An Analysis of Selection Process of Teachers at Primary Level As a Parameter for Quality Management
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AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTION PROCESS OF TEACHERS AT PRIMARY LEVEL AS A PARAMETER FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT By ZULFIQAR AHMED NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD November, 2013 AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTION PROCESS OF TEACHERS AT PRIMARY LEVEL AS A PARAMETER FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT By Zulfiqar Ahmed M.Phil (Education), Allama Iqbal Open University, 2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Education To FACULTY OF HIGHER STUDIES (EDUCATION) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD November, 2013 © Zulfiqar Ahmed, 2013 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES FACULTY OF HIGHER STUDIES © Zulfiqar Ahmed, 2013 THESIS AND DEFENCE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read the following thesis, examined the defense, are satisfied with the overall exam performance, and recommend the thesis to the Faculty of Higher Studies:- Thesis Title: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTION PROCESS OF TEACHERS AT PRIMARY LEVEL AS A PARAMETER FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Submitted By: Zulfiqar Ahmed Registration #: 387-PhD/Edu/Aug 11 Name of Student Doctor of Philosophy Degree Name in full Education Name of Discipline Dr. Marium Din Name of Supervisor ___________________________________ (Signature of Research Supervisor) Dr. Shazra Munnawer Name of Dean (FHS) ___________________________________ (Signature of Dean (FHS) Maj Gen. ® Masood Hassan Name of Rector _________________________________ (Signature of Rector) _______________ Date CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM I, Zulfiqar Ahmed Son of Muhammad Rahim Khan Registration # 387-PhD/Edu/Aug 11 Discipline Education Candidate of Doctor of Philosophy at the National University of Modern Languages do hereby declare that the thesis ‘An Analysis of Selection Process of Teachers at Primary Level as a Parameter for Quality Management’ Submitted by me in partial fulfillment of PhD degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis/dissertation at any stage, even after the award of a degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. ____________________ _____________ Signature of Candidate Date Zulfiqar Ahmed Name of Candidate iii ABSTRACT Thesis Title: An Analysis of Selection Process of Teachers at Primary Level as a Parameter for Quality Management The study endeavored to analyze recruitment and selection process of primary teachers in view of Quality Management (QM) in AJ&K. The study involved triangulation method by using analysis of policy documents and collection of quantitative data through survey instrument from primary teachers and their selectors. Study was delimited to primary teachers of high schools and their selectors in all public sector ten school districts of AJ&K. Major objectives of study were to analyze existing selection process, find criteria of recruitment, subject knowledge competencies, professional knowledge competencies, personality traits, prior experience of teaching and various selection methods for primary teachers. Relationship of existing and proposed recruitment and selection was also determined with Quality Management. Sample of study comprised 122 selectors and 850 primary teachers of both male and female categories. Data was collected both by postages and personal visits of respective high schools. Eight parameters of Quality Management (PQM) were determined for this study which were analysis of existing system, finding recruitment criteria, recruitment process, selection process, subject knowledge competencies,, professional knowledge competencies, personality traits and prior experience of teaching. Data was analyzed through SPSS by using Kruskal Wallis H-test and Mann Whitney U-test to meet the objectives. Findings revealed that there were diversed views of selectors and teachers for existing as well as future selection. There was a significant correlation among all PQM except existing selection with future recruitment and personality traits. All PQM has a strong correlation with one another. Future recommendations were proposed as to establish a separate human resource department or delegation of power to National Testing Service (NTS) or Public Service Commission (PSC), de-politicization of complete system, extinction of all types of biases, 21-25 years age, Bachelors educational qualification, B.Ed professional qualification, minimum 1-3 years of teaching experience, 25 years retiring age and training and monitoring of already selected primary teachers. A framework of Quality Management for recruitment and selection in future and a model of selection were also proposed on the basis of study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters Page THESIS DEFENCE APPROVAL FORM ii CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM iii ABSTRACT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xv LIST OF APPENDICES xii LIST OF ACRONYMS xvi DEDICATION xix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xx I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the problem…………………………………………………... 8 1.3 Research Questions………………………………………………………… 8 1.4 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………….. 9 1.5 Null Hypotheses……………………………………………………………. 9 1.6 Significance of the study……………………………………………........... 10 1.7 Delimitations of the study…………………………………………………. 11 1.8 Procedure of the Study…………………………………………………….. 11 1.8.1 Design of the study………………………………………………… 12 1.8.2 Research instrument………………………………………………... 12 1.8.3 Population of the study…………………………………………….. 12 1.8.4 Sample of the study………………………………………………… 13 1.8.5 Administration of the tool…………………………………………. 13 1.8.6 Collection, analysis and tabulation of data………………… ……... 13 1.8.7 Analysis of data…………………………………………………… 14 1.8.8 Document analysis………………………………………………… 14 v 1.9 Conceptual framework of the study………………………………………... 14 1.10 Definitions of the terms……………………………………………………. 18 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………................ 19 2.2 Recruitment Process in Human Resource Planning (HRP)………………... 22 2.2.1 Job Description…………………………………………………….. 23 2.2.2 Job Specification……………………………………………........... 23 2.3 Selection Process in Human Resource Management (HRM)……………… 24 2.4 Demand-Supply Process of Recruitment of Primary Teachers……............. 26 2.5 Recruitment and Selection of Primary Teachers in Pakistan……………… 29 2.6 Approaches for Selection of Primary Teachers……………………………. 31 2.7 Concept of Competency…………………………………………………… 34 2.7.1 Core Competencies………………………………………………….. 35 2.7.2 Job Specific Competencies…………………………………………... 35 2.8 Teaching Competencies-…………………………………………………… 35 2.8.1 Teaching Competencies of a Primary Teacher…………………….. 37 2.8.2 Types of Teaching Competencies at Primary level………………... 38 2.8.2.1 Knowledge Competencies…………………………............ 39 2.8.2.2 Content Knowledge……………………………………….. 39 2.8.2.3 Pedagogical Knowledge……………………………………39 2.8.2.6 Professional Knowledge…………………………………... 39 2.8.2.5 Contemporary Knowledge…………………………............ 40 2.9 Skills Competencies of a Primary Teacher………………………………… 40 2.9.1 Practical Skills……………………………………………………... 40 2.9.2 Mental Skills……………………………………………………….. 40 2.9.3 Pedagogical Skills…………………………………………………. 40 2.9.4 Life Skills………………………………………………………….. 41 2.9.5 Leadership and Management Skills…………………………........... 41 2.9.6 Research and reflection Skills……………………………………… 41 2.9.7 Social Skills…………………………………………………........... 41 vi 2.9.8 Values, Attitudes and professional Ethics…………………………. 41 2.10 Major Competencies of an Islamic Teacher………………………………. 43 2.11 Competency Model (CM)…………………………………………………. 44 2.11.1 Organizational approach model……………………………………. 45 2.11.2 HR system approach model…………………………………........... 45 2.11.3 Team approach model……………………………………………… 45 2.11.4 Individualistic model………………………………………………. 45 2.12 Ice berg Model of Competency in Staff Selection…………………………. 46 2.12.1 Implication of Ice berg Model in Teaching ……………………….. 49 2.13 Methods of Recruitment…………………………………………………… 51 2.13.1 Internal Recruitment………………………………………………... 51 2.13.2 External Recruitment……………………………………………….. 52 2.13.3 The Emerging Trends of E-Recruitment…………………………….54 2.14 Methods of Selecting the Employees………………………………………. 55 2.14.1 Screening Process…………………………………………………... 55 2.14.2 Preliminary Interviews……………………………………………… 55 2.14.3 Selection Tests……………………………………………………… 56 2.14.4 Aptitude Tests………………………………………………………. 56 2.14.5 Psychomotor Tests………………………………………………….. 56 2.14.6 Job Knowledge Tests……………………………………………….. 56 2.14.7 Interest Tests………………………………………………………... 56 2.14.8 Personality Tests……………………………………………………. 56 2.14.9 Polygraph Tests…………………………………………………….. 57 2.15 Types of Interviews…………………………………………………………57 2.15.1 Structured Interview…………………………………………………57 2.15.2 Unstructured Interview……………………………………………... 57 2.15.3 Semi-structured Interview…………………………………………... 57 2.15.4 Stress Interview…………………………………………………….. 57 2.15.5 Board/Panel Interview……………………………………………… 57 2.15.6 Behavioral/Situational Interview…………………………………… 57 2.15.7 Telephonic Interview and Video Conferencing…………………….. 58 vii 2.16 Major tools of teacher’s selection…………………………………. 59 2.16.1 Gallup Teacher Perceiver Interview (TPI)…………………..59 2.16.2 Gallup Teacher Insight Interview (TII)……………………... 60 2.16.3 Interactive Computer Interview System (ICIS)…………….. 60 2.16.4 Star Teacher Interview (STI)……………………………….