevin Rozario and the Anglo-Indian community in Manjanakad, Vypeen, Fort Cochin, Kollam, Thankassery and Alleppey. Thanks are also due to Fr. Rijo Mynattiparampil, Asst. Vicar, St. Mary’s Church Njarakkal, Fr. Joseph Sugun Leons Kollam, Msgr. Ferdinand Kayavil Kollam for their unconditional support and timely assistance. My time spent with the Vypeen Anglo-Indian community is something unforgettable. They have given me easy access to their community, provided 8 all the official and private documents and people available for interviews and interaction. I would like to thank my wife Annie and my children Bro. George Thomas, Dr, Joseph Thomas and Jobin Thomas for their support and forbearance during the entire research period. My brother Msgr. Johnson Varughese kaimalayil, has been a constant source of inspiration and encouragement. I acknowledge my debt of gratitude. Last, but not the least, I sincerely express my gratitude to Soumya, who is more than a daughter to me, supported me all throughout my research and took much pain in getting things done. I thank God the Almighty, and His eternal Word together with the Holy Spirit for all that I am and for helping me complete this thesis. 9 Plate I Vasco da Gama, the first Portuguese Navigator to India Plate II Memoirs of Vasco da Gama at Kappadu, Calicut Plate III Vasco da Gama Church, Fort Cochin Plate IV Our Lady of Hope Church, Vypeen built in 1606 Plate V St. Angelo Fort, Kannur Plate VI Part of Emmanuel Fort, CochinPlate Plate VII The malabar House of Fort Cochin, a perfect specimen of Anglo-Indian Architecture Plate VIII Interior of an Anglo-Indian House Plate IX Gate of an Anglo-Indian House with the Peculiar House Name Plate X Interior of an Anglo-Indian House in the Heritage area, Fort Cochin Plate XI A Unique Anglo-Indian Custom Plate XII A typical Anglo-Indian Costume Plate XIII An exclusive Anglo-Indian Gathering Plate XIV Thiruvathira performed by the Anglo-Indians during their Onam Celebrations Plate XV Anglo-Indian members of Indian Hockey Team - 1928 Summer Olympics Plate XVI An art form in Anglo-Indian Style Plate XVII Princes Street of Fort Cochin Plate XVIII Berger Street of Fort Cochin Plate XIX Old Street of Fort Cochin Plate XX Anglo-Indian Association office, Ernakulam Plate XXI Infant Jesus Church Ernakulam 10 Chapter II HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND EXPANSION OF ANGLO INDIAN COMMUNITY IN KERALA The Anglo-Indian communities are the Indo-European minority community of India whose evolution, expansion, and socio positioning are inseparably collaborative contained by the politico, ethnic and cultural problematic of the European colonization in India.1 Anglo Indians have historically endured a disturbed and non assimilative position in India.2 Since the commencement of their evolution as a group in India, the Anglo Indians were largely sidelined by native Indians who made no distinction between them and the British imperialists. Even though India is the homeland of the Anglo-Indian community and also being constitutionally documented as one among India’s six minority groups, they continue to occupy a controversial position within the discourse of Indian national identity and thus has historically been regarded as ‘un-homed’ in India, the land which paradoxically constitutes the community’s historical recollection most importantly, the domain of their collective memory.3 Historical Background The evolution of Anglo-Indians can be traced back to the time of European expedition to the unknown