15 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Insect Collections of Canada Series Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematodes, Owen Lonsdale & John T. Huber Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada K.W. Neatby Building, Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, , K1A 0C6 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

The Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematodes (CNC) is one of the largest collections of its kind in the world, and certainly the largest in Canada, housing at least 15–17 million specimens. The CNC now resides primarily on the 3rd and 4th floors of the south wing of the K.W. Neatby Building, located at 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa (Figs 63–66). This is on the north end of the Central Experimental Farm (CEF), a 427 hectare National Historic Site adjacent to Dow’s Lake and the . The Neatby is recognized as a Heritage Building and the south wing (see photo at right), which was built to house the records of Canadian Southwestern view of personnel who served overseas in World War I, was constructed in the Neatby Building. 1936–1938 (the north and east wings were constructed by 1956). Since it was designed to hold the massive weight of row upon row of filing cabinets filled with paper, it is ideal for bearing the weight of the ~1500 cabinets that comprise the CNC. Although the CEF was initially positioned on the outskirts of Ottawa, it has since been enclosed by the expanding city, and the north end could be considered to be relatively close to downtown. The “Farm” is also home to several other institutions, including the Dominion Arboretum, the Canada Agricultural Museum, the Dominion Observatory, the National Collections of Vascular Plants, the National Mycological Herbarium, and the Canadian collection of Fungal cultures. One of the first homes for the insect collection was the Victoria Memorial Building on McLeod Street east of O’Connor (built 1905–1912) which contained the National Museum. Today, this building is known as the Canadian Museum of Nature. In 1917, the collection was moved to Entomology Branch on the fifth and sixth floors of the Birks Building, to make room in the Victoria for Canada’s parliamentarians after the Houses of Parliament burnt in 1916 (Fig. 3). Then in the Department of Agriculture, these insects comprised Canada’s “National” collection, and have continued under the custodianship of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). The collection was moved once again in 1931, this time to the Confederation Building (Fig. 4), on the northwest corner of Bank and Wellington between and the . It was transported to the Confederation Building by horse- drawn wagon by W. Brown and G.S. Walley, among the first insect taxonomists hired to work at the CNC (see Table 1, p. 38). The wagons were specially outfitted with rubber tires for the move, and were the first in the department to have them. By 1949 the collection had been moved to its current location on the CEF (Cumming et al. 2011). .The year 2011 is particularly relevant for the CNC and the Central Experimental Farm. It was 125 years ago on June 2, 1886, when the first five Canadian research farms were created within the Department of Agriculture after receiving Royal Assent for the Experimental Farm Station Act. These farms were in Agassiz (British Columbia), Indian Head (Saskatchewan), Brandon (Manitoba), Ottawa (Ontario) and Nappan (Nova Scotia) (AAFC 2011).

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 16 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figures 1 to 5: Fig. 1: James Fletcher, first Dominion Entomologist (photo courtesy of K. Wonders). Fig. 2: Meeting of the Entomological Society at Ottawa, Nov. 18-20, 1912; C. Gordon Hewitt is in the front row, fourth from the left. Fig. 3: The Parliament buildings in Ottawa the morning after the Great Fire of 1916; originally printed in The New York Times, Feb. 13, 1916. Fig. 4: The Confederation Building, Ottawa, home to the National Collection of Insects 1931-1949. Fig. 5: Entomological Branch, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Ottawa Conference, Nov. 26-30, 1934; Arthur Gibson is standing in the front row, seventh from the left, and J. McDunnough is behind him to the right.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 17 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

EARLY YEARS Systematics in Ottawa was inaugurated by James Fletcher (Fig. 1) (b. 1852, Ashe, Kent Co., England; d. 1908) when he donated his personal collection to Agriculture Canada in 1886. This was the seed that would later grow into what we now know as the CNC. Fletcher first came to Canada in 1874 as an employee of the Bank of British North America, and would later become an accountant in the Library of Parliament. His work at the Library continued after becoming an honorary entomologist in the Dominion Department of Agriculture in 1884, but he finally left his accounting position for entomology full-time when he was appointed the first Dominion Entomologist in 1886 (Cody et al. 1986). In 1899, Arthur Gibson (Fig. 5) became Assistant Entomologist to Fletcher and his material contributed greatly to the developing insect collection, along with accumulating donations from private collectors and entomologists from across the country. Gibson later worked with C. Gordon Hewitt (Fig. 2), who succeeded Fletcher as Dominion Entomologist until Hewitt’s early death of pleural pneumonia in February, 1920, a victim of the global influenza epidemic (Spencer 1964). During his short but intense career, Hewitt was able to oversee completion of the Destructive Insect and Pest Act of 1910, which prevented the spread of injurious/invasive insects and disease, and was essential to the development of professional entomology in Canada. Hewitt brought entomology to prominence, contributing to the creation of the Canadian Entomological Service, which was later transformed into the Entomology Branch (1914), a separate entity within the Department of Agriculture. Entomology Branch was initially divided into the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects and the Division of Forest Insects. Five years later (1919), the Divisions of Foreign Pests Suppression and (most significantly for the CNC) Systematic Entomology were established. Gibson was made Chief of the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects, and was promoted to Chief of Entomology Branch and Associate Director of the Service when the Branch became part of the new Science Service in 1938 (Cody et al. 1986).

A GROWING COLLECTION Major early additions to the Canadian National Collection of Insects resulted from large- scale surveys motivated in no small part by war efforts and a maturing national identity. From 1913–1918 (during the 1st World War), the Canadian Arctic Expedition added many specimens to the collection. This coincided with the acquisition of material purchased from private collections such as the Geddes (Lepidoptera), Evans (Coleoptera), Young (Lepidoptera) and Harrington (Hymenoptera) collections. The collection of the Biological Division of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines was added in 1917 to form the National Collection, and in the coming years this was also to see incorporation of the collections of the Topographical Survey and those of various field officers. Among other specimens, the material of the Geological Survey contained what are now the oldest mite slides in the CNC (Figs 8, 9). These mites were collected by the interesting character Joseph Burr Tyrrell, who wandered much of northern Canada at a time when it was said that this could not be done, and later ended up making a fortune during the gold rush in northern Ontario (see Robertson 2008). By this time, the entire pinned collection of the CNC fit within 600 drawers in 12 cabinets (Codyet al. 1986). In 1919, Hewitt appointed James McDunnough (a Lepidopterist) Chief of the Division of Systematic Entomology, and gave him the mandate to develop the national collection and a taxonomic library, both of which were soon the largest in the country. The 1920s saw the purchase of additional collections, including the Wolley-Dod (Lepidoptera), Sladen (Hymenoptera), Cockle, Swaine (Scolytidae), Reherne (Thysanoptera) and Curran (Diptera) collections. In 1922, C.H. Curran was the first Ottawa entomologist hired to specialize on Diptera, but in 1928 he left for a position at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (Cumming et al. 2011). Acquisition of the D’Urban collection (Fig. 6) added some of the oldest material held by the CNC, with specimens dating to 1858, but a representative of the butterflyPapilio glaucus canadensis is certainly the oldest known, having been collected by R.T. Bell in 1846 (Fig. 7).

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 18

Figures 6 to 9: Fig. 6: Part of the D’Urban collection of 1858 (primary types are kept separately); in- set: handwritten letter by E.B. Reed. Fig. 7: Papilio glaucus canadensis, collected by R.T. Bell, and the oldest known specimen in the CNC. Figs 8, 9: CNC type specimens of water mites (Tyrrellia circularis Koenike and Feltria minuta Koenike) collected by J.B. Tyrrell.

Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Return to front page 19 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

These early years also saw collection increases due to focused taxonomic surveys by McDunnough and other CNC officers and, by 1930, the collection consisted of 2100 drawers in 42 steel cabinets (Cody et al. 1986).

SURVEYS When considering collections of this size and age, it is difficult to determine exactly how much content is due to the collecting efforts of individual scientists, receipt of donations, or collection mergers. However, it is certain that much of the CNC is a result of many large-scale arthropod surveys that took place within Canada and elsewhere. One of the earliest of such surveys was the Forest Insect Survey (FIS) of the Canadian Forest Service (CFS), which at the time was part of the Department of Agriculture. The Survey was inaugurated in 1936 in eastern Canada as a result of a severe outbreak of European Spruce Sawfly. Coverage was increased until, by 1940, the more accessible forested areas of Canada were covered from five regional centres, later increased to a maximum of 11 centres (McGugan 1958, Danks 1984) (Fig. 10). The Survey, renamed the Forest Insect and Disease Survey (FIDS), was in continuous operation until it was disbanded in 1996. All unknown or doubtful adult material, as well as a selection of specimens of better known species collected during this long-running survey, was sent to the Insect Systematics and Biological Control Unit of the Entomology Division (as it was then named) for confirmation or authoritative identification. This material is still housed in the CNC and, for Lepidoptera alone, consists of about 1000 species. It is difficult to estimate the total number of FIDS specimens in the CNC because the proportion of specimens varies widely depending on the taxon. A rough estimate, however, is that this survey contributed about 5–10% of total CNC holdings, with most specimens representing wood borers, tree defoliators, and their parasitoids (especially Ichneumonoidea and Tachinidae). This scientifically valuable material has contributed to much of what is now known of the life history of forest insects. Other surveys were due in part to the personal taxonomic interests of individual scientists who collected at their favourite sites or where they felt the fauna was poorly known, but many surveys, including the Canadian Arctic Expedition (1913-1918), coincided with national interests (Vockeroth 1981). During the Second World War and the Cold War, the Department of National Defense (DND) established bases and the Distant Early Warning (DEW) stations in the north, with additional sites planned. The unfortunate workers and soldiers stationed in Alaska and northern Canada for these efforts were, of course, subject to legions of biting flies (Figs 13, 14). The entomologists of Ottawa were asked to head north to study the regional fauna and test various repellants, and could be seen sitting outdoors with pants and sleeves rolled up for King (or Queen) and country (Fig. 12). Drums of DDT were shipped north and this pesticide was used around the bases to mitigate fly problems, often being dispersed from Air orceF planes equipped with sprayers (Fig. 11). This strongly supported survey was eventually to become the Northern Insect Survey (1946–1961) (Figs 11–23), and resulted in the creation of many new taxonomist positions for the CNC, which in turn contributed greatly to the size of the collection. The correlation between taxonomists and CNC holdings is seen clearly in Fig. 57, where CNC specimen number increases sharply from the late 1940s to the 1960s. A national interest in native insects was something new for Canada and, in the words of G.J. Spencer (1964), that interest owed “an enormous and hitherto completely unrealized and unacknowledged debt to Japan and to the Soviet Union in connection with the building up of the National Collection”. The Northern Insect Survey was developed largely under the direction of Thomas Freeman (Fig. 30), following an initial solo expedition he made to Baker Lake in 1947 with the cooperation of the DND and, presumably, the strong urging of the American government. The Northern Insect Survey was the first large-scale and unified effort to enlarge the holdings of the collection and resulted in the incorporation of an estimated 750,000 specimens collected by 66 field parties in almost 70 localities (Fig. 22) (Freeman 1959, Vockeroth 1981, Cody et al. 1986). Because of the importance and scope of this survey, a follow-up survey funded by NSERC and a variety of partners is currently underway. This second survey is largely ecological in focus and will examine changes in climate, as well as the northern fauna and its ecological structure (see http://

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 20 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figures 10 to 19: Fig. 10: Regional organization of the Canadian Forest Insect Survey and the location of labs (from McGugan (1958)). Fig. 11: Spraying team, Churchill, 1947. Fig. 12: Testing insect repel- lants, Churchill, MB, 1947. Fig. 13: Tabanids swarming an entomologist in Churchill, 1947. Fig. 14: Joe Chambers and an unlucky dog surrounded by even more flies, Churchill, 1947. Fig. 15: J.R. “Dick” Vockeroth, Churchill, 1950, and, more recently (inset). Fig. 16: Scenery in Churchill, 1947. Fig. 17: Collecting larval tabanids, Churchill, 1949. Fig. 18: Blackfly emergence cage, Churchill, 1949. Fig. 19: Mosquito larval assessment, Whitehorse, YT, 1950.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 21 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada insectecology.mcgill.ca/NBP/index.html and note the article by Patrick Shaeffer in this issue on the biting fly component of the new survey, p. 41). A second unit outside of the Survey included Veterinary and Medical Entomologists led by C.R. Twinn (Fig. 23) who investigated the life history, ecology and control of problematic insects (Figs 17–19) (Spencer 1964). The period of new discoveries up to the mid-1950s for entomologists specializing in all Orders of insects is well documented in Holland (1956). George P. Holland (Fig. 27), appointed head of Systematics in 1948 (Fig. 31), should receive much recognition for increasing staff numbers during the period of the Northern Insect Survey (Figs 24, 32, 33). He left a professional staff of 45 by the time he retired as director in 1976. Holland staffed the CNC with eager young entomologists who set forth to document life in the north. These included several dozen young summer students such as W.R.M. Mason (Fig. 29) (at CNC from 1948–1987) and Dick Vockeroth (Fig. 15) (at CNC from 1949–1991), who were later to become CNC taxonomists. The students and staff were dropped off at various locations in the middle of the tundra or sub-arctic forest at the beginning of each summer with the promise of being picked up before autumn set in. A party usually consisted of two men, and a locality was rarely visited twice. An excellent summary of the survey is discussed in Freeman (1959). Trips didn’t always go as planned, however, as Vockeroth was left at the wrong location one summer and had to scavenge old Inuit caches of canned food in order to survive. In another instance, another young student by the name of Wilhems was left at Coral Harbour (Inuit - Salliq) on Southampton Island, but at the end of the summer when the cold was setting in, nobody arrived to pick him up. He ended up having to hitchhike all the way back to Ottawa with his entire season’s collection. The number of taxonomists began to decline drastically in the late 1970s, resulting in 11 scientists in the late 1990s, a low not seen since about 1950. It must be noted that the continued increase in CNC specimen holdings after the loss of positions beginning in the mid-1970s is due to the continued processing of previously collected material and the incorporation of more efficient collecting techniques (Dang 1992). After the new millennium, however, the number of taxonomists (AAFC, CFS, and Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)) rose slowly to 16 by 2011. In addition to the above, several other large surveys (Figs 34–44) were conducted by researchers at the CNC, contributing to the approximately 1 million specimens held in 1948. This number increased to about 7 million in 1969, 13 million in 1984, 15 million in 1991, and potentially upwards of 17 million today. These surveys included Florida (1952); the Mojave Desert (1955); New Guinea (1957); North Carolina (1957); southern Manitoba (1958); southern Texas (1959); Terrace, British Columbia (1960); Colorado (1961); Mexico (1962, 1969); Nepal (1967); St. Lawrence Islands National Park, Ontario (1975–1976); Kouchibouguac National Park, New Brunswick (1977–1978); Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba (1979); Kluane National Park, Yukon (1980); Waterton National Park, Alberta (1980); Gatineau Park, Quebec (1982); and Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Nova Scotia (1983–1984). Surveys since the 1980s have been slightly different in nature, with trips arranged through groups such as the North American Dipterists Society, or coordinated through projects such as the eastern United States Hymenoptera Survey and the Costa Rican biodiversity inventory. The parties now consist largely of individuals or groups of taxonomists who may come from different institutions as well, rather than large CNC expeditions. These surveys have greatly increased our knowledge of our native fauna and the variation in species composition across space and time, established taxonomic boundaries, discovered new taxa, and provided invaluable information on natural relationships, hosts, ecological roles and human impacts. Foreign excursions have additionally enabled the discovery of the sister taxa of our native fauna, and allowed us to broaden our overall knowledge of the invertebrate world so that we can make more informed decisions and develop predictive classifications and identification tools. Perhaps most importantly for agriculture, these expeditions have resulted in the discovery of potential pest species before they invade Canada, and foreign biocontrol species for pests that have already been introduced. By differentiating foreign from native we can preemptively search and prepare for potentially problematic groups that may cause trouble in Canada should they arrive, recalling the idiom: “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 22

Figures 20 to 26: Fig. 20: Expedition team in Fort Nelson, BC, 1949. Fig. 21: Taking a break in Goose Bay, Labrador, 1950. Fig. 22: Tom Freeman and A.B. Klots (American Museum of Natural History, and author of the Peterson Field Guide to the butterflies of eastern North America, 1951) showing the locations sampled for the Northern Insect Survey. Fig. 23: E. van Steenburgh and C.R. Twinn, Whitehorse, YT, 1948. Fig. 24: The zenith of Nematology at the CNC, with 12 staff members in 1957. Fig. 25: The “Centennial of Entomol- ogy in Canada” , September, 1963, with displays provided by CNC staff. Fig. 26: Most of the ethanol-preserved collection is still maintained as it was in 1960.

Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Return to front page Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 23

PRESENT DAY While early Canadian entomologists mostly had their hands full with the exploration of the fauna of a new country and the naming of species, recent and contemporary entomologists (Figs 45–56) now build on the accomplishments of these pioneers. These contemporary workers produce not only alpha-level works, but also major taxonomic syntheses, e.g. Coleoptera and Hemiptera catalogues of Canada, and various parts of the Moths of North America (MONA) series. Today’s entomologists now work globally with molecular and morphological data to reconstruct the roots of life on the planet and examine patterns as they relate to biodiversity, biogeography, human health, and Canadian and global resources. As the collection increased in number of specimens, described species and taxonomic staff, generalists gave way to specialists and the CNC units were divided logically by major taxonomic group, i.e., by Order. In addition to the taxon-based curatorial units, research was organized from 1987–1991 into “Beneficial Insects” (Fig. 55), “Pests” and “Water and Soil organisms” (the “Mud” group, as recalled by one scientist) and later into “Bioindicator”, Biocontrol” and “Pests + nematodes”. Furthermore, two non-taxonomic components were included in Systematic Entomology from 1959-1984 - an Experimental Biology group and Apiculture. Individual and collaborative research of the staff remains based on AAFC priorities, but efforts are now grouped within a single Project led by P. Mason, a research scientist in biological control. Curatorial activities, however, are arranged among the eight units listed below. Currently, there are 16 AAFC taxonomists conducting research and curating the CNC supported by 17 technicians, but there has not been a “spider man” since the retirement of C. Dondale (1972–1990). There is also one scientist and technician from CFS and one contract scientist and three indeterminate biologists and scientists from CFIA housed within the CNC. Three more CFIA staff members are located in adjacent Building 18 [H. Douglas (Coleoptera), B. Gill (Coleoptera), D. Parker (general) (Fig. 67)], but appear frequently in the CNC to use the collection and Neatby library in performance of their duties. Regular appearances are also made by scientists from the Canadian Museum of Nature, particularly A. Smith, who recently curated much of the unidentified CNC Scarabaeoidea, and R. Anderson, a specialist on weevils (Curculionidae). In addition to research staff, the Collections Manager, O. Lonsdale (a Dipterist), is supported by three technicians for curation and loans, plus a Database Technician. There are also two illustrators, one of whom also illustrates for botanists in the Saunders Building. A complete list of research scientists, biologists and other professional staff from inception of the collection is provided in Table 1 (p. 38).

CNC CURATORIAL UNITS The following are the current (2011) curatorial units, staff and research associates of the CNC (1Research Scientist (AAFC unless noted otherwise); 2Retired scientist/Honorary Research Associate; 3Technical staff or biologist; 4Research Associate). The Honorary and Research Associate Program was developed by Don Bright in the 1970s, mirroring the system developed by the American Museum in New York, which recognizes the important contributions of numerous scientists in Ottawa who are retired or not employed as indeterminate staff.

1) Arachnida: Fréderic Beaulieu1, Valerie Behan-Pelletier2, Charles Dondale2, Wayne Knee3, Evert Lindquist2, Michelle Mackenzie3, Ian Smith1. The Acari collection is the largest in North America and probably the World. There are approximately 3 million specimens in alcohol or Koenike’s solution, and well over 350,000 mites and larval ticks slide mounted in Hoyer’s medium or glycerine jelly (Fig. 71). Primary types include 185 oribatids, 251 water mites, and 251 other mite types, including 1 tick. Among the spiders and minor arachnid orders, there are nearly 200,000 specimens in ethanol in 22 cabinets, including about 200 primary types. There is a strong representation of the Nearctic fauna among this material, particularly from the boreal region. The spiders and minor orders are presently curated by O. Lonsdale and the Collections Unit, although most of the work is still done by specialists including C. Dondale and visiting scientists such as Robb Bennett (Royal British Columbia Museum). Significant research on spiders and mites began at the CNC with H.H.J. Nesbitt in 1939. Prior to this, it was pursued by officers at field labs in the divisions of Entomology and Forest Biology (Holland, 1956). Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Return to front page 24 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figures 27 to 31: Fig. 27: George Holland, in formal (inset) and field clothing, hunting atsr for the collection of their fleas. Fig. 28: J. Frank McAlpine, preparing a display. Fig. 29: H. Townes, G. Heinrich, G.S. Walley and W. Mason (clockwise from front left), April 14, 1960. Fig. 30: Tom Free- man (right) visiting A.E. Brower in Augusta, ME, April, 1963. Fig. 31: The Division of Entomology, Ottawa, 1948-1950

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 25 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

2) Coleoptera: Patrice Bouchard1, Yves Bousquet1, Anthony Davies3, Vassily Grebennikov1 (CFIA), E. Jendek1 (CFIA, contract), Laurent Lesage1, Karine Savard3, Aleš Smetana2, Alicja Zmudinska3. There are about 2.3 million beetles in the CNC with particularly strong representation of Alleculidae, Buprestidae, Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Dytiscidae, Elateridae, Hydrophilidae, Scarabaeidae, Scolytidae and Staphylinidae. There are approximately 1800 primary types and the larval collection is one of the best in the World, with about 10,000 vials.

3) Diptera: Fenja Brodo4, Scott Brooks3, Jeff Cumming1, Alan J. Fleming3 (temporarily filling in for Shannon Henderson3) Scott Kelso3, James O’Hara1, Brad Sinclair3 (CFIA), Jeff Skevington1, D. Monty Wood2. The Diptera collection contains about 2 million specimens, including nearly 4500 primary types, in part acquired through the Mesnil, Reinhard, Hull, W.R. Thompson and Garrett collections. A list of these types up to 2007 is now accessible online (http://www.canacoll. org/Diptera/Main/diptera.htm#types), along with a list of much of the taxonomic holdings of the collection (Fig. 69).

4) Hemiptera and Thysanoptera: Joanne Elsaesser3, Andy Hamilton1, Robert Foottit1, Eric Maw3, Michael D. Schwartz4. There are over 850,000 Hemiptera, including the recently donated Scudder collection, with specimens pinned (most Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera), in vials or on slides (most Sternorrhyncha and Thysanoptera). For aphids alone, there are approximately one quarter of a million slides. There are over 700 primary types, including over 200 for aphids alone. For the Thysanoptera, there are over 2100 vials and 900 slides, with 21 primary types.

5) Hymenoptera: Diana Barnes3, Lisa Bearss3, Andrew Bennett1, Caroline Boudreault3, Sophie Cardinal1, José L. Fernández-Triana4, Gary Gibson1, Henri Goulet2, John Huber1 (CFS), Teresa Martin3, Lubomir Masner2, Jennifer Read3 (CFS). The Hymenoptera collection consists of about 2–3 million pinned specimens, about 30,000 vials, and about 100 slide boxes of chalcid parasitic wasps. There are over 3200 primary types. The parasitic wasp groups are particularly well represented and make up about 66% of holdings. The aculeates are also well represented, with about 760 drawers and 4800 vials for predatory wasps (8% of holdings) and bees (10% of holdings). The bumble bee collection is particularly large and includes the significant Sladen, Frechin, and Plowright collections. There is also a significant sawfly collection (7% of holdings), with a very good representation of groups relevant to forestry (collected by CFS staff mainly from the Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie).

6) Lepidoptera: Jocelyn Gill3, Peter Hall2, Don Lafontaine1, Jean-François Landry1, Vazrick Nazari3, C. Schmidt3 (CFIA). There are about 1.6 million moths and butterflies, the majority of which are pinned adults, but there are also some pinned larvae and a large larval collection in ethanol. There are 1130 primary types. Most material is Nearctic, with excellent northern representation, including the oldest material in the collection. Recent renovations have retrofitted laboratories and supplied much-needed cabinet compactors for the growing collection (Fig. 68).

7) Nematoda: Ahmed Badiss3, Qing Yu1. There are nearly 30,000 slides and 5000 vials of over 88,000 roundworm specimens, including approximately 5000 primary and secondary types of nearly 400 species. The type catalogue, as of 1985 (from Journal of Nematology 17: 220–234), is available online at: http://www.canacoll.org/Nem/Main/Catologue.pdf. The Canadian National Collection of Nematodes was begun by A.D. Baker in 1943, and is the primary depository for Canadian nematodes excluding parasites of humans and other animals.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 26 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figures 32 to 33: Fig. 32: Professional staff at ERI (Entomology Research Institute) outside of the Neatby Building, 1964. Fig. 33: The entirety of the ERI.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 27

8) Miscellaneous Insect Orders: Raymond Hutchinson4, Serge Laplante3, Owen Lonsdale3, Josée Poirier3, King Wan Wu3. Insect orders without an active research scientist are curated by the “Collections Unit”. The large collection of “aquatic” orders (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) is held in 885 drawers and 83,000 vials (Fig. 72), with nearly 1000 Trichoptera types, 230 Ephemeroptera types, and one Odonata type. There is very good representation of orthopteroids, particularly Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), with 8 types, over 450 drawers of pinned material and over 1200 vials. Other significant orders include Collembola (including 35 primary types, 2500 slides, and a large, growing vial collection), Phthiraptera (with 800 slides, 150 vials and 2 primary types), Mecoptera (in 10 drawers, including the large Downes collection), Neuropteroidea (55 drawers of pinned adults, 650 vials and 13 primary types), and Siphonaptera (1200 slides, 100 vials and 41 primary types). Furthermore, there are significant holdings within other groups, including one of the largest collections of Nepalese Dermaptera!

The CNC also has a large amber collection from deposits near Medicine Hat, Alberta, and Cedar Lake, Manitoba, including two dozen primary types and nearly 1300 inclusions (Fig. 70). A checklist of this material was published by Skidmore (1999).

If you need to borrow CNC material for scientific study, inquiries should be made with the staff listed above. More detailed information on CNC personnel is available at http:// www.canacoll.org/. All loan policies can also be found through the CanaColl website: http://www.canacoll.org/Collection/Main/Collection.htm.

RESEARCH As a part of AAFC Research Branch, the purpose of CNC staff is to conduct primary taxonomic research, particularly as it relates to Canadian agriculture and bioresources. During the period 2007–2011 alone, CNC researchers produced 275 peer-reviewed scientific papers, books, book chapters, and taxonomic catalogues. Within these works, 323 new species and higher taxa were described, there were 210 species name recombinations and synonymies, 11 new phylogenies proposed, 140 new taxonomic keys, and identification of 392 invasive alien and beneficial species. Over 160 webpages were also constructed, more than 23,000 specimens were barcoded and more than 416,000 records for 488 groups were databased. Many of the works were published as journal articles, but larger monographic and collaborative works were published as books (Fig. 60). Historically, the CNC has a long history of producing books, some used gobally. One such series is the Manual of Nearctic Diptera (MND) prepared by the Diptera Unit (Cumming et al. 2011) and spearheaded by J.F. McAlpine (Fig. 28). This three volume set published from 1981–1989 (Fig. 59) (McAlpine et al. 1981, 1987; McAlpine & Wood 1989) was partially developed out of the material, knowledge and expertise gathered during the Northern Insect Survey. It is an invaluable resource for anyone studying flies and is found in labs and classrooms around the world. More recently, a two volume Manual of Central American Diptera, or “MCAD” (Brown et al. 2009, 2010), was written as the logical follow-up to the MND and included many of the original MND authors. Several important books have been published by the Coleoptera Unit, in no small part due to the importance of beetles to Canadian agriculture. They include Canadian Beetles (Coleoptera) Injurious to Crops, Ornamentals, Stored Products, and Buildings (Campbell et al. 1989), Beetles Associated with Stored Products in Canada: an Identification Guide (Bousquet 1990) and Review of Adventive Species of Coleoptera (Insecta) recorded from eastern Canada (Klimaszewski et al. 2010). Other comprehensive, recently published syntheses include Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta) (Bouchard et al. 2011), and an eight volume catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera co-edited by Aleš Smetana, the last volume of which is soon to be released. There is also a revision of the Agrilus (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) of East Asia (Jendek & Grebennikov 2011), which was prepared in response to the introduction of the destructive Emerald Ash Borer into North America. The Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Bousquet 1991) is also being updated by the CNC Coleoptera Unit in conjunction with other Canadian Coleopterists, led by Y. Bousquet and A. Davies. Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Return to front page 28 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figures 34 to 44: Fig. 34: Lubo Masner teaches students at a Hymenoptera workshop. Fig. 35: Gary Gibson (right) and Louise Dumouchel (left) setting up a Malaise trap for an eastern USA transect survey, 1987. Fig. 36: Henry Howden collecting at the base of a tree, Mexico, 1960s. Fig. 37: Either W. Mason or L. Kelton with H. Howden, Mexico, 1960s. Fig. 38: Herb Teskey and Jack Martin collecting mites, Mexico, 1960s. Fig. 39: Camp, Mexico, 1960s. Fig. 40: Camp, Rupert River, 1980s; Don Chant, Jack Martin, Evert Lindquist. Fig. 41: Resting along the Rupert River, 1980s. Fig. 42: Morning ablutions, June Creek, BC, 1984; Monty Wood, Don Lafontaine, Milt Campbell. Fig. 43: Getting ready on a cold morning, June Creek, 1984; Monty Wood, Grace Wood, Milt Campbell, Syd Cannings, Don Lafontaine. Fig. 44: Collect- ing party, Firth River, YT, 1984; Grace Wood, Monty Wood, Syd Cannings, Milt Campbell, Don Lafontaine

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 29 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Two of the most significant collaborative publications of the Hymenoptera Unit are Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) (Gibson et al. 1997) and Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families (Goulet & Huber 1993). Because of the importance of parasitic wasps for biological control, the hymenopterists work closely with AAFC and other biocontrol workers across Canada. Although not taxonomic in nature, an important synthesis of biocontrol programmes in Canada from 1981–2000 was produced (Mason & Huber 2002), being the fourth in a series on Biocontrol Programmes in Canada. A fifth book, covering the past decade, again with P. Mason as co-editor, is being prepared. Lepidoptera researchers have published predominantly on Canadian or North American moths and butterflies. One of the most popular books to be published is The Butterflies of Canada (Layberry et al. 1998). At the time, it contained approximately 150,000 georeferenced records, 95% of which were derived from CNC material. A larger online version, hosted by CBIF (http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/index_e.php), has about 450,000 records that were developed by numerous amateur and professional Lepidopterists, including CNC staff. There are also several comprehensive North American revisions of various moth subfamilies in the MONA series (Munroe 1972a, 1972b, 1973, 1976a, 1976b, 1983, Lafontaine 1987, 1998, 2004, Lafontaine & Poole 1991, Mikkola et al. 2009). The Acarology section has been heavily involved in updating Kranz’s Manual of Acarology (Krantz & Walter 2009), the authoritative guide to families of Acari worldwide, and a treatment of the ticks of Canada is forthcoming (Lindquist & Galloway, in manuscript). .Another wide-ranging and long-lasting publication to come out of Ottawa is the Insects & Arachnids of Canada series, which was launched by CNC scientists in 1976 with the purpose of thoroughly treating a diverse family group within Canada and adjacent regions for a general and scientific audience. The idea was conceived by Don Bright in the early 1970s after being inspired by similar series treating the fauna of regions such as France and Scandinavia. After successfully recommending the series to D. Hardwick, who was Section Head at the time, Don wrote up guidelines with a committee also composed of Andy Hamilton and Don Oliver. Part 1 of the series was a Manual on Collecting, Preparing, and Preserving Insects, Mites, and Spiders by J.E.H. Martin (1977), although the first volume to be published was actually Part 2 – a taxonomic contribution on the Canadian Scolytidae (Bright 1976). Agriculture Canada Research Branch (which also published most monographic works produced by CNC scientists) published this series until 1993, the last being Foottit & Richards’ (1993) treatment of the Canadian aphids. Financial support for the series then lapsed, but the Biological Survey of Canada agreed to support the remaining manuscripts in the series waiting to be published. Thanks largely to the efforts of P. Bouchard and The Entomological Society of Canada, volumes of the Insects and Arachnids of Canada published from 1976–1993 can now be accessed online for free at http://www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmono.html, along with other monographs published by Agriculture Canada Research Branch during this period (Evenden 2010). Since becoming available, these monographs have taken up over 90% of the ESC website’s bandwidth, with Volume 1 of the Manual of Nearctic Diptera representing nearly 10% of all traffic (34,403 page views). Hymenoptera of the World comes in second with 17,615 page views, followed closely by Volume 2 of the Manual of Nearctic Diptera (17,190 page views). In total, the online AAFC monographgs have been accessed nearly 130,000 times. Now that the Series has been revived by NRC Research Press, beginning with the orb-weaving spiders of Canada and Alaska by Dondale et al. (2003), we can look forward to being able to identify and name much more of the Canadian fauna. Much taxonomic work still remains to be done, however, and for many taxa the Canadian fauna is still poorly known.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 30 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figure 45 to 51: Fig. 45: Diptera Unit, 1967, looking so respectable that Willi Hennig decided to visit. Fig. 46: No visitor would risk being seen in this later photo with a much shaggier Diptera Unit, 1987. Fig. 47: Guy Shewell apparently telling a very funny fly joke at the first International Congress of Dipterology in Budapest (17-24 August, 1986). Fig. 48: Members of the Experimental Biology Section examining a specimen, 1974 - Chris Hinks, Bill Forrest, Jake Vandermeer and Singh Chahal. Fig. 49: Members of the Arachnid Unit, 1974, in colourful attire – King Wu, Ian Smith, Charlie Dondale, Jim Redner, Evert Lindquist. Fig. 50: Nematode workers, 1974 – Rowley Mulvey, Lilian Sinclair, Rodger An- derson. Fig. 51: Val Behan-Pelletier (third from left) on a 1987 expedition to Yukon’s White Mountains, and Val working on the local fauna in Ottawa (inset).

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 31 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION SERVICE (NIS) Since before the 1960s (Holland 1960) and continuing to this day, the CNC has received at least 300–400 submissions each year containing many thousands of specimens sent by inquiring parties such as growers, private industry, university researchers, students, the Canadian public and numerous government agencies. Specimens can be identified at the CNC with a speed and accuracy possible in few other places because of its authoritatively identified reference collections and important agricultural and entomological libraries, and because it has one of the largest concentrations of taxonomic expertise for insects/arachnids in the world. For this reason, the National Identification Service, first headed by J. Martin, was established in the CNC in 1974 (Fig. 54). By being able to identify most incoming specimens to genus or species, taxonomists help make the educated, balanced decisions necessary to manage resources and to protect Canada from potentially invasive taxa. The Arthropod Containment Facility (also founded in 1974) in Ottawa, along with biocontrol research programs and numerous CFIA agents specializing in taxonomy and specimen identification, are located close to the CNC for the same reason. Timely, accurate identifications are critical to properly evaluate incoming foreign shipments and verify commercially produced biological control agents, as well as to properly identify possible contaminants or any other material that may be potentially relevant to Canadian bioresources. The NIS is currently managed by O. Lonsdale who interacts with clients and ensures that submitted material is provided to the appropriate CNC taxonomist for identification. Submission forms are available at the following website: http://www4.agr.gc.ca/ AAFC-AAC/display-afficher.do?id=1270048222934&lang=eng. Submissions related to agriculture, Canadian research, and protection of Canadian bioresources are given top priority. Note that CNC personnel are only mandated to identify specimens, which is a large enough task in itself. Control measures and advice on pestiferous species are the mandates of other agencies. Also, and we cannot stress this enough, we are not medical doctors — if you’re feeling itchy and you think you are infested with bugs, please see a dermatologist!

DIGITIZING THE CNC Since January 2011, the CNC has had a Database Technician position. The incumbent, Dicky Yu, is now putting the finishing touches on a new and updated loans database, and is continuing to develop a specimen database and associated taxonomic database. With these databases it will be possible to unify the efforts of all CNC staff, who, up until now, have been digitizing data independently for their specific research groups of interest. In anticipation of the specimen-level database, which will eventually have an interactive online component, data are being consolidated, protocols for databasing old and newly acquired specimens are being developed, and we are digitizing select taxa and primary types, the latter of which will also be photographed, including habitus and label images. Funding from other Departments, Natural Resources Canada (the CFS specifically) and Environment Canada, has enabled an entomologist on contract to database the Canadian Vespidae (11,000 specimens), Scolytidae (5800 specimens) and Buprestidae (6500 specimens). Additional funding has been provided to CBIF and the National Collections (Entomology, Botany, Mycology) to complete several databasing projects by 2014, including digitization of the CNC holdings of the North American flower flies yrphidae)(S and bumble bees (Bombus). Furthermore, we have nearly completed a full taxonomic inventory of the CNC, some parts of which are already available online, such as the holdings of Diptera (http://www.canacoll.org/Diptera/Holdings/Holdings.htm) and the holdings (http://www.canacoll.org/Hymenoptera/Staff/Gibson/Gibson_Lists.htm) and type material (http://www.canacoll.org/Hymenoptera/Staff/Gibson/Gibson_Types.htm) of Chalcidoidea.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 32 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figure 52 to 57: Fig. 52: Joint meeting of CNC (“Biosystematics Research Institute” at the time) and USDA/Smithsonian scientists, 1983. Fig. 53: Hymenoptera Unit in 1963 – G. Stuart Walley, William Mason, Oswald Peck, Herb Milliron, Doug Miller (left to right). Fig. 54: Members of the National Identi- fication Service in 1963 – Mary Mann, John Martin, Barbara Parks, Bruce Bowen. Fig. 55: Members of the “Beneficial” Insect Unit – John Barron, Jim O’Hara, Mike Sharkey, Jeff Cumming, Lubo Masner, Dick Vockeroth, Gary Gibson, Charlie Dondale, John Huber, Milt Campbell. Fig. 56: Ed Becker, Coleopterist and founding member of the Coleoptera Coffee Club. Fig. 57: Chart of CNC specimen holdings and profes- sional personnel.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 33 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

OTHER CNC ACTIVITIES The Neatby Building also hosts the Ottawa Entomology Club. The club’s monthly meeting is held every third Thursday except in December, July, and August (few entomologists are available during the holiday and collecting seasons) and is hosted by Hume Douglas and Vasily Grebennikov. Twenty to 50 members, mostly CNC staff, but also staff and students from Carleton University and Ottawa University, and some amateurs attend the meetings, which feature talks from a spectrum of entomologists — professional or otherwise — that often feature “behind the scene” stories and travelogues. Lunchtime lectures are also hosted by CNC staff whenever visiting scientists come to examine the collection and can spare some time to discuss their interests. .Much of the social cohesion in the CNC is facilitated by one of the most indispensable entomological tools available – coffee. Morning and afternoon meetings are often held over a pot, where civilized conversation and updates on research or other happenings are discussed. The Diptera and Biocontrol Units often host, but one of the largest and longest-running groups is the Coleoptera Coffee Club, held on the fourth floor. It is also here that many celebrations are held when major monographs or books are published, the most recent ones being for the publication of the Palaearctic Coleoptera catalogues, the Coleoptera family-group names catalogue, and the splendid Agrilus of East Asia monograph (Fig. 58). Every year or two, scientists in the Neatby Building also host the public for “Open Doors Ottawa”, when displays are set up and tours are given to the inquiring public. The CNC does its part for the event — insects, arachnids and nematodes, both alive and preserved, are put out for display, and scientists, staff and summer students are available to answer questions (Figs 61, 62). Several hundred visitors turned up in 2011, but numbers have been known to exceed a thousand! CNC taxonomists also showcase insects at the “Family Fun Day” of National Science and Technology Week, held every October by Natural Resources Canada on Booth street and, since 2011 in one of Ottawa’s museums, at , Ottawa’s winter carnival.

Acknowledgements Several photos were provided by J. Gill, I. Smith, M. Stockdale and K. Wonders. Historical information on the CNC was provided by P. Bouchard, D. Bright, J. Cumming, G. Gibson, D. Lafontaine and I. Smith. Statistics on ESC website traffic were supplied by R. West. Revision of the manuscript was provided by G. Gibson.

Literature Cited Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada. 2011. News Release: Agricultural Research Celebrating Its Roots Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Commemorates 125 Years of Scientific Advances (June 13, 2011). http://www.agr.gc.ca/cb/index_e. php?s1=n&s2=2011&page=n110613 Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A.E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A., Lawrence, J.F., Lyal, C.H.C., Newton, A.F., Reid, C.A.M., Schmitt, M., Ślipiński, S.A. & Smit, A.B.T. 2011 Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). Zookeys 88: 1–972. Bousquet, Y. (Editor). 1990. Beetles Associated with Stored Products in Canada: an Identification Guide. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, Ottawa. 220pp. Bousquet, Y. (Editor). 1991. Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agriculture Canada Research Branch Publication, 1861/E, Ottawa. 430pp. Bright, D.E. 1976. The Bark Beetles of Canada and Alaska: Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Handbook Series, 2. 241pp. Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). 2009. Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. xi + 714pp. Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). 2010. Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. xvi + 715-1442pp. Campbell, J.M., Sarazin, M.J. & Lyons, B. 1989. Canadian Beetles (Coleoptera) Injurious to Crops, Ornamentals, Stored Products, and Buildings. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. 491pp.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 34 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figures 58 to 62: Fig. 58: Celebrating the publication of Agrilus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) of East Asia, with authors Vasily Grebennikov (standing, left) and Edo Jendek (standing, right). Fig. 59: Dipterists standing around illustrations for the Manual of Nearctic Diptera – Guy Shewell, Ralph Idema (illustra- tor), Bob Peterson, Herb Teskey, Dick Vockeroth, Leo Forster, Bruce Cooper. Fig. 60: Large monographic publications by CNC staff. Fig. 61: Pat Bouchard shows live specimens to the public during Open Doors Ottawa, 2011. Fig. 62: Admiring CNC displays at Open Doors Ottawa, with Gary Gibson and Go Sato taking questions.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 35 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Cody, W.J., Savile, D.B.O. & Sarazin, M.J. 1986. Systematics in Agriculture Canada at Ottawa: 1886-1986. Biosystematics Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. Historical Series No. 28. 81pp. Cumming, J.M., Sinclair, B.J., Brooks, S.E., O’Hara, J.E. & Skevington, J.H. 2011. The history of dipterology at the Canadian National Collection of Insects with special reference to the Manual of Nearctic Diptera. The Canadian Entomologist 143: 539- 577. Dang, P.T. 1992. The Canadian National Collection of Insects and Arachnids: Past, Present and Future. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 24: 22-27. Danks, H.V. (Editor). 1984. The Forest Insect and Disease Survey. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 3(2): 49-52. Dondale, C.D, Redner, J.H., Paquin, P. & Levi, H.W. 2003. The Orb-Weaving Spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Series, Part 23. 371pp. Evenden, M. 2010. Up Front: Serving the ESC is good for the soul; you should try it! Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 42(3): 117-121. Foottit, R.G. & Richards, W.R. 1993. The Genera of the Aphids of Canada: Homoptera: Aphidoidea and Phylloxeroidea. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Handbook Series, 22. 766pp. Freeman, T.N. 1959. The Canadian Northern Insect Survey, 1947-1957. The Polar Record 9: 299-307. Gibson, G.A.P., Huber, J.T. & Woolley, J.B. 1997. Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa. 794pp. Goulet, H. & Huber, J.T. (Editors). 1993. Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families. Research Branch, Agricultural Canada Publication. Canada Communication Group-Publishing, Ottawa. 668pp. Holland, G.P. 1956. Systematic Entomology. Pp 300-304, In: Glen, R. (Compiler), Entomology in Canada up to 1956: A Review of Developments and Accomplishments. The Canadian Entomologist 88: 290-371. Holland, G.P. 1960. The Canadian National Collection of Insects. Reprinted from the Professional Public Service, July, 1960. Ottawa, 4pp. Jendek, E. & Grebennikov, V. 2011. Agrilus (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) of East Asia. Jan Farkač, Prague. 362pp. Klimaszewski, J., Langor, D., Majka, C.G., Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., LeSage, L., Smetana, A., Sylvestre, P., Pelletier, G., Davies, A., DesRochers, P., Goulet, H., Webster, R., Sweeney, J. 2010. Review of Adventive Species of Coleoptera (Insecta) Recorded from Eastern Canada. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow. 272pp. Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (Eds.). 2009. A Manual of Acarology, third edition. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock. viii + 806pp. Lafontaine, J.D. 1987. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae: Noctuinae (part): Euxoa. Fasc. 27.2. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 237pp. Lafontaine, J.D. 1998. Noctuiodea: Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae: Noctuini. Fasc. 27.3. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 348pp. Lafontaine, J.D. 2004. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part). Noctuinae (part — Agrotini). Fasc. 27.1. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C. & Hodges, R.W. & Munroe E.G. (Eds), TThe Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 385pp. Lafontaine, J.D. & Poole, R.W. 1991. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae: Plusiinae. Fasc. 25.1. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 182pp. Layberry, R.A., Hall, P.W. & Lafontaine, J.D. 1988. The Butterflies of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 280pp.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 36 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Figures 63 to 72: Fig. 63: Aerial view of the K.W. Neatby Building from the southeast; note CFIA’s Build- ing 18 to the right. Fig. 64: A farm within the city – southern view from OL’s office in the Neatby Building before the first winter snow. Fig. 65: Northeast corner of the K.W. Neatby Building, with front entrance. Fig. 66: Southwestern view of the Neatby Building. Fig. 67: CFIA agents of Building 18 - Hume Douglas, Doug Parker, Bruce Gill. Fig. 68: New compactor system in the Lepidoptera Unit, installed in 2011. Fig. 69: Immature Tabanidae in 75% ethanol. Fig. 70: Drawer containing some of the CNC’s amber collection, with cecidomyiid holotype displayed to bottom right. Fig. 71: Boxes containing side-mounted mites. Fig. 72: The “aquatics” room, with pinned material in drawers.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 37 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Mason, P.G. & Huber, J.T. (Eds.). 2002. Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981- 2000. CABI Publishing, New York, NY. xiv + 583pp. Martin, J.E.H. 1977. Collecting, Preparing, and Preserving Insects, Mites, and Spiders. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Handbook Series, 1 (English). 182pp. McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Coordinators). 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27. vi + 674pp. McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Coordinators). 1987. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28. vi + 675-1332pp. McAlpine, J.F. & Wood, D.M. (Coordinators) 1989. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Agriculture Canada Monograph 32. vi + 1333-1581pp. McGugan, B.M. 1958. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada Recorded by the Forest Insect Survey. Volume I—Papilionidae to Arctiidae. Forest Biology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture. Publication 1034. 76 pp. Mikkola, K., Lafontaine, J.D. & Gill, J. 2009. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part): Xyleninae (part): Apameini (part – Apamea group of genera). Fascicle 26.9. In: Hodges, R.W. (Ed), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 192pp. Munroe, E. 1972a. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae (part): Scopariinae and Nymphulinae. Fasc. 13.1A. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 134pp. Munroe, E. 1972b. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae (part): Odontiinae and Glaphyriinae. Fasc. 13.1B. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., 135–250. Munroe, E. 1973. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae (part): Evergestinae. Fasc. 13.1C. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 251–304pp + plates, index. Munroe, E. 1976a. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae: Pyraustini (part). Fasc. 13.2A. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 78pp + plates. Munroe, E. 1976b. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae: Pyraustini (conclusion). Fasc. 13.2B. In: Dominick, R.B., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Hodges, R.W. & Munroe, E.G. (Eds), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 79–150pp + plates, index. Munroe, E. 1983. Pyralidae (except Crambinae). In: Hodges, R.W., Dominick, T., Davis, D.R., Ferguson, D.C., Franclemont, J.G., Munroe, E.G. & Powell, J.A. (Eds), Check list of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E.W. Classey Ltd. and Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 67–85pp. Robertson, H. 2008. Measuring Mother Earth: How Joe the Kid Became Tyrrell of the North. McClelland & Stewart Ltd. 348pp. Skidmore, R.E. 1999. Checklist of Canadian amber inclusions in the Canadian National Collection of Insects. Research Branch Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada electronic publication. Available from: http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/strickland/ SKIDMORECNCCanadianAmberInclusions.pdf Spencer, G.J. 1964. A century of entomology in Canada. The Canadian Entomologist 96: 33-59. Vockeroth, J.R. 1981. Canadian entomology of the last century. Canadian Field Naturalist 95: 18-23.

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 38 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Table 1. Scientific staff (research scientists and biologists) working in the CNC since 1886, listed in chronological order. A few individuals were on contract or were technicians before becoming qualified as biologists or scientists or were postdoctoral students. The starting date given is when they became scientists on permanent staff and the end date is when they were no longer officially on staff. Many scientists, however, remained as honorary research associates after retirement. Earlier entomologists researched more than one order so these are listed in order of decreasing importance (by number of publications). Scientist Period Study Area or Position

1.Fletcher J. 1886-1909 Honorary Dominion entomologist and botanist

2.Gibson, A. 1899-1942 Dominion entomologist (from 1920-38)

3.Hewitt, C.G. 1909-20 Dominion entomologist

4.McDunnough, J. 1919-46 Lepidoptera, Ephemeroptera

5.Curran, C. 1922-28 Diptera

6.Viereck, H. 1923-26 Hymenoptera

7.Walley, G.S. 1926-69 Hymenoptera, Hemiptera

8.Brown, W. 1927-67 Coleoptera

9.Baker, A. 1935-62 Nematoda

10.Peck, O. 1935-69 Hymenoptera

11.Freeman, T. 1936-71 Lepidoptera

12.Shewell, G. 1937-76 Diptera

13.Brooks, A. 1938-48 Diptera

14.Nesbitt, H. 1939-48 Acari

15.Hardwick, D. 1945-78 Lepidoptera

16.Henderson, V. 1946-64 Nematoda

17.Holland, G. 1948-76 Siphonaptera

18.Miller, C. 1948-78 Hymenoptera

19.Mason, W. 1948-87 Hymenoptera

20.Vockeroth, J. 1949-91 Diptera

21.Beirne, B. 1949-55 Homoptera

22.Munroe, E. 1950-79 Lepidoptera

23.Martin, J. 1950-85 Curator of CNC & Manager of NIS

24.Kelton, L. 1950-84 Hemiptera

25.McAlpine, J. 1950-85 Diptera

26.Mulvey, R. 1951-59 Nematoda

27.Lambert, R. 1951-57 Hymenoptera

28.Chillcott, J. 1951-67 Diptera

29.Bigelow, R. 1952-53 Orthoptera, Thysanoptera

30.MacKay, M. 1952-72 Lepidoptera

31.Becker, E. 1952-80 Coleoptera

32.Roberts, G. 1952-58 Nematoda

33.Wood, S. 1953-56 Coleoptera

34.Downes, A. 1953-78 Experimental Biology, Diptera

35.Sher, S. 1953-53 Experimental Biology, Nematoda

36.Richards, W. 1954-81 Homoptera, Collembola

37.Brown, B. 1955-56 Nematoda

38.Khan, M. 1955-57 Nematoda

39.Wu, L. 1956-75 Nematoda Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 39 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

Table 1, Continued

Scientist Period Study Area or Position

40.Howden, H. 1957-70 Coleoptera

41.Davies, L. 1957-60 Experimental Biology

42.Sanwal, K. 1958-71 Nematoda

43.Wilkes, A. 1959-73 Experimental Biology

44.Matthewman, W. 1959-70 Experimental Biology

45.Salkeld, J. 1959-80 Experimental Biology

46.Robertson, J. 1959-67 Experimental Biology

47.Guppy, J. 1959-70 Experimental Biology

48.Hammond, G. 1959-61 Experimental Biology

49.Harcourt, D. 1959-70 Experimental Biology

50.McLintock, J. 1959-65 Experimental Biology

51.Downe, A. 1959-61 Experimental Biology

52.Arnold, J. 1959-82 Experimental Biology

53.Henderson, V. 1959-64 Experimental Biology

54.Gochnauer, T. 1959-70 Apiculture

55.Boch, R. 1959-70 Apiculture

56.Furgala, B. 1959-67 Apiculture

57.Austin, J. 1959-61 Apiculture

58.Heinrich, G. 1959-61 Hymenoptera (contract)

59.Smith, L. 1959-70 Hymenoptera

60.Hopper, B. 1959-72 Nematoda

61.Yunker, C. 1959-60 Acari

62.Thomson, H. 1960-60 Experimental Biology

63.Hudson, B. 1960-84 Experimental Biology

64.Milliron, H. 1961-73 Hymenoptera

65.Lindquist, E. 1961-2000 Acari

66.Corbett, P. 1962-67 Experimental Biology

67.Oliver, D. 1962-95 Diptera

68.McGuffin, W. 1962-95 Lepidoptera (CFS)

69.Schmid, F. 1963-85 Trichoptera

70.Peterson, R. 1963-83 Diptera

71.Pielou, D. 1963-83 Experimental Biology

72.Teskey, H. 1964-87 Diptera

73.Mutuura, A. 1964-86 Lepidoptera

74.Wood, D. 1964-86 Diptera

75.L’Arrivée, J. 1965-67 Apiculture

76.Anderson, R. 1965-91 Nematoda

77.Bright, D. 1966-2004 Coleoptera

78.Campbell, J. 1966-93 Coleoptera

79.Matsuda, R. 1968-85 Morphology, Hemiptera

80.Byers, J. 1968-81 Experimental Biology

81.Hinks, C. 1968-70 Experimental Biology

82.Mukerji, M. 1968-70 Experimental Biology

Return to front page Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 40

Table 1, Continued Scientist Period Study Area or Position

83.Barron, J. 1969-97 Hymenoptera

84.Yoshimoto, C. 1969-88 Hymenoptera (CFS)

85.Masner, L. 1969-97 Hymenoptera

86.Smetana, A. 1971-1999 Coleoptera

87.Dondale, C. 1972-90 Araneae

88.Allyson, S. 1972-88 Lepidoptera & Manager of NIS

89.Hamilton, K. 1972-present Homoptera

90.Loan, C. 1972-80 Hymenoptera

91.Smith, I. 1974-present Acari

92.Ebsary, B. 1977-90 Nematoda

93.Goulet, H. 1978-2011 Hymenoptera

94.Lafontaine, J. 1979-present Lepidoptera

95.Dang, P. 1979-2008 Lepidoptera (CFS)

96.LeSage, L. 1979-present Coleoptera

97.Eveleigh, E. 1980-82 Nematoda

98.Sharkey, M. 1981-96 Hymenoptera

99.Behan-Pelletier, V. 1981-2011 Acari

100.Landry, J.-F. 1981-present Lepidoptera

101.Bousquet, Y. 1981-present Coleoptera

102.Borkent, A. 1982-89 Diptera

103.Gibson, G. 1982-present Hymenoptera

104.Foottit, R. 1983-present Homoptera

105.Cumming, J. 1986-present Diptera

106.Kelleher, J. 1986-90 Biocontrol coordinator

107.Huber, J. 1988-present Hymenoptera (CFS)

108.O’Hara, J. 1989-present Diptera

109.Schwartz, M. 1989-present Hemiptera (contract)

110.Schmidt, A. 1990-95 Biocontrol coordinator

111.Mason, P. 1998-present Biocontrol

112.Bouchard, P. 2003-present Coleoptera

113.Bennett, A. 2003-present Hymenoptera

114.Skevington, J. 2003-present Diptera

115.Troubridge, J. 2004-2009 CNC Collection Manager

116.Beaulieu, F. 2006-present Acari

117.Yu, Q. 2006-present Nematoda

118.Grebennikov, V. 2006-present Coleoptera (CFIA)

119.Schmidt, C. 2007-present Lepidoptera (CFIA)

120.Sinclair, B. 2007-present Diptera (CFIA)

121.Douglas, H. 2007-present Coleoptera (CFIA)

122.Jendek, E. 2008-present Coleoptera (contract)

123. Rickey, E. 2009 CNC Collection Manager

124. Lonsdale, O. 2009-present CNC Collection Manager

125. Cardinal, S. 2011-present Hymenoptera

Volume 30(2) Winter 2011 Return to front page