2006 Summary of Engineering Research

2006 SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH

A Report of Activities during 2005 This report is part of the larger 2006 Summary of Engineering Research, available on the Web at www.engr.uiuc.edu/research and on CD- ROM. The Summary of Engineering Research represents the extensive engineering research program conducted in 2005 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Detailed statistics about research in the College of Engineering are included in the Directory of Engineering and Engineering Technology Programs and Research, published by the American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, D.C. How to use the Summary of Engineering Research: Research projects are listed by title, followed by the names of the investigators and the sponsoring agencies. Projects are sorted by major topic areas. Project descriptions are brief. Additional information on each project may be obtained from the investigator in charge (denoted by an asterisk). Mailing addresses are provided on the introductory page. How to obtain publications: Please consult academic and public libraries for the journal articles, papers, and books listed in this report. Information about technical reports is available from the Engineering Documents Center, Grainger Engineering Library Information Center, 1301 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. To search the center's collection on the Internet, please visit the website at search.grainger.uiuc.edu/top. Copies of theses can be found at the University of Illinois Library, www.library.uiuc.edu, or may be purchased from University Microfilms, 300 Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA, www.umi.com. The 2006 Summary of Engineering Research is produced by the Office of Engineering Communications, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Tina M. Prow: Editor and Coordinator Peggy Currid: Freelance Editor, Publications Sections Jim Vattano: Graphic Designer Thomas G. Habing: Research Programmer, Grainger Engineering Library Information Center William H. Mischo: Engineering Librarian, Grainger Engineering Library Information Center Please send queries and comments about the 2006 Summary of Engineering Research to the Engineering Communications Office, 303 Engineering Hall, MC-266, 1308 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, or email [email protected]. Abbreviation key for College of Engineering departments and major labs: • Advanced Transportation Research and Engineering Laboratory (ATREL) • Aerospace Engineering (Aerosp. Engr.) • Agricultural and Biological Engineering (Ag. & Biol. Engr.) • Bioengineering (Bioengr.) • Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (Chem. & Biomol. Engr.) • Civil and Environmental Engineering (Civil & Environ. Engr.) • Computer Science (Comput. Sci.) • Coordinated Science Laboratory (CSL) • Electrical and Computer Engineering (Elect. & Comput. Engr.) • Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory (FS-MRL) • General Engineering (Gen. Engr.) or Industrial & Enterprise Systems Engineering (Indus. & Enter. Syst. Engr.)* • Materials Science and Engineering (Mat. Sci. & Engr.) • Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Mech. & Indus. Engr.) or Mechanical Science and Engineering (Mech. Sci. & Engr.)* • Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MNTL) • Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering (Nucl., Plasma, & Radiol. Engr.) • Physics • Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.)* *In August 2006, the Industrial Engineering program was merged with the General Engineering Department, which became the Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering Department. The Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Department merged with the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, which became the Mechanical Science and Engineering Department. Please check department links at www.engr.uiuc.edu for current faculty lists.

Coordinated Science Laboratory Engineering, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and R. K. Iyer, Director Mathematics. CSL is located primarily in its own building, 202 Coordinated Science Laboratory with additional facilities in the Engineering Sciences 1308 W. Main St. Building, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and MC-228 Technology, and the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Urbana, IL 61801-2307 Laboratory. 217-333-2511 The future is difficult to predict, but one thing is certain: http://www.csl.uiuc.edu for any of our technological dreams to unfold, an underlying information technology infrastructure—fast, During the past 55 years, the Coordinated Science adaptive and responsive, highly reliable, trusted, and Laboratory (CSL) has gone through several secure—must be in place. The ultimate research goal of transformations and expansions in its research focus. CSL is to make this infrastructure a reality. Started as a NASA-supported, multidisciplinary control systems laboratory in the 1950s, CSL evolved into a world- CSL research areas include the following: class, military-supported electronics research facility in the Circuits 1970s and 1980s, and then became what it is today: a Communications premier national laboratory in information technology and Computational Electronics telecommunications research. Cryptography and Information Protection Through these decades, the task at CSL has always been Decision and Control to look ahead 5 to 20 years. Today, interdisciplinary teams Physical Electronics research innovative computing, communications, signal Reliable and High-Performance Computing processing, and control technologies—the infrastructure Signal and Image Processing that makes seamless wireless/wireline technology and Space Science and Remote Sensing Internet applications, such as e-commerce and distance Supercomputing Research and Development learning, possible. At CSL, design, implementation, Surface Studies interaction, and evaluation issues are investigated at every Thin Film Electronics level, from devices to circuits and systems and from algorithms to networked architectures and software. Faculty associated with CSL are listed below: Support for research programs at CSL is extensive and broadly based, with significant investments from many Department of Aerospace Engineering federal agencies such as the Defense Advanced Research N. Neogi Projects Agency (DARPA), National Science Foundation P. Voulgaris (NSF), and the Office of Naval Research and from many major corporations, including AMD, AT&T, Boeing, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, L. Liu Nokia, and Sun. In addition, major corporate research centers and national laboratories, such as the Motorola Department of Computer Science Corporate Research Laboratories and the Jet Propulsion V. Adve Laboratory, work in synchrony with CSL faculty on a G. Agha variety of projects. R. Campbell CSL research is led by approximately 90 faculty G. Dejong members from 11 departments, and assisted by 350 C. Gunter graduate students and 50 undergraduates. CSL maintains K. Nahrstedt relationships with more than 40 industrial partners and has L. Sha strong links with the departments of Aerospace Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Engineering, General Engineering, Materials Science and I. Adesida

1 N. Ahuja E. Rosenbaum J. Allen W. Sanders T. Basar D. Sarwate J. Bernhard P. Sauer S. Bishop N. Shanbhag R. Blahut Y. Shinagawa Y. Bresler A. Singer D. Brown M. Spong A. Cangellaris R. Srikant S. Carney G. R. Swenson N. Carter G. W. Swenson K. Y. Cheng T. Trick Y. Chiu J. Tucker J. Coleman N. Vaidya M. Do V. Veeravalli G. Eden P. Viswanath M. Feng B. Wah M. Frank M. Wong S. Franke C. Gardner Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems C. Hadjicostis Engineering B. Hajek J. Medanic I. Hajj R. Sreenivas M. Hasegawa-Johnson D. Stipanovic K. Hess T. Huang Department of Law W. M. Hwu J. Kesan R. Iyer D. Jones Department of Library and Information Science F. Kamalabadi L. Smith R. Koetter P. Krein Department of Materials Science and Engineering E. Kudeki J. Abelson P. Kumar L. Allen J. P. Leburton D. Cahill S. Levinson G. Ehrlich Z. P. Liang A. Rockett D. Liberzon M. Loui Department of Mathematics S. Lumetta I. Duursma J. Lyding R. Ghrist Y. Ma J. Makala Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering S. Meyn A. Alleyne P. Moulin G. Dullerud D. Nicol W. O'Brien Department of Speech Communication J. Patel N. Contractor S. Patel W. Perkins C. Polychronopoulos U. Ravaioli

2 Stephen G. Bishop Faculty and Their Interests Optical and electrical characterization of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors and semiconductor John R. Abelson nanostructures, compound semiconductors: GaAs, InP, Plasma-assisted deposition of semiconductor, dielectric, AlGaAs, ZnSe, SiC, defects in semiconductors, and conductive thin-films for electronic applications; the isoelectronic defects, rare earth-doped chalcogenide physics and chemistry of film growth; fabrication of glasses and GaN. Experimental techniques: photovoltaic cells and thin-film transistors for photoluminescence, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron macroelectronics spin resonance, magneto-optics, photoemission, infrared spectroscopy Ilesanmi Adesida Electronic and transport properties of ultra-low Richard Blahut dimensional semiconductor structures, advanced Communications, signal processing, information theory, processing methods for electronic devices, high-speed optical recording optoelectronic devices and integrated circuits, radiation effects Yoram Bresler Biomedical imaging systems; statistical signal and image Vikram Adve processing; inverse problems; statistical pattern Compilers, software reliability, performance analysis, recognition; sensor-array processing computer architecture Donna J. Brown Gul A. Agha Asynchronous learning technologies and environments; Developing new abstractions for building open distributed WWW-based education; VLSI placement and routing; systems and reasoning about their behavior, parallelism, parallel and distributed algorithms and architectures; coordination, real-time behavior analysis and design of algorithms, with a particular interest in approximation algorithms; graph theory Narendra Ahuja Computer vision, robotics, image processing, sensors, David Cahill pattern recognition, virtual environments, intelligent Epitaxial growth, scanning tunneling microscopy, ion- interfaces surface interactions, thermal properties of thin films, strained layer heterostructures Jont Allen Speech recognition based on the articulation index and Roy H. Campbell aspects of information theory Security, distributed operating systems, ubiquitous computing Leslie H. Allen Thin-film physics, microelectronic processing, interfaces, Andreas Cangellaris nanoscale, size-dependent material properties, Numerical techniques for electromagnetic modeling and nanocalorimetry simulation, microwave circuit design, speed VLSI interconnects, electronic packaging, electromagnetic Andrew G. Alleyne computer-aided design for high-speed digital and RF/ Automotive systems, control systems microwave electronics, antenna modeling, optoelectronic interconnects, electromagnetic modeling for nonlinear Tamer Basar optics Information technology research; control over wired and wireless networks; robust identification and control; Scott Carney dynamic games and stochastic teams; nonlinear and Optical physics, including imaging, near-field microscopy, adaptive robust control; decentralized detection and classical and quantum coherence theory, beam estimation; routing, pricing, and congestion control; propagation, fundamental issues of energy conservation, modeling and control of communication networks; mobile mathematical methods in inverse scattering and the computing; incentive mechanisms through pricing; neural propagation of light networks-based identification and control; applications of control and game theory in economics

3 Nicholas Carter Chester S. Gardner Architectures that combine programmable processors and Optical communication, laser altimetry, laser remote reconfigurable logic, computing using nanotech devices, sensing and ranging, laser guide stars, adaptive optics design techniques to integrate computation and sensing Christoforos Hadjicostis Keh-Yung Cheng Systems and control, error control coding, fault diagnosis Molecular beam epitaxy technology, optoelectronic and tolerance in dynamic systems, testing and verification, integrated circuits, high speed devices, in situ fabrication discrete event systems, algebraic systems, coding and of nanostructures, quantum wire lasers, vertical cavity graph theory surface emitting lasers, Sb-based IR detectors and electronic devices Bruce E. Hajek Communication networks information theory, computer James J. Coleman networks stochastic analysis, optimization wireless Semiconductor lasers, optoelectronics, epitaxial growth communication

Gerald DeJong Mark Hasegawa-Johnson Artificial intelligence Acoustic phonetics, audio signal processing and speech recognition, speech and auditory physiology Minh Do Image and multidimensional signal processing, wavelets, Karl Hess imaging, multiscale geometric analysis, visual information Hot carriers in semiconductors, electronic transport in representation heterojunction structures and superlattices, numerical simulation of semiconductor devices (supercomputing Geir E. Dullerud applications), quantum transport in mesoscopic systems, Control systems, dynamic systems laser diode simulation, molecular and electron nanostructures, theory and simulation, deuterium James G. Eden processing and MOS reliability, quantum computing, Ultraviolet and visible lasers and laser spectroscopy, theorem of Bell microcavity plasma devices and arrays, micro- and nanophotonic resonators; optical physics, including Thomas S. Huang femtosecond laser spectroscopy and technology, and the Image processing, image compression, computer vision, interaction of intense optical fields with matter, laser human computer interaction, image and video databases magnetometry Wen-Mei Hwu Gert Ehrlich, Emeritus Architecture, compilation and microarchitecture of high Surface studies including crystal growth on the atomic performance parallel computer systems level, atomic interactions and clusters Ravishankar K. Iyer Matthew Frank Design and evaluation of reliable and secure networks and Computer system architecture, parallel computing, systems, computer measurement and modeling, program analysis, concurrency control, online algorithms dependability and security validation and benchmarking

Steven J. Franke Douglas L. Jones Development and application of radar and signal Digital signal processing, time-varying and time- processing techniques for remote sensing in the middle and frequency analysis, signal processing for communications, upper atmosphere; application of tomographic imaging to binaural hearing aids, signal processing for MEMS the middle and upper atmosphere using arrays of ground- based sensors and low-earth orbit satellites; low-power Farzad Kamalabadi wireless RF communications; high efficiency linear power Remote sensing and imaging, multidimensional signal and amplifiers for RF communications and radar applications image processing, signal reconstruction and tomography, ionospheric and space physics

4 Ralf Koetter Steven Lumetta Practical and theoretical aspects of coding theory, Optical network architecture, computer architecture, complexity, algorithms, communication systems, cluster computing, parallel computing, user-level networks communication, validation and reliability

Philip T. Krein Joseph W. Lyding Power electronics, electric machinery and Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, STM- electromechanics, electric and hybrid vehicle systems based nanolithography and nanofabrication, silicon-based molecular electronics, carbon nanotubes and carbon-based Erhan Kudeki nanotechnology merged with silicon, growth of 3-D silicon Radar remote sensing; atmospheric winds, waves, and nanostructures, deuterium processing and hot electron turbulence; ionospheric plasma instabilities; incoherent degradation in semiconductor devices, atomically precise scatter electric field measurements; midlatitude field dopant mapping, cross-sectional STM of semiconductor aligned irregularities and meteor trails heterostructures, oxide silicon interface mapping, carbon nanotube purification P. R. Kumar Wireless networks, sensor networks, convergence of Yi Ma control, communication and computation, semiconductor Computer vision, including multiple view geometry, manufacturing, manufacturing systems, machine learning, structure from motion, dynamic vision, real-time tracking, adaptive systems, control, stochastic systems and active vision; systems theory, including geometric nonlinear control, hybrid systems, vision-based robotic Jean-Pierre Leburton control and navigation Theory of semiconductor devices, modeling and simulation of nanostructures, electronic and optical Juraj V. Medanic properties of heterostructures and low dimensional Systems theory, control systems, systems analysis systems, transport in quantum structures, electronic properties, charging effects in quantum dots and Sean Meyn nanocrystals, spin effects in nanostructures, quantum Optimal control, Markov processes (with or without computation and quantum information processing, nano- control), stochastic approximation and adaptive control, bio-electronics reinforcement learning and simulation, spectral theory and large deviations, information theory, stochastic networks Stephen Levinson Speech processing, language acquisition, natural language Pierre Moulin understanding, speech synthesis Image and video processing, compression, statistical signal processing, information hiding, information theory Zhi-Pei Liang Magnetic resonance imaging, pattern recognition, Klara Nahrstedt statistical learning, bioinformatics Quality-of-Service (QoS) management, integration of guaranteed and best effort services for audio/video/DATA Daniel Liberzon traffic, QoS-aware resource management, QoS routing, Nonlinear control theory, analysis and synthesis of hybrid multimedia security, soft real-time scheduling, dynamical systems, systems with imprecise measurements middleware support for distributed multimedia and/or modeling uncertainty, stochastic differential applications equations and control Natasha Neogi Liang Y. Liu Aerospace software, hazard elimination using backwards Construction project controls, productivity analysis and reachability techniques in discrete and hybrid models improvements, information technology, sensors and field data collection, construction modeling and simulation David Nicol Cyber-security, modeling and analysis of computer and Michael C. Loui communications systems, high performance simulation, Computational complexity theory, ethics in engineering parallel processing and computing, scholarship of teaching and learning

5 William D. O'Brien, Jr. Dilip V. Sarwate Ultrasonic biophysics and bioeffects, acoustic microscopy, Communications, coding theory, spread-spectrum ultrasonic bioengineering, ultrasonic dosimetry, ultrasonic communications, design of algorithms tissue characterization, acoustic imaging techniques Peter W. Sauer Sanjay Patel Electric machinery modeling, analysis and control, power Computer architecture, microarchitecture, high- system dynamic modeling and simulation, power system performance and reliable computer systems, the stability implications of future generation applications and implementation technologies on systems design Lui Sha Distributed real-time computing systems, dynamic real- Janak H. Patel time architecture, Quality-of-Service (QoS) driven VLSI testing and testability, VLSI design automation resource management, security and fault tolerance in networked embedded systems William R. Perkins Control systems, system theory, sensitivity theory and Naresh Shanbhag robust control, large-scale dynamic systems Design and VLSI implementation of low-power, high- performance multimedia digital signal processing and Constantine D. Polychronopoulos communications systems, noise-tolerant deep submicron Parallelizing/optimizing compilers for multithreaded VLSI systems, fundamental bounds on efficiency of VLSI architectures, program restructuring and optimization; information processing systems, power-aware code generation and optimization for superscalar reconfigurable DSP systems, low-power DSP and circuits, processors; parallel programming languages; DSP and communication system design, digital ASIC environments for parallel programming; partitioning, design scheduling, and run-time environments for parallel computers; multiprocessor operating systems with Yoshihisa Shinagawa multithreading support; parallel computer architectures; Computer graphics, vision, and its applications performance evaluation of parallel architectures Andrew Singer Umberto Ravaioli Statistical signal processing, communications, machine Monte Carlo simulation of high speed electronic devices; learning, data compression, sonar/lidar/optical signal numerical methods for semiconductor device simulation; processing quantum devices; supercomputation and visualization; reliability of MOS devices; micro- and nano-electro- Mark W. Spong mechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS); charge transport Nonlinear control theory, robotics, mechatronics, in biological systems (ionic channels); properties of carbon networked control systems, teleoperation, bipedal nanotubes locomotion

Angus A. Rockett R. S. Sreenivas IV, III–V, and chalcogenide semiconductors, materials for Discrete-event systems, automatic control simulation solar cells, theory of crystal growth, defects in semiconductors, contact metallurgies, solid phase reaction Rayadurgam Srikant kinetics, surface science, microelectromechanical systems Internet, wireless networks, sensor networks, game theory, queueuing theory, information theory Elyse Rosenbaum Design of ESD-protected RFICs, modeling and simulation Gary Swenson of ESD protection circuits, silicon-on-insulator, design of Remote sensing of the atmosphere from ground-based, very high speed I/Os, gate oxide reliability aircraft, and spacecraft using optical methods; space environment issues with a particular emphasis on William Sanders spacecraft glows Dependability, security, and performance evaluation; intrusion- and fault-tolerant systems; reliable and secure distributed systems

6 Timothy N. Trick, Emeritus Computer-aided analysis and design of circuits, computer- Advanced Automation based education Automated Visual Learning of Safety Appliances on John Tucker Railcars Metal silicide source/drain MOS transistors at ~10nm gate N. Ahuja,* C. Barkan,* J. M. Hart, C. B. Liu length, atom-scale electron devices made by STM [email protected] patterning of donors in silicon, nanoscale architectures American Association for Railroads This project is aimed at the development of visual learning Nitin Vaidya techniques and their implementation for automatic Wireless networking, mobile computing, fault-tolerant checking of the state of safety appliances on a moving train. computing This consists of the following stages: acquisition of images of railcars for inspection of the safety appliances located Venu Veeravalli on the railcar sides; identification of image characteristics Distributed wireless sensor systems, wireless packet data associated with the health of the safety appliances; networks, channel modeling for wideband multiantenna identification of types of models useful to represent the wireless systems, information theory for wireless railcar appearance when the safety appliances are in communications, wireless code division multiple access satisfactory condition, and if necessary, to represent (CDMA) systems, radio resource management for wireless unsatisfactory condition as well; application of models to networks, decentralized dynamic decision making, learn the descriptions of safe and unsafe appliances; and sequential multihypothesis testing and change-point application of the results of learning to railcar detection classification.

Pramod Viswanath Globally Coordinated Locally Linear Models Communication theory, wireless communication, N. Ahuja,* H. Arora, A. Briassouli information theory, communication networks [email protected] Office of Naval Research Petros G. Voulgaris This project is aimed at modeling spatiotemporal Robust control of time-varying and nonlinear systems, variations in video sequences such as variations in raw general systems theory, estimation and identification of color values, as well as certain functions computed on these complex systems, emphases on aerospace applications values. Since an arbitrary scene consists of distinct objects occupying different parts at different times, making video Benjamin W. Wah sequences nonstationary, the goal is local rather than global Nonlinear optimization, parallel processing, distributed spatiotemporal modeling. The applicability of the models processing, artificial intelligence, computer networks, being developed extends beyond video, to a variety of multimedia signal processing multivariate, multidimensional data encountered in everyday life. Martin Wong Computer-aided design of VLSI, design for Machine-Vision Based Assessment of Intermodal manufacturing, routing for high-speed packaging, field- Railroad Loading Patterns programmable systems, design and analysis of algorithms, N. Ahuja,* C. Barkan,* J. M. Hart, S. Todorovic, combinatorial optimization P. Vemuru [email protected] Burlington Northern Santa Fe This project is the design and implementation of a computer vision system for automatic assessment of the loading pattern of trains passing by a wayside monitoring station. The research is concerned with the following major areas: development of algorithms for automatic inspection of double stack railcars, identification of advanced imaging sensors to enhance algorithm performance, field testing of

* Denotes principal investigator.

7 the algorithms and sensors, and the development of a field components will vary as a function of distance from the deployable wayside system to demonstrate a proof of cluster; that computational algorithms for detection, concept. The system needs to have the following localization, and identification should reflect these scale- capabilities: to image parts of a moving train, to identify dependent changes; and that motor strategies and sensory specific double stack cards in the train, to analyze key filtering properties should be adaptively adjusted when portions of these images to detect the presence or absence processing sensory signals at different distance scales. of loaded containers, and to detect occurrences of double stack loading. Advanced Processing and Circuits Next-Generation RFID Systems: People and Object Tracking for Homeland Security Applications AlGan/GaN HFET Fabrication and Characterization N. Ahuja,* J. Bernard, * G. Horn, R. Jaehne,* I. Adesida,* V. Kumar, A. Kuliev V. Kindratenko,* S. Patel,* N. Vaidya,* T. Yu, Triquint Corporation B. Ghanem Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory [email protected] University of Illinois This project involves a collaboration with Triquint Corporation on the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN HFETs. This project is aimed at developing methods for tracking Technologies for the fabrication of the HFETs will be and localization of people in buildings. A central feature developed. of the proposed work is the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. Current RFID technology has Gallium Nitride Optoelectronics inadequate reliability, particularly for homeland security I. Adesida,* L. Zhou applications. The goal of this project to pursue research on Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, next-generation RFID systems, in collaboration with DAAD19-99-1-0011 application domain experts at the Illinois Fire Service Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Institute, e.g., to help firefighters and other first responders do their jobs more effectively. This project focuses on experimental issues for the fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices and circuits in Recognition and Contents-Based Retrieval of Hand gallium nitride and related materials. UV detectors, field Gestures from Video effect transistors, and heterojunction bipolar transistors N. Ahuja,* A. Briassouli, A. Sehgal will be investigated. Methods for integrating these devices [email protected] will also be explored. U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-03-1-0107 Porous GaN: Production, Characterization, and This project is concerned with recognition of scenes from Applications the spatiotemporal structure of the video data. Trajectories I. Adesida,* P. Bohn,* X. Li,* S. Kim of scene contents seen in the video sequence are used as U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-01-1 the basis for this purpose. Objects are characterized by their spectral properties as well as temporal behavior. Such Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory representations are used for information access as well as This program involves the generation and characterization for recognition using such methods as support vector of porous GaN and SiC for applications in growth of high machines. quality epitaxial layers. Matrices with dimensions down to Scale Dependent Processing of Clustered Sensory 50 nm are to be achieved for the porous materials. Signals Processing of Gallium Nitride and Related Compounds N. Ahuja,* A. Feng,* M. Nelson,* C. Gao, H. Arora I. Adesida,* L. Zhou, F. Khan [email protected] ATMI/Air Force National Science Foundation, NSF IBN 04-22073 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory The broad objective of this proposal is to understand the computational algorithms used by animals to extract This program consists of the development of viable individual signals that are embedded in a cluster of similar processing methods for gallium nitride and related signals. Our major hypotheses are: that characteristics of compounds. A systematic study of etching techniques, the received signal and the separability of individual ohmic contact formation, and other metallizations will be conducted and applied to devices. * Denotes principal investigator.

8 Resonant Enhanced Modulators be used in correlative studies of atmospheric gravity wave I. Adesida,* S. Rommel propagation in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere Air Force; Sarnoff Corporation as well as phenomena associated with the evolution and dynamics of weather fronts. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Engineering Services and Utilities for the Bondville This is a collaborative program with Sarnoff Corporation Field Station on resonant enhanced modulators in InP-based E. Kudeki,* S. Henson heterostructures. Waveguides with coupling rings are to be National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 52 fabricated and characterized in InP-heterostructures. High RANR 100075 precision patterning using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching and electron beam lithography will be Continuous operation of the FLATLAND ST used in fabricating the modulators. (stratosphere-mesosphere) radar administered by NOAA is maintained at the Bondville Field Station. The Silicon-Germanium Modulation-doped Field Effect FLATLAND radar, operating at a frequency of 50 MHz, Transistors has been designed to investigate the dynamics of the I. Adesida,* K. Ismail* atmosphere above a plain area with insignificant National Science Foundation, ECS 97-10418 orographical forcing. The routinely measured reflectivity Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory profiles and Doppler spectra are collected in a NOAA This collaborative program with IBM Corp. is intended to database. Joint measurements with the Urbana Field significantly advance the growth and fabrication Station MST radar are performed to investigate the technologies for SiGe/Si modulation-doped field effect horizontal scale lengths of atmospheric gravity waves and transistors (MODFETs) needed for low-power, high-speed to follow the transit of weather fronts. microwave and digital applications. Specific goals are to Radar Studies of the Equatorial Ionosphere study the physics of short gate-length p-type, n-type, and E. Kudeki,* E. Chapin, S. Bhattacharyya, J. Urbina complementary MODFETs and to demonstrate simple National Science Foundation, ATM 90-22400 circuits. The 50 MHz Jicamarca Radio Observatory located near Ultra-High-Power GaN Power Amplifier at X-Band Lima, Peru, is used to investigate the structure and I. Adesida,* W. Lu, D. Selvanathan dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere. In the mesosphere Air Force; TRW Corporation ionospheric D region, investigations aim to resolve the Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory internal structure of narrow echoing layers and determine the relevant scattering/reflection mechanisms. In the This collaborative project with TRW Corporation is to higher ionosphere, E- and F-region plasma drifts, fabricate an ultra-high-power GaN-based HFET amplifier instabilities, and turbulence are under study. Current on SiC at X-Band. Various processing techniques for GaN projects include efforts to quantify the anisotropies of will be developed as part of this project. equatorial plasma turbulence, obtain interferometric images of plasma irregularity structures, and measure the Aeronomy component of ionospheric drifts in the geomagnetic field direction. Major research effort is dedicated to the Engineering Services and Utilities for ST Radar refinement of radar techniques suitable for these studies. Operation at the Sidney Field Station E. Kudeki,* S. Henson Applied Computation Theory National Science Foundation; SBC Utah State University This grant concerns the operation of an ST radar at the Ethical Implications of Biases and Errors in university's Sidney Field Station. Tropospheric and Geographic Information Systems stratospheric wind, reflectivity, and aspect sensitivity M. C. Loui,* C Graeff measurements to be conducted with the Sidney radar will University of Illinois complement similar measurements conducted by similar Geographical information systems combine traditional radars operated at the Urbana Atmospheric Observatory maps with additional data. The design and use of a and Bondville Field Station. The three-radar network will geographic information system (GIS) can introduce a

* Denotes principal investigator.

9 variety of biases and errors. We identified and classified student misconceptions. Based on the interviews, we biases and errors in GIS data that arise inevitably from developed and administered a prototype assessment tool. limits on the accuracy of gathered data, from limits on the precision of measuring instruments and display Automotive Systems technologies, and from the combination of data in incompatible formats from multiple sources. We explained Integrated Vehicle Dynamics how designers and users of a GIS can work with these A. G. Alleyne* inherent biases and errors in a professionally responsible University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Ford Motor way. Co. National Institute for Engineering Ethics Video Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building Project: A Sequel to Gilbane Gold M. Loui,* W. Lawson, S. Nichol, J. Smith, P. Ulmer, Presently, components of the vehicle act independently of V. Weil one another to control various aspects of the vehicle's National Science Foundation, SES-0138309 dynamics. In this research, the dynamics of a moving vehicle are controlled by coordinating and integrating the We have developed a new video, "Incident at Morales," to various subsystems of the chassis. Wheel torque, steering dramatize a fictional but realistic case study in engineering forces, and suspension forces are combined in a synergistic ethics. The new video is directed to a broad audience, approach to achieve levels of vehicle performance and including engineering students, practicing engineers, and safety that are superior to previous approaches. Extensive others who work with engineers. It focuses on ethical use of modern control techniques is made to determine the aspects of engineering decisions. Because of the optimal combination of forces. globalization of the economy, the new video shows a case in an international context. We are assessing the pedagogical effectiveness of the video. Bioacoustics Studies in Algorithms and Complexity Theory Development of Intelligent Hearing Aid M. Loui,* E. Echevarria, S. Pae, M. Roman, M. Rosulek A. Feng* (Physiol.); D. L. Jones, B. C. Wheeler, University of Illinois W. D. O'Brien; C. Lansing, R. Bilger (Speech & We studied the optimal generation of random numbers Hearing) using a discrete random source. When the source Phonak, Inc. distribution is unknown, we characterized the optimal Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science functions and showed that they can be computed and Technology efficiently. When the source distribution is unknown, we proved that it is impossible to construct an optimal tree This project aims to refine binaural signal processing algorithm recursively, using a model based on algebraic algorithms for hearing aids so that they are suitable for real- decision trees. We proved that no circuit family can time implementation in a commercial hearing aid. Also approximate the permanent function unless the polynomial studied is wireless communication between hearing aids hierarchy collapses. We constructed a set that splits every and support devices located on the body. NP-complete set into subsets that cannot be reduced to each Advanced Hearing Protection other unless P = NP. W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* C. R. Lansing, Y. Liu, X. Yin Student Misconceptions in an Introductory Digital [email protected] Logic Design Course U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, C. Zilles,* J. Longino, M. Loui F49620-03-1-0188 University of Illinois Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory and in and Technology the Department of Computer Science The objective is to develop an understanding, based on first We are developing a concept inventory in digital logic principles, of the reception and conduction paths of very- design. We interviewed students who had taken an high-amplitude air-borne sound levels (about 150 dB) to introductory digital logic course to determine common the inner ear by soft and hard tissues in order to design an advanced hearing protector device. The computational

* Denotes principal investigator.

10 goal is to develop an acoustic propagation model using well Inertial Cavitation and Neovascularization understood and documented computational techniques that W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* J. F. Zachary* (Pathobiol.), will model propagated acoustic signals around and inside M. L. Oelze, C. A. Johnson (Biophysics & the human head. Modeling of acoustic diffraction around Computl. Biol.), R. J. Miller, J. P. Blue stationary and moving complex geometries will be Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology accomplished with finite-element analysis (FEA). This The objective of this interdisciplinary research project is to model will take into consideration the effects of diffraction examine and characterize how the interaction of a contrast of sound around the human head and the direction from agent with ultrasound alters the expression of vascular which the sound has traveled from the acoustic source to growth factor molecules following capillary injury. The the human head. generation of these data will allow for a more clear Evaluation of Inertial Cavitation's Role in understanding of the safety issues surrounding the use of Sonoporation ultrasound contrast agents to assess blood flow and W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* J. F. Zachary* (Pathobiol.), myocardial perfusion in human patients. Microbubble M. M. Forbes (Bioengr.) ultrasound contrast agents are valuable diagnostic tools for Internal Funds physicians, but their use must be considered in the context of risk-benefit assessment for each patient. The medical The objective of this interdisciplinary research project is to significance of and long-term potential benefits from the examine and characterize how the interaction of a contrast use of ultrasound contrast agents are clear; however, agent with ultrasound alters the cell membrane to large concerns related to their “safe use” have been raised molecules. A significant problem in cancer therapy is the because of reports of microbubble ultrasound contrast compromised quality of life experienced by the patient due agent-induced vascular injury. Currently, the medical to the side effects of the therapeutic compounds. Delivery significance and pathogenesis of such phenomena are not of molecular medicine to solid tumors is often inefficient clearly understood. Because ultrasound contrast agents are and as a result, the patient’s healthy cells and tissues are poised to be used to assess myocardial and skeletal muscle subject to the toxic effects of the drugs. Thus, it is important perfusion, the results of our study are an early step in to develop approaches that deliver drugs to the appropriate developing an understanding of the primary bioeffects cells within the patient in a way that is specific, efficient, (injury) of ultrasound contrast agent on capillary beds of and safe. One such method involves the use of ultrasound the heart and circulatory system. to enhance cell permeabilization. With this method it is possible, by using ultrasound and contrast microbubbles, Novel Methods for Aberration Correction in Medical to deliver therapeutic compounds noninvasively into Ultrasound specific target cells. W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* D. L. Jones,* M. A. Haun University of Illinois Research Board In Vivo Ultrasonic Microprobe for Tumor Diagnosis W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* J. F. Zachary* (Pathobiol.), Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science D. L. Jones, M. A. Haun, M. L. Oelze and Technology National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, The objective is to develop aberration correction CA079179 techniques for medical ultrasound that will allow imaging Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science through any type of biological tissue, in the presence of and Technology large variations in the sound propagation speed. One example of this would be ultrasound imaging and surgery The objective of this interdisciplinary research program is in the brain, which is impossible today because of skull- to develop the basis for a fundamentally new sensor induced distortion. The interdisciplinary project technology for an in situ evaluation of solid tumors with incorporates expertise in the areas of medical ultrasound the expectation of rapid and accurate detection and and signal processing. The project’s purpose is to conduct diagnosis of cancer. The specific goal is to develop an in the preliminary studies of a new ultrasonic imaging vivo ultrasonic microprobe sensor that operates at capability that would yield a significant improvement in ultrasound frequencies up to 300 MHz and image spatial resolution, an improvement that could be as much resolution to 5 micrometers. With these sensor and imaging as a factor of 10 better than what is currently achievable. capabilities, research is scheduled to assess differences in If this were accomplished, the diagnostic capability of acoustic cytoarchitectural features of normal tissues from neoplastic tissues at the cellular level.

* Denotes principal investigator.

11 medical ultrasound would experience a significant evaluations to enhance sonographic contrast and thus improvement. increase the opportunity for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of a variety of disease processes including heart Temperature Estimates During Diagnostic Ultrasound disease and cancer. Concerns about the potential bioeffects Exposures of inertial cavitation associated with the interaction of W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* J. F. Zachary (Pathobiol.), ultrasound with contrast agents in human beings have been T. A. Bigelow reported. The center topic involved in this cooperative Beckman Institute Research Assistantship to T. A. Bigelow program between the two research programs is the Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science connection between bioeffects and the bubbles responses and Technology to ultrasonic insonification. The goal is to develop a quantitative assessment of tissue Ultrasound-Induced Lung Damage Assessment temperature increase under in vivo and in utero ultrasound W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* L. A. Frizzell; exposure conditions, thereby providing the capability for J. F. Zachary* (Pathobiol.), D. G. Simpson (Statistics), the medical professional to know the temperature increase, R. J. Miller, J. P. Blue and hence the risk of the desired diagnostic exposure. Of [email protected] particular importance is the heating near the developing National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and cranial bone because heating of the developing brain tissue Blood Institute, HL58218 can result in long-term neurological disorders. There is a Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science fundamental trade-off between the improved diagnostic and Technology capability and the resulting increased risk. The risk from a diagnostic ultrasound procedure is well understood by The objective of this interdisciplinary research program is medical professionals provided that the risk can be to evaluate a significant ultrasound-induced biological appropriately identified and quantified. effect of lung tissue. It is known that diagnostic ultrasound exposure conditions can produce damage to lung tissue in Ultrasound Contrast Agents; Dynamic Physical a limited number of animal species. Thus, the emphasis of Behavior and Bioeffects the program is to conduct both experimental and theoretical W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* evaluations in order to develop a fundamental P. Laugier* (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, understanding of the mechanisms responsible for UMR C.N.R.S. 7623, Paris) producing lung damage and from this understanding University of Illinois-Centre National de Las Recherche provide a best-case extrapolation to the likelihood of Scientifique Collaborative Research Program similar damage in humans. Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Tumor Diagnosis through Enhanced Ultrasound and Technology Imaging The objective of the program is to develop a collaborative M. L. Oelze,* J. F. Zachary (Vet. Pathobiol.), interaction between the two research groups that will W. D. O'Brien, Jr. investigate the physical interaction mechanisms between [email protected] ultrasound and contrast agents. The two research programs National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, are the Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of F32CA96419 Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Illinois and Laboratoire d'Imagerie Paramètrique, and Technology Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France. Both research programs have contributed significantly to The objective is to develop and refine a fundamentally new the capabilities of diagnostic imaging. During the last approach to enhance ultrasound imaging of biological decade, ultrasonic contrast agents have provided clinical tissues by the quantification of tissue microstructure ultrasonic imaging with a new and powerful capability to through acoustic backscatter. This enhanced imaging image structures not previously possible. These agents are technique will then be adapted for real-time in situ clinical made of small microbubbles (< 5 µm in diameter) that are diagnosis of solid tumors with the expectation of producing administered into the vascular system of the body to acoustic images that will provide an accurate diagnosis of enhance ultrasound image contrast. Ultrasound contrast cancer. Use of enhanced ultrasound imaging is medically agents are used as adjuncts in routine ultrasound

* Denotes principal investigator.

12 significant because it offers a quick and noninvasive means of detecting and classifying tumor types. Circuits Novel 3-D Histologic Methodology to Identify An Integrated Design Methodology for Low-Power Ultrasound Scattering Sites in Tissue DSP and Communications Systems J. F. Zachary* (Pathobiol.), W. D. O'Brien, Jr.,* I. N. Hajj,* N. R. Shanbhag,* S. Bobba J. Mamou, M. L. Oelze National Science Foundation, MIP-9710235 [email protected] The goal of this project is to develop an integrated University of Illinois Research Board computer-aided design (CAD) approach for the design of Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science low-power hardware for digital signal processing (DSP) and Technology and communications applications. The approach The objective of this interdisciplinary research project is to incorporates high-level (algorithmic) and low-level quantify microscopic tissue structures responsible for (circuit) parameters and includes novel capabilities for ultrasound scattering. It is, in part, these microscopic tissue design exploration and low-power circuit synthesis. The structures that pathologists use to diagnose disease. Our design exploration will be done by developing low-power hypothesis is that tissue microstructure (e.g., size, shape, constrained algorithm design procedures that employ an concentration, and ultrasonic properties) of pathologic analytic relation between word-level and bit-level signal tissue (e.g., solid tumors) is measurably different from that statistics. The synthesis effort will incorporate signal of the surrounding healthy tissues, thus providing image statistics, high-level hardware models, and algorithm contrast. The approach is to construct 3-D microscopic transformations to generate low-power dedicated tissue models from normal and pathologic tissues, and implementation of DSP algorithms. from these computational phantoms, compare the Full-Chip Simulation of Charged Device Model ESD theoretical ultrasound scattering from 3-D acoustic E. Rosenbaum,* A. Gerdemann impedance maps with experimental scattering results. [email protected] UMC Biomaterials The capability to perform circuit simulation of ESD events increases the number of parts that pass ESD Qualification Development of Nanoliter Calorimetry for on the first try. The charged device model (CDM) best Biomaterials represents yield reducing events that occur in modern L. H. Allen,* T. Siaf, M. Wheeler factories. The CDM represents the single pin discharge of National Science Foundation, ECS 0304149 a packaged chip that is at a potential hundreds of volts Miniaturized measurement instruments have been above ground. We are investigating whether sufficiently developed in the field of MEMS. Their use in biological accurate CDM simulation results can be obtained using studies will add a whole new dimension for investigations only a small simulation netlist that contains macro-models in microbiology and protein research. The goal of this of the multiple discharge paths. The various power project is to measure processes in biology, such as those domains are linked through the substrate, and an for protein folding and for ultrasmall volumes on short time appropriate model of it must be developed. scales, with a new technique made possible via MEMS Highly Reliable Receiver Circuits for High-Speed IO membrane technology. Our group has developed the most Links sensitive scanning calorimetry device to date for materials E. Rosenbaum,* N. Shanbhag,* V. Chen, characterization in metals and polymers— R. L. Narasimha nanocalorimetry. [email protected] Semiconductor Research Corp. We are applying communication theory to design ESD- protected, high-speed serial links. Links are expected to provide data rates in excess of 10 Gb/s at a BER less than 10-15, per-channel power consumption less than 100 mW, and a 3-KV HBM-ESD protection level.

* Denotes principal investigator.

13 Algorithms and VLSI Architectures for Joint High-Speed IO Signaling Equalization and Decoding N. R. Shanbhag,* G. Balamurugan, H. M. Bae, N. R. Shanbhag,* A. C. Singer, S. J. Lee S. Sridhara CCR-9979381; CCR-00-85929 Intel This project explores efficient algorithms and architectures The goal of this project is to investigate solutions for data for joint equalization and decoding in high data-rate transmission in the range of 5Gb/s–10Gb/s for inter-chip communications systems. Such systems suffer from communications. The project involves the application of intersymbol interference (ISI) and noise. Conventional communications and signal processing theory and approaches separate the two functions of equalization and techniques to analyze high-speed I/O links. Until recently, decoding for historical reasons. Significant improvements design efforts have been focused primarily on transceiver in bit-error rates are feasible if the two functions are electronics without comprehension of the communication executed jointly. Techniques such as turbo equalization are channel. In addition, no rigorous, comprehensive analysis being explored where the equalizer and the decoder techniques exist to analyze and predict the performance of exchange soft information to enhance performance. I/O signaling systems. By viewing the I/O link as a noisy Application of these new receiver techniques to broadband communication channel over which reliable information communication systems such as very high-speed digital transfer needs to take place, the project proposes to develop subscriber lines (VDSL) and wireless is being studied. analysis methods and explore design possibilities to accomplish reliable energy-efficient high-speed data Fluid IP Core Generators transfer over inter-chip links. N. R. Shanbhag, B. Lam, M. Zhang, B. Shim Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Noise-Tolerant DSP in the Deep Submicron Era N. R. Shanbhag,* R. Hegde, L. Wang, G. Balamurugan This project seeks to develop design techniques and tools National Science Foundation, CCR-9902745 for realizing custom-quality VLSI designs in synthesis quality design cycle times for DOD applications. The focus This research addresses the design of reliable and energy- of our research is on datapath intensive broadband efficient DSP systems in deep submicron (DSM) SMOS communication subsystems, such as filters and FFT. The technology in a unified manner via the development of design methodology includes an architecture optimizer and noise-tolerant algorithmic and circuit design techniques. In a layout synthesizer bypassing logic synthesis. Techniques particular, circuit design techniques that tolerate leakage, such as device sizing, noise-tolerance (both at the circuit crosstalk, ground bounce, and process variations are being and algorithmic level), algorithm transforms, power, and developed. Algorithmic approaches that exploit the delay models are being incorporated into the core statistical structure of multimedia signals to combat DSM generator. The resulting circuit layouts are targeted to meet noise are also being studied. A design methodology is power, delay, and reliability specifications. being formulated that jointly applies circuit and algorithmic noise-tolerance techniques to achieve an High-Speed Architectures for Iterative Decoders overall level of system reliability while minimizing energy. N. R. Shanbhag,* M. Mansour CCR-9979381; CCR-0085929 VLSI Architectures for Soft Decoding of Reed– Solomon Codes This research focuses on the design of high-speed iterative N. R. Shanbhag,* R. Koetter, R. Blahut, A. Ahmed decoders. Recently, turbo codes, low-density parity check CCR-0073490 (LDPC) codes, and related concatenated codes have been proven to be extraordinarily effective in improving the bit- This project investigates high-performance architectures error rates on noisy communication links. Decoders for for soft decoding of Reed–Solomon codes. Reed–Solomon such codes are iterative and block-based, making high codes are commonly employed to enhance the reliability data-rates difficult to achieve. These decoders are also of broadband communications links. Reed–Solomon memory intensive. Our research explores alternative decoders used in practice today employ hard-decision decoding algorithms that might be appropriate for low- decoding. Soft decision decoding of Reed–Solomon codes power and high-performance VLSI implementations. can provide significant coding gains over hard-decision decoders. Soft decision decoding algorithms are computationally complex and hard to implement in VLSI. This research explores algorithmic and architectural

* Denotes principal investigator.

14 techniques to design soft decision Reed–Solomon modern communication and storage systems and much of decoders for high-data rate communication systems. today's technology would not be possible without them. This study is focused on graph-based, iterative decoding CAD for VLSI Manufacturability and Reliability algorithms, which, without doubt, are one of the most M. D. Wong* significant coding-theoretic developments of the last National Science Foundation decade. The goal of the investigator's research is to develop In nanometer-design technologies, computer-aided design a broad, analytical, and constructive approach to research software must consider manufacturability and reliability. and education, unifying graphical models, coding theory, In this project, we focus on the development of theories and iterative algorithms. The interplay between codes on and prototype systems for solving problems in the design graphs and other areas, like iterative graph-based for manufacturability and reliability area. Research topics algorithms, system theory, and network information include lithography-aware design tools, fast reticle theory, is in the focus of this investigation with the goal of enhancement techniques (OPC, PSM, OAI, and such), and discovering and utilizing fundamental connections layout optimization for CMP. between these fields. Routing for High-Performance VLSI Packaging High-Performance Short Iterative Codes M. D. Wong* R. Koetter* IBM Motorola, Inc. In this project, we develop a complete routing system for This project aims at developing excellent codes for high-performance circuit boards. The type of high-end application requiring short- to moderate-length (64 bits to boards targeted in this project is generally completed using <1,000 bits) codes. Traditional coding schemes for these manual methods because of the complexity or density of lengths rely typically on algebraic constructions or the design. The goal is to create a system that will either convolutional codes. Researchers strive to make the completely remove the need of manual routing or tremendous gains achievable for long blocklengths significantly reduce the effort of manual routing. Such a (>10,000 bits) by turbo and other iteratively decodable system will dramatically reduce the design time for state- codes available for much shorter code length. of-the-art, high-performance complex boards. Unwrapping Phase Images: Theory and Applications Using Probabilistic Inference Techniques Communications R. Koetter,* B. Frey, D. Munson National Science Foundation, CCR 01-05719 Fair Scheduling and Admission Control for Shared- Phase unwrapping in two-dimensional topologies is a Channel Wireless Packet Networks signal processing problem that has been studied V. Bharghavan,* R. Srikant,* S. Shakkottai, A. Eryilmaz extensively over the past 20 years and has important National Science Foundation applications, such as medical imaging and synthetic Fair scheduling of traffic sources in wireless networks is aperture radar. However, despite its importance in science difficult due to bursty channel errors and location- and engineering, to date, phase unwrapping in two- dependent channel capacity. In this project, researchers dimensional grids has remained an essentially unsolved study MAC, scheduling and admission control algorithms problem. This research takes a fresh approach to the for indoor and outdoor wireless networks that allocate the problem using methods from probabilistic inference. The available bandwidth in a fair manner to competing sources. work not only holds the promise of resulting in powerful phase unwrapping schemes based on the sum-product Codes on Graphs, Factor Graphs, and Iterative algorithm and structured variational methods, but also has Algorithms the potential to provide deep theoretical insight into the ill- R. Koetter* posed nature and solvability of the phase unwrapping National Science Foundation Career Award, CCR problem. Such an insight is extremely important for 99-84515 guiding the development of practical algorithms. The primary focus of this research is the investigation of creative new methods for reliable transmission of information in the context of modern error-control techniques. Error-correcting codes are an essential part of

* Denotes principal investigator.

15 Design Principles for Wideband Wireless information. We present a unifying and multifaceted Communications approach to this problem that decomposes the large body V. V. Veeravalli,* A. Mantravadi of fault diagnosis research into six topics: deterministic Cornell University, NSF CCR-9980616 fault diagnosis, model-based probabilistic diagnosis, adaptive and sequential diagnosis, distributed system-level This research is aimed at enhancing the performance of diagnosis with communication constraints in wired/ wideband wireless multi-access systems by optimizing wireless networks, fault diagnosis via distributed belief tradeoffs between coding and spreading, capitalizing on propagation algorithms, and model-independent diagnosis. advantages afforded by spatial diversity, and developing The research involves a synergy of several areas, including techniques for accommodating multirate users. fault diagnosis, sequential detection, system-level New Techniques for Optimizing the Quality and diagnosis, distributed control, modeling, analysis and Capacity of Wireless Communication Systems performance evaluation, applied probability, graph theory, V. V. Veeravalli,* J. F. Chamberland, Y. Liang, belief propagation and model reduction to the problem of N. Wang detecting, and identifying and localizing faults and National Science Foundation, Faculty Early Career abnormalities in dynamically evolving environments. Development, Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, CCR-0049089 Computer Architecture and Compilers The research in this project is directed toward the development of future generation multimedia wireless Compiler Optimizations for Multilevel Memory communication systems. Specifically, the research spans Hierarchies the following four areas: wireless channel modeling and V. Adve,* Q. Yi (Rice Univ.), K. Kennedy (Rice Univ.) analysis; information theory for wireless systems; wireless U.S. Department of Energy ASCI Academic Strategic CDMA systems; and dynamic radio resource management. Alliances Program, B347884 Research at the Frontier of the Physical Layer Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory V. V. Veeravalli,* R. Prakash, K. C. Reddy Managing performance on deep memory hierarchies is National Science Foundation, CCR-0049085 widely considered to be a critical open problem for high- The research conducted under this grant has a broad performance systems. This research team is exploring a perspective from the viewpoint of the physical medium in novel class of compiler transformations that provide that it covers wireline (twisted pair or a coaxial cable); improved locality at multiple levels of memory hierarchy wireless (satellite, cellular/PCS, or wireless local area simultaneously. The transformations exploit the property network, WLAN); and recording, (magnetic or optical that recursive algorithms have identical reuse patterns at disc) media. The research has a narrow focus in that the each level of recursion, providing a hierarchy of working problems addressed all involve some form of forward error sets. Researchers are developing compiler algorithms to control (FEC). A major component of the project is on transform existing loop-based codes into efficient coding and information theory for wireless CDMA recursive form automatically. Such a transformation has systems. wide applicability, including automatic blocking for multiple levels of cache hierarchy and improving Communications Networks communication locality in shared memory codes. Compiler Support for Performance Modeling of ITR: Diagnosis and Assessment of Faults, Parallel and Distributed Programs Misbehaviors, and Threats in Distributed Systems and V. Adve* Networks Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, N66001-97- C. Hadjicostis,* R. S. Sreenivas, K. Thulasiraman, C-8533 C. Beck Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory National Science Foundation Researchers are developing compiler techniques that The proposed research develops theory and techniques for enable fast, accurate, and automatic performance modeling monitoring and diagnosing faults, hazards, or more of highly scalable applications. One focus of this effort is generally, functional changes in dynamic systems and a compiler-generated program representation that allows networks, under limited and possibly corrupted

* Denotes principal investigator.

16 one to automate a wide range of analytical, simulation, and bandwidth resources. The final system prototype will hybrid models of parallel programs. A second focus is to integrate adaptations in the hardware, network, operating use additional compiler analysis, together with this system, and application layers, opening up sources of representation, to enable efficient simulation of highly energy savings not possible before. scalable applications. One such compiler technique Safe LLVA: Compiler Techniques for Operating achieved 10-2000x reduction in memory usage and 2-10x System Security and Reliability reduction in simulation time for the simulation of large V. Adve,* A. Lenharth,* J. Criswell, D. Dhurjati message-passing programs. This work is part of a broader National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, collaboration with five other universities. CNS-04-06351, CCF-04-29561; DARPA/MARCO Cooperative Hardware/Software Designs for Virtual Gigascale Systems Research Center (GSRC) Instruction Set Computers Despite major developments in technologies for system V. Adve,* C. Zilles,* S. Patel, P. Salverda, A. Lenharth security and reliability, today's operating systems and user National Science Foundation, CCF 04-29561, processes remain vulnerable to an extensive range of EIA-02-24453; AMD Corp. attacks. At the root cause of such vulnerabilities is an In this work we are exploring a class of cooperative important class of bugs: implementation errors, e.g., compiler/microarchitecture techniques that can improve memory access errors or missing security checks. These performance and reduce the complexity and power- are not addressed even by powerful, security-conscious consumption of general-purpose processors. The key design approaches like security kernels or virtual machine feature of these techniques is that they exploit a wide, monitors. Moreover, design weaknesses in legacy kernels implementation-specific instruction set interface between can magnify the potential risk when a successful exploit the compiler and the processor, enabled by the use of a occurs, e.g., allowing device drivers or other kernel virtual instruction set computer} (VISC) architecture. A extensions to operate with full privilege within the kernel VISC architecture is characterized by having two address space. This project is developing a compiler-based instructions sets—one that is exposed to software (the virtual machine (Safe LLVA) that is capable of hosting a virtual ISA) and another that is actually implemented by standard C/C++-based operating system and all its hardware (the implementation ISA)—and a translator that applications, and exploring how this organization can is used to transparently emulate the first with the second. improve overall system security and provide new security capabilities. Such a virtual machine can apply a range of GRACE: A Cross-Layer Adaptation Framework for compiler-based safety checking techniques on legacy Saving Energy in Mobile Multimedia Devices kernel code. The immediate goal of this work is to apply S. Adve,* A. F. Harris, C. J. Hughes, D. L. Jones, compiler-based techniques for memory safety from the R. H. Kravets, K. Nahrstedt, D. G. Sachs, V. Vardhan, SAFECode project to kernel code to prevent attacks via W. Yuan memory access errors. More broadly, the combined system AMD Corp.; National Science Foundation, will also address techniques for reducing kernel CCR-02-05638, EIA-02-24453 implementation errors, improving application security by Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory enforcing least-privilege, and protecting critical Mobile devices that primarily process multimedia data are application data from the kernel even if it is compromised. expected to become a dominant computing platform for a SAFECode: A Compiler System for Enforcing Memory variety of application domains. Their design must consider Safety in C Programs demanding, dynamic, and multiple resource constraints, V. Adve,* D. Dhurjati, S. Kowshik with energy as a first-class resource. However, the ability National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, of multimedia applications to trade off output quality for CCR-02-09202, and CNS-04-06351;SRC MARCO/ system resources offers an opportunity for the design of DARPA consortium systems where each system layer can adapt in response to Programming errors that lead to illegal memory accesses resource or application changes. Reaping the full benefits are a dominant source of vulnerabilities that lead to security of a system with multiple adaptive layers, however, violations in modern computer systems. Such errors can requires a careful coordination of those adaptations. This include buffer overruns, dangling pointer errors, and project is developing a cross-layer adaptive system and others. The SAFECode compiler automatically transforms framework to reduce energy consumption while preserving programs to prevent all kinds of memory errors in application quality within available computation and

* Denotes principal investigator.

17 production code, through a combination of static and run- extensions and upgrades, and often have components time checking. For safety techniques used in production written in multiple different languages. While some code, the run-time checking introduces very low applications have small hot spots, others spread their overheads. These low overheads are made possible by a execution time evenly throughout the application. In order novel approach for making hard-to-find errors harmless, to maximize the efficiency of all of these programs, without actually eliminating those errors. The compiler program optimization must be performed throughout the also ensures that a specific approach to program analysis lifetime of a program, including compile-time, link-time, can be made sound, despite the presence of hard-to-detect install-time, run-time, and "idle-time" profile-guided errors, enabling static checking and verification tools to optimization between runs. The LLVM compiler project give guarantees of soundness for the properties they claim provides a framework to make "lifelong" program analysis to prove. SAFECode also provides additional techniques and transformation available for arbitrary software, and in for debugging difficult-to-find errors like dangling a manner that is transparent to programmers. The LLVM pointers, through more expensive but complete techniques. system retains key program information in a language- independent format that can be used for lifelong Virtual Instruction Set Computers (VISC) compilation, and exploits this representation to provide a V. Adve,* R. Bocchino, J. Criswell, D. Dhurjati, unique combination of capabilities. LLVM is available T. Lattner, freely in open-source form and has attracted a large National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, CCF community of active users and contributors in industry, 04-29561; DARPA/MARCO Gigascale Systems Research academia, and the open-source community. Center (GSRC) Virtual Instruction Set Computer (VISC) architectures define two separate instruction sets (one to serve as the Computer Engineering representation of stored programs, and another to control Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Utilizing Multirate and the hardware), and use a hardware-specific translation Power-Save Capabilities layer to optimize and execute code on the hardware. This N. Vaidya* approach lends great flexibility to hardware and compiler [email protected] design, enabling close cooperation between the translator National Science Foundation, ANI 01-25859 and the microarchitecture on each individual chip (since each distinct processor design has its own specific Wireless communication technology has gained translator). This is because the hardware instruction set can widespread acceptance in recent years. Wireless local area expose microarchitecture details to the translator and, networks have come into greater use, with the advent of conversely, can rely on the translator to produce code with the IEEE 802.11 standard and availability of several predefined assumptions. This project is defining a novel commercial products based on this standard. An ad hoc virtual instruction set for VISC architectures called Low network can be formed by wireless, potentially mobile Level Virtual Architecture (LLVA) and a translation hosts, without requiring the use of any fixed infrastructure, strategy that permits both offline and online translation or such as base stations. Such networks have many a combination thereof. The project is also exploring applications, including home networking, personal area compiler and architecture techniques to exploit the VISC networking, sensor networking, search-and-rescue framework with the rich virtual instruction set for missions in remote areas, and other civilian as well as improved processor performance and reliability. military operations. Modern wireless devices are often designed with the capability to transmit at different bit rates The LLVM Compiler System using different modulation schemes and to operate in a V. Adve,* R. Bocchino, M. Brukman, J. Criswell, power-save mode to conserve energy. While such wireless D. Dhurjati, B. Ensink, A. Evlogimenos, B. Gaeke, devices can be built, there is not adequate research on T. Lattner, A. Lenharth, B. Pankaj, S. Sahoo, A. Shukla, performance of ad hoc networks utilizing such devices. J. Stanley This project will, therefore, attempt to answer two broad National Science Foundation, EIA-00-93426, questions: How do we design wireless medium access CCR-02-09202, CNS-04-06351, CCF 04-29561; DARPA/ control (MAC) protocols that exploit multirate and power- MARCO Gigascale Systems Research Center (GSRC) save capabilities in ad hoc networks? While there has been Modern applications are increasing in size, change their some work on such protocols, this project is expected to behavior significantly during execution, support dynamic develop new techniques to utilize multirate and power-

* Denotes principal investigator.

18 save capabilities. What is the impact of multirate and power-save capabilities on performance on network layer Construction Management and transport layer? The project will study the interaction Evaluation of Lighting for Nighttime Highway between wireless device capabilities and upper layer Construction Operations performance, and develop mechanisms to improve K. El-Rayes,* L. Liu,* L. Soibelman,* K. Hyari performance of the various layers. [email protected] Wireless Wind Tunnel: A Testbed for Experimental Illinois Department of Transportation, ITRC-VD-H1 Evaluation of Wireless Networks Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory N. H. Vaidya,* J. T. Bernhard, V. V. Veeravalli, R. K. Iyer, P. R. Kumar An increasing number of highway construction and repair [email protected] projects throughout the United States are being performed National Science Foundation, 04-23431 during the off-peak nighttime hours to alleviate construction-related traffic congestion. Despite the This project, evaluating protocols for wireless networks apparent advantages of nighttime construction operations, and developing scaling techniques for physical a number of challenges are often encountered during this environments, aims at deploying an anechoic chamber for type of construction, including decreased visibility for both interference control, forming a testbed, referred to as the workers and motorists, causing decreased levels of safety wireless wind tunnel (WWT). The uses of the testbed focus and quality; problems in implementing quality control on: evaluation of wireless protocols (WP) in controlled procedures; adverse public reactions due to construction environments, development of channel models suitable for noise during nighttime; and increase in cost for nighttime simulation-based evaluation of WPs, and evaluation of operations. In order to address these challenges, this project techniques for scaling the physical environment to explores the development of innovative design criteria and facilitate realistic wireless experiments. The WWT lighting arrangements for nighttime highway construction addresses some of the limitations based on computer operations. The objectives of this research are to develop evaluations resulting from the present insufficient and recommend design criteria for lighting nighttime understanding of channel and system models for wireless highway construction; develop a design and optimization networks. These are not well understood and brute force model for lighting nighttime construction sites; and accurate simulation of the wireless environment are at implement a practical and mobile computing tool for present too complex. Existing hardware testbeds suffer lighting design that can be utilized by contractors in design from one or both of the following shortcomings: and implementation and by resident engineers in the experiments often cannot be repeated due to interference inspection of lighting conditions on site. by other wireless devices operating in the same frequency range, and the parameters of the experiment (such as the The developed lighting standards in this research will be mobility patterns of the mobiles and scatterers in the adopted by the Illinois Department of Transportation environment) are not fully controllable. This work impacts (IDOT) for state specifications for lighting of nighttime the education mission, including coursework, laboratories, highway construction operations. Furthermore, the and student projects. The testbed will serve as a developed lighting design tool will provide much-needed demonstration tool. New educational opportunities will support for contractors and resident engineers in the design open involving experimental research providing better and implementation of practical and effective lighting training and motivation. Facilities will be made available arrangements for nighttime highway construction. to a larger pool of researchers. Additional impact is Web-Based Management of Multiple Interdisciplinary expected on communications systems in practice. and Geographically Distributed Research Projects K. El-Rayes,* L. Liu, F. Pena-Mora, W. Orabi [email protected] National Science Foundation, Mid-America Earthquake Center; University of Illinois Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory The main objective of this project is to develop a robust IT- based management system for engineering research centers to ensure the accomplishment of their research and

* Denotes principal investigator.

19 educational and outreach goals on time and within budget. Construction Site Digital Data Collection Devices To this end, a web-based system is being developed to L. Y. Liu* enable remote and effective management of multiple [email protected] interdisciplinary research projects that are located in University of Illinois different geographic regions. Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory Automated Productivity and Progress Assessments This project develops a hardhat-mounted device that Using Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry collects multimedia information, including video and L. Y. Liu,* T. Trupp sound, for construction inspection and documentation. The [email protected] device uses voice-activated control and allows University of Illinois; Hewlett Packard; National Science construction inspectors to walk hands-free at the project Foundation site to document site conditions or problems. Narration, Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory pictures, and videos can be taken and stored digitally into the device and can be ported later into a database that Construction productivity and progress assessments are supports project control and documentation. A heads-up among the most challenging tasks of a construction project. display is used for synchronizing the camera direction with Accurate measurements of productivity and progress play the eyes. This device allows wireless, two-way a critical role in the success of a construction project. This communications where images can be transmitted to and research project integrates digital close-range from the host computer. photogrammetry, computer vision, image reasoning, 3D- CADD, and computer databases to provide an automated The project will lead to intelligent field automation in the system for measuring construction productivity and future. progress. Construction Time–Cost Trade-Off Decision Support This research will impact how construction field data are L. Y. Liu,* S. A. Burns* (Gen. Engr.) processed and analyzed in the future. [email protected] University of Illinois Construction Object-oriented Process Simulation L. Y. Liu* Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory [email protected] Construction engineers face the challenge of selecting the University of Illinois most effective construction methods for tasks within a Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory project. Different methods, equipment, and crew sizes can be chosen for tasks depending upon the contract time limit Simulation provides a practical means of analyzing and budget. Not all tasks are of equal importance in a construction processes to identify resource utilization and project. Some tasks carry floats and can be delayed without idleness, operation bottlenecks, productivity, and impacting the project duration. Some tasks are critical operational costs. This research uses object-oriented because any delay on those tasks delays the project. programming to design a network-based discrete-event Construction engineers may choose alternative simulation system for construction process modeling. All construction methods, smaller crew sizes, and less modeling elements are implemented as objects with productive equipment at lower costs while maintaining the integrated functionality of interactive computer graphics same project duration. The purpose of this research is to and simulation. Models are constructed through a friendly develop a generic algorithm for assisting construction graphical user interface. Simulation is accomplished by engineers in selecting optimal time–cost strategies to having active objects send messages to one another. This complete a project. paradigm of simulation system design can provide many advantages over traditional design, such as realistic This new algorithm will support analyses of construction resource tracking, precise simulation control, and linkage planning and controls, by lowering overall construction with other knowledge-based expert systems. costs. This research will impact how we manage construction projects in the future.

* Denotes principal investigator.

20 Sensor-Based Construction Quality Control and applied to these complex nonlinear systems. Applications Monitoring of these systems range from automotive engine systems to L. Y. Liu,* C. Erickson, K. Trauth earth-moving vehicles to high-speed machine tool drives. [email protected] Control of Nonlinear Systems University of Illinois A. G. Alleyne* Conducted in the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign This project investigates new applications of sensor Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building devices (electrical, micro-electrical-mechanical, and fiber- The control of various nonlinear mechanical and optic) in construction quality control and monitoring. electromechanical devices is studied. The techniques These sensors are imbedded in infrastructure components applied vary from standard linearization (Jacobian) to gain to collect data for monitoring the conditions and other scheduling to nonlinear transformations (feedback properties relevant to safety and performance of a linearization). The structure of the particular systems being structure, such as a bridge, tunnel, or building. controlled is exploited to facilitate control. The application The potential impacts of this research include a new and of this is directed to the control of various mechanical better approach to conduct construction inspections, more systems. timely responses to repair needs, and lower costs for Control of Systems in a Dimensionless Framework structure maintenance. A. G. Alleyne,* Y. Li, B. Morgan University of Illinois Research Board; National Science Control Systems Foundation Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building Advanced Dynamic Modeling and Control of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems This project examines the benefits of using dimensionless A. Alleyne,* M. Keir, B. Eldredge system representations for control system design. 28 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Dimensionless system representations afford benefits for Refrigeration Center; National Science Foundation parameter identification as well as dynamic uncertainty representation. These benefits translate into better adaptive Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building control and robust control designs. Current investigations This project develops a dynamic simulation-modeling examine engineered systems, such as vehicles, as well as environment that is suitable for closed loop control of individual subsystems and components. stationary and mobile a/c and refrigeration systems. The Integrated Chassis Control for Vehicles focus is on controlling quasi-steady transitions between A. G. Alleyne operating states, instead of startup and shutdown University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign transients, by modulating flow rates of both air and refrigerant. It builds upon previous models by making Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building more extensive use of physical parameters, based on results Presently, components of the vehicle act independently of from other research projects. The model development is one another to control various aspects of the vehicle's supported by a parallel set of experiments conducted in a dynamics. In this research, the dynamics of a moving flexible test facility. vehicle are controlled by coordinating and integrating the Control of Fluid Power Systems various subsystems of the chassis. ABS braking systems, A. G. Alleyne,* P. Gupta, B. Hencey, B. Edler, traction control systems, lateral stability control systems, B. Morgan 4-wheel drive (4WD), and controllable suspensions (active University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; National or semiactive) are combined in a synergistic approach to Science Foundation; Caterpillar, Inc.; U.S. Army achieve higher levels of vehicle performance. The benefits Research Office of this approach are increased vehicle performance and safety. Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building The modeling and control of fluid power systems includes electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic subsystems. Various types of advanced controllers are

* Denotes principal investigator.

21 Microscale Robotic Deposition while the actual device-level control takes place "on- A. Alleyne,* P. M. Ferreira,* J. Lewis, D. Bristow, board." Second, this project will investigate the K. Barton, D. Mukhopadhyay, D. Hoelzle coordination of multiple wireless users acting together to National Science Foundation, DMI-0140466 perform a controlled action. The separate users will be able to develop a connection and coordinated control strategy Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building that will be transparent to users being added or removed as The objective is to develop new materials systems, long as there are sufficient agents to perform the task. manufacturing systems, control, and planning algorithms Hierarchical and Reconfigurable Schemes for required for microscale robotic deposition (m-RD) of Distributed Control over Heterogeneous Networks colloidal gels. An integrated approach will be directed T. Basar* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); G. E. Dullerud;* toward the fabrication of 3-D periodic structures (feature C. Hadjicostis,* S. Hutchinson,* sizes less than 10 mm) required for emerging photonic C. Polychronopoulos* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); applications. Such novel structures provide the optical R. Srikant* (Gen. Engr.); P. Voulgaris* (Aerosp. Engr.); analogues to semiconductor materials at length scales C. Zhang; M. Farhood relevant for optical communication and computing National Science Foundation, ITR 0085917 technologies. The research project deals with issues arising in controlling Nano-CEMMS Systems Integration Testbeds for the geographically distributed complex real-time systems over Micro- and Macroscale a heterogeneous communication network. It is aimed at A. G. Alleyne,* P. M. Ferreira, M. Tharayil, K. Barton, developing the foundations of network-based control, from R. Khanapure theory to applications. The overall objectives are the National Science Foundation, Nanoscale Science and following: the design, analysis, implementation, and Engineering Center, DMI-0328162 performance characterization of hierarchical and Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building heterogeneous distributed control algorithms and This work relates to the Center for Nanoscale Chemical- middleware that are affected through hierarchical Electrical- Mechanical Manufacturing Systems (Nano- heterogeneous networks comprised of wired and wireless CEMMS) Center. We are developing systems integration subnets; and specification and implementation of network tools and testbeds for rapidly identifying potential services and support required for the development and bottlenecks in the confluence of different core technologies deployment of distributed control algorithms over associated with our nanoscale manufacturing efforts. The hierarchical heterogeneous networks. tangible results of this project will be the development of Algorithmic and Differential Geometric Trajectory the earliest testbeds that are representative of the fully Planning functional Nano-CEMMS system as it is currently F. Bullo* envisioned. Additionally, this project will be able to University of Illinois provide systems-level planning and guidelines for the Motion planning and trajectory optimization are key development of the overall research plan. The ability to technological problems in the development of dexterous provide planning input will grow throughout the project as and autonomous machines, including robotic manipulators better knowledge and understanding of the overall and autonomous vehicles. The first step is to introduce and systems-level issues are developed. characterize kinematically controllable systems. For these X-by-Wireless Feedback Control of Coordinated systems, the problem of planning fast, collision-free Systems trajectories can be decoupled into the computationally A. Alleyne,* P. Kawka simpler problems of path planning followed by time- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign optimal time scaling. Second, researchers present a power Conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Building series approach to trajectory planning. Two-point boundary-value problems corresponding to trajectory The goals of this project are twofold. First, the project will planning are solved locally via an inverse theorem for examine direct feedback control of individual systems via power series representations. Investigations include both wireless connections. This is fundamentally different from the regular and singular cases corresponding to linearly and previous and current wireless investigations whereby nonlinearly controllable systems. command sequences are communicated to the system

* Denotes principal investigator.

22 Cooperative Networked Control of Dynamical Peer-to- predominately cooperative and “friendly” environments Peer Vehicle Systems and provided that their performance boundaries are not G. E. Dullerud;* P. Parillo; F. Bullo (Gen. Engr.); approached. With the current proliferation of applications E. Feron (MIT); E. Frazzoili (Aerosp. Engr.); using and relying on such infrastructures, these P. R. Kumar (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); infrastructures are becoming increasingly stressed, and the S. Lall (Stanford Univ.); D. Liberzon (Elect. & incentives for malicious attacks are heightening. Comput. Engr.); N. A. Lynch (MIT); Layered Architectures for Complex Networked J. C. Mitchell (Stanford Univ.); S. K. Mitter, Systems E. Modiano (MIT); B. Reznick (Math.); M. W. Spong, P. R. Kumar, F. Bullo, C. Hadjicostis M. Viswanathan (Comput. Sci.) National Science Foundation, ECS-0122412 U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Defense Advanced Research Projects, Multidisciplinary Research Future embedded real-time control systems will Programs of the University Research Initiative, increasingly be wireless, distributed, large-scale, and F49620-02-1-0325 inherently hybrid, combining discrete or digital components with continuous time nonlinear dynamics. The The proliferation of computing and wireless complexity of such networked systems presents new communication technology has opened up tremendous challenges that lie at the confluence of communication, possibilities for deploying large cooperative networks of computing, and control. In this project, we investigate the smart vehicles to perform intricate and complex missions. design and analysis of layered control and communication It is evident that collaborative teams of aerial and ground architectures for treating complexity, delays, reliability, vehicles can perform a plethora of highly beneficial tasks planning, and other issues. Our goal is to develop the right for achieving military objectives and civilian security. The abstractions that are application independent and enable major objective of our consortium is the development of a the convergence of sensing and actuation with rigorous theoretical foundation, and scalable analytical communication and computing. tools and paradigms, so that systems can be systematically constructed and their performance formally verified. More A Normative Theory for the Design of Discrete Event generally, the activity of this program can be expected to Dynamic Systems have a dramatic impact on understanding and designing R. S. Sreenivas* large-scale, robust, real-time distributed systems. Our National Science Foundation, CNS-0437415 goals are to make use of recent algorithmic developments The goal of the project is to identify tractable synthesis of to provide hard performance guarantees and bounds for supervisory policies that control discrete event dynamic systems performing sophisticated tasks in uncertain and systems such as: air-traffic control systems; automated dynamic physical situations. manufacturing systems; computer networks; integrated Architectures for Secure and Robust Distributed command, control, communication and information (C3I) Infrastructures systems; operations-management of multicomponent S. Lall* (Stanford Univ.); C. Beck (Gen. Engr.); organizations with event-driven dynamics like shipyards, S. Boyd (Stanford Univ.); airports, hospitals, and so forth. Despite the myriad and J. Doyle (California Technical Univ.); G. E. Dullerud; diverse applications for DEDS, advances in core aspects of C. Hadjicostis (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); B. Lesieutre, supervisory control of DEDS have not found application M. Medard (MIT); B. Prabhakar (Stanford Univ.); beyond academia, primarily due to the fact that synthesis R. Srikant (Gen. Engr.); C. Tomlin (Stanford Univ.); procedures require complete specification of the desired G. Verghese (MIT); V. Vladimerou; D. King behavior of the system, a difficult, if not impossible task. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Even when complete specifications are available, the F49620-01-1-0365 synthesis of the appropriate supervisory policy can be intractable. This project develops a normative theory of The major barrier constraining the successful management how DEDS should be structured so that, starting from a and design of large-scale distributed infrastructures is the supervisory policy that enforces an incompletely specified conspicuous lack of knowledge about their dynamical behavior, progressive supervisory corrections can be features and behaviors. Until very recently, analysis of applied such that the (complete) desired specification is systems has primarily relied on the use of nondynamical eventually enforced. The supervisory policy advocated by models. These traditional approaches have enjoyed this project is based on analysis of observed "desirable" considerable success while systems are run in

* Denotes principal investigator.

23 and "undesirable" states of a system. This project focuses accretion on the aircraft performance and handling on three areas of DEDS. First is a learning phase: the qualities and provide information to the flight crew, development of learning algorithms for supervisory operate ice protection systems, provide envelope systems where desired behavior can be easily earned/ protection, and possibly adapt the flight controls. The identified using examples/counter-examples. Second is a research conducted here involves in-flight parameter supervisory policy synthesis phase: the identification of identification of aircraft flight dynamics utilizing DEDS structures where learning is tractable. A third area excitation generated by only natural (and not forced) of DEDS is the progressive improvement phase: the maneuvers of the aircraft and turbulence. Subsequently, development of methods for improving learned behavior this information would be fed (along with other sensor- that can be progressively improved with computations based data) into an appropriate neural network that would, effort as additional information is made available. in turn, lead to an accurate detection of the level of severity of ice accretion on the flight surfaces of the aircraft. The Decision and Control ultimate goal of this effort is to provide both the pilot and the autopilot with needed information to improve the safety of aircraft operating in icing conditions. Dynamic Team and Game Theory for Congestion Control in High-Speed Networks Cooperative Networked Control of Dynamical Peer-to- T. Basar,* R. Srikant,* D. Wiedenheft Peer Vehicle Systems National Science Foundation, ANI 98-13710 G. Dullerud,* F. Bullo, E. Frazzoli, P. R. Kumar, D. Liberzon, B. Reznick, M. Viswanathan This project is related to NSF 98-13710, and involves Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, U.S. Air research for undergraduate students on various aspects of Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-02-1-0325 communication networks, particularly in the area of congestion control. The goal of this project is to develop systematic methodologies for the reliable construction of cooperative Objective-Oriented Model Heterogeneous Sensor networked multivehicle systems. Networks for Coordinated Control T. Basar,* T. Alpcan, C. Tang, S. Yuksel Architectures for Secure and Robust Distributed National Science Foundation, ECS 02-25481 Infrastructures C. Hadjicostis,* G. Takos This is a multi-university research effort that focuses on a [email protected] comprehensive study of large, mobile ad-hoc U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Department reconfigurable networks for coordinated control. It draws of Defense, URI Award F49620-01-1-0365URI on elements from coordinated control, dynamic state (subcontracted from Stanford University) estimation, ad-hoc network management, resource assignment, and fault tolerance. Its aim is to provide a Within the context of a much larger project, this work formalism in which the methods of sensor networking may focuses on addressing the challenges that arise in regards be integrated as part of a systematic design process focused to distributed or hierarchical coordination, fault tolerance, on achieving a specific control objective. Particular topics safety, and scalability in emerging dynamic systems and of study at the present are robust H-infinity and risk- networks. The initial goal of this project has been to sensitive control and filtering in a receding horizon develop distributed estimation algorithms that can be used framework, performance-and utility-driven resource in network monitoring. allocation in networks, and control over networks using Designs of Robust Encoded Dynamic Systems decentralized and distributed sensor information. C. N. Hadjicostis,* G. Takos Smart Icing Systems [email protected] T. Basar,* W. R. Perkins,* P. Voulgaris,* J. Melody, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, DoD URI Award V. Sharma F49620-01-1-0365URI NASA Glenn Research Center, NAG3-2135 This work analyzes the effects of roundoff noise on our This part of the larger interdisciplinary/interdepartmental ability to nonconcurrently detect and identify transient research program addresses the identification and control faults that corrupt state variables during the operation of a research required to develop a smart icing system for fault-tolerant discrete-time LTI dynamic system. The aircraft. A smart icing system would sense the effect of ice analysis provides insights that allow us to evaluate the

* Denotes principal investigator.

24 performance of established decoding algorithms using Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: analytical techniques. It also leads to explicit bounds on the Fault Tolerance Considerations precision needed in order to guarantee the correct C. N. Hadjicostis,* L. Li identification of the number of faults that have affected the [email protected] system. National Science Foundation, ECS 02-24729 EPNES Enabling Diagnosis of Faults and Misbehavior in The main goal of this research project is to develop a Heterogeneous Networked Systems via Structured comprehensive framework for dynamical state estimation, Redundancy fault detection, and fault accommodation in energy C. N. Hadjicostis,* T. Le processing systems. This includes terrestrial and [email protected] autonomous power systems, as well as electric drives and Boeing Corporation power electronic systems, as found in civilian and military sectors. In particular, this project aims at making This project aims to evaluate how the use of redundant connections with traditional fault tolerance techniques by sensors, actuators or, more generally, redundant developing distributed monitoring/correcting schemes and information can enable efficient and gracefully degradable by explicitly accounting for the system dynamics before diagnosis algorithms for large networked systems. Instead overcoming faults that affect the functionality of the of focusing on how diagnosis can be performed for a given system. system or network, this project is interested in finding out how small modifications in the system structure (e.g., Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: sensor or actuator allocation) or the communication links Effect of Packet Drops in Networked Control Systems and protocols can result in more efficient and robust C. N. Hadjicostis,* H. Mo diagnosis algorithms. [email protected] National Science Foundation, ITR 02-24729 EPNES Error Control in Switched Linear Controllers C. Hadjicostis,* S. Sundaram This research project deals with issues arising in [email protected] controlling and monitoring real-time systems over National Science Foundation, ECS 02-18939 ITR heterogeneous communication networks. The project aims at studying the performance of variants of state feedback This project develops protection schemes for linear time- control schemes in a network setup where packets can be invariant (LTI) controllers in switched systems. Tolerance lost or delayed due to deteriorating network performance. against internal controller faults is achieved via In particular, the project studies the tradeoffs that arise embeddings that preserve the state evolution of the original between system instability, noise level, link delay, and controller in some encoded form, but enable error detection packet dropping probability. and correction through nonconcurrent (e.g. periodic) checks. Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: State Estimation in Switched Linear Systems Operation and Control of Energy Processing Systems: C. N. Hadjicostis,* S. Sundaram Economic and Environmental Considerations [email protected] C. N. Hadjicostis,* G. Deltas* National Science Foundation, ITR 02-24729 EPNES [email protected] National Science Foundation, ECS 02-24729 EPNES This project develops observer methodologies for switched linear systems that are driven by unknown inputs. The The goal of the proposed research project is to develop a methodologies are based on using (possibly delayed) comprehensive framework for studying reliability and outputs, and knowledge of the switching sequence and the sustainable operation of energy processing systems in system dynamics in order to decouple the unknown inputs regulated economic markets. The successful completion of from the observer error. this project can have potentially significant implications in characterizing and evaluating the economic and environmental consequences of reliable designs for future commercial power generation and distribution systems.

* Denotes principal investigator.

25 An Integrated Approach to Fault Tolerance in Efficient Resource Management for Controlled Discrete-Time Dynamic Systems Mobility Wireless Networks C. Hadjicostis,* E. Athanasopoulou P. R. Kumar* [email protected] National Science Foundation National Science Foundation, ECS 00-92696 CAREER This project addresses the design, development and This project develops systematic approaches for modeling, operation of networks that are mobile. detecting, identifying, and correcting faults in order to Quality of Surveillance and Control ensure the proper functionality of discrete-time dynamic P. R. Kumar* systems or networks. The project takes a system-theoretic Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, viewpoint and aims to characterize the fundamental Multidisciplinary Research Program of the University limitations of fault-tolerant designs by jointly exploiting Research Initiative, N00014-01-1-0576 system-, coding-, and information-theoretic techniques. The objective of this proposal is to create a scientific A Robust Control Approach to Digital foundation for the distributed optimization problem of Communications surveillance and control. C. Hadjicostis,* P. Voulgaris,* R. Touri [email protected] Towards a Theory of In-Network Computation for National Science Foundation, CCR 00-85917 ITR Surveillance and Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Networks This project develops a deterministic worst-case P. R. Kumar* framework for reconstruction of discrete (source) data National Science Foundation transmissions through dispersive communication channels. This framework can be explored based on robust This project addresses the development of a theoretical control ideas and formulations and serves as a complement foundation for sensor networks. to existing approaches that reconstruct data by optimizing A Network Virtual Machine for Real-Time probabilistic criteria. Coordination Services Data Centric Sensor Networks P. R. Kumar* J. Hou,* P. R. Kumar, L. Sha Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, F33615-01- National Science Foundation, ANI 02-21357 C-1905 Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory and the The goal of this proposal is the creation of a real-time Coordinated Science Laboratory network coordination and control layer (middleware) that abstracts, controls, and ultimately guarantees the aggregate This project investigates sensor networks. behavior of large unreliable networks such as those Communicating Networked Control Systems composed of sensors and actuators. P. R. Kumar* Scalable Multilayer Control of Joint Battlespace U.S. Army Research Office, Multidisciplinary Research Networks Program of the University Research Initiative, P. R. Kumar* DAAD19-01010-465 U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, The goal of this project is to investigate the modeling, F49620-02-1-0217 analysis, design, and control of communicating networked This project addresses issues relating to communication systems of sensors and actuators on fixed and mobile networks, both wireless radio and free-space optical. platforms. Hybrid Supervisory Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Data Centric Sensor Networks Systems P. R. Kumar* D. Liberzon* National Science Foundation University of Illinois Research Board Conducted in Coordinated Science Laboratory Hybrid systems are systems that combine continuous and This project addresses issues related to sensor networks, discrete dynamics. This research is concerned with formed by nodes that can sense, wirelessly communicate, problems of the following kind: given a process, typically and compute. described by a continuous-time system, find a hybrid

* Denotes principal investigator.

26 controller such that the closed-loop system displays some applications. Different services such as voice, or data, may desired behavior. An important situation in which such a have vastly different requirements in terms of burstiness, control paradigm is useful arises when the model of the or rate and quality of service (QoS) requirements. We system contains large-scale uncertainties. Logic-based consider coding, routing, and traffic rate mechanisms to switching introduced together with, or even instead of, provide smooth heterogeneous services to a variety of users more traditional continuous tuning has been shown to via wireless access to a network. improve performance and has become quite popular in the Control Techniques for Complex Networks recent adaptive control literature. Such control techniques S. Meyn* are also much more amenable to computer implementation. [email protected] However, a vast majority of the results available on this National Science Foundation, ECE-02-17836 subject are limited to linear systems. The primary goal of the proposed research is to develop systematic tools for In many application areas and in many scientific hybrid control design, applicable to useful classes of disciplines, one seeks methods for managing complexity nonlinear uncertain systems. of man-made or real-world systems. Famous application areas include network management in production systems Hybrid Control of Nonlinear Systems and wireless networks; analysis of the stability of candidate D. Liberzon* pharmaceutical compounds; and the relationship between [email protected] chromosomal and protein structure. This project concerns National Science Foundation, ECS-0134115 several interrelated approaches to managing complexity in The research and educational development plan proposed large interconnected systems. Specific application areas here is aimed at designing hybrid control algorithms. In this addressed in the proposal include phase transitions in framework, a continuous-time process is controlled by molecular models and resource allocation in large network means of logic-based switching among a family of models. regulators. The closed-loop system is then called hybrid Large-Scale Simulation of Manufacturing and because it combines continuous and discrete dynamics. We Communication Systems study several situations in which such a control paradigm S. Meyn,* S. Henderson (Cornell University) is natural and helps overcome various shortcomings of National Science Foundation, DMI-0085165 more traditional control methodologies. The primary focus of this research is on systematic development of tools for In the past decade, we have seen astonishing growth in both hybrid control design, applicable to general and useful the theory and application of queuing networks. Industry classes of nonlinear dynamical systems. is driving research in communication and data networks, computer systems, and manufacturing systems. Multiple View Geometry Semiconductor manufacturing plants and the Internet are Y. Ma* two infamous examples of networks of almost University of Illinois unimaginable complexity. A powerful need exists for The goal of this project is to unify the study of geometry methods for deriving and evaluating operational policies of multiple images into a simple and clean mathematical that may be used to effectively drive these systems. This framework where efficient algorithms and systems can be project sets out to develop methods for control synthesis developed for applications in computer vision, robot and evaluation for truly complex networks. vision, computer graphics, cognitive science, and so forth. Visualization and Optimization Techniques for Adaptive Methods for Heterogeneous Wireless Analysis and Design of Complex Systems Services S. Meyn* S. Meyn,* M. Medard, J. Huang National Science Foundation, ECS-0228251 National Science Foundation, NSF CCR 99-79381, NSF This project concerns several interrelated approaches to ITR 00-85929 managing complexity in large interconnected systems. The With communication and computing systems becoming focus of this project is resource allocation in large network increasingly pervasive, future systems will require the models. A related project concerns phase transitions in ability to accommodate, in real time, wireless services to molecular models. This research will provide new design support a variety of applications ranging from traditional methodologies and efficient approaches to simulation and voice and paging services to nomadic computing online tuning of control algorithms.

* Denotes principal investigator.

27 An Integrated Exploration of Wireless Network U.S.-France Cooperative Research: Passivity Based Communication Control of Networked Control Systems S. Meyn* M. W. Spong,* R. Ortega (CNRS, France) [email protected] National Science Foundation Grant 0128656 National Science Foundation, ITR-00-85929 This award supports U.S.-France collaboration in control This research studies the design of agile wireless networks systems between Mark W. Spong of the University of that accommodate time variations in the communication Illinois and Romeo Ortega of the Signal and Systems channels, the information sources, and the network Laboratory at SUPELEC, a French center for research in topology. The research will lead to design principles that, electrical engineering. The objective is to investigate in addition to enabling more efficient use of the current passive nonlinear control of networked control systems, in cellular and PCS bands, will allow exploitation of particular, systems involving bilateral remote operation frequency bands in the 10-100 GHz range to provide high- (teleoperation) over unreliable communication networks. speed multimedia services for both indoor and outdoor The problem is motivated by interest in wireless applications. communication in imbedded real time control systems and the use of the Internet as a communication medium in Passivity-Based Control in Bipedal Locomotion teleoperated and networked control systems. M. W. Spong,* J. Holm, D. Herring, J.-S. Moon, A. Block, T. Filipiak Reliable and Robust Control of Formations of National Science Foundation Grant 0510119 Unmanned Vehicles D. Stipanovic,* M. W. Spong,* P. Hokayem, C. Burns, The project explores bipedal locomotion in the context of J. Mejia passivity based hybrid nonlinear control. We are The Boeing Company investigating speed regulation, the use of alternate potential functions to increase the basins of attraction of This project is to develop reliable and robust control stable limit cycles, the effect of control saturation and architectures for networks of autonomous aerial and underactuation in passivity based control, and the ground vehicles. The aim is to develop control laws that efficiency of passivity based control methods compared to have low sensitivity to noisy and lossy data communication true energy optimal control. The goal is to help solidify the among vehicles, that are scalable in terms of number of foundations of the field through analysis, development of vehicles, and that have the ability to handle discrete new concepts, and the design of provably correct control transitions in the network, such as formation algorithms. reconfiguration, addition or loss of vehicles from the formation, and so forth. Applications of this work include Telemanipulation in Multi-Robot Networks undersea and planetary exploration, search and rescue, air M. W. Spong,* D.-J. Lee, N. Chopra, P. Hokayem, traffic control, and control of sensor networks. Both S. Mastellone, K. Kunal, O. Martinez-Palafox, theoretical and experimental issues are being investigated. E. Rodriguez-Seda Office of Naval Research, Grant N00014-05-1-0186 Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks N. Vaidya* In this project, we are addressing fundamental issues in [email protected] communication, coordination, and teleoperated control of National Science Foundation, ANI 01-96410 multiple agents in coordinated manipulation tasks. While multiagent coordination and control problems such as Mobile ad hoc networks are multihop wireless networks, swarming, flocking, and rendezvous have been studied by with dynamically changing network topology. In this several researchers, much less work has gone into the project, we investigate several protocol design issues teleoperated control of multirobot networks, especially corresponding to routing, medium-access control, and when the multirobot network is expected to engage in tasks transport layers in mobile ad hoc networks. The focus is on involving both manipulation and motion coordination. performance issues related to individual layers as well as Manipulation tasks require haptic and force feedback that interlayer interactions. introduce significant stability and transparency problems with respect to communication delay, packet loss, and other communication effects.

* Denotes principal investigator.

28 TCP-Unaware Approaches to Improve Performance of algorithms featuring fast computation and low memory TCP Over Wireless Links use, while providing compression quality near the N. Vaidya* fundamental theoretical bounds. The resulting algorithms [email protected] will have linear complexity and will be better than any National Science Foundation, ANI-01-96413 current algorithm with comparable asymptotic compression performance, in terms of computation and/or The focus of this project is on TCP-unaware techniques to memory use. Some versions of these algorithms will also improve TCP performance over paths that include wireless have simple structure, admitting fast hardware links. The path from a TCP sender to a TCP receiver implementations. A special focus of this research is also on usually includes several intermediate nodes that may drop parallel algorithms that allow arbitrary speedup while TCP packets if congestion occurs. TCP makes the implicit maintaining the same compression quality. assumption that all packet losses are due to congestion. Since wireless links are prone to transmission errors, this Fast Algorithms for 3-D Cone-Beam Tomography assumption is not accurate for TCP over wireless links. Y. Bresler,* J. Brokish, A. George Nevertheless, TCP reduces its congestion window when [email protected] packet losses due to transmission errors occur. This National Science Foundation, CCR-0209203 phenomenon is known to result in poor throughput for TCP In cone-beam tomography, projections are acquired by an over wireless links. This project investigates TCP-unaware area detector, using a source of divergent rays traveling on mechanisms to avoid such TCP performance degradation. one of several possible trajectories. It is already used in current PET and SPECT scanners and in nondestructive Design Theory and Methodology evaluation (NDE) in manufacturing, and it will be the basis for the next generation of diagnostic CT scanners. This will Integrating Electrical, Economic, and Environmental allow use of CT as a dynamic imaging modality for cardiac Factors into Flexible Power System Engineering imaging, or for real-time surgical guidance in medicine, or P. Krein, P. Chapman, M. Pai, P. Sauer (Elect. & as a high-throughput NDE system in manufacturing, or as Comput. Engr.); D. Thurston* a high-accuracy security baggage scanner in airports. National Science Foundation Unfortunately, the high computational cost of current cone-beam reconstruction algorithms constitutes a major A flexible power system is one in which redundancy and barrier to their applications. We are developing new image reliability are managed through localized control, reconstruction techniques that require only computations distribution of energy sources, shifting among available for an image. These techniques can be 100 times faster than sources, treating loads as a potential resource for current methods for typical images and promise to operations and control purposes, and directing energy to overcome the computational bottleneck in 3-D cone-beam the most critical needs. This project seeks to establish a CT, helping to make it a feasible and commercially viable firm science-based framework for integrating electrical, technology for wide use. economic, and environmental factors into flexible power system design. Fast Algorithms for Tomography Y. Bresler,* S. Basu, F. Charpentier, J. Brokish, A. George Digital Signal and Imaging Processing National Science Foundation, CCR-9972980 Efficient Algorithms for Lossless Data and Image Computerized Tomography (CT) is the principle Compression underlying most of the key diagnostic imaging modalities Y. Bresler,* D. Baron and many other imaging techniques, including synthetic National Science Foundation, CCR-0122293 aperture radar. We are developing new image reconstruction techniques that require only computations In spite of the focus in recent years on lossy compression for an image, as compared to computations for the current of audio, images, and video, lossless data compression method of choice, the filtered backprojection (FBP). These remains crucial in applications such as text files, techniques are orders of magnitude faster than FBP for facsimiles, software executables, and medical imaging. typical images and promise to overcome the computational Universal source coding algorithms, which deal with bottleneck created by new imaging technologies that sources whose statistics are unknown, are of particular acquire large quantities of data in real time. Similar importance. The main goal of this research is to develop

* Denotes principal investigator.

29 developments are pursued for iterative and for 3-D Brain Image Segmentation by Integrated Multiscale reconstruction. Analysis and Shape Deformation Z. P. Liang,* S. Wang Minimum-Redundancy Spatiotemporal MRI NEC Research Lab; University of Illinois Research Board Y. Bresler,* Z. P. Liang,* N. Aggarwal National Science Foundation, BES-0201876 Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Since its inception in the early 1970s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a premier diagnostic imaging Brain image segmentation is an important and challenging tool. Although its early applications were largely limited engineering problem confronting brain mapping. By to stationary objects, MRI has also proven extremely useful accurately segmenting gray-scale brain images into in recent years for dynamic imaging applications, such as various brain structures, we will be able to effectively cardiac, functional, or interventional imaging. An visualize three-dimensional brain structures and carry out important challenge confronting dynamic MRI (D-MRI) is meaningful neuromorphometric studies. The long-term to obtain both high spatial and high temporal resolution, goal of this project is to develop and implement a unified with three dimensional imaging capability. The goal of this processing software platform to effectively support various research is to develop, implement, and test rigorously a information processing tasks in neuroimaging or brain new unified theoretical framework for minimum- mapping. The specific aim of the project is to capitalize on redundancy D-MRI data acquisition and image our recent, novel work on graph-based multiscale image reconstruction. In this framework, dynamic imaging is analysis and shape deformation to produce an efficient, treated as a higher-dimensional image reconstruction accurate, and reliable algorithm for identifying brain problem, with time being an independent axis. Instead of structures from MR images. We expect to accomplish three attempting to freeze all motion by sufficiently fast specific tasks during the project period: complete the acquisition, time variation during acquisition is explicitly development of a novel graph-theoretic algorithm for accounted for in the steps of MRI sequence design, data multiscale analysis of MR brain images; further develop, acquisition, and image reconstruction. The approach draws perfect, and validate a topology-preserving shape on and extends theories and algorithms introduced by the deformation algorithm so that prior shape information of researchers over the past few years and offers the potential brain structures can be incorporated into the image for significant speedups of the imaging process. segmentation process effectively; and integrate multiscale Furthermore, combination of the theory and techniques analysis with shape deformation for accurate segmentation developed in this project with fast-scan methods and with of brain images and develop a prototype software system methods based on phased-array RF coils will produce to facilitate the application of the developed algorithms for combined speedups, greater than any one of the individual practical applications in brain mapping. approaches. Model-Based Tomographic Imaging Methods Unwrapping Phase Images Z. P. Liang,* J. Ji, Y. Bresler* R. Koetter,* D. C. Munson,* Z. P. Liang* National Institutes of Health, R21 HL62336 National Science Foundation, CCR 01-05719 The mathematical basis of tomographic imaging is The primary goal of the project is to develop optimal conventionally rooted in the well-established Fourier or algorithms for the long-standing problem of unwrapping radon transform theories, so that image quality is mainly phase images from various imaging modalities such as dependent on how the data space is sampled. In practice, SAR and MRI. Probabilistic inference algorithms will be physical and temporal constraints often prevent a sufficient developed and tested using SAR and MRI as testbeds. Prof. coverage of the data space, resulting in various image Liang is responsible for phase unwrapping of MRI data. artifacts, such as Gibbs ringing, resolution degradation, and various motion effects. This project is aimed at overcoming these problems by developing new model- based imaging techniques that can incorporate a priori information into the imaging process effectively. Application of these techniques to cardiac imaging and functional brain mapping is also addressed.

* Denotes principal investigator.

30 Multisensor Information Fusion demonstration using the developed antennas and Z. P. Liang, H. Pan, K.-Y. Cheng* processing algorithms. [email protected] Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Human–Computer Interfaces MDA972-00-1-0020 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Adaptive/Reflective Middleware System R. Campbell,* K. Nahrstedt,* R. Kravets,* L. Sha,* This project is a component of research conducted in the J. Tanner, P. DeRose Center for Bio-Optoelectronic Sensor Systems (BOSS). Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Grant, INT The primary mission of this center is to develop sensor and NBCH 1030017 processing technology for detection of biochemical agents in battlefield situations. Prof. Liang is responsible for Lockheed-Martin; BBN Technologies; Johns Hopkins developing statistical algorithms for multisensor University; Scientific Research Corporation; Telecordia; information fusion. Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory Statistical Image Reconstruction The ARMS project investigates Multi-Layer Resource Z. P. Liang,* C. Potter, B. Carragher Management for next generation Navy battleships. This National Institutes of Health, RO1 GM61939 collaborative effort is developing a system that encompasses many major aspects of computing resource Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science management. Our team's focus is the management of the and Technology human element of mission tasks, identifying and tasking The primary goal of the project is to develop practical the best user for each task, and locating the best hardware image reconstruction methods for high-resolution imaging to perform that task within a distributed system platform. from electron microscopy data, particularly in the presence Intelligent algorithms dynamically adjust to current of uncertainties in data acquisition parameters (a projection conditions when selecting users and also learn from a angle for example). We formulate the problem as a user’s previous performance. We are integrating current statistical parameter estimation problem by introducing a research in pervasive computing, allowing users to perform proper model for the object (for instance, a virus) to be their tasks more efficiently by allowing them mobility that imaged. This research effort promises to provide a brand- existing systems lack. new solution to the long-standing problem in electron microscopy. Interfaces

Electromagnetics Atomistics of Growth and Transport at Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces Miniaturized Antennas in Random Sensor Arrays for G. Ehrlich,* G. Antczak, S. Koh, K. Kyuno, S. C. Wang Planetary Surface and Atmosphere Exploration U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER45439 J. T. Bernhard,* A. C. Singer, P. E. Mayes, In cooperation with the Frederick Seitz Materials E. Michielssen Research Laboratory [email protected] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, The individual atomic events contributing to the growth of NAG3-2840 crystals and films are being explored on the atomic level. Through the use of the field ion microscope, single atoms In this project, we are developing size-appropriate, are visualized, and processes such as condensation, electrically small (miniaturized) antennas with moderate diffusion, nucleation, and incorporation into the lattice are bandwidths for such sensors as well as processing examined quantitatively to reveal how structure and algorithms for random arrays that enable the sensors to chemical composition affect growth processes. work together to communicate their data to remote collection sites regardless of their relative positions or orientations. The array will configure itself to form a beam in a general direction that can be intercepted by a passing orbiter or directed to a particular satellite- or surface-based receiver. The project will culminate with a testbed

* Denotes principal investigator.

31 Magnetic Resonance Materials Chemistry

Constrained Spectroscopic Imaging Metal Boride Thin Films: Synthesis of New Molecular Z. P. Liang,* P. C. Lauterbur* Precursors and Growth by Remote-Plasma CVD National Institutes of Health, 1R01CA51430-01A4 J. R. Abelson,* Y. Yang, N. Kumar, S. T. Lazarz, J. E. Gerbi, G. S. Girolami,* (Chem.) D. Kim, W. Noh, Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science C. Spicer and Technology National Science Foundation Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging promises to We synthesize new single-source precursors and deposit provide an entirely new way to examine the dynamics of thin films of the "metallic ceramic" compounds ZrB , human biochemical processes in vivo noninvasively. 2 However, its practical applications have been limited HfB2, and CrB2 that are technologically attractive as hard, because of low sensitivity and long imaging time. The wear-resistant coatings and as diffusion barriers in ULSI primary objective of this research is to develop microelectronics. We also deposit films of the 39K mathematical methods to effectively utilize the readily superconductor MgB2. Our approach, remote-H2 plasma available anatomical information to constrain the spectral chemical vapor deposition, combines the best features of distribution to reduce imaging time without compromising the chemical and physical deposition routes: the high rate spatial resolution. and conformal coverage characteristic of CVD, and the low substrate temperature characteristic of PVD. The research Functional Brain Imaging includes analysis of the growth chemistry using real-time Z. P. Liang,* J. Ji spectroscopies and evaluation of the resulting film National Science Foundation, BES 95-02121; Beckman properties and performance. Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Nanoscience and Technology

The primary objective of this project is to develop new Thermodynamics of Nanostructures and Buried signal-processing algorithms for detecting brain activities Interfaces Using Scanning Nanocalorimetry from functional MRI data. Researchers are investigating a L. H. Allen* wavelet-transform-based filtering and t-test method for National Science Foundation, DMR 0108694 signal detection and a multiscale method for image registration and motion correction. This project aims to investigate a variety of basic materials issues in thin films and at interfaces, such as coalescence MR Imaging of Time-Varying Objects during initial stages of film growth and silicide formation Z. P. Liang,* Y. Bresler,* J. Ji, A. Sen Gupta, A. Guo with restricted dimensions. The research also seeks to National Science Foundation, BES 95-02121; National reveal new thermodynamic information about behavior of Institutes of Health, NIH-R21-HL062336 materials at nanometer length scales. The research will Conventional MR imaging techniques have been widely contribute basic materials science knowledge at a used to obtain high-resolution images from stationary fundamental level to important aspects of electronic/ objects. For time-varying objects such as the beating heart, photonic materials. however, significant image artifacts often arise that render Evolution of Stress and Mass Transport During keV the image useless. This project aims to develop a new class Ion Bombardment of data acquisition and image reconstruction methods for D. G. Cahill,* R. S. Averback,* K. Zhao real-time imaging of cardiac structures and functions. National Science Foundation, DMR-0419840 Ion beams with energies on the order of 1-10 keV are widely used for etching of surfaces, microanalytical methods, and shallow dopant implantation. We are using sensitive measurements of micro-cantilever bending to measure the changes in stress produced by keV ion bombardment of metal and oxide thin films. These data will allow us to test ideas of how ion beams modify film stress

* Denotes principal investigator.

32 and the nanoscale morphology of surfaces through heated by the femtosecond pulses of the pump beam and rippling, dewetting, and ion-beam induced viscous flow. the temperature decay is probed by transient optical absorption. By adding molecular terminations to surfaces Materials Physics of Aqueous Interfaces and nanoparticles, we probe the heat flow through D. G. Cahill,* S. Putnam, X. Zhang molecular monolayers and the interfaces between organic NSF-STC Center of Advanced Materials for the layers and water. Purification of Water with Systems, National Science Foundation Agreement CTS-0120978 Ultrafast Laser Interactions with Thin Films, Surfaces, and Interfaces We are developing and applying novel methods for probing D. G. Cahill,* F. Watanabe, J. Letcher the thermodynamics of material interfaces with water. The U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-ER9145439 bending of microfabricated cantilevers gives a quantitative measurement of the aqueous interface stress; i.e., the We are studying the interactions of ultrafast optical pulses derivative of the surface energy with respect to elastic with materials through studies of laser-assisted field deformation. A highly sensitive optical probe of surface evaporation, thermal transport using extremely large curvature is providing data on the changes in oxide/water temperature excursions, and the morphologies of ablation interface stress produced by changes in the composition of craters formed on transparent, crystalline oxides. A time- fluid mixtures. Thermodiffusion, the transport of mass in of-flight mass spectrometer is used to measure the mass a temperature gradient, is being applied to polymer- and flux of atoms emitted from a biased tip subjected to mJ nanoparticle suspensions. The Soret coefficient gives a optical pulses of 100 fs duration. Pump-probe measure of the local change in water enthalpy that is measurements of optical reflectivity and Raman produced by the proximity of a solid surface. Rutherford vibrational spectra enable us to probe the evolution of backscattering spectroscopy is used to measure the electron and phonon temperatures and strain on picosecond partitioning of ions and heavy metal contaminants in time-scales. commercial RO and nanofiltration membranes. Thermal Conductance of Interfaces and the Thermal Networking Conductivity of Multilayer Materials D. G. Cahill,* C. Chiritescu, Y. K. Koh Ad hoc Wireless Communication Between Vehicles Office of Naval Research N00014-05-1-0250 R. H. Campbell,* S. Myagmar Motorola, Inc. We are studying the transport of heat across solid-solid interfaces and the thermal conductivity of nanostructured Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory materials. Our objective is to explore the connections We propose an ad hoc routing protocol with location between interface structure and transport, and the service for vehicle-to-vehicle communication. As an possibility of producing materials with a significant example of feasibility, we developed and tested application fraction of localized vibrational modes. The thermal prototypes of voice chat, location filtering, and roadside conductivity of thin films, multilayers, and individual information service for moving vehicles. Our protocol interfaces are characterized by picosecond time-domain takes into account the motion of vehicles on a highway. It thermoreflectance. We have recently observed ultralow broadcasts location updates only when the velocity or thermal conductivities in nanoscale multilayers of direction of a vehicle "space reservation" to avoid refractory metals and alumina. transmission collisions. Thermal Transport at Solid-Liquid Interfaces Data-Centric Sensor Networks D. G. Cahill,* Z. Ge, P. V. Braun J. C. Hou,* L. Sha, P. R. Kumar, N. Li, H. Zhang U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-01ER45938 National Science Foundation, Special Projects in We are studying the heat-flow across solid-liquid Networking, ANI-0221357 interfaces using ultrafast optical metrology. The thermal Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory conductance of interfaces controls the performance of novel heat transfer fluids and provides fundamental In this research project, we first lay an integrated information about the bonding and structure of interfaces. framework in which a comprehensive solution can be Nanoscale colloidal metal particles serve as the heaters and designed that comprises a set of component solutions at thermometers in the experiments: metal particles are each layer to achieve the targeted goals of data-centric

* Denotes principal investigator.

33 sensor networks. Then, we consider under this unified application enforcement, and others. These functions will framework, research issues along the following thrusts of reside in the end-system management entity called the QoS research: hierarchical cluster formation and routing; Broker, which represents the application/system interface topology control and power management; Quality-of- for provision of end-to-end QoS guarantees. Service provisioning within/between clusters; MAC Hybrid Adaptive Algorithms for End System design for timely dissemination of delay-sensitive data; Middleware and empirical study with the use of Motes. K. Nahrstedt,* B. Kalter, B. Li A Component-Based Software Environment for Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Simulating and Synthesizing Network Protocols in F30602-97-2-0121 Large-Scale Networks Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory J. C. Hou,* R. Campbell, L. Kung, H. Kim University of Illinois Current distributed multimedia applications demand Quality-of-Service (QoS) from the supporting system. Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory However, within the QoS demands, lower level transport In this project, we propose to design, implement, and facilities may not constantly provide guaranteed QoS evaluate a component-based software environment for a without perturbation. In this scenario, researchers are wide variety of emerging network architectures and investigating hybrid adaptive algorithms in the middleware applications. The environment expedites execution and level of end systems to perform QoS adaptation on a critical simulates, emulates, and synthesizes network protocols QoS metric. The research concentrates on analysis of QoS and services in a systematic manner. We follow three adaptation in dependence of system resource availability research thrusts: We extend JavaSim to include base changes by applying theories from digital control systems. classes and packages for grid networking technologies. We QoS Routing investigate issues of parallelizing real-time process driven K. Nahrstedt,* J. Qian, L. K. Shan simulation engines and explore the use of fluid models, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, network calculus models, and rescaling techniques to F30602-97-2-0121 expedite simulation. In a related project, we build a software-programmable router platform, called CROSS, Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory that is dynamically extensible, configurable, and able to The task of Quality-of-Service (QoS) routing is to find a predictably process network flows that require QoS-aware path in the network that satisfies constraints on such access to multiple resources. We will leverage JavaSim metrics as bandwidth, delay jitter, and cost. This study components as building blocks for CROSS/Linux router focuses on QoS routing algorithms and their design within services, and realize differentiated multicast and secure routers. The problem of finding a path with constraints on video proxy systems as CROSS services. two or more additive metrics (delay and delay jitter) is NP- Application/System Quality-of-Service (QoS) Interface complete. This research concentrates on heuristic Capabilities algorithms and study of the family of distributed and K. Nahrstedt,* W. J. Jeon, B. Kalter, J. H. Seo hierarchical routing algorithms to solve the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG multiconstrained routing problem. The QoS routing 2-1250 solutions are applied to point-to-point as well as multicasting scenarios. Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory QoS-Aware Resource Management Researchers are investigating application-system Quality- K. Nahrstedt,* K. Kim, A. K. Viswanathan, J. Wang of-Service (QoS) interface capabilities for visual tracking Partnerships for an Advanced Computational distributed applications. The interface between the Infrastructure application and the underlying QoS-aware resource management system must provide several important Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory functionalities: application QoS application programming Operating systems and communication systems need new interface, translation between the application QoS into the algorithms, services, and protocols to support processing system QoS parameters, integrated reservation of audio/visual streams according to Quality-of-Service coordination policies and protocols to avoid and prevent (QoS) specification. This project concentrates on the CPU deadlock situations, adaptation policies and their brokerage service with advanced reservation, admission,

* Denotes principal investigator.

34 scheduler, and adaptation control for soft real-time and decide the necessary security measures to install. In order non-real-time tasks. At the communication level, to achieve this goal, we developed a representation for researchers provide IntServ bandwidth brokers in the edge modeling the cyber assets of an organization based on networks and DiffServ brokers within the backbone routers workflows and common information models. In our to provide end-to-end guarantees. modeling formalism an organization can be defined as a combination of subjects, objects, services, tasks, and Operating Systems and Security communication protocols. ITR: Active Information Spaces Based on Ubiquitous Choices: A Reliable and Secure Operating System for Computing Mobile Devices R. H. Campbell,* D. Kriegman,* K. Nahrstedt,* R. H. Campbell,* J. Hou,* Z. Anwar R. Kravets,* M. Garland,* M. D. Mickunas,* R. Hill, National Science Foundation, CNS 03-05537 J. Lim, S. Zelinka, A. Ranganathan, Y. Cui, J. Almutadi, G. Sampemane, S. Yi, D. Schmidt, R. McGrath, Distributed denial of service, man-in-the-middle attacks, C. Carter, S. Chetan, B. Ziebart, A. Weiler, D. Raila, message tampering, eavesdropping, and replaying threaten J. Tanner, B. Yu, R. Patel, R. Jones, M. Muhammad, to cripple the Internet infrastructure. They are especially C. Andrews harmful to killer applications for the Internet such as voice National Science Foundation, CCF-00-86094 over IP (VoIP) and voice over wireless. There is a need to develop innovative strategies to detect, mitigate, and The project researches a new form of operating system to counter these threats. Unfortunately various key manage a model of computing called an Active Space. This components are required to realistically model a large VoIP model integrates physical spaces that contain ubiquitous infrastructure and study its vulnerable spots. J-Sim is a computers into a computational environment that supports composable and extensible network simulation and human activity and applications. The physical space, emulation environment. We extend J-Sim to include augmented with communicating computer devices, representative security mechanisms/policies for VoIP such becomes a distributed computing system. Gaia, an as IPsec, firewalls, Media Gateways, Soft Switches, key operating system for Active Spaces, will accommodate distribution and authentication mechanisms, and popular diversity by exploiting standards for interoperation and VoIP protocol stacks such as RTP, SIP, and H.248. We also cooperation. System services track, authenticate, and provide various attacker models and IDS mechanisms to support mobile users with reconfigurable graphics, allow vendors to plug in their VoIP components and test multimedia, and Active Space applications. A unifying them for vulnerabilities in a controlled and simulated object bus, component model, and adaptive stream model environment before actual deployment. In addition we are extends plug and play to distributed mobile computers exploring the use of virtualization techniques and reference within physical spaces like cities, buildings, and rooms. monitors to choose secure paths for VoIP information Active Spaces have the potential for creating multibillion flows. dollar industries. Automated surgery, collaboration, and engaged learning are a few of the compelling examples. Composing Security in Large-Scale Cyber- Infrastructures Mobile Sensor-Network Authentication R. H. Campbell,* S. R. Katasani R. Campbell,* V. Welch,* C. Andrews, P. Naldurg, National Science Foundation H. Khurana Office of Navy Research Present day cyber infrastructures like the power grid are very complex assortments of various devices with different Authentication is a critical security requirement for sensor security requirements and differing ability to provide network nodes and provides a high quality of assurance in security. Not all the devices in the system can provide the a hostile deployment scenario, when it is important for a necessary security according to the enterprise policies, but data-gathering source to confidently verify the origin of the presence of these devices is indispensable. In such a sensor data. We focus on higher-end sensors that have scenario, it is really difficult for the system managers or significantly more processing power and memory than the system administrators to monitor and maintain these first-generation sensors. We question some of the existing devices. We are developing a methodology that will allow weak cryptographic protocols and investigate the a system administrator or a manager automatically to feasibility of using limited public-key encryption to analyze the system and reason about the security and address the sensor origin authentication problem. The

* Denotes principal investigator.

35 challenge of key distribution is addressed by imprinting sensors with public key certificates, as well as the Optical Imaging corresponding private keys, before being deployed. A line- Optical Biopsy of Cancer using Optical Coherence of-sight transmission may be used to update the key. Tomography Security and Configuration of Software Defined Radios S. A. Boppart,* J. J. Coleman, K. D. Choquette, R. H. Campbell,* S. Myagmar M. Shahidi, R. Folberg, T. DasGupta Various Donors [email protected] Reconfigurability of software defined radios (SDR) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and supports integration and co-existence of multiple radio University of Illinois at Chicago Intercampus Research access technologies on a general-purpose radio equipment. Initiative on Biotechnology An SDR terminal is able to switch its operating mode by Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science configuring its radio parameters and component and Technology composition to suit the appropriate radio access The high-resolution, real-time imaging capabilities of technology, user preferences, and local conditions. The optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow for the main challenges are how to provide a methodology to acquisition of "optical biopsies" of tissue. Images dynamically and securely configure software components approaching the level of histology can be acquired without originating from several, different vendors, and how to the physical resection and processing of tissue that is remotely attest the validity of the radio configuration to common practice today. A compact and portable OCT external parties such as a network operator or service system is being constructed for clinical use in local provider. hospitals and at the University of Illinois at Chicago. This system will be used to identify various stages of cancer Optical and Discharge Physics growth as well as metastases and be compared directly to results obtained with histology, the gold-standard for Startup Processes in Metal Halide Lamps diagnosis. In certain clinical scenarios, the use of real-time J. G. Eden,* M. J. Kushner, R. Moss, A. Bhoj, OCT may replace the need for tissue excision and analysis. T. Sommerer (GE) Near-Field Optical Power-Extinction Tomography General Electric R&D Center P. S. Carney,* V. Markel, J. C. Schotland, E. Wolf, Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory G. S. Agarwal High pressure, metal halide lamps are typically the lighting [email protected] sources used for street lamps, stadiums, warehouses, and U.S. Air Force Multidisciplinary Research Program of the other large indoor arenas. Metal halide lamps start as room University Research Initiative Grant, F49620-03-1-0379; temperature, glow discharges. Upon heating, metal-halide National Science Foundation Career Award, 0239265 compounds in the lamps vaporize to generate Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science multiatmosphere pressure plasmas, which then produce and Technology nearly continuum radiation. The starting process usually Near-field optical power-extinction tomography (NOPET) involves applying high-voltage pulses to tens to one represents the intersection of total internal reflection hundred Torr of Ar gas with a small admixture of mercury tomography (TIRT) and optical power-extinction or another low ionization potential rare gas. Optimizing tomography (OPET) where the probe beams of OPET are this process will ultimately produce longer lived, more replaced with evanescent waves as in TIRT for sample reliable lamps. In this research project, advanced computer illumination. With this technique it is possible to produce modeling and laser diagnostics are being used to sub-wavelength resolved tomographs of scattering objects investigate the fundamental plasma processes that occur from the power lost from the probe fields. during startup of metal-halide lamps. Of particular interest are the plasma-surface interactions on the cathode that result in sputtering of cathode materials. Methods to minimize sputtering without using costly exotic materials are being formulated.

* Denotes principal investigator.

36 Near-Field Scanning Optical Tomography lens for the near-field. Demonstration of this work has just P. S. Carney,* J. C. Schotland been accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters. [email protected] Total Internal Reflection Tomography National Science Foundation Career Award, 0239265 P. S. Carney,* J. C. Schotland, R. A. Frazin; Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science D. G. Fischer (NASA) and Technology [email protected] NASA, NAG3-2764 Near-field scanning optical tomography (NSOT) explores the extension of imaging modalities such as photon Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) and near-field and Technology scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) to samples that Total internal reflection tomography (TIRT) is an imaging contain three-dimensional structure or when the probe tip modality that makes use of the evanescent waves to is not scanned in grazing proximity to the sample. We solve illuminate and probe a sample. The probe depth is the linearized inverse scattering problem to produce sub- controlled through the exponential decay of the evanescent wavelength resolved tomographs of the object under these wave. In principle, this form of illumination can also enable conditions. super-resolved imaging where features smaller than a Optical Power-Extinction Tomography wavelength can be resolved. To take practical advantage P. S. Carney,* E. Wolf, G. S. Agarwal of this capability, it is necessary to solve the inverse [email protected] scattering problem that is the focus of this project. We are Beckman Research Award; U.S. Air Force currently constructing an instrument to take the appropriate Multidisciplinary Research Program of the University measurements. Research Initiative Grant, F49620-03-1-0379 Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Optical Physics and Engineering and Technology Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Nano-Optics Optical power-extinction tomography (OPET) makes use P. S. Carney* of the power lost from two coherent beams, which [email protected] simultaneously interrogate a scattering object, to generate National Science Foundation NER Grant, 0210495 a tomograph (three-dimensional image) of that object in a similar manner as computed axial tomography (CAT) Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science makes use of the attenuation of individual beams of x-rays and Technology through an absorbing object to generate a tomograph. We Carbon nanotubes and semiconductor nanowires are tiny are currently developing a prototype instrument. Initial objects (1000 times thinner than a human hair) that have results are promising. recently drawn considerable attention in the scientific and Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope engineering communities because of their novel structural P. S. Carney* and electrical properties. We will theoretically investigate [email protected] the optical and optoelectronic properties of these University of Illinois structures. Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Arrays of Microdischarges: A New Generation of and Technology Lighting Sources J. G. Eden,* M. J. Kushner,* N. P. Ostrom, S. McCain, A photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM) is a A. Bhoj, K. Rajaraman, I. Mitchell device where the object is illuminated by an evanescent Electric Power Research Institute, EP-P6654/C3385 wave generated at the face of a prism or slide and the field is detected via a fiber probe in the near-zone of the sample Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory (as in near-field scanning optical tomography). The data This experimental and computational program is devoted obtained with a PSTM are not amenable to direct to investigating diatomic molecules as efficient emitters interpretation, but we show sufficient information exists in for lamps. The microdischarge serves as the platform with the raw data to numerically compute the two-dimensional which a wide variety of diatomics (excimers, metal- structure of a thin sample, thus achieving a computational halides, etc.) will be studied. A close linkage between

* Denotes principal investigator.

37 experimental results and theoretical predictions is a key devices and arrays fabricated in Si and glass. element of this research effort. Improvements in the regenerative amplifier of a Ti:Al2O3 Equipment for Machining of Microdischarge Devices femtosecond system, including its pulse energy and J. G. Eden,* C. Herring, J. Gao, A. Oldenburg bandwidth, have also been made. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Microdischarge Arrays: Phase 2 F49620-99-1-0106 J. G. Eden,* N. P. Ostrom, S. J. Park, K. Chen, Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory S. O. Kim [email protected] Under the DOD DURIP program, equipment is being U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, AF EWING purchased to facilitate the fabrication of microdischarge TECHNOLOGY 03-1 devices in silicon and other materials systems. A 1-kHz pulse repetition frequency Ti:sapphire regenerative Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory amplifier will be used with an existing oscillator to The focus of this research program is scaling of ablatively machine microchannels in silicon for use in microdischarge arrays to 104-105 devices and emitted arrays of discharge devices. Also, vacuum ultraviolet power densities of 0.1-1 W-cm–2 in the ultraviolet. Arrays optics enabling arrays of sub-50 μm diameter cylindrical are being fabricated in silicon with devices having inverted channels to be machined in Si metals or SiO2 at 193 nm square pyramidal cathodes and polymer or have been obtained. The introduction of polymer films into multicomponent dielectrics. Large arrays have also been these multilayer devices as dielectrics or emission down- successfully constructed and operated in glass in which the converters is another thrust of this program. pixels are excited with an interdigitated electrode Experimental Studies of Microdischarge Devices and configuration. Several diatomic molecular emitters and Arrays excitation processes are under investigation, with initial J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner, S. Kim, P. Galvez, J. Tang emphasis on mid- and near-UV emitters. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Microdischarge Devices and Arrays: Quantum and F49620-99-1-0317 Coherence Effects Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory J. G. Eden,* S. J. Park, C. J. Wagner, N. P. Ostrom, A. A. Senin, Z. Lu, J. R. Allen, C. Zhu, B. Ricconi This research program is focused on fabricating and U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, examining the properties of arrays of microdischarge F49620-00-1-0372 devices. A variety of processes (wet and dry chemical processing, laser ablation, and ultrasonic milling) are Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory employed to fabricate cylindrical and pyramidal cathodes A family of photonic devices, known as microdischarges, in silicon as part of a multilayer structure suitable for large- is being developed under this multiyear program. Based scale production. The properties of arrays and single on microplasmas confined to volumes of nanoliters or less, devices operating in the rare gases are of particular interest, these devices have remarkable properties, including the and emphasis is being placed on the characteristics of ability to operate as stable glows at atmospheric pressure devices smaller than 50 μm. and with specific power loadings of several tens of kW- -3 Large Microdischarge Arrays: Diagnostic and cm . Single devices and arrays as large as 30 x 30 pixels Fabrication Equipment have been fabricated in silicon, ceramic, and metal/ J. G. Eden,* A. A. Senin, Z. Lu, J. R. Allen, polymer structures. Many applications, including broad- J. M. Talmadge, C. Zhu, S. J. Park area UV sources, pump sources for microchip lasers, arc U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD19-01-1-0417 lamp ignition, and gas chromatography, are being pursued. Other research thrusts in this program are femtosecond Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory spectroscopy of small molecules by coherent nonlinear Funds have been provided to purchase equipment for optical processes and the study of the optical properties of experiments exploring nonlinear optical processes in nanoparticles for lasers and biosensing applications. intense optical fields and the behavior and fabrication of microdischarge devices having dimensions below 100 µm. These equipment items have significantly improved the characterization and functionality of microdischarge

* Denotes principal investigator.

38 Microdischarges and Rare Earth-Doped Waveguide biomedical applications. By employing epitaxial films of Devices: Visible and Ultraviolet Sources for Lasers and novel garnet films in combination with nonlinear optical Sensors processes and synchronous detection, magnetic fields as J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner, A. Oldenburg, A. Senin, low as 10 nT have been detected reliably. F. Shen, J. Conway Visible and Infrared Laser Spectroscopy U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, J. G. Eden,* J. Gao, C. Zhu, A. A. Senin, R. Kogler, F49620-98-1-0030 D. Miftakhutdinov Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory [email protected] Northrop Grumman Corp. The demonstration of new sources of ultraviolet and visible radiation is the thrust of this research program. Current Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory efforts are two-pronged. Microdischarge devices Atomic and molecular laser spectroscopy in the visible, developed in this laboratory are under study as emission ultraviolet, and infrared is the focus of this research effort. sources for displays or as chemical sensors. Cylindrical and Currently, emphasis is being placed on the spectroscopy of typically 20 to 400 μm in diameter, these microdischarges the Rydberg states of the neon dimer and rubidium dimers. have properties (VI characteristics, specific power loading) Excitation spectroscopy of the neon dimer has yielded the that are unique and quite attractive for a variety of first rotationally resolved bands as well as observation of applications. The second facet of this research effort is the triplet splitting. As a result, structural constants of the study of nonlinear optical phenomena on the sub-100 fs molecule have been determined. Femtosecond studies of 10 -2 time scale and at intensities exceeding 10 W-cm . Using the dissociation of diatomic molecules, observed in real colliding pulse mode-locked and Ti:Al2O3 laser systems, time, are also being carried out. wave packet formation, four-wave mixing, and high-order harmonic generation are being studied, both Metal Halide Lamp Plasma Model experimentally and theoretically. J. Gao,* J. G. Eden,* F. Shen APL Engineered Materials Novel Miniature Diagnostic Using Microdischarge Technology Calculations of ground and excited state potentials of J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner excimer molecules of interest for lamp applications are National Science Foundation; SBIR; SBC ETA UI-99-09- being carried out. Comparison of experimental P1 photoassociation spectra with quantum calculations has resulted in improved molecular spectroscopic constants for Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory the xenon-monoiodide excimer that emits in the deep This SBIR program is developing chemical sensors based ultraviolet at 254 nm. The optimization procedure also on microdischarges fabricated in a "flow through" involves comparison with emission data, and subsequent geometry. Because of the high specific power loadings studies will focus on the mercury dimer. accessible with microdischarges (> 100 kW-cm-3), arrays of these devices are well suited for the remediation of toxic Optoelectronics gases. The emission spectra of gases flowing through a single 100–400 μm diameter microdischarge are presently High-Speed Wavelength-Agile Optical Network being studied as a diagnostic of molecular fragmentation S. L. Chuang,* I. Adesida,* K. D. Choquette,* in the discharge and as a means of detecting impurities in S. Lumetta* the gas flow stream. [email protected] Spatially-Resolved Detection of Weak Magnetic Fields National Science Foundation by Laser Magneto-Optical Techniques We propose to explore the architecture and device J. G. Eden,* J. Gao,* J. M. Talmadge, R. Roth, A. Fai development issues necessary to develop optical local area U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, networks (LANs) that are ready to interface with optical F49620-01-1-0546 metropolitan area networks (MANs). Our goal is to Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory develop a clear plan for integration of multiwavelength LANs and MANs in order to improve the degree to which Magneto-optical techniques are being developed under this the benefits of high bandwidth in the MANs are delivered program to detect weak (< 1 nT) magnetic fields for to end users on the LANs. Our tasks include the following:

* Denotes principal investigator.

39 quantitatively evaluate the impact of wavelength model reduction method was demonstrated that begins conversion on network reliability and study the design of with the finite element technique. The thousands of all-optical access architectures that leverage high-speed variables are systematically reduced to only a few, with wavelength conversion and add/drop channel capabilities; little loss of model accuracy. This was demonstrated so far design and fabricate tunable laser sources and wavelength for a single inductor. The new model runs several orders converters using composite resonator vertical cavity lasers; of magnitude faster than previous models. design and fabricate a novel semiconductor-based Fully Integrated Switch-Mode Power Supplies wavelength converter capable of format-transparent and P. L. Chapman,* C. Liu ultrafast wavelength conversion; and design and fabricate Grainger Center for Electric Machines and add/drop filters and photodetectors. Electromechanics Parallel Processing Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory A typical switch-mode dc power supply involves several Intelligent Information Spaces: A Testbed to Explore integrated circuits and discrete passive components. By and Evaluate Intelligent Devices and Augmented moving all the circuitry to a single integrated circuit, the Realities circuit is reduced in size and potentially cost. Power D. A. Reed,* R. H. Campbell, R. Kravets, management and distribution within a chip are better M. D. Mickunas, K. Nahrstedt, L. Sha enabled. Several versions of a step-up dc-dc converter have National Science Foundation, EIA 99-72884 been demonstrated. Newer versions will take advantage of MEMS technology to improve the quality of the passive Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory components and reduce the space occupied by the chip. To support information environments where ubiquitous, Optimal Diversification of Multiple Energy Sources intelligent devices unobtrusively share data, preferences, P. L. Chapman* and contexts about users and their movement among National Science Foundation environments, this project is developing interoperable component architectures for device coordination, seamless Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory object communication for user quality of service, and The goal is to develop a general approach to the design of adaptive user context and modality management. The goal a power converter that can interface multiple, unlike, is to define a software architecture capable of enabling a electrical energy sources. The interface would be capable mobile, responsive, and contextual information of maximizing or minimizing the energy flow from given environment where a broad collection of high-end data sources. The diversification of the energy sources takes display and visualization systems, low-power mobile advantage of environmentally responsible energy, devices, and "smart" devices with widely varying improves reliability, and potentially reduces cost. capabilities are seamlessly integrated using dynamically tailored software components. A Hybrid Systems View of Inverse Problems in Power System Dynamics I. A. Hiskens,* D. Liberzon,* M. A. Pai* Power and Energy Systems National Science Foundation, NSF ECS-0114725

Extraction of Low-Order Models from Finite Element Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory Representations of Electromechanical Devices Analysis of power system dynamic behavior frequently P. L. Chapman* takes the form of inverse problems, where the aim is to find Grainger Center for Electric Machines and parameter values that achieve (as closely as possible) a Electromechanics desired response. Examples include parameter estimation, Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory quantifying parameter uncertainty, boundary value problems, and optimal control. The project developed The finite element method is very effective at accurately algorithms for solving such inverse problems. Power modeling magnetic devices such as inductors, system behavior inherently involves interactions between transformers, and motors, but is very computationally continuous dynamics and discrete events. A systematic intense. Several thousand variables are used to describe hybrid systems framework for modeling, analysis, and what should be captured in only a few. In this project, a algorithms was done. The project is completed.

* Denotes principal investigator.

40 Analysis and Design of Vector Controllers for goal is to derive design rules to yield machines with Induction Machines Using Singular Perturbations improved efficiencies and operating characteristics. P. T. Krein,* Z. Sorchini Design tools and methods specialized for inverter- Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and dedicated induction machines are being developed, and Electromechanics complete machines will be designed and tested. Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory Distributed Controls in a Distributed DC Power System An alternative machine model is proposed for the analysis P. T. Krein,* R. Balog and design of controllers. Based on this framework and National Science Foundation Grant, ECS-0224829 using singular perturbation analysis, a sliding mode torque controller is presented. It is shown that under certain Distributed dc bus architectures have become the standard restrictions, direct torque control (DTC) can be derived for power distribution in naval ships and telecomm from this controller. The derivation provides insight on applications. This study focused on distributed control dynamics and stability of DTC. In addition to the analysis techniques for point of load (POL) converters that act of established controllers, new controllers are proposed. In locally but in an orchestrated manner to ensure reliable particular, a controller based on stator flux is shown to system operation without a central controller. It is expected encompass benefits of field oriented control and DTC, that information contained in the bus voltage can provide while avoiding their limitations. The viability of this new adequate information about the system state of health. To controller is confirmed experimentally. test these algorithms, a number of POL converters and controls were designed and built to create a distributed dc Coupled Magnetic Applications of Ripple Correlation system. Control P. T. Krein,* R. Balog Dynamic Simulations of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and P. T. Krein, * M. Amrhein Electromechanics Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics; U.S. Department of Energy Filters based on coupled inductors are promising for use in energy conversion applications because they allow noisy Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) simulators, used to design waveforms to be “steered” into filter circuit elements. and analyze the performance of different components in Previous work enhanced coupled filters through an hybrid cars, utilize steady-state models. However, in order automatic tuning process that allows peaks or notches in to analyze designs in detail, dynamic simulations are filter characteristics to follow circuit characteristics such necessary. Accurate information about peak and steady- as switching frequency or specific noise frequencies. The state values of currents, voltages, and losses in power result is a powerful stand-alone filter that has been verified electronics devices can be obtained only from dynamic both in simulation and in hardware. A number of papers models. Other effects, such as rapid discharging of storage have been published on these techniques. Present work elements (batteries and capacitors), can be observed as involves applications of auto-tuning coupled inductor well. The project goal was to develop a dynamic model of filters to distributed dc power systems. an HEV with various components, and to show that dynamic simulations could be used for the analysis of Design of Small Inverter-Fed Induction Motors subsystem components, which would not be considered in P. T. Krein,* M. Amrhein a steady-state model. A dynamic HEV simulator based on Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Matlab-Simulink was developed at the University of Electromechanics Illinois several years ago and was modified to enhance and Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory support new components such as fuel cells and Nearly all induction machines built today are based on ultracapacitors. The simulation concentrates on a series previous designs, carrying on constraints imposed long HEV, consisting of an energy source (fuel cell, combustion ago. Although new materials are employed, the basic engine), an energy storage system (battery, ultracapacitor), concepts have not changed in decades. However, with and a traction system (transmission, induction machine, power electronic inverters, some constraints no longer and inverter). The model accommodates the requirements apply. This project investigates fundamental design of a design analysis, which especially includes losses in choices, such as number of phases, operating frequency, certain parts of the system. A journal paper was published and number of poles, as well as geometric parameters. The in the IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology in May

* Denotes principal investigator.

41 2005, featuring results obtained from the model. The paper regulation of output voltage, despite drastic changes in the showed that it is possible to efficiently simulate a dynamic current drawn by the CPU. The first step in successfully HEV model and to gain valuable information about the designing VRMs is to find a suitable mathematical model. dynamic performance of system and subsystem The usual architecture involves numerous dc-dc converters components. acting in parallel. The research conducted shows suitable methods of simplifying models for VRMs. The proposed Flexible Digital PWM Control for Embedded Power model achieves an acceptable level of detail without Converters allowing the simplifications to compromise its accuracy. P. T. Krein,* X. Geng Optimization of these VRM systems is a subject of ongoing [email protected] research. University of Illinois, Motorola Center for Communications Modular Power Electronics Lab P. T. Krein,* R. Balog, Z. Sorchini Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Switching power conversion for portable communications, Electromechanics personal digital assistants and most other electronic Power electronics is a subject taught best by laboratory products is controlled through pulse width modulation work in conjunction with formal lecture. Flexible modules (PWM). Since PWM produces strong components at the have been prepared that allow the students to quickly switching frequency and its multiples, one objective of X. explore various fundamental topologies in dc to dc, dc to Geng and P. Krein is to study spectral characteristics of ac, ac to ac, and ac to dc converters without having to worry PWM for purposes of noise and switching loss about the control or isolated gate drive support circuitry. management. Nonrandom switching schemes are being An FET box consisting of two isolated devices and flexible developed to reduce interference without extra losses. controls allows numerous one- and two-switch topologies Applications include flexible digital implementations for to be studied. An SCR control unit that supports controlled the full range of dc-dc converters and small motor drive rectifier experiments has also been designed. Several units for automotive loads. undergraduate students assisted in the work. Life Extension of Lithium-Ion Batteries Re-Rating of Induction Machines for Traction P. T. Krein,* G. Pitel Applications [email protected] P. T. Krein,* M. Amrhein, B. I. Fierro Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics Electromechanics Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory Electrical machines used in traction applications are often Limited battery life is a problem that affects industries such chosen such that their rated power matches the need. as aerospace, automotive, and portable electronics. However, a machine is inherently designed for a certain Previously, life extension techniques such as equalization torque. Higher output power can be achieved by spinning have been shown to increase the life of lead-acid batteries. the motor faster at constant flux. By re-rating the stator In this work, experiments using battery equalization were winding of the machine to a low nominal voltage, the run for over a year to observe changes in cell performance. constant torque range can be extended to higher Results showed that equalization improved pack utilization frequencies and speeds, thus increasing the output power. and extended life, even in small lithium-ion packs. A 2.25 kW machine was re-rated by a factor of 2:1 and Modeling of Sensorless Current Mode Voltage tested in three configurations. The efficiency increased Regulator Modules with increasing frequency, provided the machine operated P. T. Krein,* J. Mossoba at constant torque. Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Software Development for a Modular Inverter Electromechanics P. T. Krein,* P. L. Chapman,* G. Zhang, J. Wells Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics Special power converters are needed to supply the low voltages required by recent micorprocessors. These A modular inverter is being created to serve as a test bed voltage regulator modules (VRMs), must provide fast for various motor drive control schemes. This project is to

* Denotes principal investigator.

42 develop a software common platform for control as fuel cells, solar cells, microturbines), energy storage algorithms. By integrating Matlab/Simulink, Code devices (such as flywheels, batteries, ultracapacitors), and Composer Studio, and Spectrum Digital eZdsp, we are able loads, usually interconnected with a larger grid. With to streamline software development from computer independent control, a microgrid with a utility tie can simulation to target implementation. The process is deliver high reliability, high efficiency, and uninterruptible efficient and allows developers to focus on the control power functions, while reducing energy storage needs scheme. A user graphical interface allows real-time control compared to traditional systems. This work explores a of multiple parameters and data logging. microgrid-based telecommunications power plant with a distributed architecture. Combinations of converters and Torque-Angle-Oriented Control for Induction Motors controls create a flexible, reliable plant that meets P. T. Krein,* G. Zhang performance needs of modern telecommunication systems. Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics Dynamic Data Driven Applications for Power Systems P. W. Sauer* Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory [email protected] Constant voltage-frequency-ratio control, field-oriented National Science Foundation control, and direct torque control are the most popular ac This project is investigating the use of time synchronized motor control methods. There are also numerous measured data for analyzing the state of power systems techniques to improve the static and dynamic performance with particular emphasis on dynamic properties. The data by applying more complex algorithms to these controls. are being considered for use in aiding power system The goal of a proposed torque-angle-oriented control is to operators in determining closeness to security boundaries, simplify control algorithms so that reasonably good static both static and dynamic. and dynamic performance may be achieved without adding complexity to the motor control system. A digital Integrated Security Analysis algorithm has been developed and tested to show the P. W. Sauer* advantages of the torque-angle approach. [email protected] Department of Energy-CERTS An Integrated 42-V Drive Design for Automobile Loads with a Low-Distortion Overmodulation Strategy Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory P. T. Krein,* A. Kwasinski This project is formulating new security analysis tools for Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and operators using existing computational software code with Electromechanics online data. Traditional security application programs are The automotive industry is moving to higher voltages to used to create historical security results that will be used to support more electric automobiles. This study develops an develop learning algorithms. These algorithms will use integral design methodology that considers motors, both new computational results and historical results. This inverters, and the electrical design as a complete system. work is being done jointly with Washington State The proposed design consists of an induction motor wound University. for a suitable voltage range and driven by an inverter. The Reliability Tools for Power System Operators inverter is used in an overmodulation regime when bus P. W. Sauer,* T. Overbye voltage is low. A 3-D representation of the modulation Department of Energy, Consortium for Electric Reliability process showed that a signal based on triangle injection Technology Solutions through Cornell University Power will minimize distortion. This approach was tested Systems Engineering Research Center experimentally. It was demonstrated that dc bus utilization improves without added losses. Conducted in the Everitt Laboratory A Microgrid-Based Telecom Power System Using This project is investigating advanced security analysis Modular Multiple-Input Dc-Dc Converters visualization concepts to enhance the reliability of the P. T. Krein,* A. Kwasinski interconnected grid. Results from online security analysis Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and will be presented and displayed to operators in a format Electromechanics suitable for rapid decision making and for assessing the acceptability of the system state. A microgrid is an independently controlled portion of an electrical grid. It comprises its own power sources (such

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43 Customizable Coordination Services for Large-Scale Programming Languages, Formal Network Embedded Systems Systems, and Software Engineering G. Agha,* P. Chang, P. Thati, R. Ziaei Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Actor Coordination Abstractions, Semantics, and F49620-97-1-0382 Implementation Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory G. Agha,* C. Varela University of Illinois The focus of this research is on developing application independent services to coordinate large scale network Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory embedded systems. The coordination services will use This research focuses on the complexity of expressing customization and composition to enable dynamic interaction and coordination in Web-based computing. adaptation in uncertain environments. The approach is to Researchers are working on providing high-level define algorithms that are based on stochastic models of mechanisms to manage the complexity of scaling up system behavior, which enable the research team to computations over the Web, piggy-backing on the represent the incompleteness in information about the availability of Java byte-code for portability. The project current global system state as well as the unpredictability defines several actor-based abstractions (casts, directors, of the environment. The operational model uses messengers) to effectively harness the power of the World probabilistic transitions rather than simple Wide Web as a global computing infrastructure. Groups of nondeterministic interleavings of actions, and it explicitly actors, or casts, represent an abstraction unit for naming, accounts for duration of transitions. The goal is to develop synchronization, migration, composition, and load algorithms that provide for coordination in real-time and balancing. Each cast contains a director, and intercast that guarantee the desired properties with sufficiently high communication is performed via special actors named probabilities. Examples include algorithms for messengers. approximate consensus (such as approximate synchrony), recovery, and hierarchical coordination. The algorithms Agent Generation and Control will be implemented to provide a code basis for application G. Agha,* N. Jamali, P. Thati independent coordination services. The implementation U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, strategy is to build a repository of basic coordination F49620-97-1-0382 services using reflective middleware. The goal will be to Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory derive more complex algorithms based on simpler core resource management services. Agents provide a natural abstraction for using geographically distributed computational and memory Parametric Models for Large-Scale Agent Systems resources. Agents are autonomous mobile actors that may G. Agha,* N. Jamali, P. Thati, R. Ziaei be invoked to satisfy specific goals that may require Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, traveling across physical and economic boundaries. Agents F30602-00-2-0586 and agent ensembles can exhibit resource consumptive or Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory otherwise unsafe behavior, raising security and resource management concerns. Agents must, therefore, be limited A goal of this research is to develop mathematical models by the resources they consume in pursuing a goal. The to support the analysis and modeling of complex, large- project is developing concepts necessary to provide scale agent systems. Instead of simple nondeterminism, the linguistic and system support for defining multiagent new theory will represent behavior stochastically. architectures. A related goal is to extend the mathematical Moreover, instead of the current approach of using input- theory of actors to allow reasoning about multiagent output behavior of individual agents, it will allow the systems. behavior to be parametric in terms of variables that represent aggregated behavior of large numbers of agents. The operational model uses probabilistic transitions over an abstract representation of the current state of the system. The use of statistical techniques on this model for aggregating behaviors opens up the possibility of studying conditions under which either a stable equilibrium or chaotic behavior may occur. Another goal is to develop a

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44 radically different logical framework for expressing properties of large-scale agent systems. The framework is Real-Time and Embedded Systems inspired by Quantum Logics, which allow the expression Defect-Tolerant System Integration and Evolution of testable properties. This is in contrast to the usual L. Sha* algebraic approach that assumes every sentence (whether U.S. Office of Naval Research, Sha 2063 testable or not) can be assigned a truth value. Specifically, this research will enable macroscopic properties to be Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory expressed without implying assertions about how they Large software systems are developed by integrating arise. software components. Unfortunately, many complex Software Architectures for Distributed Systems software components often contain defects. On the other G. Agha,* M. Astley hand, the technology exists to develop modest-size University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, CCR software components with a high degree of confidence. 9619522 Flight control software is an example. This research focuses on algorithms and architectures that can leverage Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory simple high-assurance components to ensure the integrity The term middleware describes a set of services for of large distributed real-time systems in spite of faults in integrating components of a distributed application, such complex software components. as coordination and communication mechanisms. Dependable and Secured Embedded Systems Recently, middleware services have been developed that L. Sha,* V. Adve, M. Spong support fault-tolerance, security, and other high-level National Science Foundation, CNS 0209202 policies. Such services have a fixed semantics, their implementation being influenced by the semantics of the Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory application and the nature of the execution environment. Faults and attacks during upgrades can be classified into The goal of this research is to provide a modular framework three categories: application level control logic faults or for developing middleware services. The project is attacks; code, data, thread, or process access faults or formulating theoretical, linguistic, and run-time support attacks; and resource depletion faults or attacks. To protect for developing the needs of a particular application. against them, our work will focus on integrated compiler Particular attention is paid to placement and mobility issues static analysis and runtime checks to enforce the resource and vertical integration requirements. usage limits and to protect code, data, thread, and Specifying and Deriving Mobile Systems processes; and advanced safety controllers that can protect G. Agha,* P. Thati, R. Ziaei against coordinated control logic faults or attacks. U.S. Army, JHU 8812-48151 Together with real-time scheduling technology, they form a foundation upon which applications can be upgraded Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory without shutting down normal operation. Furthermore, the This research is focused on studying formal methods for system stability can be maintained in spite of insider specifying and verifying distributed software systems. The attacks masquerading as upgrades. objective is to use automated deduction tools to reason Quality of Surveillance and Control in Network about certain properties of mobile agents in open Centric Warfare distributed systems. More specifically, security issues in L. Sha,* J. C. Hou,* M. Caccamo, W.-P. Chen, authentication protocols and agent design are being P. R. Kumar, R. Iyer, R. Zheng studied. The project is formalizing an appropriate semantic Office of Naval Research, Multidisciplinary Research framework that captures the fundamental properties of Program of University Research Initiative mobile computing and simplifies the task of reasoning. A specification language and logic will be developed based Conducted in the Digital Computer Laboratory on the semantic framework. Finally, automated reasoning In this project, we aim to develop a sound scientific environments will be explored to find a suitable platform foundation and technologies to allocate computing, to implement the reasoning system. sensing, and communication resources in a way that will enhance the quality of surveillance and control for the Department of Defense's vision of network centric cooperative engagement. We are working with the DoD

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45 community to develop model problems that embody the reliable systems implemented using reconfigurable logic. fundamental scientific and engineering challenges faced These techniques combine application-directed synthesis by DoD systems, including network of multifunction of redundant functionality to tolerate errors, run-time radars, distributed sensor network, and advanced avionics detection of faults, incremental synthesis for fast repair, systems. We are working to solve these model problems, and global resynthesis to avoid cumulative effects from demonstrate the solutions, and transition the technologies multiple faults. to major DoD programs through technology transition The Amalgam Programmable-Reconfigurable partners. Processor N. P. Carter* Reliable and High-Performance [email protected] Computing U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-01-1-0824 Amalgam combines several conventional processors and Composable Processors blocks of reconfigurable architecture into a single N. P. Carter,* R. Gupta, G. Rasche, J. Stine microprocessor, using a clustered architecture to minimize Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, MARCO the impact of wire delay on cycle time. Our results show Center that this architecture generates an average of greater than 12x speedup over a simple microprocessor on a range of As silicon fabrication technology improves, processors and benchmarks. We are currently developing compiler system-on-a-chip (SOC) designs are moving toward techniques for this architecture, as well as investigating gridded layouts to minimize the impact of wire delays on architectural features to improve performance in far-future performance. The composable processors project is fabrication processes. studying techniques to reduce the design time and cost of grid-based custom processors through the use of a set of Architectural Models for Highly Concurrent pre-designed "tiles" that can be composed together to form Instruction Execution a variety of custom system architectures. In addition to the M. I. Frank,* S. J. Patel design of the tiles and systems that use them, we are [email protected] developing software techniques to automatically generate National Science Foundation, CCF-0429711 high-performance, low-cost architectures for specific Superscalar processors can concurrently execute several applications in this design methodology. instructions from a single thread, but are limited in the Magnetoelectronic Reconfigurable Logic amount of concurrency they can find and exploit because N. P. Carter* they must fetch and rename instructions in program order. [email protected] We build on compiler-assisted thread level parallelization U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-02-1-1038 mechanisms that concurrently fetch, rename, and execute multiple, widely separated, portions of the program. We We are developing reconfigurable logic systems based on are developing new dynamic techniques for using control- a novel magnetoelectronic device: the Hybrid Hall Effect dependence information to find and exploit global device. These circuits can be configured to compute a wide instruction-level concurrency within a single thread of range of logic functions with nonvolatile storage of their execution. Using these techniques, we can achieve outputs and can be easily integrated into CMOS designs. execution rates four to ten times that achievable by Current challenges include reducing the power superscalar processors. consumption of our circuits and developing system architectures that best take advantage of their capabilities. Advanced Predicate-Domain Code Optimization W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias Self-Healing Reliable Reconfigurable Systems Intel Corporation N. P. Carter* [email protected] The predicated representation, in which control is University of Illinois implemented via conditional execution of instructions rather than branches, presents two general categories of Reconfigurable logic is an attractive fabric for reliable new optimization opportunities: the optimization of system design because faults in portions of the logic can program decision logic and the optimization of be corrected by reconfiguring the system to avoid the faulty computation code using predication. This project aims to resources. We are developing design techniques for

* Denotes principal investigator.

46 reduce control overhead by extracting control expressions Compiler and Architecture Support for Program from predicated code, optimizing these expressions using Tunneling Boolean minimization techniques, and re-expressing W.-M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, M. C. Merten, A. R. Trick, control using more efficient sequences of predicate H.-S. Kim defining instructions. In the second area, this project works Hewlett-Packard toward a paradigm in which stores, branches, and loop Modern programming paradigms often impose major boundaries can be reordered freely to achieve performance performance penalties on application programs. Object goals. oriented programming, structured exception handling, Architecture and Compiler Techniques for Optimizing automatic memory management, middleware services, and Memory Accesses operating system calls are all examples of such costly W.-M. Hwu,* H.-S. Kim, E. M. Nystrom features. The goal of this research is to eliminate the cost National Science Foundation, CCR 96-29948/98-09478; of these features for the frequently traversed paths of Intel Corporation executable programs. Architecture support, in the form of new protection schemes and no-overhead profiling The goal of this research is to develop an integrated mechanisms, will be developed to enable the run-time compiler and architecture approach to drastically reduce optimizer to safely perform aggressive optimizations. the frequency and cost of memory accesses in future computer systems. In particular, a compiler strategy that is Configurable On-Chip Memory Microarchitectures built upon interprocedural pointer analysis and new W.-M. Hwu,* H. C. Hunter, E. M. Nystrom, C.-W. Li, heuristics for estimating the probability of colliding pointer H.-S. Kim contents will be developed to take full advantage of the data [email protected] speculation features in future microprocessors. The DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research insights provided by fully disambiguated memory accesses Center (GSRC); Semiconductor Research Corporation may drastically change the future course of run-time data Simple technology scaling offers little hope for breaking speculation supports. the difficult scalability and power/performance barriers Automatic Transformation of Traditional Software associated with traditional on-chip memories. This project Components into a Data-Flow Execution Model seeks to design new configurable on-chip SRAM W.-M. Hwu,* C.-W. Li, H.-S. Kim microarchitectures that will enable large SRAM structures [email protected] to approach the power efficiency of small custom DARPA/MARCO Gigascale Systems Research Center memories for memory-intensive applications such as (GSRC); Semiconductor Research Corporation media and signal processing. The proposed structures support configurability in access ports, access latencies, Due to the cost of building ever-larger uniprocessors with and sleep-drowsy states. Our deep analysis toolset, a standard, single global on-chip storage, future gigascale carefully engineered symbiosis of whole-program data computing platforms will increasingly rely on special- flow, control flow, and pointer/data structure analyses, will purpose hardware accelerators that employ decentralized disaggregate the application's memory data flows and will data-flow computation models. However, the traditional allow transformation of existing programs to take full von Neumann programming model will continue to be advantage of the configurability of the new SRAM strongly preferred due to the high cost of changing the structures. fundamental software model. To improve design productivity in the presence of the widening gap between Deep Program Analysis the programming model and the underlying hardware W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, H. C. Hunter, platform, we are developing deep program analysis and C.-W. Li, H.-S. Kim transformation techniques that will enable tools to Intel Corporation; National Science Foundation, automatically extract data flow computation components 98-09478 from a von Neumann program. Current code analysis techniques draw dependences based largely on program structure and on register and memory accesses, many of which are not inherent to algorithms but are merely side effects of implementation in a particular architecture or coding paradigm. The conservative nature of these analysis techniques limits the compiler's ability to

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47 perform broad, powerful code optimizations. Deep requirements. This architecture divides the processing program analysis is intended to discern the fundamental resources of the chip into four independent clusters, with algorithmic dependences of input programs from among each cluster having its own program-controllable data those artificially imposed. The application of deep program memory. A decoded instruction buffer in each cluster analysis techniques could revolutionize program reduces instruction fetch bandwidth and power optimization, memory access microarchitecture, software consumption in loops. Compiler techniques are being development process, software verification, and software developed to coordinate intercluster data movement to debugging. eliminate many of the memory accesses required during the execution of media programs on conventional IMPACT Run-Time Optimization Framework architectures. W.-M. Hwu,* R. D. Barnes, E. M. Nystrom [email protected] Multipass EPIC Microarchitecture Advanced Micro Devices; Microsoft Corp. W.-M. Hwu,* R. D. Barnes, J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, S. J. Patel, N. Navarro Aggressive code specialization at compile time can achieve [email protected] significant performance gains, although it is typically Intel Corporation; Hewlett-Packard limited by risks of profile-dependence and code-explosion. Therefore, we are developing a framework for adaptive, It is well established that the in-order microarchitecture runtime optimization, allowing profiling and used by EPIC processor such as Itanium can exploit the specialization of code regions based on the current compiler's proficiency in planning parallelism. However, workload profile. Rather than solely focusing on the inability of this substrate to accommodate unexpected opportunities in relatively unoptimized applications, this latencies, such as data cache misses, is its most vexing framework focuses on providing an efficient architecture weakness. To address this problem, we propose multipass for targeting optimization of opportunities presented by pipelining, a new class of in-order microarchitectures in even the most aggressively optimized code. Components which the processor pipeline defers execution of of these frameworks include efficient runtime optimization instructions with unready operands for later processing, algorithms, techniques for identifying optimization thereby avoiding stalls. A first-generation design of this candidates using nonintrusive profiling, and seamless technique delivers substantial performance improvements deployment of optimized code. for applications with significant memory stalls. Future generations promise to further enhance the performance Java Run-Time Architecture while reducing complexity, area, and power. W.-M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, H.-S. Kim Hewlett-Packard Next-Generation EPIC Compiler Technology W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, S.-Z. Ueng, This project focuses on enhancements needed to create S. Ryoo, G. A. Kent, I. M. Steiner highly optimized native code for dynamic Java server [email protected] applications. This includes the construction of a next- Intel Corporation; Hewlett-Packard generation Java run-time prototype that offers a means of integration between dynamic code production and static We have demonstrated that IMPACT's aggressive use of code reuse. Also included are a streamlined object model, predication, speculation, and code replication in its nonintrusive profiling, dynamic optimizations, reduced structural transformation approach can attain substantial intermodule communication overhead, run-time integer code performance increases over contemporary deployment of optimized code, improved memory compilers for Itanium2. Challenges and opportunities management subsystem, and hardware enhancements to remain: sophisticated combinations of transformations support Java specific features. required to expose desired levels of instruction-level parallelism pose profile-dependence and stability issues. Memory-Efficient EPIC Processors Selective specialization, while not yet controlled with great W.-M. Hwu,* N. P. Carter, H. Hunter, C.-W. Li precision, shows an ability to improve instruction caching Semiconductor Research Corporation as well as ILP. Control and data speculation interact Researchers are developing an improved EPIC architecture nontrivially with optimizations and operating system that will provide the high performance required by models. Finally, more sophisticated region selection and upcoming embedded applications while significantly optimization techniques promise increasingly efficient use reducing power consumption and memory bandwidth of wide EPIC resources.

* Denotes principal investigator.

48 OpenIMPACT Compiler Release verify the correctness of each customized version. W.-M. Hwu,* R. E. Kidd, J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom Customization technologies are developed at the source [email protected] and then at the binary level, with the long-term goal of Gelato; Hewlett-Packard; National Science Foundation, handling commercial software. Potential benefits include CCR 98-09404 rapid generation of software, smaller software footprints, reduced energy consumption, and higher performance. This project aims to release the IMPACT research compiler as a general-purpose, open-source compiler for the IA64 Scalable Deep Program Analysis Linux platform. The research compiler's features, such as W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, C.-W. Li, predicated compilation, instruction-level parallelism H.-S. Kim, S. Ryoo, N. Navarro, S. Lumetta optimizations, compiler-engineered speculation, and [email protected] profile-based optimizations, as well as its extensible DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research research framework, will be retained. In addition, an easy- Center (GSRC); National Science Foundation, to-use interface will be provided that will allow Information Technology Research OpenIMPACT to be used as a high-performance Future breakthroughs in computer architecture, software alternative to traditional compilers. This project will be engineering, and trustworthy computing will rely on the released under the University of Illinois (UIUC/NCSA) compiler to perform program analyses that are considered Open Source License. infeasible today. Deep program analysis refers to compile- Predicate Analysis and Predicate-Aware Dataflow time techniques that can derive important properties of the Analysis program execution accurately. Examples of deep analysis W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias include value ranges that can be assumed by variables, Intel Corporation realizable data flow through memory objects, and memory locations that can be accessed by program components. Efficient and accurate analysis of predicate relationships New scalable approaches to deep program analysis are and predicate-aware dataflow analysis are essential to being developed to enable their application to large, effective optimization and scheduling of predicated code. complex software systems. A predicate analysis engine must first quickly analyze the code at the function level to determine all relationships Scalable, Accurate Interprocedural Pointer Analysis among predicates. Then, it must store its findings in a W.-M. Hwu,* E. M. Nystrom, H.-S. Kim database that can accurately and efficiently answer queries [email protected] about the relations among predicates. The first objective of DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research this project is to create a function-level, accurate, and Center (GSRC); National Science Foundation, efficient predicate analysis engine. The second objective is Information Technology Research, CCR 98-09478 to create a predicate-aware dataflow analysis engine that is Pointer analysis is a critical foundation for virtually all both accurate and fast. advanced program analysis techniques. In a programming Rapid Customization of Systems Software language like C that supports an explicit address operator, W.-M. Hwu,* J. N. Navarro, E. Nystrom, R. Barnes, indirect calls, structures, heap allocation, and pointer S. Ryoo, S. Ueng, G. Kent, J. Player, J. Cours, D. Yang casting, memory activity can easily be obscured. We MARCO, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency believe that highly accurate results and the ability to scale (part of MARCO Center Soft Systems Thrust) to large programs do not have to be mutually exclusive goals. To this end, a pointer analysis framework has been The objective of the project is to develop compiler-based, developed that provides an efficient representation for deep program analysis that transcends the boundaries achieving accurate results through novel mechanisms to currently separating the application, the dynamically deal with procedural side effects, global variables, heap linked libraries, and the operating system. Code- locations, and fields. specialization of library functions and operating system services is based on interprocedural analysis of applications, programmatic logic analysis, data value analysis, and interthread escape analysis. Unnecessary code and modules are eliminated. A new fundamental model of the operating system functions, based on microkernel concepts, is developed to systematically

* Denotes principal investigator.

49 Ubiquitous Instruction-Level Parallelism optimization. Value speculation refers to the execution of Architectures instructions before all source operand values have been W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, R. D. Barnes, E. M. Nystrom, determined. This can be done when instructions generate H. C. Hunter, S. Ryoo, S. Ueng, G. Kent the same value for each execution, the same value for a Intel; Motorola, Inc.; Microsoft Corp.; National Science high percentage of executions, or predictable values. Foundation, 98-09478 Compilers can exploit these regularities through code specializations, collectively referred to as value As instruction-level parallelism (ILP) architectures such as speculation. Intel IA-64 and TI C6x move into the mainstream of computing, it has become critical to solve the technical Verification of Run-time Optimized Code problems involved in making these architectures W.-M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, J. W. Sias, M. C. Merten, appropriate for future embedded applications. The goal of A. R. Trick, R. D. Barnes this research is to develop new compiler, architecture, and Hewlett-Packard microarchitecture concepts to drastically reduce the code Executable programs are increasingly optimized and size, data transfers, energy consumption, and die size of modified in the field. Just-in-time compilation of Java future ILP processors. New techniques will also be programs is a well-known example of such run-time code developed to further enhance the performance of future ILP modification. The goal of this research is to overcome the microprocessors. technical challenges involved in automatic verification of Ultra-efficient Giga-scale Computing Platform run-time optimized code. An interdisciplinary approach Architecture that integrates program analysis algorithms and hardware W.-M. Hwu,* S. Lumetta, N. Navarro, D. Burke, test and verification techniques will be developed to cover J. W. Sias, E. M. Nystrom, C.-W. Li, H.-S. Kim, a wide variety of software defects. R. D. Barnes, H. C. Hunter, S. Ryoo, S. Ueng, J. Player, An Engineering Prototyping Environment for I. Steiner Compiling C Program Components into Application- [email protected] Specific Logic DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research W.-M. Hwu,* D. R. Burke Center (GSRC); Advanced Micro Devices; Xilinx; IBM [email protected] This project seeks to achieve orders of magnitude of DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research improvement in power efficiency in future computing Center (GSRC); Xilinx; IBM; Mentor Graphics platforms by systematically synthesizing and utilizing This project seeks to establish an engineering prototyping hardware accelerators in the forms of ASIP, ASIC, and environment to enable research in ultra-efficient gigascale FPGA. This approach is motivated by the availability of computing platforms. In this environment, we are immense numbers of transistors in future chips and the prototyping processor design, operating system support, limitation of activating only a tiny fraction of them at any compiler technology, synthesis paths, libraries, and device given time. New system architectures allow seamless drivers needed in future heterogeneous software and logic integration of accelerators with processors containing systems. The first generation prototype is based on the extremely high-bandwidth, short-latency communication. Xilinx ML300 board, the Linux kernel, the Mentor Advanced program analysis and transformation techniques Graphics ASAP tool chain, and the IMPACT compiler. convert traditional memory side-effect-based execution The initial applications being prototyped are from the activities into explicit data flow, enabling extremely design driver applications of the MARCO Gigascale efficient direct hardware execution. Systems Research Center with emphasis on future home Value Analysis Compilation Framework entertainment applications. W.-M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias Fault-Injection-Based Benchmarking Intel Corp. R. K. Iyer,* Z. Kalbarczyk, S. Chen, C. Basile Analyzing the flow of values through program [email protected] computation provides many opportunities for improving Motorola, Inc. the performance of computer systems. This project has two In this research, we propose to explore issues and related objectives: the optimization of existing control flow techniques for intrusion detection and intrusion tolerance through value analysis and value speculation. Value flow in networked environments. Specifically, we will focus on analysis facilitates dead code elimination and control

* Denotes principal investigator.

50 analyzing data on security attacks to determine portion of the die along with the processor. Example vulnerabilities exploited by attackers and to classify the hardware modules we will explore include preemptive attacks according to their causes; generating measurement- control-flow checking, a process health monitor, based security attack models depicting the attack process; hardware-based checkpointing, and pointer-taintedness creating stochastic models that reflect behaviors of the tracking. system in the presence of variable workloads, errors, and Future Communication Technology for Public Safety security attacks; investigating measures and experimental L. Liu,* J. P. Monks, W.-M. Hwu procedures for benchmarking system reliability and Motorola, Inc. security; understanding potential inconsistencies in application and system implementation; and proposing In the next decade, the communications technology for software and hardware intrusion detection and prevention public safety officials will be revamped to take advantage techniques. of the capability of modern digital communication systems. It is, however, unlikely that current commercial Gigascale Systems Research Center (GSRC): Reliable digital communication schemes will be able to satisfy the Systems Thrust stringent requirement of constant connection, very low R. K. Iyer,* Z. Kalbarczyk, W. Gu, K. Pattabiraman, power, congestion control, and ease of use. The goal of this G. Saggese, M. Gupta, N. Nakka project is to define the architecture of the public safety [email protected] digital communication systems via careful analysis of field DARPA/MARCO FCRP Gigascale Systems Research requirements and creation of new communication Center (GSRC) protocols. An interdisciplinary approach is taken to Our focus is on designing hierarchical systems of hardware integrate user behavior studies with core technology and software detection and recovery mechanisms to handle development. multiple and/or near coincident errors and to limit (or Capacity Versus Robustness: A Tradeoff for prevent) error propagation. We will explore a four-tiered Restoration in Mesh Networks approach to develop and integrate detection and recovery S. Lumetta,* S. Kim support at different levels of the system hierarchy. These Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, levels can be classified as embedded programmable MDA972-99-1-0005 hardware support; operating system support; compiler support; and application support. Additional work will Researchers are investigating capacity-efficient recovery include updates to the ARMOR (adaptive reconfigurable methods in high-speed networks. The team recently mobile objects of reliability) software, NFTAPE, and the demonstrated an extension of generalized loopback that Reliability and Security Engine (RSE) project. operates on a subgraph of the full backup graph in an existing network. The backup capacity on remaining links Processor Level Error Detection and Recovery can then be used to carry unprotected traffic, while all Techniques primary fibers retain failure protection. The results R. K. Iyer* demonstrate robustness comparable or superior to that [email protected] available with covers of rings while providing an additional Intel Research Council unprotected traffic capacity of roughly 20% of the This research is aimed at providing hardware-level, low- network's primary capacity. latency error detection and recovery. To achieve this goal Reliable, Efficient Communication on a Fast Ethernet we will develop and demonstrate hardware-implemented Cluster error detection and security mechanisms embedded as S. Lumetta,* J. Joh modules in the hardware-level framework, which is University of Illinois, Campus Research Board implemented as in integral part of a superscalar microprocessor. While the framework closely interacts Networks of workstations (NOWs) have proven to be an with the processor pipeline, we do not propose to redesign inexpensive yet effective alternative to vendor-packaged the pipeline. Rather, the intent is to understand the pipeline parallel architectures. The performance of NOW's running to the extent needed for defining a robust interface with on Fast Ethernet is often limited by TCP/IP communication which we can demonstrate the operation and efficacy overhead between the nodes in NOWs. Researchers are (coverage) of the modules. The framework and its interface developing a new, lightweight, reliable communication with the pipeline are implemented in a reconfigurable protocol incorporating ideas of user-level communication,

* Denotes principal investigator.

51 lightweight flow control, and multiple network interfaces include a formalism-independent framework for per connection. The protocol supports the large body of embedded hybrid system architectural specification; existing parallel applications written to the Message efficient analysis and verification techniques that mitigate Passing Interface standard. Researchers will evaluate the the state explosion problem by using escape paths and effectiveness of their design in terms of the performance reward structures to create a directed search of the state of these applications when using their protocol. space; and an integrated suite of stochastic modeling and analysis tools that augment the Möbius modeling tool with Survivability and Reliability in Direct Access Networks advanced techniques that solve scalable and complex S. Lumetta,* L. Li hybrid models with respect to performance and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, dependability measures and capture the interactions MDA972-99-1-0005 typically found in embedded hybrid systems. Researchers are developing routing and recovery protocols Immersive Network Simulation Testbed to provide reliable connectivity in direct access optical D. M. Nicol* networks (DANs). DANs decouple access from routing, [email protected] allowing new users to access to the network without U.S. Department of Homeland Security incurring the high cost of an optical switch. Through this decoupling, researchers enable more cost-effective and We are developing a network simulator for use in exercises reliable network expansion. Direct access also simplifies by organizations interested in practicing their response to the models of ownership by reducing the depth of the attacks on their IT infrastructure. The simulator uses high ownership hierarchy and the number of potential security performance modeling and execution techniques, runs in hazards and points of failure for a connection. Finally, real-time, and supports user interaction with simulated DANs allow network providers to offer a wider variety of devices using emulation to provide a transparent veneer. A bandwidth and reliability options. key goal is to use the simulator to automatically produce exercise "injects" that prompt players to react to simulated An Adaptive, High-Performance Software events. Infrastructure for Hierarchical Systems S. Lumetta* Modeling and Analysis for Network Security National Science Foundation, CISE/ACIR Career Award Assessment D. M. Nicol* Machines with deep memories now dominate [email protected] supercomputing and provide most enterprise-level Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency computing, making the successful development of a general-purpose approach to such platforms imperative. We are developing simulation-based tools and technology Researchers are developing a high-performance to help a network analyst assess the impact of hypothetical infrastructure for these systems through the construction of attacks in a network, the effectiveness of defenses and four key components: a virtual machine that abstracts countermeasures, and the quantified ability to continue resource allocation and management issues into a simple operations in the face of a network attack. The result of our interface; a hierarchy-aware run-time system that offers the work will better enable network administrators and illusion of a nonhierarchical system by adapting to the designers to protect their systems, and to quantify the cost, current hierarchical virtual machine; language constructs risk, and functionality tradeoffs inherent in network and dynamic compiler support to tune application defense. behavior; and applications that demonstrate the value of Survivable Trust for Critical Infrastructure the framework. D. M. Nicol* Creating an Integrated Modular Environment for the [email protected] Modeling, Analysis, and Verification of Embedded National Science Foundation Hybrid Systems We are exploring the design of a distributed trust backbone, N. Neogi,* V. V. Lam, W. H. Sanders based on computational nodes that provide hardened National Science Foundation, CCR-0311616 attestation for their hardware and software identities, We are creating a tightly integrated design, analysis, organized as a peer-to-peer network. We are focusing on verification, and implementation environment for real- application of this technology to security applications in IT time, safety-critical embedded hybrid systems. Results will

* Denotes principal investigator.

52 management of critical infrastructure systems, such as creating validation technology to quantify the amount of SCADA. trust provided by the proposed approach. Measurement of Transient Errors in Microprocessors ITR: Experimental Validation of Large-Scale J. Patel,* K. Wells, H. Kommaraju Networked Software Systems Jet Propulsion Laboratory W. H. Sanders,* R. Barnes, C. Basile, B. Brothers, P. Cerny, S. Chen, M. Conte, T. Courtney, M. Cukier, This research addresses the measurement of error rates in D. Daly, L. de Moura, S. Derisavi, M. Hamman, commercial microprocessors. Microprocessors are core G. Hamon, W.-M. Hwu, R. K. Iyer, K. R. Joshi, computing engines in the NASA Remote Exploration and Z. Kalbarczyk, H. S. Kim, T. H. Kim, V. V. Lam, Experimentation Project (REE). One serious problem is R. M. Lefever, Z. Liu, S. Lumetta, J. Matarazzo, single-event upsets due to high intensity radiation in outer J. Rushby, J. Sias, M. Sorea, A. Tiwari, Z. Yang, space. Knowledge of these error rates is essential in the J. Zymla design of the highly fault-tolerant REE computing systems. National Science Foundation, #0086096 The measurement of these error rates is the focus of the proposed research. The research will generate software This research is developing the theory, methodology, and tools that are capable of measuring and characterizing any tools necessary to experimentally validate the errors in microprocessors. dependability, performance, and survivability of large- scale networked software systems. The intention is to VLSI Test develop a comprehensive framework for validating (via J. Patel,* A. Pandey experimental and model-based methods) large-scale Semiconductor Research Corp. networked software systems. Taken as a whole, this work The cost of test application of a single chip grows as a will provide a sound and fundamental approach to function of the number of clock cycles and/or number of validation of networked software and applications. storage bits required to test a chip. As a result, test NGS: A Compiler-Enabled Model- and Measurement- application time and test data volume have become serious Driven Adaptation Environment for Dependability and problems in testing of system-on-chip designs. In this Performance research, new scan and BIST organizations are being W. H. Sanders,* V. S. Adve, M. Hiltunen, R. K. Iyer, devised that reduce not just data volume but also test time R. L. Plante, R. D. Schlichting and associated hardware. Hybrid DFT techniques that National Science Foundation, CNS-0406351 combine BIST with deterministic scan vectors are also being investigated. Next-generation parallel and distributed computing must be dependable and have predictable performance in order CT-CS: Trustworth Cyber Infrastructure for the to meet the requirements of increasingly complex scientific Power Grid and commercial applications. This research will result in W. H. Sanders,* D. E. Bakken, A. Bose, R. Campbell, the production and distribution of a practical, integrated T. Courtney, G. Gross, C. A. Gunter, C. Hauser, compiler and middleware system that uses online models H. Khurana, R. K. Iyer, Z. T. Kalbarczyk, K. Nahrstedt, and measurement techniques to achieve performance and D. M. Nicol, T. J. Overbye, P. W. Sauer, S. W. Smith, dependability in a scalable manner under a wide variety of R. J. Thomas, V. Welch, M. Winslett, R. Zimmerman changing conditions. The techniques we develop could National Science Foundation, #CNS-0524695 ultimately impact many diverse and critical applications, The Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid including those in the electric power distribution, (TCIP) NSF Cyber Trust Center was created to address the aerospace, healthcare, and financial services sectors. challenge of how to protect the nation’s power grid. It will U.S.-Germany Cooperative Research: Analysis of significantly improve the way the power grid cyber Multi-Paradigm Möbius Models Using Kronecker- infrastructure is built, making it more secure, reliable, and Based Techniques safe. TCIP is working to provide the fundamental science W. H. Sanders,* P. Kemper and technology needed to create an intelligent, adaptive National Science Foundation, #INT-0233490 power grid that can survive malicious adversaries, provide continuous delivery of power, and support dynamically This collaborative proposal between the University of varying trust requirements. We will do so by creating the Illinois and Dortmund University is working to make necessary cyber building blocks and architecture, and by

* Denotes principal investigator.

53 possible the use of Kronecker representations and analysis algorithms that are input independent, without requiring methods within the Möbius framework. run-time adaptation of the algorithms to new inputs. Efficient Algorithms for Temporal Planning under Nonlinear Constraints Remote Sensing B. W. Wah,* C.-W. Hsu, F. Li, M. Qian [email protected] High Latitude Mesospheric Dynamic and Chemistry National Science Foundation, NSF 03-12084 Studies G. R. Swenson,* A. Liu This research involves the development of formal National Science Foundation, ATM 99-0859 mathematical conditions for reducing the search space of planning problems and the demonstration of performance Studies of atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere improvements in search engines of planner and other and aurora will be performed with imaging and discrete searches. By formulating temporal planning spectroscopy instrumentation at the NSF backscatter radar problems as dynamic optimization problems with dynamic facility in Sondrestrom, Greenland. The measurement variables that evolve over time, this research finds new studies will be complemented by radar measurements as node-dominance conditions by developing the necessary well as an all-sky imagery measurement provided by and sufficient conditions for local optimality. By established instrumentation at the site. University of partitioning the search into stages and by finding only Illinois instrumentation includes a 4-channel photometer dominating states in each stage using the conditions directed along the magnetic meridian, a CCD transmission developed, the search for feasible or optimal plans can be imaging spectrometer, and a CCD all-sky airglow camera. restricted to a much smaller subspace in each stage. Scientific objectives include the study of momentum and energy flux carried by propagating waves, chemistry Loss Concealment for Real-Time Multimedia over IP associated with thin sporadic E and metal layers, and Networks particle energy flux and beam characteristic energy of B. W. Wah,* D. Lin, X., Su, H. Yu precipitating auroral particle beams. Image processing of [email protected] 2-D spectrograms and 2-D images of atmospheric Motorola Communication Center observations is a major activity with this program. This research entails the design of effective multiple- Imaging Studies of Mesospheric Gravity Waves description coding (MDC) algorithms at senders of IP G. R. Swenson,* A. Liu networks, like the Internet, that take into account the National Science Foundation, ATM 00-03180 reconstruction method used at receivers for concealing lost packets, in order to deliver audio and video data packets Small-scale waves propagate from the lower atmospheric over these networks in real time with high quality (both convection and mountain driven sources to the upper subjectively as well as objectively). Loss concealment of atmosphere. Existing chemiluminescence produces compressed multimedia data is essential because many airglows, which are perturbed by the waves. Airglow coding algorithms remove temporal differences in order to imagers observe the perturbations and the horizontal achieve high coding efficiency, thereby introducing a wavelength, and amplitude of the waves are measured. The pervasive dependency structure into the bit stream. As a waves carry momentum and energy, which can interact result, losses due to dropped packets or late arrivals will with the large-scale dynamics to cause major dynamic result in the loss of subsequent dependent frames, leading effects. Observations have been made at Albuquerque, to audio or visual artifacts that can be long lasting and New Mexico, and currently at Maui, Hawaii, where the annoying. We have chosen MDC because it is effective for University of Illinois lidar makes complementary concealing losses in transmissions without explicit measurements. Signal processing is accomplished to redundancy control and for networks without priority extract the intrinsic wave parameters and power and transmissions. Empirical tests on the Internet show that spectral characteristics of the horizontal wave structure. packet losses are bursty with small burst lengths. Statistics also shows that two descriptions in MDC are adequate in most situations, whereas four descriptions will allow us to control unrecoverable losses under 8% in the worst site measured. Our research results in efficient MDC

* Denotes principal investigator.

54 Technology Development for the MIDEX WAVES have widespread use. One issue is the development of cw Satellite local oscillators (LOs) based on semiconductor laser diode G. R. Swenson,* C. S. Gardner technology for use as injection seeders, which has not been National Aeronautics and Space Administration, fully realized because of the severe linewidth, tunability, NAG5-8569 and stability requirements of narrowband systems. This project will develop novel semiconductor devices This program involves the development of technologies specifically for use as tunable LO sources for narrowband associated with a multiple sensor remote sensing satellite water vapor DIAL systems operating in the 940 nm region. designed to measure small-scale waves in the middle and Researchers will focus on a novel ridge-waveguide, upper atmosphere. These studies include specifically the distributed-Bragg-reflector laser, which has significant demonstration of infrared sensor array technology. Array performance improvements for optical remote-sensing sensors are planned for 1.26 and 1.45 microns that can be applications relative to conventional Fabry-Perot or operated at elevated temperatures (160 K) but retain low distributed-feedback lasers. noise attributes. This technology allows passive radiators rather than active refrigeration, enabling the sensors to EOSS+ Laser Diode Substrate operate with low power at a reliable, long lifetime on a J. J. Coleman* small satellite. Other technologies include the development Northrop Grumman Corp. of remote sensing signatures from optical emissions as Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory indicators of atmospheric dynamics for both the stratosphere and mesosphere. Instrumentation includes The electro-optic test station known as the EOSS+ is both nadir and limb imagers and spectrometers as well as designed to support the testing of laser platforms at 1.064 a Michelson interferometer to measure Doppler winds. mm through the use of a laser diode source. The characteristics of this diode, such as center wavelength and peak power, are determined by the capabilities of the test Semiconductor Lasers receiver and the design of the EOSS+ unit itself. The purpose of this program is to provide for the fabrication of 1065 and 1040 nm DBR Laser Diodes a custom-built diode grown from a novel substrate J. J. Coleman* designed to meet specification. HRL Laboratories High Brightness Laser Diodes Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory J. J. Coleman* Narrow linewidth, tunable semiconductor lasers are of Nuvonyx, Inc. interest to a variety of applications, including fiber optic Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory communication systems, optical generation of microwave radiation, remote optical sensing, and molecular The objective of this program is to address several issues spectroscopy. Various configurations of tunable lasers related to the MOCVD growth and characterization of have been analyzed, and a two- or three-section distributed InGaAs-GaAs strained layer lasers in the range of 920 nm feedback (DFB) or distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser to 1080 nm for high brightness applications. This approach is often the choice. The goal of these programs is to develop will be to develop a real index guided laser with integrated narrow linewidth, single longitudinal mode, strained layer beam expanders and other active and passive optics formed InGaAs DBR laser diodes operating near 1065 and 1040 by selective area epitaxy. Present narrow stripe nm for remote sensing applications. semiconductor lasers are generally limited to less than 200 mW of fundamental mode output power, because of the Development of Advanced Laser Diode Sources for narrow aperture. If the beam can be expanded while Remote-Sensing Applications retaining fundamental mode operation, then the operating J. J. Coleman,* G. C. Papen* power can be correspondingly increased. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG 1-1861 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Several outstanding technical issues for narrowband systems, such as water vapor DIAL lidars, must be resolved before solid-state, laser-based remote-sensing systems

* Denotes principal investigator.

55 Narrow Linewidth, Multiple Wavelength, feasible via lithography and to examine their applications Simultaneous-Emission Laser Diodes for Remote to novel devices. Strain-induced self-organization and Optical Sensing and Other Applications kinetically driven pattern formation are two approaches J. J. Coleman* being taken to achieve naturally nanostructured materials. National Science Foundation, ECS 9900258 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Semiconductor Physics The proposal describes a program to develop Heterojunctions, Transport, Ion Implantation, and multiwavelength, simultaneous-emission lasers based on a Defects in III-V Semiconductors ridge-waveguide distributed Bragg reflector K. Hess,* S. Barraza-Lopez, S. Rotkin, Y. Li, W. Philipp semiconductor laser. The specific example of an [email protected] application that defines the need of such lasers is the U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-89-J-1470 differential absorption, remote optical sensing of water vapor. A multiwavelength source with closely spaced Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science narrow laser lines would be useful to obtain the detailed and Technology absorption profile without having to turn the laser on and The nanostructure related research is focused on electronic off the absorption peak as is practiced currently. This properties of carbon nanotubes. We are particularly program is designed to study and develop a simple multiple interested in metal-semiconductor transitions of these wavelength source suitable for these kinds of applications. tubes due to a perturbation of the symmetry. We have Semiconductor Laser Transmitters for Integrated shown that this transition can give rise to transistor function Optical Interconnects (a metallic field effect transistor). Work on topics in J. J. Coleman* quantum information, particularly the Theorem of Bell, is National Science Foundation, ECD 89-43166 also in progress. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory High Field Transport of Free Carriers at Interfaces K. Hess,* F. Register This program involves development of semiconductor [email protected] lasers suitable for use in integrated optoelectronics. There U.S. Army Research Office, DAAL03-86-K-0099 are a number of key technical issues to be addressed in this program, including the development of etched facet Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science structures, distributed feedback and distributed Bragg and Technology reflector grating structures, monolithic space division In this research, we are studying the ultimate limitations of multiplexing arrays designed for fiber coupling, selective electronic transport in silicon and III-V compounds, epitaxy for wavelength division multiplexing arrays and including superlattices and the corresponding potential for for multielement integration, master oscillator-power new devices, as well as the advantages of including amplifier (MOPA) configurations, frequency stabilization, heterolayers in conventional devices. The theoretical and distributed Bragg pulse shaper high-speed parallel-to- approach includes Monte Carlo simulations and explicit serial packet encoders. solutions of the Boltzmann equation. We are also Naturally Nanostructured Epitaxial Semiconductors developing a new algorithm to solve problems of quantum J. M. Gibson,* D. G. Cahill, J. E. Greene, transport. A. M. Zangwill, J. J. Coleman Monte Carlo to the Limits of MOS Scalability National Science Foundation, DMR 9705440 K. Hess,* U. Ravaioli,* G. Kathawala, M. Mohamed Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory [email protected] Semiconductor Research Corporation, NJ-1044 This FRG/GOALI proposal addresses basic materials science and engineering issues in a collaborative program Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science between the University of Illinois and Hewlett-Packard and Technology Laboratories to understand fundamental phenomena and The goal of this research is to develop 3-D full-band Monte interactions associated with naturally nanostructured Carlo simulation software for the analysis of nanoscale epitaxial semiconductors. Goals of the project are to obtain MOS structures. Devices investigated include double-gate semiconductor epitaxial nanostructures smaller than MOSFET and FinFET. An original quantum correction

* Denotes principal investigator.

56 scheme has been developed to include size quantization semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). We take advantage of effects in the semiclassical Monte Carlo procedure. the advanced technology for planar and lateral QDs Comparisons are carried out with quantum simulation AlGAs/GaAs heterostructures and the fact that the electron approaches based on nonequilibrium Green's function effective mass is small, which eases the conditions for formalism. quantum confinement. Moreover, III-V materials enjoy long spin coherence times, which is of utmost importance Network of Computational Nanotechnology for preserving quantum information over many qubit K. Hess,* S. Hu, S. Barraza-Lopez, S. Rotkin operations. For this purpose, we have assembled an [email protected] international research team involving the University of National Science Foundation, CCR-01-21616 Basel, the University of Delft, Harvard University, Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Princeton University, and Tokyo University. Team and Technology members have complementary expertise in the physics of This work is part of a Multi-University National Science quantum computation and spintronics in nanostructures. Foundation Center. The main goal of our work is the These areas of expertise are fully integrated into a coherent simulation of tubular nanostructures. We investigate both and interactive effort, leading to the realization of an nanostructures of biology, such as biological ion channels, elementary qubit circuit. as well as nanostructures related to solid state electronics, Interactive Tools for Nanotechnology Education such as carbon nanotubes. The tools of the investigation U. Ravaioli,* R. Braatz,* H.-S. Hahm are based on and developed by methods of computational [email protected] electronics (e.g. Monte Carlo simulations). NSF National Science Center for Learning and Teaching 3-D Self-Consistent Simulation of Quantum Dot Spin Nanoscale Science and Engineering Transistors of Quantum Information Processing This project involves a multidisciplinary, multi-university J. P. Leburton,* M. Lu team involving Northwestern University (lead institution), [email protected] University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Illinois at Semiconductor Research Corporation, 2003-NJ-1045 Urbana-Champaign, Purdue University, and University of Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Michigan. One of the goals is to pursue research in and Technology education addressing the introduction of nanotechnology concepts at various school levels, from middle school to This research concentrates on developing 3-D self- undergraduate programs. Our group is developing consistent computer tools for realistic simulation of spin interactive simulation and visualization tools to explore operation in silicon quantum dot spin effects transistors in new ways to introduce advanced concepts in the curricula. order to assess their feasibility and viability for applications in quantum information processing. We Simulation of Charge Transport in Ionic Channels consider Si FET-device configurations similar to Kane's U. Ravaioli,* T. A. Van der Straaten, G. A. Kathawala, proposal to achieve a C-NOT gate. Our purpose is to obtain Y. Li a coherent 3-D picture of the interdependence among [email protected] physical parameters and device considerations for spin- NSF Network for Computational Nanotechnology qubit operations, and to provide design rules for optimizing Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science the device. and Technology Scalable Spin-Qubit Circuits with Quantum Dots The well developed tools of computational electronics J. P. Leburton,* D. Melnikov, J. Kim, L. Zhang have been adapted to simulate ion transport in biological [email protected] channels, treated as nanoscale natural devices. Continuum Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, QuIST (drift-diffusion) and particle (Trasport Monte Carlo) program, DAAD19-01-1-0659 simulation approaches have been developed where Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science interaction with the aqueous environment is resolved in and Technology terms of mobility or scattering rate. The goal of this work is to provide a scalable input-output description of natural This research is aimed at achieving a scalable elementary nanopores for uses in bioelectronic sensor design. spin-qubit circuit for quantum computing that is based on Artificial or biomimetic nanopores are also investigated the manipulation of electron spins in coupled III-V

* Denotes principal investigator.

57 with similar simulation tools, for the design of artificial membranes incorporating features of biological ones. Semiconductors Simulation of Nanoscale Biological and Biomimetic Ge-Sb-Te Phase Change Materials: Optical and Systems Electronic Properties, Structural Transformations, U. Ravaioli,* R. Toghraee and Fabrication of Nanostructures [email protected] S. G. Bishop,* B.-S. Lee, Y. Xiao, J. R. Abelson NIH Nanomedicine Center for the Design of Biomimetic [email protected] Nanoconductors National Science Foundation, DMR-0412939 Simulation of ion charge transport in membranes is studied Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory using various engineering simulation approaches, The properties of Ge-Sb-Te alloys and the rapid including continuum and particle models, to develop amorphous-crystalline phase change that they exhibit are design methodologies for nanoscale systems. Physical being investigated using ellipsometry, optical absorption approaches like classical and quantum molecular dynamics and reflection spectroscopy, photoconductivity, are relied on to provide first-principle calibration of photoluminescence, electrical conductivity, Hall effect, transport parameter for the engineering reduced order high resolution TEM, and fluctuation electron microscopy. models. The goal of this multidisciplinary project is to Specific problems include: optical, electronic, and create a software infrastructure to support the future design structural characterization of sputtered thin films of the of biomimetic components for a variety of applications in materials; the effects of composition, conditions of nanomedicine, including implantable self-sustaining synthesis, thermal annealing, and optical or e-beam power sources and artificial organs. irradiation on their properties; detection and The Science and Technology of Nano/Molecular characterization of nano-crystallites in the amorphous Electronics: Theory, Simulation, and Experimental phase and their role in the phase change mechanism; the Characterization spatial limits/resolution of the phase change, aimed at U. Ravaioli,* R. Ravishankar, Z. Yang fabricating quantum structures. [email protected] Photoluminescence Studies of Semiconductor Defense University Research Initiative on Nanostructures and Rare Earth-doped Semiconductor Nanotechnology, U.S. Army Research Office, SIT Materials 527826-08 S. G. Bishop,* I. Adesida, J. J. Coleman, J. O. White Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science University of Illinois and Technology Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory This project is part of a DURINT multi-university effort, This research program applies photoluminescence (PL), with Stevens Institute of Technology as lead institution. photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, time resolved The specific goals of this subcontract are to develop PL, and PL imaging to the characterization of defects and nanelectronics simulation tools to understand the ultimate impurities in bulk and epitaxial semiconductor materials, limits of silicon technology and explore new device and the composition, doping, thickness, interfaces, concepts based on quantum effects. The emphasis of the uniformity, and quantum confinement effects in work is on 3-D simulation and high performance parallel semiconductor nanostructures. Rare earth-doped computing, using nonequilibrium Green's function and semiconducting glasses and rare earth implanted GaN are Monte Carlo simulation approaches. being developed as sources of near- and mid-IR radiation. Excitation of the intra-4f shell emission from rare earth dopants (e.g. Er3+, Pr3+, Dy3+) in chalcogenide glasses by broad band optical absorption in the Urbach edge of the host glass is under investigation as a novel optical pumping mechanism.

* Denotes principal investigator.

58 High Quantum Efficiency Infrared Photodetector GaAs-based Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Structures Arrays Based on Nanowire Heterostructures K -Y. Cheng,* K. C. Hsieh* Y. C. Chang* (Physics), K.-Y. Cheng,* K. C. Hsieh* [email protected] [email protected] Agere Systems National Reconnaissance Office, NRC000-05-C-0023 Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory The goal of this research program is to develop oxide The goal of this project is to developed high quantum- deposition techniques for the fabrication of GaAs-based efficiency, high color-contrast multi-wavelength quantum metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors wire infrared photodetector (QWRIP) arrays. The QWRIP (MOSFETs). Various oxides, including SiO2, Al2O3, uses a self-assembly approach to create high-density Ga2O3, and Gd3Ga5O12 are deposited on GaAs in an nanoscale quantum wire structures that provide the basis ultrahigh vacuum system at Bell Laboratories to form MOS for high quantum efficiency infrared detection. The structures. Researchers will characterize their structural, QWRIP combines the best features of the quantum well optical, and chemical properties through transmission infrared photodetector (QWIP) and quantum dot infrared electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, photodetector (QDIP) to offer normal incidence and Auger electron spectroscopy, respectively, to improve absorption, high quantum efficiency, and adjustable the oxide deposition process. infrared absorption from 8 to 40 μm. Unique polarization sensitive absorption properties of quantum wires enable Ultra-High-Speed Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors two distinct quantum wire infrared detection layers (or a K.-Y. Cheng* quantum wire layer and a quantum well layer) with [email protected] different spectral responses to be monolithically integrated Semiconductor Research Corporation, SRC-2001-NJ-946 without interference, yielding excellent color contrast. Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Center of Hyper-Uniform Nanophotonic Technologies The goal of this research is to develop viable techniques for Ultra-Fast Optoelectronic Systems (HUNT Center) that allow demonstration of Inp-based HBTs with K.-Y. Cheng,* M. Feng,* N. Holonyak, Jr.,* fT>400GHz for insertion into the ultra-high-speed (>100 K. C. Hsieh, R. D. Dupuis* (Georgia Tech Univ.), GHz) circuits. V. Narayanamurti* (Harvard Univ.), W. I. Wang* (Columbia Univ.) VCSEL and Smart Pixel Research for VLSI Photonic [email protected] Systems Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, University K.-Y. Cheng,* N. Holonyak, Jr.,* M. Feng,* Photonics Research Centers Program, K. C. Hsieh* HR0011-04-1-0034 [email protected] Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory DAAG55-98-1-0303 The mission of the HUNT Center (Center of Hyper- Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Uniform Nanophotonic Technologies for Ultra-Fast Optoelectronic Systems) is the development of critical The purpose of this research is to develop technology technologies, including hyper-uniform nano-photonic related to VLSI photonic systems. The scope of the fabrication, high performance quantum dot vertical-cavity program ranges from basic materials research, to the surface-emitting lasers, and ultra-fast light-emitting fabrication of large-scale integrated circuits, to advanced transistor-based lasers for the realization of ultra-fast technologies for the integration of systems in (≥100Gb/s) optoelectronic interconnect systems. Center heterogeneous materials. Goals of the project include the programs encompass semiconductor nanoscale materials design, growth, fabrication, and testing of III-V growth, nano-patterning, nanoscale material analysis, semiconductor vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers; the nanostructure laser device design and fabrication, optical development of smart pixels, circuits for the detection of receiver design and fabrication, as well as high-speed optical signals, intelligent routing of the information, and optoelectronics integrated heterogeneously on a common re-emission of optical signals; and the development of semiconductor platform to perform ultra-fast optical techniques for the integration of heterogeneous materials. interface functions.

* Denotes principal investigator.

59 Surface Engineering for Compliant Epitaxy close proximity to a superconductor, and superconductor K. C. Hsieh,* K.-Y. Cheng,* I. Adesida phase electronics based on Josephson tunneling and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, SQUIDs. Supporting this effort will be a theory component F49620-98-1-0496 that addresses key issues concerning the evolution and monitoring of quantum-entangled states and an Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory experimental study of qubit dynamics using the highly The goal of this research is to realize dislocation-free and developed techniques of modern quantum optics. stress-relaxed lattice mismatched epitaxy growth of Biologically Inspired Artificial Haircell Sensors different compound semiconductors on various substrates C. Liu,* D. L. Jones, F. Delcomyn across the whole wafer or on selected areas for device U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, integration applications. Our immediate goals include F49620-01-1-0496 fundamental understanding of the growth conditions related to the formation of strained-modulated and defect- Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory absorbing templates and the development of techniques to This work is aimed at developing artificial haircell sensors fully control the formation of strain-absorbing and that are inspired by biological haircell sensors. This work deformable growth templates with an emphasis on is focused on studying the fundamental principles of processing simplicity and system integrability. InP-based neurological responses of haircells to develop optoelectronic and microwave devices will be integrated micromachined devices that mimic the performance of selectively on surface-engineered GaAs substrates. biological entities. Wafer Bonding for Advanced Optoelectronic Devices CAD Design Tools for Millimeter-Wave Wireless K. C. Hsieh,* K.-Y. Cheng Communication Microsystems Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, MDA C. Liu,* M. Feng, S. M. Kang, E. Michielssen, 972-00-1-0020 J. Schutt-Ainé Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Composite- CAD Program, F30602-97-0328 The goal of this research is to develop wafer-bonding technologies for hybrid integrating mismatched device Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory structures for advanced optoelectronic integrated circuits. A mixed technology computer-aided design system is The potential applications include fabricating high- being developed for the cost effective design of wireless performance visible LEDs, vertical-cavity-surface- communication modules that will ultimately enable emitting lasers, resonant-cavity photodetectors, 2-D and 3- networked distributed MEMS. The module, operating at D photonic crystals, and high-performance semi-insulating millimeter-wave frequencies, will allow direct interface wafer substrates. Our current efforts are focused on between MEMS transducers and the free-space developing high-efficient wafer-bonding strategy and electromagnetic radiation. MEMS components offer fundamental understanding of the hybrid interface unique advantages for RF circuits. As an example, properties, including interface microstructures, electrical micromechanical switches exhibit lower insertion loss and and optical characteristics, interface strain/stress and higher isolation compared with conventional electronics adhesion properties, and so forth. The long-term goals will switching components. MEMS fabrication technology for include developing chip-scale photonic/electronic silicon and composed semiconductor materials is being integration methodologies for high-density 3-D studied in order to realize mechanical RF switches as well architectures. as high-gain antennas to validate results of the E-M ITR/SY: Foundations of Solid-State Quantum simulation. Information Processing Integrated Sensitive Skin with Advanced Data P. G. Kwiat,* A. J. Leggett, M. B. Salamon, J. R. Tucker, Architecture D. Van Harlingen C. Liu,* N. Shanbhag, D. L. Jones National Science Foundation, EIA-01-21568 National Science Foundation, IIS 00-80639 The core of this program is an exploration of three distinct Conducted in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory but related solid state technologies as candidates for quantum information processing: single spins on An interdisciplinary team of researchers will develop individual P-donors in silicon, ferromagnetic particles in microfabricated, multiple modality sensor skin with

* Denotes principal investigator.

60 advanced data structure and signal processing algorithms. A flexible sensor skin that imitates biological tactile Signal and Image Processing sensors faces important challenges in terms of Directional Multiresolution Image Processing: Theory, microfabrication, materials, density of sensors, and Algorithms, and Applications accompanying circuits. Prof. Liu and students will develop M. N. Do,* Y. Lu, J. Zhou, A. Cunha advanced multimodal sensors with self-configuration [email protected] capabilities. Prof. Shanbhag is developing energy efficient National Science Foundation (CAREER Award) signal processors, while Prof. Jones is interested in developing signal processing algorithms that are This project seeks to develop new "true" two-dimensional biologically inspired. representations that can deal more effectively with typical images having smooth contours. The focus is on the Controlled Coupling of Donor Atom Wavefunctions in development of directional and multiresolution image Silicon expansions using nonseparable filter banks, in much the J. Tucker,* J. Kline, S. Robinson, same way that wavelets were constructed from filter banks. T. C. Shen (Utah State Univ.) In essence, the proposed research pursues nonseparable [email protected] extensions of wavelets and multiresolution techniques so U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD 19-00-1-0407 that they can capture the directional information—an The goal of this project is to selectively place PH3 important and unique feature of multidimensional signals. molecules onto the hydrogen-terminated silicon surface In parallel, newly developed image representations will be via STM lithography and overgrow them into the crystal explored in a variety of applications, where substantial as phosphorous donors. If successful, this work could improvements over current methods are expected. provide a means for constructing quantum computers A Modern Autofocus Methodology with Applications based on control of ground-state wavefunctions on to Radar Imaging individual P-atom donors. Other potential applications M. N. Do,* R. L. Morrison include single-charge electronics, cellular automata, and [email protected] nanometer-scale field-effect transistors. Reproducible National Science Foundation characteristics are made possible by the large ~5nm Bohr diameter for individual donor bound states, so that Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), geophysical and seismic coupling between nearest neighbors will be defined imaging, ultrasound imaging, optical coherence accurately if redistribution is limited to ~1nm or less during tomography (OCT), and many forms of astronomical ultra-low-temperature overgrowth. imaging are examples of coherent imaging systems. In practice, due to imprecise knowledge of the motion of the Wavefunction Engineering of Individual Donors for Si- sensor or due to signal propagation through a medium Based Quantum Computers having a spatially varying propagation velocity, the J. Tucker,* M. Feng, Y. C. Chang, produced imagery is improperly focused. This project T. C. Shen (Utah State Univ.), R. R. Du (Univ. of Utah) develops a modern autofocus methodology that provide a U.S. Army Research Office, 42257-PH-QC systematic approach to the design of autofocus algorithms. The goal of this multi-investigator program is to develop Toward this end, a theoretical paradigm is devised for the the basic fabrication and measurement technologies autofocus problem in which prior assumptions in the needed to implement a silicon-based quantum computer. problem statement are systematically utilized in producing To do this, researchers must place individual phosphorous efficient, high-quality image restorations. donors into the silicon lattice with atomic precision, Audiovisual Speech Recognition in Automotive establish electrical control over wavefunction overlap Environment between donor-pairs, and successfully detect spin states of M. Hasegawa-Johnson,* T. S. Huang, S. Levinson the resulting two-electron system by measuring the [email protected] presence or absence of electronically-induced polarization. Motorola, Inc. The research team does not propose working quantum logic gates within this three-year project. If successful, Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science however, that goal will be undertaken in a follow-up and Technology program that incorporates SiGe overgrowth and patterning Speech recognition in an automobile is typically performed of individual top-gates for each P-atom donor. using a single microphone, often mounted in the sun-visor

* Denotes principal investigator.

61 in front of the driver. With typical road noise, most accuracy in a large-vocabulary speech recognition recognizers generate too many errors for practical use. This experiment. research project experiments with speech recognition Face Processing using multimodal recordings acquired by a visor-mounted T. S. Huang,* X. Xu, Z. Zhang, Y. Hu, Y. Fu array including eight microphones and four cameras. We [email protected] focus on accurate visual face tracking lip feature extraction Yamaha Motor Corporation and robust audio noise cancellation. Our goal is to demonstrate that error rate of a multichannel audiovisual Research Conducted at the Beckman Institute for recognizer is much lower than error rate of a standard Advanced Science and Technology recognizer under automotive test conditions. Researchers are developing methodologies and algorithms Landmark-based Speech Recognition in Music and for 2-D and 3-D face analysis with applications in face Speech Backgrounds detection, recognition, tracking, and animation. For M. Hasegawa-Johnson* analysis, we are particularly interested in outdoor scenarios [email protected] where the illumination and head pose are highly varying. National Science Foundation, CISE 0132900 For animation, a major project is text- and speech-driven realistic synthetic talking faces. Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Image and Video Databases T. S. Huang,* A. Velivelli, T. Chen, C. Dagli Human listeners are able to recognize speech based on [email protected] dynamic portions of the signal, even if all static portions Yamaha Motor Corporation are masked by noise or by background music. This research seeks to develop mathematical models capable of Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory and the abstracting the perceptual response patterns of human Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology listeners. Probabilistic auditory scene analysis uses A number of challenging issues in image and video cognitive stochastic automaton models, combined with use indexing and retrieval are being studied. Of particular of dynamic Bayesian network methods, in order to imitate interest are the following: similarity- and example-based the ability of listeners to understand speech mixed with retrieval, the use of relevance feedback from users to loud background music. Landmark-based speech improve retrieval performance, and the recognition of recognition imitates the extra sensitivity of humans to semantic concepts in video based on multimodal cues. dynamic as opposed to static signals. Multimodal Human–Computer Interaction Prosodic, Intonational, and Voice Quality Correlates of T. S. Huang,* J. Tu, M. Liu, D. J. Lin, X. Han, H. Ning, Disfluency M. Rahurkar M. Hasegawa-Johnson,* J. Cole, C. Shih [email protected] [email protected] National Science Foundation, IIS 00-85980, IIS 01-38965, National Science Foundation and CCF 04-26627 Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory and the and Technology Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Prosody is the stress and rhythm pattern of naturally spoken The term "human-computer interaction" is used in a broad language. Linguists agree that the sound of a phoneme sense to include communication between persons and depends on its prosodic context, but experimental data computers as well as communication between persons describing the prosodic-phonemic interaction are only now mediated by computers. Researchers are investigating a becoming precise enough to support efforts in automatic variety of issues related to the use of computer vision and speech recognition. Our research seeks to precisely image processing in HCI, as well as the integration of describe the prosodic-phonemic interaction using both vision, audio, and speech. Examples include visual human detailed phonetic analysis and probabilistic speech (body, face, hand) tracking and analysis, combining speech recognition models. This research has already succeeded and visual hand tracking in manipulating virtual objects, in demonstrating, for the first time in the literature, that the audio-visual speech recognition in noisy environments, use of prosody can lead to improved word recognition and audio-visual human emotion recognition.

* Denotes principal investigator.

62 Video Analysis T. S. Huang,* N. Petrovic, A. Ivanovic, A. Sethi, Soft Materials S. Rajaram, M. Gupta, Y. Zhou, Polymer Studies in Thin-Film Microelectronics [email protected] L. H. Allen,* M. Y. Efremov, E. A. Olsen, M. Zhang, ARDA MDA 904-03-C-1787 S. Zhang Research conducted at the Coordinated Science ACS-PRF, 37027-AC7 Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Polymer material is used extensively in microelectronics and Technology including nm thick resists (photoresist) for image Researchers are using generative probabilistic models patterning and self- assembled monolayers (SAMs) thin (GPM) to do video analysis. Tasks include stabilization, coating for microelectronics. It can also be used as an denoising, superresolution, segmenting video into layers, active component in terabit/in2 storage devices such as the and video event retrieval based on examples. Applications millipede where the thermal (at ultrafast heating rates) include online surveillance and monitoring, and offline properties of nanometer thick polymers (e.g., polystyreve analysis using video archives. and PMMA) are of critical importance. We use a recently Remote Reality: 4-D Audio-Visual Reconstruction and developed MEMS device, the nanocalorimeter, to study Compression from Multiple Sensors the thickness dependence of glass transition temperature in D. L. Jones,* M. N. Do,* R. Morrison, H. Nguyen ultrathin polymer films. This new technique is 1000 times [email protected] more sensitive than conventional DSC systems. Our National Science Foundation (ITR Grant) preliminary results show that it has the capability to measure polymer films with thickness of only 1.5 nm. This project develops new signal processing techniques for reconstruction of the audio and visual recording at an arbitrary location in space and time from multiple acoustic Supercomputing Research and and video sensors, but extending recent research in Development adaptive beamforming, multisensor signal processing of nonstationary signals, and fundamental new advances in An Integrated Framework for Performance multidimensional signal representation. Practical four- Engineering and Resource-Aware Compilation dimensional audiovisual recording, transmission, C. Polychronopoulos,* F. Breg, J. Brokish, S. Carroll, playback, and remote reality will be demonstrated with Y. Chen, A. Christensen, S. M. Chu, G. Clark, I. Cohen, low-cost, conventional sensors attached to networked T. Courtney, D. Craig, D. Daly, D. D. Deavours, computers, thus confirming the practicality of the proposed S. Derisavi, J. Doyle, M. Drzal, X. Han, P. Hong, methods and applications. T. S. Huang, Y. Huang, P. Kalogiannis, W. Ko, A Comprehensive Retargetable Embedded Systems C. Koopmans, F. Koopmans, A. Kulothungun, Software Development Environment V. V. Lam, D. J. Lin, J. Lin, K. Marukawa, D. L. Jones,* S. Appadwedula, D. Sachs D. S. Nikolopoulos, N. Petrovic, H. Saito, [email protected] W. H. Sanders, N. Stavrakos, Q. Tian, J. Tu, P. Webster, University of Virginia, National Science Foundation Y. Wu, M. Yankelevsky, H. Zhou, X. Zhou subcontract [email protected] National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75019 New compiler technology and a high-performance software development environment specialized for digital This project developed a comprehensive and integrated signal processors are being developed. Challenging signal approach to application composition and development, processing applications in wireless video communication system and application modeling and evaluation, will be used as a testbed for evaluating the performance of performance characterization, compiler optimization, and the new optimizing compiler technology. The new low-overhead runtime support. Achieving these compilation and software tools will be introduced into an capabilities required fundamental advances in methods for instructional Digital Signal Processing Laboratory course hierarchical, multilanguage modeling, simulation, and for leading-edge undergraduate education and additional evaluation, and techniques for adaptive, resource-aware evaluation. compilation and runtime support. We took a systematic and synergetic approach to making these advances and

* Denotes principal investigator.

63 incorporated them into an integrated performance of communication and computation. Since the power engineering framework and resource-aware compilation required for propulsion typically decreases with the mass and runtime system. In addition, we demonstrated the use of the device, cheap mobility has the potential to of the integrated framework/system via application to dramatically impact the way networks of small, “smart” several important parallel and distributed multimedia, devices are designed and operated. We will call a network video database, and computer vision applications. of embedded devices endowed with computation, communication, and motion capabilities a controlled- Surfaces and Interfaces mobility wireless network. The purpose of this project, and its intellectual merit, are to be found in the development of a new conceptual framework for the design, development, Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured and operation of efficient and reliable networks with such Alloys with Enhanced Mechanical Properties characteristics. P. Bellon,* J. R. Abelson,* S. Jayaraman, A. Chaterjee National Science Foundation, DMR 0354060-; CECM- Creating An Integrated Modular Environment for the Vitry (CNRS France) Modeling, Analysis and Verification of Embedded Hybrid Systems This collaboration is to carry out synthesis and N. Neogi,* B. Sanders characterization of nanostructured diborides of zirconium, [email protected] titanium, and chromium for super-hard coatings with low National Science Foundation, CCR-0311616 friction coefficients and low wear rates. The following areas are investigated: novel synthesis techniques, in This project involves the development of an integrated particular by CVD of mixed phase materials; modeling environment for the fast simulation and characterization of structure and defects in amorphous and verification of systems that have both continuous and nanocrystalline films through advanced TEM techniques; discrete components, such as air traffic control systems and and analysis of the friction and wear behavior using the biological systems. The modeling environment uses an driven systems approach as a theoretical framework. Our abstract functional interface to allow a wide variety of goal is to produce an improved understanding of how modeling formalisms and solvers to be incorporated and microstructure varies with stoichiometry, with transition leveraged throughout the simulation and verification metals, CVD conditions, and wear parameters. process. Fast Simulation of Hybrid Biological Systems Systems and Control B. Sanders,* N. Neogi [email protected] Efficient Resource Management for Controlled- Pioneer Corporation Mobility Wireless Networks This project investigates techniques for the fast simulation E. Frazzoli,* N. Neogi, P. Voulgaris; M. Caccamo, of large discrete event systems that are prevalent in L. Sha (Comput. Sci.); P. R. Kumar (Elect. & biological models. The research leverages hybrid modeling Comput. Engr.); E. Modiano (MIT) techniques that allow for the approximation of discrete [email protected], [email protected] interactions by continuous differential equations. National Science Foundation, Information Technology Examples of current relevance, such as the biological Research Program, CCR-0325716 toggle switch, are currently being studied. Today's embedded computers are increasingly mobile and Control of Spatio-Temporal Systems ubiquitous, are capable of interacting with the P. G. Voulgaris,* B. Bamieh environment, and can communicate with one another over [email protected] possibly vast and pervasive networks. Mobile wireless National Science Foundation networks are envisaged to revolutionize the way people and organizations will interact and communicate. While Many modern applications of controlling distributed most of the wireless networks are not expected to be systems pose spatial invariance. A typical example is a capable of controlling their own motion, new technological symmetric array of micromechanical systems, where many possibilities are emerging to provide small embedded such devices are located according to some usually devices with the means to propel themselves, with an symmetric pattern. Using suitable extensions of the one- energy expenditure that is comparable to the energy budget dimensional results, one can design optimal and robust

* Denotes principal investigator.

64 controllers. However, the resulting control algorithms are, approach to this problem. The motivation comes from in general, centralized and impractical to implement. To applications where security to malicious attacks is of alleviate this difficulty, a degree of decentralization is paramount importance, and hence, hard performance imposed on the controller, and algorithms are developed to guarantees are essential. The theoretical tools of optimal optimize performance under such information-limiting and robust control and filtering play a key role in this constraints. The approach resorts to convex formulations development. Connections to probabilistic approaches are of the underlying optimization. also developed, and several trade-offs are analyzed in this new framework. Distributed Control for Large Telescopic Systems P. G. Voulgaris,* S. Jiang, L. Thompson, N. Holloway Structured Control and Application to Atomic Force [email protected] Microscopy University of Illinois P. G. Voulgaris,* M. Salapaka (Iowa State Univ.) [email protected] In this project we study and develop distributed control National Science Foundation methods for the primary mirror of large segmented telescopes. The aim is to determine the limits of imaging In this project the theory of optimal and robust design is accuracy that can be achieved by the use of closed loop developed when structural constraints are imposed on the control of the individual mirror segments. Wind controller architecture. Such constraints can be generated, disturbances and structural couplings play a major role in for example, due to limited information exchanges among limiting the position accuracy of such large structures. The different local subcontrollers in a large and complex main tools that we use in this study are recently developed system. Although the general problem of optimal design robust control techniques for spatio-temporal systems. with decentralized control is very hard to solve, there are certain specific classes of such problems that admit a Remote and Distributed Control over Networks convex formulation. Included are platoons of vehicles, P. G. Voulgaris* MEMS, networked systems, congestion control and [email protected] integrated based imaging where an array of National Science Foundation microcantilevers is used to scan the sample. The speed and Remote and distributed control over networks is a powerful the accuracy of the scan depend crucially on the concept that exploits the capabilities of the Internet (or any coordination of the microcantilevers, which in turn network) in order to remotely control critical tasks and requires effective structured and distributed control complex dynamical interactions over long distances. The algorithms. strategy of remote and distributed control also carries the great potential to lead to the development and deployment of new applications and technologies that can be very Thermal Behavior of Materials significant for the scientific and commercial worlds. Development of MEMS Based Nanocalorimeter Driven by the need for a systematic study of this concept, L. H. Allen* the research here aims at designing and developing novel National Science Foundation, DMR-0108694 (Research); algorithms, software, middleware, and prototypes for NSF DMR -9803019 (Equipment); ACS-PRF #37027-AC7 remote, real-time control of interacting complex systems over heterogeneous hierarchical networks built around the Researchers are developing a new materials Internet backbone. A particular problem that is studied is characterization technique that is potentially a very the effect of decentralization and delayed information powerful method for directly obtaining quantitative values sharing in a networked system to the overall system for small enthalpy of reactions at interfaces, surfaces, and performance. near surface regions. This device operates at ultrafast 5 Robust Communication heating (10 K/s) and scanning (1-scan/s) rates and is P. G. Voulgaris,* C. Hadjicostis, R. Touri sensitive to nanometer thick films of material. This is a [email protected] collaborative effort with the NNF facility at Cornell National Science Foundation University (Ithaca, New York). To date we have achieved monolayer sensitivity, real-time in-situ characterization The problem of reconstructing discrete valued signals is technique. Progress has been made not only in the traditionally dealt with from a probabilistic point of view. fabrication of the device but also in quantitative techniques In this project we develop a complementary, worst-case

* Denotes principal investigator.

65 in analysis of heat capacity, or thermoelectrical data storage media: they can be reversibly transformed characterization of the device. from an amorphous semiconducting state to a crystalline semimetallic state, which dramatically changes the optical Mapping Thermophysical Properties with High Spatial reflectivity (as employed in RW-CVDs) and electrical Resolution conductivity (as proposed for flash memory devices). The D. G. Cahill,* X. Zheng goals are to understand the relationship between General Electric Global Research nanostructure, transformation kinetics, and the resulting We are developing and applying methods for mapping the electronic properties. thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, heat Nanoscale Order in Amorphous Solids: Structure, capacity, and thermal expansion) of materials with 3 Transformations, and Electronic Properties micron spatial resolution. These techniques are based on J. R. Abelson,* L. N. Nittala, S. N. Bogle pump-probe measurements of optical reflectivity with National Science Foundation, 29456 picosecond time-resolution. We diffusion multiple samples prepared at GE Global Research to efficiently Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research explore the properties of binary and ternary alloys over the Laboratory entire range of compositions. Data for thermal conductivity This focused research group is a broad-ranging effort to are being used to identify the substitutional sites of a third understand nanometer-scale medium range order (MRO) element in an intermetallic compound and to probe the in amorphous semiconductors and glassy materials, range of compositions that produce ordered phases. including its origins, structure, and electronic effects. We are developing the fluctuation electron microscopy Thin Films and Charged Particles technique to evaluate whether solids that appear to be amorphous in diffraction in fact contain MRO. We have Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of GaN-based demonstrated that amorphous silicon cannot be described Nitride Semiconductors Using Plasma-assisted by the continuous random network model, but is Molecular Beam Epitaxy for Development of High- paracrystalline, defined as the small grain size limit of Speed, High-Power Heterostructure Electronic Devices nanocrystallinity. We are currently investigating the MRO K. Kim,* I. Adesida,* S. J. Hong, T. Day, C. W. Park in binary compounds, including chalcogenide glasses and ETRI Electronics, Inc. transition metal borides. The dual objectives of this work are to grow and Single Crystal Silicon Electronics on Flexible characterize device-quality heterostructure GaN-based Substrates films and use them to develop high-speed, high-power J. R. Abelson,* J. S. Lee, J. A. Rogers* electronic devices. The materials growth is achieved using Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency a plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy system designed Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research and fabricated at the University of Illinois. The plasma Laboratory source is capable of producing contamination-free nitrogen plasmas. The films are characterized using a variety of The goal of this project is to fabricate thin film electronics microanalysis techniques including RHEED, XRD, SEM, with nearly-single-crystal performance onto flexible TEM, AFM, PL, CL, SIMS, and Hall measurement. substrates. Using reactive magnetron sputtering, we deposit insulating a-SiNx and semiconducting a-Si thin Thin-Film Electronics films onto polymeric substrates at low temperatures. The a-Si layers are transformed into crystalline Si using excimer laser processing in the sequential lateral Ge-Sb-Te Phase Change Materials: Optical and solidification mode (by James Im at Columbia University), Electronic Properties, Structural Transformations, and devices are processed at the Sarnoff Laboratories. We and Nanostructures analyze the Si layer quality and evaluate the test devices. J. R. Abelson,* B. S. Lee, M. Kwon, Y. Xiao, S. Bishop* (Elec. & Comput. Engr., Physics) National Science Foundation We synthesize and analyze the phase-change chalcogenide Ge2Sb2Te5 and related alloys that are used as nonvolatile

* Denotes principal investigator.

66 Surface Diffusion and Ordering Processes Exploited Next-Generation Processing Methods for Cu(In,Ga) for Directed Self-Assembly on Amorphous Se2 Heterojunction Solar Cells Semiconductors A. Rockett,* A. Hall, D. Hebert J. R. Abelson,* B. A. Sperling, E. Seebauer* National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department (Chem. & Biomol. Engr.) of Energy, NREL ACQ-1-30619-07 National Science Foundation, 29456 Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory Laboratory A key goal of this research is to develop a low-temperature The goal of this project is to develop methods to produce deposition process capable of producing device-quality regular arrays of polycrystalline silicon grains in an chalcopyrite semiconductors for solar cell applications. amorphous matrix by manipulating the surface processes This is an enabling technology for multijunction solar cells. of crystalline nucleation and mobile atom diffusion. We To accomplish this, a unique next-generation method for employ hot filament CVD as a deposition method, and low-temperature deposition of CIGS based on the ionized study the evolution of surface morphology using physical vapor deposition (IPVD) technique will be spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. developed. IPVD has been shown to dramatically reduce Investigation of Kinetics and Thermodynamics required temperatures in other thin-film coatings. IPVD is Properties During Reactions/Growth in Metal Systems a modified sputtering approach. It supplies energy to the in Devices: Silicides and W Deposition growing film surface though the working gas rather than L. H. Allen,* Z. Ma (Intel), D. Allman (LSI Logic Corp.) by heating the substrate. Intel Corporation; LSI Logic Corporation Understanding the Structural and Chemical Basis of Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Chalcopyrite Solar Cell Operation Laboratory A. Rockett,* I. Robertson, C. M. Li National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department Metallization plays an important role in state-of-the-art of Energy, NREL ADJ-2-30630-26 ULSI metallization process technology not only for S/D/ gate contacts but also for interlayer interconnects. As Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research device size decreases material challenges abound, Laboratory including size-dependent silicide reaction and nanopipe The goal of this proposal is to correlate the performance diffusion paths for CVD W deposition. Using a new difference of chalcopyrite solar cells to structural and materials characterization tool, a nanocalorimetry, we are chemical inhomogeneities. Specifically, electron currently probing a model/metastable silicide system (Au/ microscopy techniques are used to determine the chemistry Si). and electronic structure of grain boundaries, the nature of the collecting heterojunction, and the spatial distribution Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Heterojunction Solar Cells for Extreme of defects and impurities. The impact of these chemical and High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Concentrators structural variations on device performance will be A. Rockett,* D. X. Liao, C. M. Mueller assessed by using computer modeling. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, NREL AAT-1-30620-05 Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Crystal Growth A. Rockett* Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER45439 Laboratory Conducted in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research The objective of this project is to demonstrate the potential Laboratory for use of CuInSe2 and related materials as the 1.00 eV energy-gap material in multijunction extremely high This program seeks to improve understanding of the efficiency solar cells. Intermediate objectives include atomic-scale structure in thin films. The current focus is on demonstration of solar cells based on p-CIS/n+-GaAs and point defects and their consequences for electronic p-CIS/n-Ge heterojunctions as components of properties of semiconductors. The program includes both multijunction high-efficiency solar cell devices. theoretical and experimental approaches based on density functional theory and physical vapor deposition, respectively.

* Denotes principal investigator.

67 Komura, T., Nagano, A., Leung, H., and Shinagawa, Y. Tunneling Microscopy Simulating pathological gait using the enhanced linear inverted pendulum model. IEEE Transactions on Nanoelectronics: Low-Power, High-Performance Biomedical Engineering, 52:9, 1502-1513 (Sep. 2005). Components and Circuits J. W. Lyding,* K. Hess,* J. Moore* (Chem.), Olson, E. A., Efremov, M. Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., and R. Martin,* H. Choi* (Physics) Allen, L. H. Size-dependent melting of Bi nanoparticles U.S. Navy, ASUSG 98-152SG [art. no. 034304]. Journal of Applied Physics, 97:3, Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science 34304 (Feb. 1, 2005). and Technology Wang, H. C., Wu, Q., Shi, L., Yu, Y. Z., and Ahuja, N. This is a Multidisciplinary Research Program of the Out-of-core tensor approximation of multi- University Research Initiative (MURI) at the Beckman dimensional matrices of visual data. ACM Transactions Institute with the goal of combining STM nanofabrication on Graphics, 24:3, 527-535 (Jul. 2005). with atomistic simulations to develop novel nanoelectronic device structures on the atomic and molecular size scale. Yamazaki, S., Ikeuchi, K., and Shinagawa, Y. Plausible Techniques are being developed to fabricate and test these image matching: Determining dense and smooth structures in situ in the UHV STM. This program also mapping between images without a priori knowledge. involves collaborations with Arizona State University, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial University of Notre Dame, and University of California at Intelligence, 19:4, 565-583 (Jun. 2005). Berkeley, to explore new interconnect schemes for nanoelectronics and to interface nanoelectronic devices with conventional microelectronic circuits. Advanced Processing and Circuits

Nanoscale Interface Characterization by UHV STM Bae, J. W., Hossain, T., Adesida, I., Bogart, K. H., Spectroscopy Koleske, D., Allerman, A. A., and Jang, J. H. Low J. W. Lyding,* L. Liu, J. Yu, J. Tolomei resistance ohmic contact to p-type GaN using Pd/Ir/Au U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-00-1-0234 multilayer scheme. Journal of Vacuum Science and Conducted in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science Technology B, 23:3, 1072-1075 (May-Jun. 2005). and Technology Fang, Z. Q., Look, D. C., Kim, D. H., and Adesida, I. Traps This research is focused on atomic scale dopant mapping in AlGaN/GaN/SiC heterostructures studied by deep and the determination of the rms roughness and correlation level transient spectroscopy [art. no. 182115]. Applied lengths associated with oxide-silicon interfaces. The Physics Letters, 87:18, 82115 (Oct. 31, 2005). substitution of deuterium for hydrogen at oxide-silicon interfaces is also being studied. It has been determined with Giannetta, R. W., Olheiser, T. A., Hannan, M., modern scaling trends that deuterium becomes Adesida, I., and Melloch, M. R. Conductance increasingly effective at reducing hot carrier degradation quantization and zero bias peak in a gated quantum in CMOS technology. wire. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 27:1-2, 270-277 (Mar. 2005).

Journal Articles Kim, H. K., Bae, J. W., Adesida, I., Kim, T., Seong, T. Y., Kim, J. S., and Yoon, Y. S. Inductively Advanced Automation coupled plasma reactive ion etching of ZrO2:H solid electrolyte film in BCl3-based plasmas. Journal of the Brilakis, I., Soibelman, L., and Shinagawa, Y. Material- Electrochemical Society, 152:5, A922-A926 (2005). based construction site image retrieval. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 19:4, 341-355 (Oct. Kim, S., Adesida, I., and Hwang, H. Measurements of 2005). thermally induced nanometer-scale diffusion depth of Pt/Ti/Pt/Au gate metallization on InAlAs/InGaAs high- electron-mobility transistors [art. no. 232102]. Applied Physics Letters, 87:23, 32102 (Dec. 5, 2005).

* Denotes principal investigator.

68 Kim, S., Cueva, G., and Adesida, I. Iridium Schottky Zhao, W. and Adesida, I. High temperature annealed Ge/ contact on In0.52Al0.48As. Electronics Letters, 41:11, Ag/Ni ohmic contact for InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs. 665-667 (May 26, 2005). Electronics Letters, 41:11, 664-665 (May 26, 2005).

Kim, S., Jang, J. H., and Adesida, I. Enhancement-mode Zhao, W., Bae, J. W., Adesida, I., and Jang, J. H. Effect of In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/InP HEMT utilising Ir/Ti/ mask thickness on the nanoscale sidewall roughness Pt/Au gate. Electronics Letters, 41:15, 871-872 (Jul. 21, and optical scattering losses of deep-etched InP/ 2005). InGaAsP high mesa waveguides. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 23:5, 2041-2045 (Sep.-Oct. Kumar, V., Chen, G., Guo, S., Peres, B., Eliasevich, I., 2005). and Adesida, I. Field-plated 0.25 μm gate-length AlGaN/ GaN HEMTs on 6H-SiC with power density of 9.1 W/ Aeronomy mm at 18 GHz. Electronics Letters, 41:19, 1080-1081 (Sep. 15, 2005). Hysell, D. L., Kudeki, E., and Chau, J. L. Possible ionospheric preconditioning by shear flow leading to Lanford, W. B., Tanaka, T., Otoki, Y., and Adesida, I. equatorial spread F. Annales Geophysicae: Atmospheres, Recessed-gate enhancement-mode GaNHEMT with Hydrospheres and Space Sciences, 23:7, 2647-2655 high threshold voltage. Electronics Letters, 41:7, (2005). 449-450 (Mar. 31, 2005).

Mohammed, F. M., Wang, L., and Adesida, I. Algorithms and Theory Noninterfacial-nitride formation ohmic contact mechanism in Si-containing Ti/Al/Mo/Au Li, N., Hou, J. C., and Sha, L. Design and analysis of an metallizations on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures [art. MST-based topology control algorithm. IEEE no. 262111]. Applied Physics Letters, 87:26, 62111 (Dec. Transactions on Wireless Communications, 4:3, 26, 2005). 1195-1206 (May 2005).

Mohammed, F. M., Wang, L., Selvanathan, D., Hu, H., and Adesida, I. Ohmic contact formation mechanism of Applied Computation Theory Ta/Al/Mo/Au and Ti/Al/Mo/Au metallizations on Loui, M. C. Educational technologies and the teaching AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. Journal of Vacuum Science and of ethics in science and engineering. Science and Technology B, 23:6, 2330-2335 (Nov.-Dec. 2005). Engineering Ethics, 11:3, 435-446 (Jul. 2005). Selvanathan, D., Mohammed, F. M., Bae, J. O., Loui, M. C. Ethics and the development of professional Adesida, I., and Bogart, K. H. Investigation of surface identities of engineering students. Journal of treatment schemes on n-type GaN and Al Ga N. 0.20 0.80 Engineering Education, 94:4, 383-390 (Oct. 2005). Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 23:6, 2538-2544 (Nov.-Dec. 2005). Automotive Systems Wang, L., Mohammed, F. M., and Adesida, I. Dislocation- induced nonuniform interfacial reactions of Ti/Al/Mo/ Alleyne, A. G., Block, D. J., Meyn, S. P., Perkins, W. R., Au ohmic contacts on AlGaN/GaN heterostructure and Spong, M. W. An interdisciplinary, inter- [art. no. 141915]. Applied Physics Letters, 87:14, 41915 departmental Control Systems Laboratory at the (Oct. 3, 2005). University of Illinois. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Control Systems, 25:1, 50-55 Wohlmuth, W. and Adesida, I. Properties of RF (2005). magnetron sputtered cadmium-tin-oxide and indium- tin-oxide thin films. Thin Solid Films, 479:1-2, 223-231 Kawka, P. A. and Alleyne, A. G. Development and (May 23, 2005). experimental verification of a mobile client-centric networked controlled system—Discussion. European Journal of Control, 11:3, 252-254 (2005).

69 Rasmussen, B. P., Alleyne, A. G., and Musser, A. B. Mamou, J., Oelze, M. L., O'Brien, W. D., and Model-driven system identification of transcritical Zachary, J. F. Identifying ultrasonic scattering sites vapor compression systems. Institute of Electrical and from three-dimensional impedance maps. Journal of the Electronics Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Acoustical Society of America, 117:1, 413-423 (Jan. 2005). 13:3, 444-451 (May 2005).

Zhang, R. and Alleyne, A. G. Dynamic emulation using Circuits an indirect control input. Journal of Dynamic Systems Chen, H. M., Huang, L. D., Liu, I. M., and Wong, M. D. Measurement and Control: Transactions of the American Simultaneous power supply planning and noise Society of Mechanical Engineers, 127:1, 114-124 (Mar. avoidance in floorplan design. IEEE Transactions on 2005). Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Zhang, R., Alleyne, A. G., and Carter, D. E. Generalized Systems, 24:4, 578-587 (Apr. 2005). multivariable gain scheduling with robust stability Hyvonen, S., Joshi, S., and Rosenbaum, E. analysis. Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Comprehensive ESD protection for RF inputs. Control: Transactions of the American Society of Microelectronics and Reliability, 45:2, 245-254 (Feb. Mechanical Engineers, 127:4, 668-687 (Dec. 2005). 2005). Zhang, Y. and Alleyne, A. A practical and effective Jaussi, J. E., Balamurugan, G., Johnson, D. R., approach to active suspension control. Vehicle System Casper, B., Martin, A., Kennedy, J., Shanbhag, N., and Dynamics, 43:5, 305-330 (May 2005). Mooney, R. 8-Gb/s source-synchronous I/O link with Zhang, Y., Alleyne, A. G., and Zheng, D. A hybrid control adaptive receiver equalization, offset cancellation, and strategy for active vibration isolation with clock de-skew. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, electrohydraulic actuators. Control Engineering 40:1, 80-88 (Jan. 2005). Practice, 13:3, 279-289 (Mar. 2005). Joshi, S., Hyvonen, S., and Rosenbaum, E. High-Q electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices for use Bioacoustics at radio frequency (RF) and broad-band I/O pins. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 52:7, 1484-1488 (Jul. Bigelow, T. A. and O'Brien, W. D. Evaluation of the 2005). spectral fit algorithm as functions of frequency range and Δkaeff. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Lee, S. J., Shanbhag, N. R., and Singer, A. C. Area- Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 52:11, 2003-2010 efficient high-throughput MAP decoder architectures. (Nov. 2005). IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 13:8, 921-933 (Aug. 2005). Bigelow, T. A. and O'Brien, W. D. Signal processing strategies that improve performance and Lee, S. J., Shanbhag, N. R., and Singer, A. C. Energy understanding of the quantitative ultrasound efficient VLSI architecture for linear turbo equalizer. SPECTRAL FIT algorithm. Journal of the Acoustical Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, 39:1-2, 49-62 (Jan.- Society of America, 118:3, Part 1, 1808-1819 (Sep. 2005). Feb. 2005).

Bigelow, T. A. and O'Brien, W. D. A model for estimating Lee, S. J., Shanbhag, N. S., and Singer, A. C. A 285-MHz ultrasound attenuation along the propagation path to pipelined MAP decoder in 0.18-μm CMOS. IEEE the fetus from backscattered waveforms. Journal of the Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 40:8, 1718-1725 (Aug. Acoustical Society of America, 118:2, 1210-1220 (Aug. 2005). 2005). Lee, S. J., Singer, A. C., and Shanbhag, N. R. Linear turbo Bigelow, T. A., Oelze, M. L., and O'Brien, W. D. equalization analysis via BER transfer and EXIT Estimation of total attenuation and scatterer size from charts. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 53:8, backscattered ultrasound waveforms. Journal of the Part 1, 2883-2897 (Aug. 2005). Acoustical Society of America, 117:3, Part 1, 1431-1439 (Mar. 2005).

70 Li, J. J., Li, H. M., Barnes, R., and Rosenbaum, E. Ho, T., Medard, M., and Koetter, R. An information- Comprehensive study of drain breakdown in theoretic view of network management. IEEE MOSFETs. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Transactions on Information Theory, 51:4, 1295-1312 52:6, 1180-1186 (Jun. 2005). (Apr. 2005).

Mansour, M. M. and Shanbhag, N. R. A novel design Lakshmikantha, A., Beck, C. L., and Srikant, R. methodology for high-performance programmable Robustness of real and virtual queue-based active decoder cores for AA-LDPC codes. Journal of VLSI queue management schemes. IEEE/ACM Transactions Signal Processing, 40:3, 371-382 (Jul. 2005). on Networking, 13:1, 81-93 (Feb. 2005).

Shanbhag, N. and Parhi, K. Special issue on signal Liang, Y. B. and Veeravalli, V. V. Gaussian orthogonal processing for broadband communications. Journal of relay channels: Optimal resource allocation and VLSI Signal Processing, 39:1-2, 5-6 (Jan.-Feb. 2005). capacity. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 51:9, 3284-3289 (Sep. 2005). Sridhara, S. R. and Shanbhag, N. R. Coding for system- on-chip networks: A unified framework. IEEE Moulin, P. and Koetter, R. Data-hiding codes [review]. Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Proceedings of the IEEE, 93:12, 2083-2126 (Dec. 2005). Systems, 13:6, 655-667 (Jun. 2005). Ratnakar, N. and Koetter, R. Exponential error bounds Xiang, H., Tang, X. P., and Wong, M. D. An algorithm for algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed-Solomon for integrated pin assignment and buffer planning. codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 51:11, ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic 3899-3917 (Nov. 2005). Systems, 10:3, 561-572 (Jul. 2005). Sarwate, D. V. Comments on "Lower bounds on the Hamming auto- and cross correlations of frequency- Communications hopping sequences" by D. Peng and P. Fan. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 51:4, 1615 (Apr. Alvarez, J. and Hajek, B. A queue with semiperiodic 2005). traffic. Advances in Applied Probability, 37:1, 160-184 (Mar. 2005). Sethuraman, V. and Hajek, B. Capacity per unit energy of fading channels with a peak constraint. IEEE Appadwedula, S., Veeravalli, V. V., and Jones, D. L. Transactions on Information Theory, 51:9, 3102-3120 Energy-efficient detection in sensor networks. IEEE (Sep. 2005). Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 23:4, 693-702 (Apr. 2005). Veeravalli, V. V., Liang, Y. B., and Sayeed, A. M. Correlated MIMO wireless channels: Capacity, Eryilmaz, A., Srikant, R., and Perkins, J. R. Stable optimal signaling, and asymptotics. IEEE Transactions scheduling policies for fading wireless channels. IEEE/ on Information Theory, 51:6, 2058-2072 (Jun. 2005). ACM Transactions on Networking, 13:2, 411-424 (Apr. 2005). Yan, Z., Sarwate, D. V., and Liu, Z. High-speed systolic architectures for finite field inversion. Integration, The Gross, W. J., Kschischang, F. R., Koetter, R., and VLSI Journal, 38:3, 383-398 (Jan. 2005). Gulak, P. G. Towards a VLSI architecture for interpolation-based soft-decision Reed-Solomon decoders. Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, 39:1-2, Computational Science and 93-111 (Jan.-Feb. 2005). Engineering Hajek, B. and Seri, P. Lex-optimal online multiclass scheduling with hard deadlines. Mathematics of Huang, Y., Zhou, W. X., Hsia, K. J., Menard, E., Operations Research, 30:3, 562-596 (Aug. 2005). Park, J. U., Rogers, J. A., and Alleyne, A. G. Stamp collapse in soft lithography. Langmuir, 21:17, 8058-8068 (Aug. 2005).

71 Alpcan, T., Basar, T., and Tempo, R. Randomized Computer Engineering algorithms for stability and robustness analysis of high- speed communication networks. IEEE Transactions on Bhandarkar, S., Sadry, N. E., Reddy, A. L., and Neural Networks, 16:5, 1229-1241 (Sep. 2005). Vaidya, N. H. TCP-DCR: A novel protocol for tolerating wireless channel errors. IEEE Transactions on Athanasopoulou, E. and Hadjicostis, C. N. Probabilistic Mobile Computing, 4:5, 517-529 (Sep.-Oct. 2005). approaches to fault detection in networked discrete event systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Biaz, S. and Vaidya, N. H. "De-randomizing" congestion 16:5, 1042-1052 (Sep. 2005). losses to improve TCP performance over wired- wireless networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Bamieh, B. and Voulgaris, P. G. A convex Networking, 13:3, 596-608 (Jun. 2005). characterization of distributed control problems in spatially invariant systems with communication Kyasanur, P. and Vaidya, N. H. Selfish MAC layer constraints. Systems and Control Letters, 54:6, 575-583 misbehavior in wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on (Jun. 2005). Mobile Computing, 4:5, 502-516 (Sep.-Oct. 2005). Deb, S., Shakkottai, S., and Srikant, R. Asymptotic Malpani, N., Chen, Y., Vaidya, N. H., and Welch, J. L. behavior of Internet congestion controllers in a many- Distributed token circulation in mobile ad hoc flows regime. Mathematics of Operations Research, networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 4:2, 30:2, 420-440 (May 2005). 154-165 (Mar.-Apr. 2005). Giridhar, A. and Kumar, P. R. Computing and Miller, M. J. and Vaidya, N. H. A MAC protocol to reduce communicating functions over sensor networks. IEEE sensor network energy consumption using a wakeup Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 23:4, radio. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 4:3, 755-764 (Apr. 2005). 228-242 (May-Jun. 2005). Hadjicostis, C. N. Aliasing probability calculations for Vaidya, N. and Joseph, A. Guest editorial. Wireless arbitrary compaction under independently selected Network, Special Issue: Selected Papers from ACM random test vectors. IEEE Transactions on Computers, MobiCom 2003, 11:4, 361 (Jul. 2005). 54:12, 1614-1627 (Dec. 2005). Vaidya, N., Dugar, A., Gupta, S., and Bahl, P. Distributed Hadjicostis, C. N. Finite-state machine embeddings for fair scheduling in a wireless LAN. IEEE Transactions on nonconcurrent error detection and identification. IEEE Mobile Computing, 4:6, 616-629 (Nov.-Dec. 2005). Transactions on Automatic Control, 50:2, 142-153 (Feb. 2005). Control Systems Hadjicostis, C. N. Probabilistic detection of FSM single Brennan, S. and Alleyne, A. Dimensionless robust state-transition faults based on state occupancy control with application to vehicles. Institute of measurements. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on 50:12, 2078-2083 (Dec. 2005). Control Systems Technology, 13:4, 624-630 (Jul. 2005). Hadjicostis, C. N. and Verghese, G. C. Coding Farhood, M., Beck, C. L., and Dullerud, G. E. Model approaches to fault tolerance in linear dynamic reduction of periodic systems: a lifting approach. systems. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Automatica, 41:6, 1085-1090 (Jun. 2005). 51:1, 210-228 (Jan. 2005).

Hespanha, J. P., Liberzon, D., Angeli, D., and Decision and Control Sontag, E. D. Nonlinear norm-observability notions and stability of switched systems. IEEE Transactions on Alpcan, T. and Basar, T. A globally stable adaptive Automatic Control, 50:2, 154-168 (Feb. 2005). congestion control scheme for Internet-style networks with delay. IEEE/AMM Transactions on Networking, 13:6, 1261-1274 (Dec. 2005).

72 Huang, J. Y. and Meyn, S. P. Characterization and Sundaram, S. and Hadjicostis, C. N. Comments on computation of optimal distributions for channel "Time-delayed state estimator for linear systems with coding. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 51:7, unknown inputs". International Journal of Control 2336-2351 (Jul. 2005). Automation and Systems, 3:4, 646-647 (Dec. 2005).

Huang, K., Hong, W., and Ma, Y. Symmetry-based Vidal, R., Ma, Y., and Sastry, S. Generalized principal photo-editing. Pattern Recognition, 38:6, 825-834 (Jun. component analysis (GPCA). IEEE Transactions on 2005). Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 27:12, 1945-1959 (Dec. 2005). Ishii, H. and Basar, T. Remote control of LTI systems over networks with state quantization. Systems and Vu, L. and Liberzon, D. Common Lyapunov functions Control Letters, 54:1, 15-31 (Jan. 2005). for families of commuting nonlinear systems. Systems and Control Letters, 54:5, 405-416 (May 2005). Ishii, H., Basar, T., and Tempo, R. Randomized algorithms for synthesis of switching rules for Wu, Y. Q. and Hadjicostis, C. N. Algebraic approaches multimodal systems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic for fault identification in discrete-event systems. IEEE Control, 50:6, 754-767 (Jun. 2005). Transactions on Automatic Control, 50:12, 2048-2053 (Dec. 2005). Kawadia, V. and Kumar, P. R. Principles and protocols for power control in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Wu, Y. Q. and Hadjicostis, C. N. On solving composite Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 23:1, power polynomial equations. Mathematics of 76-88 (Jan. 2005). Computation, 74:250, 853-868 (2005).

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Meyn, S. Dynamic safety-stocks for asymptotic Digital Signal and Imaging Processing optimality in stochastic networks. Queueing Systems, Baron, D. and Bresler, Y. Antisequential suffix sorting 50:2-3, 255-297 (Jul. 2005). for BWT-based data compression. IEEE Transactions Meyn, S. P. Workload models for stochastic networks: on Computers, 54:4, 385-397 (Apr. 2005). Value functions and performance evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 50:8, 1106-1122 Dynamic Systems (Aug. 2005). Farhood, M. and Dullerud, G. E. Duality and eventually Spong, M. W. and Bullo, F. Controlled symmetries and periodic systems. International Journal of Robust and passive walking. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Nonlinear Control, 15:13, 575-599 (Sep. 2005). Control, 50:7, 1025-1031 (Jul. 2005). Farhood, M., Beck, C. L., and Dullerud, G. E. Model reduction of periodic systems: a lifting approach. Automatica, 41:6, 1085-1090 (Jun. 2005).

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87 Rao, S. R., Yang, A. Y., Wagner, A. W., and Yi, M. Decision and Control Segmentation of hybrid motions via hybrid quadratic surface analysis. 10th IEEE International Conference on Alpcan, T., Fan, X., Basar, T., Arcak, M., and Wen, J. T. Computer Vision (Beijing, China, Oct. 2005). Proceedings Power control for multicell CDMA wireless networks: of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer A team optimization approach. 3rd International Vision, Vol. 1, 2-9 (2005). Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (Trentino, Italy, Apr. 2005). Rohloff, K. R. and Basar, T. Stochastic behavior of Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on random constant scanning worms. 14th International Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Conference on Computer Communications and Networks Wireless Networks 379-388 (2005). (San Diego, CA, Oct. 2005). Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Communications Arvind G. and Kumar, P. R. Maximizing the functional and Networks 339-344 (2005). lifetime of sensor networks. 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (Los Takos, G. and Hadjicostis, C. N. Hierarchical Angeles, CA, Apr. 2005). Proceedings of the 4th decentralized fusion from correlated sensor International Symposium on Information Processing in measurements. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks 5-12 (2005). Networking, Sensing and Control (Tucson, AZ, Mar. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Athanasopoulou, E. and Hadjicostis, C. N. Maximum Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control 508-513 likelihood diagnosis in partially observable finite state (2005). machines. 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control (Limassol, Cyprus, Jun. 2005). Vivek R. and Kumar, P. R. Issues in Wardrop routing in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium wireless networks. 1st International Conference on on Intelligent Control 896-901 (2005). Wireless Internet (Budapest, Hungary, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chopra, N. and Spong, M. W. On synchronization of Wireless Internet 34-41 (2005). networked passive systems with time delays and application to bilateral teleoperation. 2005 Society of Yang, A. Y., Rao, S., Wagner, A., and Ma, Y. Instrument and Control Engineers Annual Conference Segmentation of a piece-wise planar scene from (Okayama, Japan, Aug. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 perspective images. 2005 IEEE Computer Society Society of Instrument and Control Engineers Annual Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference 3424-3429 (2005). (San Diego, CA, Jun. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Hong, W., Wright, J., Huang, K., and Ma, Y. A multiscale Pattern Recognition 154-161 (2005). hybrid linear model for lossy image representation. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Yang, A. Y., Rao, S., Wagner, A., Ma, Y., and Computer Vision (Beijing, China, Oct. 2005). Proceedings Fossum, R. M. Hilbert functions and applications to the of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer estimation of subspace arrangements. 10th IEEE Vision, Vol. 1, 764-771 (2005). International Conference on Computer Vision (Beijing, China, Oct. 2005). Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Ma, Y. and Vidai, R. Identification of deterministic International Conference on Computer Vision, Vol. 1, switched ARX systems via identification of algebraic 158-165 (2005). varieties. 8th International Workshop on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (Zurich, Switzerland, Mar. 2005). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 449-465 Digital Signal and Imaging Processing (2005). Chen, T., Huang, T. S., Yin, W., and Zhou, X. S. A new coarse-to-fine framework for 3D brain MR image registration. 1st International Workshop on Computer Vision for Biomedical Image Applications (Beijing, China, Oct. 2005). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 114-124 (2005).

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89 Soldner, N. C., Mayes, P. E., and Bernhard, J. T. Jin, L., Ko, S., Gupta, I., and Nahrstedt, K. MON: on- Improvement of electrically small, dual-sector antenna demand overlays for distributed system management. through integration of planar inductive feeds and 2nd Workshop on Real, Large Distributed Systems (San inductive loads. 2005 Antenna Applications Symposium Francisco, CA, Dec. 2005). Proceedings, WORLDS '05 (Monticello, IL, Sep. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 13-18 (2005). Antenna Applications Symposium 108-126 (2005). Kyasanur, P. and Vaidya, N. H. Capacity of multi- Yilmaz, A. E. , Choi, M. J., Cangellaris, A. C., Jin, J.-M., channel wireless networks: Impact of number of and Michielssen, E. Incorporation of frequency- channels and interfaces. 11th Annual International dependent multiport macromodels into a fast time- Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking domain integral equation solver. 2005 IEEE Antennas (Cologne, Germany, Aug. 2005). Proceedings of the and Propagation Society International Symposium Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing (Washington, DC, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 and Networking, MOBICOM 43-57 (2005). IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 3A, 151-154 (2005). Kyasanur, P. and Vaidya, N. H. Routing and interface assignment in multi-channel multi-interface wireless networks. IEEE Wireless Communications and High Frequency Devices Networking Conference, WCNC 2005: Broadband Wireless for the Masses—Ready for Take-off (New Lai, J. W., Caruth, D., Chuang, Y. J., Cimino, K., Orleans, LA, Mar. 2005). IEEE Wireless Communications Elder, R., Jansen, D., Stroili, F., Le, M., and Feng, M. 300 and Networking Conference, WCNC 2051-2056 (2005). GHz InP DHBT large signal model including current blocking effect and validated by Gilbert multiplier Kyasanur, P. and Viadya, N. H. Protocol design circuits. 2005 IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated challenges for multi-hop dynamic spectrum access Circuit Symposium (Palm Springs, CA, Oct. 2005). networks. 1st IEEE International Symposium on New Technical Digest: 2005 IEEE Compound Semiconductor Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks Integrated Circuit Symposium 61-64 (2005). (Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005) 645-648 (2005). Networking Liang, J. and Nahrstedt, K. Service composition for advanced multimedia applications. SPIE/IS and T Bhandari, V. and Vaidya, N. H. On reliable broadcast in Electronic Imaging—Multimedia Computing and a radio network. 24th Annual Association for Computing Networking 2005 (San Jose, CA, Jan. 2005). Proceedings Machinery Symposium on Principles of Distributed of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Computing (Las Vegas, NV, Jul. 2005). Proceedings, Engineering 228-240 (2005). PODC 2005 138-147 (2005). Nahrstedt, K. Next generation of system architectures Chen, K., Yang, Z., Wagener, C., and Nahrstedt, K. for tele-immersive environments. 3rd Workshop on Market models and pricing mechanisms in a multihop Embedded Systems for Real-Time Multimedia (New wireless hotspot network. 2nd Annual International York, NY, Sep. 2005). Proceedings 3 (2005). Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services (San Diego, CA, Jul. 2005). Yang, Z. and Nahrstedt, K. A bandwidth management MobiQuitous 2005 73-82 (2005). framework for wireless camera array. 15th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for He, W., Liu, X., and Nahrstedt, K. A feedback control Digital Audio and Video (Stevenson, WA, Jun. 2005). scheme for resource allocation in wireless multi-hop ad Proceedings, NOSSDAV 2005 147-152 (2005). hoc networks. 2nd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services Yu, B. and Nahrstedt, K. AVPUC: Automatic video (San Diego, CA, Jul. 2005). MobiQuitous 2005 432-439 production with user customization. SPIE/IS and T (2005). Electronic Imaging—Multimedia Computing and Networking 2005 (San Jose, CA, Jan. 2005). Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering 203-215 (2005).

90 Campbell, R. H. Beyond global communications: the Nondestructive Evaluation and active world. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Testing Pervasive Computing and Communications (Kauai Island, HI, Mar. 2005). Proceedings, PerCom 2005 211-214 Reis, H. L. M. dos, Ervin, B. L., Kuchma, D. A., (2005). Bernhard, J. T., and Reis, H. M. Estimation of corrosion damage in steel reinforced concrete using waveguides. Chan, E., Bresler, J., Al-Muhtadi, J., and Campbell, R. SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering) Gaia microserver: an extendable mobile middleware Meeting: Nondestructive Evaluation and Health platform. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Computing and Communications (Kauai Island, HI, Mar. Infrastructure IV (San Diego, CA, Mar. 2005). 2005). Proceedings, PerCom 2005 309-313 (2005).

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91 Nicol, D. M. and Liljenstam, M. Models and analysis of active worm defense. 3rd International Workshop on Optical Physics and Engineering Mathematical Methods, Models, and Architectures for Park, S.-J., Chen, K.-F., Sung, S.-H., Spinka, T. M., and Computer Network Security (MMM-ACNS 2005) (St. Eden, J. G. Arrays of microcavity plasma devices: Petersburg, Russian Federation, Sep. 2005). Lecture Notes Concepts for future plasma displays. 12th International in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Display Workshops in Conjunction with Asia Display Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in (Takamatsu, Japan, Dec. 2005). Proceedings of the 12th Bioinformatics) 38-53 (2005). International Display Workshops in Conjunction with Asia Ranganathan, A. and Campbell, R. H. Self-optimization Display 1495-1498 (2005). of task execution in pervasive computing environments. 2nd International Conference on Autonomic Computing Optoelectronics (Seattle, WA, Jun. 2005). Proceedings 333-334 (2005). Elarde, V. C., Kim, Y. K., Choquette, K. D., and Ranganathan, A. and Campbell, R. H. Supporting tasks Coleman, J. J. Selectively grown quantum well active in a programmable smart home. 3rd International layer in a photonic crystal optical microcavity. Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematic—From Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits VII (San Jose, CA, Jan. Smart Homes to Smart Care (Magog, Canada, July 2005). 2005). Proceedings of SPIE: Progress in Biomedical Proceedings, ICOST 2005 (2005). Optics and Imaging 86-93 (2005).

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93 Agbaria, A. and Sanders, W. H. Application-driven Real-Time and Embedded Systems coordination-free distributed checkpointing. 25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Chen, W. P., Hou, J. C., Sha, L., Caccamo, M. A Systems (Columbus, OH, Jun. 2005). Proceedings of the distributed, energy-aware, utility-based approach for 25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed data transport in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Computing Systems 177-186 (2005). Military Communication Conference (Atlantic City, NJ, Oct. 2005). Athanasopoulou, E., Thakker, P., and Sanders, W. H. Evaluating the dependability of a LEO satellite Ding, H., Lee, K., and Sha, L. Dependency algebra: a network for scientific applications. 2nd International theoretical framework for dependency management in Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems real-time control systems. 12th IEEE International (Torino, Italy, Sep. 2005). Proceedings of the 2nd Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Computer-Based Systems (Greenbelt, MD, Apr. 2005). Systems 95-104 (2005). Proceedings 41-48 (2005). Basile, C., Kalbarczyk, Z., and Iyer, R. K. Neutralization Kowshik, S., Baliga, G., Graham, S. and Sha, L. Co-design of errors and attacks in wireless ad hoc networks. 2005 based approach to improve robustness in networked International Conference on Dependable Systems and control systems. 2005 International Conference on Networks (Yokohama, Japan, Jun. 2005). Proceedings of Dependable Systems and Networks (Yokohama, Japan, the 2005 International Conference on Dependable Systems Jun. 2005). Proceedings 454-463 (2005). and Networks 518-527 (2005). Lee, K. and Sha, L. Process resurrection: a fast recovery Chen, S., Xu, J., Nakka, N., Kalbarczyk, Z., and mechanism for real-time embedded systems. 11th IEEE Iyer, R. K. Defeating memory corruption attacks via Real Time and Embedded Technology and Applications pointer taintedness detection. 2005 International Symposium (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 2005). Proceedings, Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks RTAS 2005 292-301 (2005). (Yokohama, Japan, Jun. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Lee, K. and Sha, L. A dependable online testing and Networks 378-387 (2005). upgrade architecture for real-time embedded systems. 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Chen, S., Xu, J., Sezer, E. C., Gauriar, P., and Iyer, R. K. Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (Hong Non-control-data attacks are realistic threats. 14th Kong, China, Aug. 2005). Proceedings 160-165 (2005). USENIX Security Symposium (Baltimore, MD, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Security Liu, X., Heo, J., and Sha, L. Modeling 3-tiered Web Symposium 177-191 (2005). applications. 13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Derisavi, S., Kemper, P., and Sanders, W. H. Lumping Telecommunication Systems (Atlanta, GA, Sep. 2005) matrix diagram representations of markov models. 307-310 (2005). 2005 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (Yokohama, Japan, Jun. 2005). Proceedings Reliable and High-Performance of the 2005 International Conference on Dependable Computing Systems and Networks 742-751 (2005). Fahs, B., Rafacz, T., Patel, S. J., and Lumetta, S. S. Adve, V. S., Agbaria, A., Hiltunen, M. A., Iyer, R. K., Continuous optimization. 32nd International Symposium Joshi, K. R., Kalbarczyk, Z., Lefever, R. M., Plante, R., on Computer Architecture (Madison, WI, Jun. 2005). Sanders, W. H., and Schlichting, R. D. A compiler- Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on enabled model- and measurement-driven adaptation Computer Architecture 86-97 (2005). environment for dependability and performance. 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (Denver, CO, Apr. 2005). Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (2005).

94 Gaonkar, S. and Sanders, W. H. Simultaneous simulation Saggese, G. P., Vetteth, A., Kalbarczyk, Z., and Iyer, R. of alternative system configurations. 11th Pacific Rim Microprocessor sensitivity to failures: Control vs. International Symposium on Dependable Computing execution and combinational vs. sequential logic. 2005 (Hunan, China, Dec. 2005). Proceedings of the 11th Pacific International Conference on Dependable Systems and Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing Networks (Yokohama, Japan, Jun. 2005). Proceedings of (2005). the 205 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks 760-769 (2005). Hwu, W.-M. and Patel, S. The future of computer architecture research: An industrial perspective. 11th Sanders, W. H. Probabilistic validation of computer International Symposium on High-Performance Computer system survivability. 2nd Latin-American Symposium on Architecture (San Francisco, CA, Feb. 2005). Proceedings Dependable Computing (Salvador, Brazil, Oct. 2005). of the 11th International Symposium on High-Performance Lecture Notes in Computer Science (2005). Computer Architecture 264 (2005). Vaidya, N. H., Bernhard, J., Veeravalli, V. V., Joshi, K. R., Hiltunen, M. A., Sanders, W. H., and Kumar, P. R., and Iyer, R. K. Illinois wireless wind Schlichting, R. D. Automatic model-driven recovery in tunnel: A testbed for experimental evaluation of distributed systems. 24th IEEE Symposium on Reliable wireless networks. Association for Computing Machinery Distributed Systems (Orlando, FL, Oct. 2005). SIGCOMM 2005 Workshops: Conference on Computer Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Communications (Philadelphia, PA, Aug. 2005). Distributed Systems 25-36 (2005). Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery SIGCOMM 2005 Workshops: Conference on Computer Lam, V. V., Buchholz, P., and Sanders, W. H. A Communications 64-69 (2005). component-level path-based simulation approach for efficient analysis of large Markov models. 2005 Winter Wang, L., Pattabiraman, K., Kalbarczyk, Z., Iyer, R. K., Simulation Conference (Orlando, FL, Dec. 2005). Votta, L., Vick, C., and Wood, A. Modeling coordinated Proceedings of the 2005 Winter Simulation Conference checkpointing for large-scale supercomputers. 2005 (2005). International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (Yokohama, Japan, Jun. 2005). Proceedings of Nakka, N., Saggese, G. P., Kalbarczyk, Z., and the 205 International Conference on Dependable Systems Iyer, R. K. An architectural framework for detecting and Networks 812-821 (2005). process hangs/crashes. 5th European Dependable Computing Conference (Budapest, Hungary, Apr. 2005). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 103-121 (2005). Remote Sensing

Pattabiraman, K., Kalbarczyk, Z., and Iyer, R. K. Atkinson, I. and Kamalabadi, F. CFAR detection of a Application-based metrics for strategic placement of known FSK-modulated signal in white gaussian noise detectors. 11th Pacific Rim International Symposium on with unknown variance. 2005 IEEE International Dependable Computing (Hunan, China, Dec. 2005). Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Rim International (Philadelphia, PA, Mar. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 Symposium on Dependable Computing (2005). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. III, 989-992 (2005). Ramasamy, H. V., Agbaria, A., and Sanders, W. H. Parsimony-based approach for obtaining resource- Carlson, C. G., Swenson, G. R., Dragic, P., and Liu, A. efficient and trustworthy execution. 2nd Latin- Maui mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MALT) Na American Symposium on Dependable Computing lidar enterprise. Remote Sensing of Clouds and the (Salvador, Brazil, Oct. 2005). Lecture Notes in Computer Atmosphere X (Bruges, Belgium, Sep. 2005). Proceedings Science 206-225 (2005). of SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering 59790W (2005).

95 Swenson, G., Tang, J., Kamalabadi, F., and Franke, S. Methods of deducing intrinsic measurements of high Semiconductors frequency atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Remote Kathawala, G. A., Van Der Straaten, T., and Ravaioli, U. Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere X (Bruges, Application of grid focusing methodology to transport Belgium, Sep. 2005). Proceedings of SPIE: The Monte Carlo model for ion channel simulations. 2005 International Society for Optical Engineering 59790V Nano Science and Technology Institute Nanotechnology (2005). Conference and Trade Show (Anaheim, CA, May 2005). Technical Proceedings of the 2005 Nano Science and Semiconductor Lasers Technology Institute Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show 544-547 (2005). Elarde, V. C. and Coleman, J. J. Threshold and spectral characteristics of patterned quantum dot lasers Melnikov, D. V., Leburton, J.-R., and Austing, D. G. Spin fabricated by selective area epitaxy. 2005 Conference on configurations in vertical quantum dots in magnetic Lasers and Electro-Optics (Baltimore, MD, May 2005). fields: Three-dimensional self-consistent simulation. Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Lasers and Electro- 5th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology Optics 1802-1804 (2005). (Nagoya, Japan, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, Vol. 1, Elarde, V. C., Coleman, J. J., and Bryce, A. C. Patterned 88-91 (2005). quantum dot lasers fabricated using electron beam lithography and selective area epitaxial growth. 2005 IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting Signal and Image Processing (Sydney, Australia, Oct. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 Chen, T., Yin, W., Zhou, X. S., Comaniciu, D., and IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting Huang, T. S. Illumination normalization for face 600-601 (2005). recognition and uneven background correction using Elarde, V. C., Cueva, G. R., and Coleman, J. J. InGaAs total variation based image models. 2005 IEEE quantum dot lasers by selective area MOCVD growth. Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and 5th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology Pattern Recognition (San Diego, CA, Jun. 2005). (Nagoya, Japan, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society International Conference on Nanotechnology, Vol. 1, Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 390-392 (2005). 532-539 (2005). Choi, J. W., Shim, B., Singer, A. C., and Cho, N. I. Energy- Semiconductor Physics efficient digital filtering using ML-based error correction (ML-EC) technique. 2005 IEEE International Hu, S. and Hess, K. Ion channel simulations using the Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing TR-PNP model and the excess chemical potential (Philadelphia, PA, Mar. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 approach. 2005 Nano Science and Technology Institute IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Anaheim, Signal Processing, Vol. 4, 733-736 (2005). CA, May 2005). Technical Proceedings of the 2005 Nano Science and Technology Institute Nanotechnology Da Cunha, A. L. and Do, M. N. Biorthogonal filter banks Conference and Trade Show 556-559 (2005). with directional vanishing moments. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Philadelphia, PA, Mar. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 4, 553-556 (2005).

Da Cunha, A. L. and Do, M. N. Filter design for directional multiresolution decomposition. Wavelets XI (San Diego, CA, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering (2005).

96 El Choubassi, M. and Moulin, P. New sensitivity analysis Lu, Y. and Do, M. N. The finer directional wavelet attack. SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging: Security, transform (image processing applications). 2005 IEEE Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Contents VII (San Jose, CA, Jan. 2005). Proceedings of Processing (Philadelphia, PA, Mar. 2005). Proceedings of SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 734-745 (2005). Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 4, 573-576 (2005).

Gupta, M. D., Rajaram, S., Petrovic, N., and Huang, T. S. Moulin, P. and Wang, Y. Improved QIM strategies for Restoration and recognition in a loop. 2005 IEEE Gaussian watermarking. 4th International Workshop on Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Digital Watermarking (Siena, Italy, Sep. 2005). Lecture Pattern Recognition (San Diego, CA, Jun. 2005). Notes in Computer Science 372-386 (2005). Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Moulin, P. and Wang, Y. On achievable error exponents Vol. 1, 638-644 (2005). for watermarking. SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging: Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Han, T. X., Ramesh, V., Zhut, Y., and Huang, T. S. On Multimedia Contents VII (San Jose, CA, Jan. 2005). optimizing template matching via performance Proceedings of SPIE: The International Society for Optical characterization. 10th IEEE International Conference on Engineering 308-317 (2005). Computer Vision (Beijing, China, Oct. 2005). Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer Nguyen, H. T. and Do, M. N. Image-based rendering Vision, Vol. 1, 182-189 (2005). with depth information using the propagation algorithm. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Huang, T. Vision-based hand gesture tracking and Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Philadelphia, recognition. 2005 International Symposium on Signals, PA, Mar. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Circuits and Systems (Iasi, Romania, Jul. 2005). International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Processing, Vol. II, 589-592 (2005). Signals, Circuits and Systems, Vol. 2, 403 (2005). Woo, G. R. and Jones, D. L. Peak power reduction in Kiyavash, N. and Moulin, P. Regular simplex MIMO OFDM via active channel extension. IEEE 2005 fingerprints and their optimality properties. 4th International Conference on Communications (Seoul, International Workshop on Digital Watermarking (Siena, South Korea, May 2005). Proceedings of the IEEE 2005 Italy, Sep. 2005). Proceedings of the 4th International International Conference on Communications 2636-2639 Workshop on Digital Watermarking 97-109 (2005). (2005).

La, C. and Do, M. N. Signal reconstruction using sparse Xiong, Z., Radhakrishnan, R., Divakaran, A., and tree representations. Wavelets XI (San Diego, CA, Jul. Huang, T. S. Highlights extraction from sports video 2005). Proceedings of SPIE: The International Society for based on an audio-visual marker detection framework. Optical Engineering (2005). 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (Amsterdam, Netherlands, Jul. 2005). Proceedings Liu, M., Han, T. X., and Huang, T. S. Online appearance of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia learning by template prediction. 2005 IEEE Conference and Expo (2005). on Advanced Video and Signal-Based Surveillance (Como, Italy, Sep. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Zeng, Z., Tu, J., Liu, M., and Huang, T. S. Multi-stream Conference on Advanced Video and Signal-Based confidence analysis for audio-visual affect recognition. Surveillance 236-241 (2005). 1st International Conference on Effective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (Beijing, China, Oct. 2005). Lecture Lu, Y. and Do, M. N. 3-D directional filter banks and Notes in Computer Science 964-971 (2005). surfacelets. Wavelets XI (San Diego, CA, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering (2005).

97 Zeng, Z., Tu, J., Pianfetti, B., Liu, M., Zhang, T., Su, Y. Y., Filho Oliveira, J., Liu, L. Y., and Zhang, Z., Huang, T. S., and Levinson, S. Audio-visual Hashash, Y. M. A. Integration of construction field data affect recognition through multi-stream fused HMM and geotechnical analyses. Construction Research for HCI. 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Congress 2005: Broadening Perspectives (San Diego, CA, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (San Diego, CA, Apr. 2005). Construction Research Congress 2005: Jun. 2005). Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Broadening Perspectives—Proceedings of the Congress Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 1129-1136 (2005). 967-972 (2005).

Zhang, Z., Xu, X., and Huang, T. Indecisive classifier. Systems and Control 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Dimitri, H. and Neogi, N. Class-dependent sequencing Expo (Amsterdam, Netherlands, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of aircraft for landing on multiple runway systems. of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia 2005 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and Expo (2005). Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Zhou, J. and Do, M. N. Multichannel FIR exact (Vienna, Austria, Sep. 2005). deconvolution in multiple variables. 2005 IEEE Jiang, S. and Voulgaris, P. G. Distributed controller International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal design aspects for guaranteed performance. 2005 Processing (Philadelphia, PA, Mar. 2005). Proceedings of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Conference on Decision and Control (Seville, Spain, Dec. Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 4, 1001-1004 (2005). 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 Institute of Electrical and Zhou, J. and Do, M. N. Multidimensional oversampled Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control filter banks. Wavelets XI (San Diego, CA, Jul. 2005). (2005). Proceedings of SPIE: The International Society for Optical McGuire, B. and Neogi, N. Ellipsoidal approximation of Engineering (2005). reachable sets for the steady climbing turn maneuver. Zhou, J. and Do, M. N. Two-dimensional orthogonal 2005 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics filter banks with directional vanishing moments. Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference (San Wavelets XI (San Diego, CA, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of Francisco, CA, Aug. 2005). SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering Sharma, V., Frazzoli, E., and Voulgaris, P. G. Delay in (2005). mobility-assisted constant throughput wireless networks. 2005 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Structural Engineering and Design Engineers Conference on Decision and Control (Seville, Spain, Dec. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 Institute of Hashash, Y. M. A., Oliveira Filho, J. N., Su, Y. Y., and Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on Liu, L. Y. 3D laser scanning for tracking supported Decision and Control (2005). excavation construction. Geo-Frontiers 2005 (Austin, TX, Jan. 2005). Geotechnical Special Publication Sharma, V., Savchenko, M., Frazzoli, E., and 2013-2022 (2005). Voulgaris, P. G. Time complexity of sensor-based vehicle routing. Robotics: Science and Systems Oliveira Filho, J. N., Su, Y. Y., Song, H., Liu, L. Y., and Conference (Cambridge, MA, Jun. 2005). Hashash, Y. M. A. Field tests of 3D laser scanning in urban excavation. 2005 American Society of Civil Voulgaris, P. G., Hadjicostis, C., and Touri R. Encoder- Engineers International Conference on Computing in Civil decoder design for perfect reconstruction: A robust Engineering (Cancun, Mexico, Jul. 2005). Proceedings of control perspective. 2005 Institute of Electrical and the 2005 American Society of Civil Engineers Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control International Conference on Computing in Civil (Seville, Spain, Dec. 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 Engineering 563-572 (2005). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference on Decision and Control (2005).

98 Yadav, V., Voulgaris, P. G., and Salapaka, M. V. Controller architectures for distributed Advanced Processing and Circuits implementation and performance optimization. 2005 Kim, S. Development of iridium-based gate structure American Control Conference (Portland, OR, Jun. 2005). for InAIAs/InGaAs/InP enhancement-mode and Proceedings of the 2005 American Control Conference depletion-mode high electron mobility transistors. (2005). Ph.D. thesis, I. Adesida, advisor (2005).

Tunneling Microscopy Sannuti, P. Fabrication of ordered array of nanopores. M.S. thesis, I. Adesida, advisor (2005). Albrecht, P. M. and Lyding, J. W. Atomic-scale electrical characterization of carbon nanotubes on silicon Algorithms and Theory surfaces with the UHV-STM. 2005 IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics and Electron Devices (Boise, ID, Apr. Ozdal, M. Routing algorithms for high-performance 2005). Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Workshop on VLSI packaging. Ph.D.thesis, M. Wong (Electrical and Microelectronics and Electron Devices 49-52 (2005). Computer Engineering), advisors (2005). Lyding, J. W., Lee, J., Cheng, K., Pae, S.-I. Random number generation using a biased Albrecht, P. M.; Ruppalt, L. B., and Hess, K. Deuterium source. Ph.D. thesis, M. Loui (Electrical and Computer passivation in CMOS technology. 35th European Solid Engineering), advisors (2005). State Device Research Conference (Grenoble, France, Sep. 2005). Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society 135-143 (2005). Applied Computation Theory

Liao, I.-J. Do women score lower than men on computer Theses engineering examinations? M.S. thesis, M. C. Loui, advisor (2005). Advanced Automation Artificial Intelligence: Machine Arora, H. A robust nonparametric estimation Learning, Vision, and Robotics framework for implicit image models. M.S. thesis, N. Ahuja, advisor (2005). Duren, S. Knowledge-based adaptation in branch prediction and distributed compilation. M.S. thesis, G. Briassouli, A. Fusion of frequency and spatial domain F. DeJong, advisor (2005). information for motion analysis. Ph.D. thesis, N. Ahuja, advisor (2005). Sun, Q. Explanation-based approach to incorporating domain knowledge into support vector machine: theory Gao, C. Calibration of a head-mounted projective and applications. Ph.D. thesis, G. F. DeJong, advisor display for augmented reality system. M.S. thesis, N. (2005). Ahuja, advisor (2005).

Wang, H. Facial expression decomposition. M.S. thesis, Automotive Systems N. Ahuja, advisor (2005). Edler, B. A. Anti-lock brake control strategies for off- Xu, N. Shape estimation using graph cut. Ph.D. thesis, highway trucks. M.S. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, advisor N. Ahuja, advisor (2005). (2005).

Yu, T. Geometric and photometric modeling of 3D Gupta, P. Powertrain and multivariable robust scenes from multiple views. Ph.D. thesis, N. Ahuja, controller design for earthmoving powertrain. M.S. advisor (2005). thesis, A. G. Alleyne, advisor (2005).

99 Stubbs, A. Estimation and control of autonomous Haji Ali Ahmad, S. Upper bounds to generalized vehicles over networks. Ph.D. thesis, G. E. Dullerud, transport capacity of wireless networks. M.S. thesis, P. advisor (2005). Viswanath, advisor (2005).

Imer, O. C. Optimal estimation and control under Bioacoustics communication network constraints. Ph.D. thesis, T. Basar, advisor (2005). Lavarello Montero, R. J. Pulse-echo image formation using nonquadratic regularization with speckle-based Jana, S. Unified structural view of multiterminal source images. M.S. thesis, W. D. O'Brien, advisor (2005). coding. Ph.D. thesis, R. E. Blahut, advisor (2005).

Liu, Y. Wave propagation study using finite element Jaramillo Jimenez, J. J. Padded frames: A novel analysis. M.S. thesis, W. D. O'Brien, advisor (2005). algorithm for stable scheduling in load-balanced switches. M.S. thesis, R. Srikant, advisor (2005). Lovitt, A. W. Detection thresholds for one octave and half octave bands of speech. M.S. thesis, J. Allen, advisor Li, Y. An intelligent, agent-based, spoken dialog system (2005). for content-based image retrieval. Ph.D. thesis, S. E. Levinson, advisor (2005). Mamou, J. Ultrasonic characterization of three animal mammary tumors from three-dimensional acoustic Liang, Y. Multiuser communications with relaying and tissue models. Ph.D. thesis, W. D. O'Brien, advisor (2005). user cooperation. Ph.D. thesis, V. V. Veeravalli, advisor (2005). Parent, P. Wave model of the tympanic membrane. M.S. thesis, J. Allen, advisor (2005). Visvanathan, A. Sleeping policies for energy-efficient tracking in sensor networks. M.S. thesis, V. V. Circuits Veeravalli, advisor (2005).

Barnes, R. P. Modeling and parameter extraction for Watson, C. Architecture and logic design of a high- ESD circuit simulation. M.S. thesis, E. Rosenbaum, speed Reed-Solomon decoder. M.S. thesis, D. Sarwate, advisor (2005). advisor (2005). Pawlowski, D. Boundary-based cellwise OPC. M.S. Computer Architecture and Compilers thesis, M. D. Wong, advisor (2005). Derisavi, Salem. Solution of large markov models using Resendiz, E. A low-energy implementation of the lumping techniques and symbolic data structures. discrete cosines transform. M.S. thesis, N. R. Shanbhag, Ph.D. thesis, W. Sanders (Electrial and Computer advisor (2005). Engineering), advisors (2005). Shim, B. Error-tolerant digital signal processing. Ph.D. Lattner, C. Macroscopic data structure analysis and thesis, N. R. Shanbhag, advisor (2005). optimization. Ph.D. thesis, V. S. Adve, advisor (2005).

Communications Lattner, T. An implementation of swing modulo scheduling with extensions for superblocks. M.S. thesis, Dangui, R. Adaptively induced fluctuations for V. S. Adve, advisor (2005). multiuser diversity in cellular networks: Two- dimensional parameters and cellular interference. M.S. Monroe, B. Measuring and improving the performance thesis, B. Hajek, advisor (2005). of Linux on a virtual instruction set architecture. M.S. thesis, V. S. Adve, advisor (2005). Eryilmaz, A. Efficient and fair scheduling for wireless networks. Ph.D. thesis, R. Srikant, advisor (2005).

100 Computer Engineering Decision and Control

Bray, N. Game architecture patterns. M.S. thesis, J. H. Alpcan, T. Noncooperative games for control of Patel, advisor (2005). networked systems. Ph.D. thesis, M. T. Basar, advisor (2005). Chu, B. Improving IEEE 802.11 performance with power control and distance-based contention window Chen, M. Modeling and control of complex stochastic selection. M.S. thesis, N. H. Vaidya, advisor (2005). networks, with applications to manufacturing systems and electric power transmission networks. Ph.D. thesis, Lai, L. New techniques for logic built-in self-test. Ph.D. S. P. Meyn, advisor (2005). thesis, J. H. Patel, advisor (2005). Herring, D. C. Asynchronous trajectory control for a Yang, X. Efficient packet scheduling in wireless walking robot. M.S. thesis, M. W. Spong, advisor (2005). multihop networks. Ph.D. thesis, N. H. Vaidya, advisor (2005). Hoke, S. FAI-EDF: Development and testing of a real- time wireless MAC protocol. M.S. thesis, P. R. Kumar, Control Systems advisor (2005). Holm, J. K. Control of passive dynamic robots using Farhood, M. A semidefinite programming approach for artificial potential energy fields. M.S. thesis, M. W. control of systems along trajectories. Ph.D. thesis, G. E. Spong, advisor (2005). Dullerud, advisor (2005). Jones, K. A. On the simulation of coupled oscillators. Fulford, A. Networked vision systems for autonomous M.S. thesis, M. W. Spong, advisor (2005). vehicle control. M.S. thesis, G. E. Dullerud, advisor (2005). Sundaram, S. Observers for linear systems with unknown inputs. M.S. thesis, C. N. Hadjicostis, advisor Li, Y. Dimensional analysis for control. M.S. thesis, A. (2005). G. Alleyne, advisor (2005).

Rasmussen, B. Dynamic modeling and advanced control Digital Signal and Imaging Processing of air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Ph.D. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, advisor (2005). Deller, T. W. Improved generalized series spectroscopic imaging in the presence of uncertain boundary Tharayil, M. L. Switched Q-filters in repetitive control constraints. M.S. thesis, Z. Liang, advisor (2005). and iterative learning control. Ph.D. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, advisor (2005). Haldar, J. P. Sparse matrix formulations for fast image reconstruction in multichannel MRI. M.S. thesis, Z. Thompson, W. Design, modeling, and control of a highly Liang, advisor (2005). flexible rotating beam. Ph.D. thesis, G. E. Dullerud, advisor (2005). Xu, D. Optimal K-space sampling on the Cartesian grid for sensitivity-encoded parallel magnetic resonance Databases and Information Systems imaging. M.S. thesis, Z. Liang, advisor (2005).

Ranganathan, A. A task execution framework for Electromagnetics autonomic ubiquitous computing. Ph.D. thesis, R. H. Campbell, advisor (2005). Chung, J. Low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) bandpass filter and integrated passives design. M.S. Shankar, A. Dynamic priority-based flow management thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, advisor (2005). for edge routers. M.S. thesis, C. Polychronopoulos (Electrical and Computer Engineering), advisors (2005).

101 Cung, G. Design and analysis of wideband canted sector Hafez, W. M. Submicron scaling of indium phosphide/ antennas for use in aperiodic arrays. M.S. thesis, J. T. indium gallium arsenide heterojunction bipolar Bernhard, advisor (2005). transistors toward terahertz bandwidths. Ph.D. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2005). Ihm, J.-Y. Comprehensive electromagnetic approach for modeling of on-chip power grid switching. Ph.D. He, Q. High-speed SiGe BiCMOS and InP DHBT thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, advisor (2005). receiver ICs for optical and wireless communications. Ph.D. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2005). Kerby, K. C. Sidelobe level and wideband behavior of arrays of random subarrays. M.S. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, Lai, J.-W. Large-signal HBT model and integrated advisor (2005). circuit design using 300-GHz InP HBT technology. Ph.D. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2005). Kollia, V. Modeling of one-dimensional transient electromagnetic wave propagation using Chebyshev Schloss, R. Novel IC temperature sensors based on the pseudospectral methods. M.S. thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, recently developed NPN-heterostructure bipolar light- advisor (2005). emitting transistor and transistor laser technology. M.S. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2005). Martin, J. M. Efficiency of an electrically small monopole for animal tracking. M.S. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, advisor (2005). Nanoscience and Technology

Ramachandran, A. An FFT-accelerated QMR iterative Zhang, Z. Heat capacity measurements of two- solver for the mixed-potential integral equation with dimensional, self-assembled monolayers using multiple right-hand sides. M.S. thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, nanocalorimetry. Ph.D. thesis, L. H. Allen, advisor advisor (2005). (2005).

Roach, T. L. A comparative study of diversity gain and Zhang, Z. Heat capacity measurements of two- spatial coverage: Fixed versus reconfigurable antennas dimensional, self-assembled monolayers using for portable devices. M.S. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, advisor nanocalorimetry. Ph.D. thesis, L. H. Allen, advisor (2005). (2005). Zhang, S. A pattern reconfigurable microstrip parasitic Networking array: Theory, design, and applications. Ph.D. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, advisor (2005). Awan, M. External party authentication and key exchange protocols for sensor networks. M.S. thesis, R. High Frequency Devices H. Campbell, advisor (2005).

Chan, R. T. Three-port modulation of indium gallium Baliga, G. A middleware framework for networked phosphide/gallium arsenide transistor lasers. Ph.D. control systems. Ph.D. thesis, P. R. Kumar (Electrical and thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2005). Computer Engineering), advisors (2005).

Chu-Kung, B. F. Development of high-speed, type-II, Cui, Y. Content distribution in overlay multicast. Ph.D. GaAsSb/InP, double-heterojunction bipolar thesis, K. Nahrstedt, advisor (2005). transistors. M.S. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2005). Myagmar, S. Threat modeling networked and data- Elkow, J. M. Data acquisition and analysis of light centric systems. M.S. thesis, R. H. Campbell, advisor output form indium phosphide–based light-emitting (2005). transistors. M.S. thesis, M. Feng, advisor (2005). Qian, M. Neural network learning for time-series predictions using constrained formulations. Ph.D. thesis, B. Wah (Electrical and Computer Engineering), advisors (2005).

102 Shah, S. Dynamic channel-aware bandwidth management in IEEE 802.11 networks. Ph.D. thesis, K. Optical Physics and Engineering Nahrstedt, advisor (2005). Hafez, J. M. Modulation technique for magneto-optic Xiao, L. Resilient interdomain routing with BGP— imaging of weak magnetic fields with rare-earth iron protocols and reliability engineering. Ph.D. thesis, K. garnet films. Ph.D. thesis, J. G. Eden, advisor (2005). Nahrstedt, advisor (2005). Parallel Processing Xue, Y. Price-based optimal resource allocation in multi-hop wireless networks. Ph.D. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, Yixin, C. Solving nonlinear constrained optimization advisor (2005). problems through constraint partitioning. Ph.D. thesis, B. Wah, advisor (2005). Operating Systems and Security Power and Energy Systems Afandi, R. Ampol: adaptive messaging policy based system. M.S. thesis, C. Gunter, advisor (2005). Chieh, J. Analysis of the contribution of reactive power as the limiting factor in blackout situations. M.S. thesis, Anwar, Z. Plethora: A framework for converting P. W. Sauer, advisor (2005). generic applications to run in a ubiquitous environment. M.S. thesis, R. H. Campbell, advisor Kwasinski, A. Combined inverter design and motor (2005). selection to meet 42-V automotive system targets. M.S. thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor (2005). Chen, S. Design for security: measurement, analysis and mitigation. Ph.D. thesis, R. Iyer (Electrical and Mossoba, J. T. Modeling and control of multiphase DC– Computer Engieering), advisors (2005). DC converters with linkages to hybrid control. Ph.D. thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor (2005). Donkervoet, W. Directed search in an n-dimensional peer-to-peer network. M.S. thesis, R. H. Campbell, O'Connell, T. C. Development of an automated first- advisor (2005). principles design tool for electromechanical devices. M.S. thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor (2005). Kapadia, A. Models for privacy in ubiquitous computing environments. Ph.D. thesis, R. H. Campbell, Pitel, G. E. Performance analysis of lithium ion advisor (2005). batteries. M.S. thesis, P. T. Krein, advisor (2005).

Liu, Q. Application of armor in BTEV system. M.S. Raczkowski, B. C. Doubly fed induction machine thesis, R. Iyer (Electrical and Computer Engineering), analysis for power flow control. M.S. thesis, P. W. Sauer, advisors (2005). advisor (2005).

Sampemane, G. Access control for active spaces. Ph.D. Westendorf, B. A. Stochastic transmission revenues. thesis, R. H. Campbell, advisor (2005). M.S. thesis, P. W. Sauer, advisor (2005). Optical Imaging Yilmaz, A. E. FFT-based algorithms for fast analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering. M.S. thesis, P. W. Sun, J. The theory of near-field scanning optical Sauer, advisor (2005). tomography. M.S. thesis, P. S. Carney, advisor (2005). Programming Languages, Formal Zhou, M. Phase retrieval with radially dependent noise. M.S. thesis, P. S. Carney, advisor (2005). Systems, and Software Engineering

Carvalho, D. A software architecture for user environments in ubiquitous systems. Ph.D. thesis, R. H. Campbell, advisor (2005).

103 Uttamchandani, S. POLUS: A self-evolving model-based Kothari, L. The design of a nonvolatile processor using approach for automating the observe-analyze-act loop. magnetoelectronic devices. M.S. thesis, N. P. Carter, Ph.D. thesis, G. A. Agha, advisor (2005). advisor (2005).

Warden, D. An infrastructure for ubiquitous inking in Miller, B. The masked-history predictor: A two-level education. M.S. thesis, R. H. Campbell, advisor (2005). branch predictor with selective global history. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, advisor (2005). Wu, M. Component-based software testing for real time system. M.S. thesis, L. R. Sha, advisor (2005). Nystrom, E. M. Fulcra pointer analysis framework. Ph.D. thesis, W. W. Hwu, advisor (2005). Ziaei, M. An equational logic and a coordination language for distributed objects. Ph.D. thesis, G. A. Player, J. W. An evaluation of low-overhead partial flow Agha, advisor (2005). sensitivity. M.S. thesis, W. W. Hwu, advisor (2005).

Rafacz, T. M. Spawn point prediction for a polyflow Real-Time and Embedded Systems processor. M.S. thesis, S. J. Patel, advisor (2005).

Zhang, L. A distributed open environment for real-time Sachdeva, K. Load values and the branches that use applications. Ph.D. thesis, L. R. Sha, advisor (2005). them. M.S. thesis, S. J. Patel, advisor (2005). Reliable and High-Performance Simon, J. E. Global dynamic voltage scaling for on-chip networks. M.S. thesis, N. P. Carter, advisor (2005). Computing Steiner, I. Future compilation requirements for Barnes, R. D. Multiple-pass pipelining: Enhancing in- emerging driving general-purpose applications. M.S. order microarchitectures to out-of-order performance. thesis, W. W. Hwu, advisor (2005). Ph.D. thesis, W. W. Hwu, advisor (2005). Tucknott, M. Reuse of previously fetched instructions Basile, C. Intrusion and fault tolerance for wireline and through the use of a reorder buffer cache. M.S. thesis, wireless networks. Ph.D. thesis, R. K. Iyer, advisor M. I. Frank, advisor (2005). (2005). Vetteth, A. Hardware implementation of an in- Dabrowski, M. J. The design of a software system for a processor reliability and security engine. M.S. thesis, R. small space satellite. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, advisor K. Iyer, advisor (2005). (2005). Wang, C.-W. Employing pipelining to tolerate wire Daly, D. Bounded aggregation techniques to solve large latencies in a clustered programmable-reconfigurable Markov models. Ph.D. thesis, W. H. Sanders, advisor processor. M.S. thesis, N. P. Carter, advisor (2005). (2005). Woley, K. Wakeup-set scheduling for large instruction Fahs, B. Dynamic optimization in hardware. Ph.D. window processors. M.S. thesis, M. I. Frank, advisor thesis, S. J. Patel, advisor (2005). (2005).

Farris, J. Marianas: Survivable trust for critical infrastructure. M.S. thesis, D. M. Nicol, advisor (2005). Remote Sensing

Grzywacz, J. E. Dynamically dead regions. M.S. thesis, Bruggemann, J. A. Sensor development for Maui MALT S. J. Patel, advisor (2005). enterprise lidar. M.S. thesis, G. R. Swenson, advisor (2005). Ihde, M. A. Experimental evaluations of embedded distributed firewalls: Performance and policy. M.S. Cantzler, R. M. Widespread wildlife tracking via thesis, W. H. Sanders, advisor (2005). multilateration with sub-microsecond accuracy. M.S. thesis, G. R. Swenson, advisor (2005).

104 Cheng, J. Third-order distortion and gain analysis for MOS mixers. M.S. thesis, S. J. Franke, advisor (2005). Semiconductors

Hagen, C. Software-defined radio design in LabVIEW. Aksamija, Z. Monte Carlo simulation of heat generation M.S. thesis, S. J. Franke, advisor (2005). in silicon, including the full phonon dispersion. M.S. thesis, U. Ravaioli, advisor (2005). Hwang, A. D. Temperature estimation using meteor echo decay times in the mesosphere and lower Kathawala, G. A. Monte Carlo simulation of silicon thermosphere. M. S. thesis, S. J. Franke, advisor (2005). devices. Ph.D. thesis, U. Ravaioli, advisor (2005).

Mukhopadhyay, C. Booster amplification at 1064 nm in Kline, J. S. Silicon nanoelectronic devices fabricated by a fiber-laser lidar transmitter for frequency triple ultra-high vacuum, scanning tunneling microscope operation near 355 nm. M.S. thesis, G. R. Swenson, nanolithography. Ph.D. thesis, J. R. Tucker, advisor advisor (2005). (2005).

Tang, J. Studies of atmosphere gravity waves in the Mohamed, M. Monte Carlo simulation of nonlocal mesopause region using airglow imaging. Ph.D. thesis, effects in electronic devices. M.S. thesis, U. Ravaioli, G. R. Swenson, advisor (2005). advisor (2005). Ravishankar, R. Simulation of nanoscale silicon devices Semiconductor Lasers with combined Monte Carlo/quantum approaches. M.S. thesis, U. Ravaioli, advisor (2005). Niu, X. Narrow linewidth-distributed Bragg reflector lasers operating at 850 nm. M.S. thesis, J. J. Coleman, Zhang, Z. Indium phosphide–based indium arsenide advisor (2005). quantum dot infrared photodetectors. Ph.D. thesis, K. Cheng, advisor (2005). Tasci, M. Design of multiple quantum-well patterned quantum dot lasers. M.S. thesis, J. J. Coleman, advisor (2005). Signal and Image Processing

Verma, V. Numerical simulation of electronic and El Choubassi, M. M. Novel algorithms for sensitivity structural properties of cylindrical quantum dots. M.S. analysis attacks. M.S. thesis, P. Moulin, advisor (2005). thesis, J. J. Coleman, advisor (2005). Jiang, Y. An information theoretic study on linear dispersion codes and low-density parity-check codes. Semiconductor Physics Ph.D. thesis, A. C. Singer, advisor (2005).

Lu, M. 3D self-consistent simulation of single-qubit Kim, S.-H. Texture classification using a polymer-based operation by modulation of the hyperfine interaction in MEMS tactile sensor. M.S. thesis, D. L. Jones, advisor phosphorus-doped MOS structure. M.S. thesis, J. (2005). Leburton, advisor (2005). Narla, D. Extraction of direct sound and reflectivity Nawaz, M. Optic phonon-limited hole mobility in silicon from room impulse responses. M.S. thesis, D. L. Jones, nanowires: Continuous versus quantized modes. M.S. advisor (2005). thesis, J. Leburton, advisor (2005). Nelson, J. Mitigating the effects of intersymbol Wang, X. Modeling the effect of channel water on ion interference: Algorithms and analysis. Ph.D. thesis, A. transport using Monte Carlo scattering. M.S. thesis, K. C. Singer, advisor (2005). Hess, advisor (2005). Petrovic, N. Graphical models for video understanding. Ph.D. thesis, T. S. Huang, advisor (2005).

105 Sethi, A. Interaction between modules in learning Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding systems for vision applications. Ph.D. thesis, T. S. Huang, Advising, University of Illinois, 1993, 1999 advisor (2005). Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Electronic Device Society, 1977-1999 Zheng, Y. Acoustic modeling and feature selection for University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1997, 1999 speech recognition. Ph.D. thesis, M. A. Hasegawa- Associate Member, Center for Advanced Study, Johnson, advisor (2005). 2000-2001

Zhou, H. Visual tracking and recognition of the human Vikram Adve hand. Ph.D. thesis, T. S. Huang, advisor (2005). Best Paper Award, 15th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation, May 2001 Zhou, J. Multidimensional multirate systems: C. W. Gear Outstanding Junior Faculty Award, University Characterization, design, and applications. Ph.D. thesis, of Illinois Department of Computer Science, 2002 M. N. Do, advisor (2005). Associate Editor, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 2003- Surfaces and Interfaces Best Paper Award, Programming Language Design and Implementation, 2005 Jayaraman, S. Chemical vapor deposition of transition Gul A. Agha metal diborides from borohydride precursors. Ph.D. Young Investigator Award, U.S. Office of Naval Research, thesis, J. R. Abelson, advisor (2005). 1989 Jayaraman, S. Chemical vapor deposition of transition Incentive for Excellence Award, Digital Equipment metal diborides from borohydride precursors. Ph.D. Corporation Faculty Program, 1990 thesis, J. R. Abelson, advisor (2005). Fellow, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study, 1992-1993 International Lecturer, Association for Computing Systems and Control Machinery (ACM), 1991-2000 Editor, ACM Computer Surveys, 1995-1999 McGuire, B. External reachable set approximations for Associate Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Parallel and Distributed conflict detection aids using the ellipsoidal technique. Technology: Systems and Applications, 1992-1994 M.S. thesis, N. Neogi, advisor (2005). Editor, Theory and Practice of Object Systems, 1993-1999 Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Concurrency: Parallel, Distributed and Mobile Computing, 1994-1998 Awards and Honors Golden Core Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society, 1999 John R. Abelson Meritorious Service Award, IEEE Computer Society, 1999 IBM University Partnership Award, 1995-1997 Editor-in-Chief, ACM Computing Surveys, 2000- Fakultetsopponent (External Examiner), University of Fellow, IEEE Computer Society, 2002 Linkoping, Sweden, 1995 Member, European Academy of Sciences, 2003 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois Arthur Schofstall Distinguished Lecturer, Rensselear College of Engineering, 1996 Polytechnic Institute, 2003 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, University of Illinois, 1997 Narendra Ahuja Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent, Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of University of Illinois, 2000, 2002 Science Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 2004 Fellow, American Association for Artificial Intelligence Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Ilesanmi Adesida Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Scientific Member, Bohmische Physical Society Fellow, International Association for Pattern Recognition Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, International Society for Optical Engineering (IEEE) University Scholar, University of Illinois

106 Beckman Associate, University of Illinois Center for Student Best Paper Award, American Society of Advanced Study, 1990-1991 Mechanical Engineering International Mechanical Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Engineers Congress and Exposition, Dynamic Systems Study, 1998 and Control Division, 2002 Donald Biggar Willet Professorship, University of Illinois Best Paper Finalist (top 12 out of 150), 6th International College of Engineering, 1999 Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control, 2002 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award, Society of Students, 2002 Automotive Engineers, 2003 Distinguished Lecturer, Institute of Electrical and Jont Allen Electronics Engineers Control Systems Society, IBM Faculty Award, 2004 2004-2007 Outstanding Young Investigator Award, American Society Leslie H. Allen of Mechanical Engineers Dynamic Systems and Control Racheff Professor of Materials Science, University of Division, 2003 Illinois College of Engineering, 1991-1993 Invited Participant, National Academy of Engineering 19th Outstanding Teacher List, University of Illinois, 1993, Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering, 2004 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2005 Advisors List for Advising Excellence, University of Honorable Mention, Campus Award for Innovation in Illinois, 1999, 2002 Undergraduate Instruction, University of Illinois, 2005 Outstanding Scholar Faculty Recognition, Alpha Delta Pi, Honorable Mention, Campus Award for Excellence in University of Illinois, 1999 Graduate and Professional Teaching, University of Illinois, 2006 Andrew G. Alleyne Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor Award, Tamer Basar 1990-1991 Member, National Academy of Engineering "Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Students," University of Illinois, Spring 1995, Fall 2004 (IEEE) Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Fellow, International Federation of Automatic Control Award, National Science Foundation, 1996 (IFAC) Best Paper in Session, American Controls Conference, Member, European Academy of Sciences 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 President, International Society of Dynamic Games, Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, 1990-1992, 1992-1994 University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1998, Editor, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1999 1992-1994 Honorable Mention for paper (one of five finalist papers) Associate Member, University of Illinois Center for at the XIVth International Federation of Automatic Advanced Study, 1993-1994 Control Congress, Beijing, Peoples' Republic of China, Nearing Distinguished Professor of Electrical and 1999 Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, 1998- Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois Zaborszky Lecturer, Washington University, St. Louis, College of Engineering, 2000 1999 Best Paper Award, American Society of Mechanical IEEE Millennium Medal, 2000 Engineers International Mechanical Engineering President, IEEE Control Systems Society, 2000 Congress and Exposition, Fluid Power Systems and NASA "Revolutionize Aviation Goal" Award, 2001 Technology Division, 2000 Honorary Editor, J. Applied and Computational Who’s Who Among America’s Teachers, 2000 Mathematics, 2002- Accenture Award for Excellence in Advising, University Penner Distinguished Lecturer, University of California, of Illinois College of Engineering, 2001, 2003 San Diego, 2003 Fulbright Fellowship, 2002-2003 Editor-in-Chief, Automatica, 2004- College of Engineering Ralph M. and Catherine V. Fisher Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Professor, University of Illinois College of Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2004 2002-2005 Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize, IEEE Control Systems Society, 2004

107 Giorgio Quazza Medal, IFAC, 2005 Information Technology Committee, Illinois Terrorism Outstanding Service Award, IFAC, 2005 Task Force, 2002-2003 Professor, Center for Advanced Study, University of Sohaib and Sara Abbasi Professor in Computer Science, Illinois, 2005- University of Illinois, 2004-

Stephen G. Bishop Andreas Cangellaris Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Science (IEEE) Fellow, American Physical Society Outstanding Technical Paper Award, 3rd Electronics Fellow, Optical Society of America Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), Singapore, Board of Trustees, Gettysburg College, 1992- 2000

Richard Blahut Nicholas Carter Member, National Academy of Engineering, 1990 Distinguished Paper Award, International Symposium, Fellow, IBM, 1980 Tokyo, Japan, 2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1981 Keh-Yung Cheng Fellowship, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1982 (IEEE), 2001 Henry Magnuski Professor, 2000 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, University of Science (AAAS), 2004 Illinois College of Engineering, 2000 Ministry of Education Distinguished Visiting Chair Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Professor, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Claude E. Shannon Award, 2005 Taiwan, 2003-2004

Yoram Bresler James J. Coleman Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of (IEEE) Science Technion Fellowship, 1995-1996 Fellow, American Physical Society University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1999 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced (IEEE) Study, 2001-2002 Fellow, Optical Society of America IEEE LEOS William Streifer Scientific Achievement Donna J. Brown Award Outstanding Young Woman of America, 1984 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE, 1997-1998, 1998-1999 Franklin Woeltge Professorship, University of Illinois David Cahill Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, 2002 Fellow, American Vacuum Society Peter Mark Memorial Award, American Vacuum Society, Gerald DeJong 1998 Faculty Assistant Grant, Exxon Mobil Corporation, 1982 University Scholar, University of Illinois, 2000-2003 Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, University of Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois, Illinois Research Board, 1984 2002-2004 Faculty Recognition Grant, Alcoa Foundation, 1989 Donald B. Willett Professor of Engineering, University of Fellow, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Illinois, 2005 1992 Who's Who in Science and Engineering, Marquis Who's Roy H. Campbell Who, 2000 Certificate of Recognition for the Creative Development International Scientist of the Year, International of a Technical Innovation, NASA, published in NASA Biographical Centre, 2001 Technical Brief, "Path Pascal," June 1982 Senior Visiting Research Fellowship at University of Minh Do Newcastle upon Tyne, Science and Engineering Best Doctoral Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Research Council of Great Britain, 1981-1983 Technology Lausanne, 2001

108 Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award, Fellow, American Vacuum Society National Science Foundation, 2003 Medard W. Welch Award, American Vacuum Society, Best Paper Award at the Institute of Electrical and 1979 Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Conference Kendall Award in Colloid or Surface Chemistry, American on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005 Ceramic Society, 1982 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1984 Geir E. Dullerud Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Foundation, Germany, 1992 Canada Initiation Grant, 1996 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2002 Award, National Science Foundation, 1999 Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois Steven J. Franke College of Engineering, 2002-2005 Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Listed in the Daily Illini "Incomplete List of Teachers Engineers Ranked as Excellent by Their Students," Fall 2004 Chester S. Gardner James G. Eden Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Aron Kressel Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Science Engineers Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2005 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, American Physical Society (IEEE) Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Optical Society of America (IEEE) R. V. Pole Memorial Plenary Lecturer, IEEE/OSA Fellow, Optical Society of America Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 1991 Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced CEDAR Prize Lecture, National Science Foundation, 1996 Study, 1987-1988 Board of Governors, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Christoforos Hadjicostis Society, 1990-1993 Fellow, Josephine de Karman Associate Editor, Photonics Technology Letters, Fellow, National Semiconductor Corporation 1990-1994 Fellow, Grass Instrument Company Vice President (Technical Affairs), IEEE Lasers and Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Electro-Optics Society, 1993-1995 Award, National Science Foundation, 2001 Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Recognized Reviewer of Institute of Electrical and 1996-2002 Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Transaction on Editor, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Automatic Control, 2001 Electronics, 1996 Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, University of James F. Towey University Scholar, University of Illinois, Illinois Electrical and Computer Engineering 1996-1999 Department, 2003 President, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, (LEOS), 1998 University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2004 Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, University of Willett Faculty Scholar, University of Illinois College of Illinois Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2005 Engineering, 2000 Senior Member, IEEE, 2005 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Faculty Advisors List, University of Illinois College of Bruce E. Hajek Engineering, 2001, 2004 Member, National Academy of Engineering Awards Chair, IEEE LEOS, 2003, 2004 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE LEOS, 2003-2005 (IEEE) Beckman Associate, University of Illinois Center for Gert Ehrlich, Emeritus Advanced Study, 1984 Member, National Academy of Sciences University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1986 Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1992 Fellow, American Physical Society President, IEEE Information Theory Society, 1995

109 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1990 Award, 2003 Fujitsu Endowed Chair Visiting Professor, University of Tokyo, 1993 Ibrahim Hajj, Emeritus IEEE Signal Processing Society Distinguished Lecturer, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1993-1994 (IEEE) William L. Everitt Distinguished Professor, University of Best Paper Award, Southwest Symposium on Mixed- Illinois, 1996- Signal Design, 1999 Peter H. Bartels Visiting Professor, University of Golden Jubilee Award, IEEE Circuits and Systems Washington, 1997 Society, 1999 Center for Advanced Study Professor, University of Meritorious Service Award, University of Illinois, 2001 Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003- Administrative Vice President, IEEE Circuits and Systems Honored as a Pioneer in Signal Processing at the IEEE Society, 2000, 2001, 2002 ICASSP, 1998 Honda Lifetime Achievement Award, 2000 Mark Hasegawa-Johnson IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics IEEE Jack Kilby Medal, 2001 Engineers (IEEE) King-Sun Fu Prize, International Association Pattern F. V. Hunt Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Acoustical Recognition, 2002 Society of America, 1996-1997 Pan Wen-Yuan Foundation Outstanding Research Award, Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) 2002 Award, National Science Foundation, 2002 IBM Faculty Award, 2002, 2003 Tau Beta Pi Daniel Drucker Eminent Engineering Faculty Karl Hess Award, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Member, National Academy of Engineering, 2001 2005 Member, National Academy of Sciences, 2003 Okawa Award for Information and Telecommunication Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Technology, 2005 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Scientist of the Year Award, IS&T and SPIE Electronic Science Imaging, 2006 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Wen-Mei Hwu Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Louis A. Fridrich University Scholar, 1993 (IEEE) Swanlund Chair in Electrical and Computer Engineering, IEEE Computer Society Certificate of Appreciation, for University of Illinois, 1996- Service as Both General and Program Chair for the Professor, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Silver Anniversary MICRO Conference Study, 1998- Fellow, Association of Computing Machinery Heinrich Welker Memorial Award, 2001 Intel Associate Professor, University of Illinois Electrical Honorary Doctor of Sciences, ETH Zuerich, 2003 and Computer Engineering Department, 1992-1993 University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1994 Thomas S. Huang Franklin W. Woeltge Professorship, University of Illinois Member, National Academy of Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, 2000 Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Engineering Tau Beta Pi Daniel Drucker Eminent Engineering Faculty Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Sciences Award, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2001 (IEEE) Computerworld Medal Honors, 2002 Fellow, International Association of Pattern Recognition Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, University of Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Illinois Electrical and Computer Engineering Fellow, Optical Society of America (SPIE) Department, 2002 Fellow, The International Optical Society Sanders III Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Endowed Chair, Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1971 University of Illinois Electrical and Computer Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Engineering Department, 2003 Study, 1990

110 Ravishankar K. Iyer P. R. Kumar Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (IEEE) Franklin W. Woeltge Professor of Electrical and Computer Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Engineering, University of Illinois, 2000- Science Field Award, Control Systems, IEEE Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Jean-Pierre Leburton Distinguished Visitor, IEEE, 1989- Member, New York Academy of Science List for Outstanding Advising, University of Illinois Fellow, American Association for Advancement of Engineering Council Advisors, 1994, 1996, 2001 Science Distinguished Service Certificate, American Institute of Fellow, American Physical Society Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997 Fellow, Electro Chemical Society George and Ann Fisher Distinguished Professor, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1998- Fellow, Optical Society of America Emanuel R. Piore Award, IEEE, 2001 Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study Douglas L. Jones Hitachi Ltd. Quantum Materials Chair, Research Center Fulbright Fellowship, 1987 for Advanced Sciences and Technology, University of Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Tokyo, 1992 Chevalier Dans L'Ordre Des Palmes Academiques, 1994 Farzad Kamalabadi King Albert II of Belgium, Round Table on the "Mobility Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) of European Research Scientist" European Science and Award, National Science Foundation, 2002 Technology Commission, 2001 Inaugural Montefiore Distinguished Lecture, Penn State Ralf Koetter University, 2002 Co-Editor-in-Chief, Special Issue of the IEEE Gregory Stillman Professor in Electrical and Computer Transactions on Information Theory Engineering, University of Illinois College of Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Engineering, 2004 Communications, 1999-2000 Gold Medal for Scientific Achievement, 75th Anniversary Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Information of the Alumnus Association of the University of Liege, Theory, 2000- Belgium, 2004 Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Quantum Devices Award, Outstanding Achievement in the Award, National Science Foundation, 2000 Area of Compound Semiconductor Research, 2004 Incomplete List of Teachers Rated Excellent, 2000 Collins Scholar, 2000 Stephen Levinson IBM Partnership Award, 2001 Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Willet Faculty Scholar, University of Illinois, 2002 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Philip T. Krein Zhi-Pei Liang Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers University Scholar Award (IEEE) Beckman Fellow, University of Illinois Center for William E. Newell Power Electronics Award, IEEE Advanced Study, 1997 Grainger Endowed Director's Chair in Electric Machinery Henry Magnuski Scholar, University of Illinois College of and Electromechanics Engineering, 1999 Grainger Associate, University of Illinois Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1995-2002 Daniel Liberzon Fulbright Scholar, 1997-1998 Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Past President, IEEE Power Electronics Society Award, National Science Foundation, 2002 University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1999-2002 Young Author Prize, International Federation of Division II Director, IEEE, 2003-2004 Automatic Control, 2002 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Power Electronics Society

111 Liang Y. Liu IEEE Fellow, 2003 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by their Founding Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Students, University of Illinois, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, Information Forensics and Security, 2005- 2003, 2004 Board of Governors, IEEE Signal Processing Society, Advisory Award, University of Illinois College of 2005- Engineering, 2002, 2003, 2004 Sony Faculty Award, 2005 Fellowship, W. E. O'Neil Construction Faculty Research, 2002-2004 Klara Nahrstedt Teaching Award, University of Illinois College of Weierstrass Prize, Weierstrass Institute of Mathematics, Engineering, 2003 Berlin, 1985 Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Michael C. Loui Award, National Science Foundation (NSF), 1996 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers NASA Space Act Award, NSF, 1996 (IEEE) Editorial Board, IEEE Multimedia Newsletter, 1996 University Distinguished Teacher/Scholar Xerox Award for Junior Faculty Research, University of Carnegie Scholar, Carnegie Foundation for the Illinois College of Engineering, 1998 Advancement of Teaching C. W. Gear Faculty Award, University of Illinois Department of Computer Science, 1999 Steven Lumetta Best Tutorial Paper Award, Institute of Electrical and Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Electronics Engineers (IEEE), for "An Overview of Award, National Science Foundation, 2000 Quality of Service Routing for Next-Generation High- Speed Networks: Problems and Solutions," 1999 Joseph W. Lyding Campus Award for Innovation in Undergraduate IBM Postdoctoral Fellow, 1983 Instruction Using Educational Technologies, University Beckman Fellow, University of Illinois Center for of Illinois, 2000 Advanced Study, 1987-1988 Leonard G. Abraham Prize Paper Award, IEEE, for "A Associate, University of Illinois Center for Advanced Control-based Middleware Framework for Quality-of- Study, 1996-1997 Service Adaptation," 2000 Fellow, American Physical Society, 1997 Editorial Board, Journal on Multimedia Applications and University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1997 Tools, 2000 Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 2000 Editorial Board, Computer Networks Journal, 2000-2001 Editorial Board, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Juraj V. Medanic 2000-2001 Dusan Mitrovic Award for Best Paper in Control, ETAN Associate Editor, ACM Computer Communications (Yugoslavia), 1983 Reviews, 2000- "Technology Transfer Success Story," Air Force Office of Editor-in-Chief, ACM Multimedia Systems Journal, 2001- Scientific Research, 1996 Ralph M. and Catherine V. Fisher Professorship, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2002- Sean Meyn Fulbright Research Scholar for Research on Optimization David Nicol and Network Scheduling, 1997 Marion and Jason Whiting Fellowship, Oxford University, 2000 Pierre Moulin Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Associate Editor, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Best Paper Award, IPSI Studenica Conference, 2004 Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1996-1998 William D. O'Brien, Jr. Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Founding Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Students, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005 Biological Engineering Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Image Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Processing, 1999- Fellow and Past President, American Institute of Area Editor, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Ultrasound in Medicine 2002- University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study, 2003

112 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Engineering Council Advisors List for Advising (IEEE) Excellence, University of Illinois, 1994, 1996, 1998, Past President, American Institute of Ultrasound in 2004 Medicine Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Past President, IEEE Sonics and Ultrasonics Group 2003 Past Treasurer, World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Angus A. Rockett Honorary Member, Society of Vascular Technology Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 College of Engineering, 1992 Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Everett Teaching Award, University of Illinois College of Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 1985-2001 Engineering, 1993 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 1998 and Frequency Control Society, 1997-1998 Donald Burnett Teacher of the Year Award, University of IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Illinois Materials Science and Engineering Department, Donald Biggar Willet Professor of Engineering, College of 1998 Engineering, University of Illinois, 2003- Stanley H. Pierce Award, University of Illinois College of Distinguished Service Award, IEEE Ultrasonics, Engineering, 2002 Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society, 2003 Outstanding Advisors list, University of Illinois, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 Janak H. Patel Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Elyse Rosenbaum (IEEE) Best Student Paper Award (co-author, faculty advisor), Fellow, Association of Computing Machinery EOS/ESD Symposium, 2003 Donald Biggar Willet Professor, University of Illinois Bliss Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois, 2005 College of Engineering, 1999 William Sanders William R. Perkins Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Engineers (IEEE) Elected Member, IFIP Working Group 10.4 on Past President, IEEE Control Systems Society Dependable Computing Distinguished Member, IEEE Control Systems Society Member, Sigma Xi Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 Member, Eta Kappa Nu Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Control Systems Society, Member, Motorola Research Visionary Board (RVB), 1986-1987 2005 Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Press, 1992-1994 Member, Advisory Board for the Computational Sciences President, American Automatic Control Council, and Engineering Division (CSED) for Oak Ridge 1996-1997 National Laboratory, 2005 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Elected Member, Board of Directors, ACM Sigmetrics, NASA "Turning Goals into Reality" Award, 2001 2001-2003, 2005-2007 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Constantine D. Polychronopoulos 2002, 2002 Board of Directors, Association for Computing Machinery Best Paper, Pacific Rim International Symposium on SIGARCH Dependable Computing, Tsukuba, Japan, 2002 Editor, International Journal of High-Speed Computing, Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by their 1989- Students, University of Illinois, 2002, 2003 Mitsubishi Endowed Professorship, University of Tokyo, Donald Biggar Willett Professor of Engineering, 1993 University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2005 Best Research Paper Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Supercomputing, 2000 Dilip V. Sarwate Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Umberto Ravaioli (IEEE) Fellow, Institute of Physics

113 Peter W. Sauer Editor, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Member, National Academy of Engineering Technology, 1997-2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Visiting Professor, National University of Singapore, 1999 (IEEE) Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding U.S. Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, 1993 Advising, University of Illinois, 1999, 2005 Honorary Professional Degree in Electrical Engineering, Senior U. S. Scientist Research Prize, Alexander von University of Missouri-Rolla, 1995 Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 1999 Academy of Electrical Engineering, University of Visiting Professor, Technical University of Munich, 2000 Missouri-Rolla, 1996 Vice President for Publications, IEEE Control Systems Outstanding Electrical Engineer Award, Purdue Society, 2000-2002 University, 2004 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Southwest Mechanics Lecture Series Distinguished University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1999, Speaker, 2001 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Distinguished Member Award, IEEE Control Systems Grainger Chair Professor of Electrical Engineering, Society, 2002 University of Illinois, 1998- O. Hugo Schuck Award, American Automatic Control IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Council, 2002 Donald Biggar Willet Professor of Engineering, 2003 Lui Sha John R. Ragazzini Control Education Award, American Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Automatic Control Council, 2004 Associate Editor, International Journal of Real-Time President, IEEE Control Systems Society, 2005 Systems, 1992- Area Editor, IEEE Computer, 1993-1995 R. S. Sreenivas GE Scholar, University of Illinois Academy for Excellence Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, in Engineering Education, 1999 1994 Co-Chair, IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, 2001 Timothy N. Trick, Emeritus Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Distributed Systems, 2001-2002 Science Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Naresh Shanbhag (IEEE) Distinguished Lecturer, Institute of Electrical and Fellow, International Engineering Consortium Electronics Engineers Circuits and Systems Society, Past President, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society 1997-1999 Past Vice President, IEEE Publication Board Best Paper Award, IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems, Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 2001 IEEE Board of Directors, 1986-1989 National Engineering Consortium Board of Directors, Andrew Singer 1990- Hughes Aircraft Graduate Fellow President, National Electrical Engineering Department Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) Heads Association, 1994-1995 Award, National Science Foundation, 2001 Golden Jubilee Medal for Extraordinary Contributions to ONR Special Research Award in Ocean Acoustics 2001 the IEEE Circuit and Systems Society, 2000 Outstanding Undergraduate Advisor Award, University of IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Illinois College of Engineering, 2002 Alumni Award for Excellence, University of Dayton, Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois, 2002 School of Engineering, 2000 Outstanding Electrical Engineer Award, Purdue Mark W. Spong University, 2001 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers University Research Award, Semiconductor Industry (IEEE) Association, 2002 Phi Beta Kappa Board of Governors, Eta Kappa Nu, 2002-2005 Visiting Professor, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium, 1997

114 John Tucker Benjamin W. Wah Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Engineers (IEEE) Science (AAAS) Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Microwave Pioneer Award, IEEE, 2002 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Nitin Vaidya Fellow, Society for Design and Process Science Distinguished Visitor Program Speaker, Institute of University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1989 Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer IEEE Distinguished Visitor, 1989-1992 Society, 1998-2001 Fujitsu Visiting Chair Professor on Intelligence Best Paper Award, The Eighth International Conference on Engineering, University of Tokyo, 1992 Personal Wireless Communications (PWC), Venice, Editor in Chief, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and 2003 Data Engineering, 1993-1996 Editor-in-Chief, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing Associate Editor-in-Chief, Information Sciences, 1993- and Communications Review (MC2R), 2003-2004 McKay Visiting Professorship, University of California, Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Berkeley, 1994 Computing, 2005- Second Vice President, IEEE Computer Society, 1998 First Vice President Elect, IEEE Computer Society, 1998 Venu Veeravalli Robert T. Chien Professor of Electrical and Computer Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Illinois, 1999-2003 Engineers (IEEE), 1998 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Chair, IEEE Ithaca Section, 1999-2000 President, IEEE Computer Society, 2001 Editor, Communications in Information and Systems Sun Yun-suan Honorary Chair Professor, National (CIS), 2000 Tsinghua University, 2002 Associate Editor, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Raymond T. Yeh Life Time Achievement Award, Society Communications–Wireless Series, 2000-2001 for Design and Process Science, 2003 Co-organizer of the National Academy of Engineering, Franklin Woeltge Professor of Electrical and Computer Frontiers of Engineering Conference, 2001 Engineering, University of Illinois, 2004- Associate Editor, Detection & Estimation, IEEE 1st Prize, Suboptimal Temporal Metric Track, 4th Intel Transactions on Information Theory, 2001-2003 Planning Competition, 2004 Beckman Associate for the Center for Advanced Study, Best Paper Award, IEEE International Conference on University of Illinois, 2002-2003 Tools for Artificial Intelligence, 2005 Invited Participant in the National Academy of W. Wallace-McDowell Medal, IEEE Computer Society, Engineering, Frontiers of Engineering Conference, 2002 2006

Pramod Viswanath Martin Wong Eliahu Jury Award from Department of EECS, University Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of California–Berkeley, 2000 CAD Transactions Best Paper Award, 2000 Bernard Friedman Award from Mathematics Department, IBM Faculty Award, 2000, 2004 University of California–Berkeley, 2000 David Bruton Centennial Professor in Computer Sciences, Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) University of Texas at Austin, 2001 Award, National Science Foundation, 2003 Best-of-20-Years ICCAD Paper, 2002 IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, 2005- Petros G. Voulgaris Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, 1993 Young Investigator Award, U.S. Office of Naval Research, 1995 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois College of Engineering, 1996

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