NAME OF : Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)

Synonyms: Coccinella axyridis Pallas Eight junior synonyms: Coccinella bisex-notata Herbst 1793, Coccinella 19-sinata Faldermann 1835, Coccinella conspicua Faldermann 1835, Coccinella aulica Faldermann 1835, Harmonia spectabilis Falderman 1835, Coccinella succinea Hop 1845, Anatis circe Mulsant 1850, Ptychanatis yedoensis Takizawa 1917 Numerous subspecies and aberrations have been described

Common Name: Multicolored Asian lady , Halloween beetle

A. CURRENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION I. In Wisconsin? 1. YES X NO 2. Abundance: Entire state 3. Geographic Range: Ubiquitous 4. Habitat Invaded: Various trees, including maple, walnut, willow, oak, pine, poplar plantation, alfalfa, soybean, corn, winter wheat 5. Historical Status and Rate of Spread in Wisconsin: Recorded in numbers since 1994 6. Proportion of potential range occupied: Entire II. Invasive in Similar Climate YES X NO Zones United States: Released extensively for classical biological control: California in 1916, 1964 and 1965; Washington in 1978-1982; Connecticut, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Washington D.C., Delaware, Maine, Mississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina in 1978-1981 Current populations may be from accidental seaport introductions. Now present in all states east of the Mississippi. Canada: British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec Europe South America III. Invasive in Similar Habitat YES X NO Types Albus, Acacia, Acer, Betula, Carya (Pecan), Castanea (chestnut), Citrus, Fagus, Hibiscus, Juglans, Laderstroemia, Leriodendron, Magnolia, Malus, Pinus, Podocarppus, Prunus, Quescus, Phamnus, Salix, Sambuca, Spirea, TIlia, Tsuga, Ulmus, Vitis, Zanthoxylum alfalfa, soybean, corn, winter wheat IV. Habitat Affected 1. Hosts: Numerous species, Tetranichidae, Psyllidae, Coccoidea, immature stages of Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, and Lepidoptera, pollen and nectar Non-target: Coleoptera: : Adalia bipunctata, Adonia variegate, Coleomegilla maculate, Coccinella septempunctata, C. septempunctata brucki, sanguinea, Propylea japonica, P. quatuordecimpunctata Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danaus plexippus Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla carnea

Potential pest of fruit production and processing. Has been reported to aggregate and occasionally feed on apples, pears and grapes. They are difficult to remove from grape clusters and get processed into wine where its alkaloids taint the wine. 2. Conservation significance of threatened habitats: Usually beneficial, but can outcompete native predator species, especially other Coccinellidae, intraguild predation, has many nontarget prey, but may also suppress other exotic coccinellids. V. Native Habitat 1. Countries: Asia: Northeastern Asia Altai Mountains – Pacific Coast, southern Siberia – southern China 2. Hosts: Various and scales in trees VI. Legal Classification 1. Quarantined species? YES NO X 2. By what states, countries? B. ESTABLISHMENT POTENTIAL AND LIFE HISTORY TRAITS I. Life History 1. Type of : Coleoptera: Coccinellidae 2. Time to Maturity: Native: Bivoltine North America: Bivoltine, but may have up to 5 generations/year. Egg-adult: 15-25 days (temperature and diet dependent); adults can live up to 3 years. 3. Methods of Spread: Adult flight: Highly mobile Introductions for biological control; current populations may be from accidental seaport introductions; agricultural products. II. Climate 1. Climate restrictions: Development is temperature dependent. 2. Effects of potential climate change: Warmer temperatures speeds development and there will be more generations/year. Maximum optimal temperatures unknown. III. Dispersal Potential 1.Invasion pathways: Natural dispersal: adult flight Importation for biological control; transport on agricultural products; accidental seaport introductions 2. Distinguishing characteristics that aid in its survival and/or inhibit its control: Highly mobile, high fecundity (about 25 eggs/day), development of is faster during the 2nd larval instar and may reduce vulnerability at young instars; 4th instar was also characterized by higher predation efficiency with increased voracity, lethal contact and search efficiency; 5th larval instar occurred in 33% of individuals and was characterized by the same developmental time, but with increased voracity and weight gain compared to 4th larval instars, suggesting an increased fitness of these individuals. IV. Ability to go Undetected HIGH MEDIUM LOW X Signs and symptoms: Adult : ova, convex, one-third inch long, various shades of , usually 19 spots, some without spots or faded. C. DAMAGE POTENTIAL I. Competitive Ability 1. Presence of Natural Enemies: Other coccinellids engage in intraguild predation. Birds. Unpalatable because they contain alkaloids. 2. Presence of Competitors: Yes, but usually outcompetes native coccinellid species 3. Rate of Spread: Rapid II. Environmental Effects 1. Alteration of ecosystem/community composition? YES X NO Notes: Outcompetes and displaces other predators, engages in intraguild predation, has many non-target prey. 2. Alteration of ecosystem/community structure? YES X NO Notes: Change in arthropd species composition, species richness 3. Alteration of ecosystem/community functions and processes? YES NO X Notes: III. Socio-economic 1. Effects of Restricting Entry: An effective biological control agent for several aphid species 2. Effects on Human Health: High numbers aggregating in buildings become a nuisance and the beetles release an odor that may be offensive to some. Respiratory ailments can be agravated. D. PREVENTION AND CONTROL I. Detection Capability: Notes: Easily recognized and located in habitats. II. Costs of Prevention : Notes: Considered beneficial. Considered a nuisance when adults aggregate in buildings during the fall and may cause allergic reactions, therefore, prevention aimed at home/structure invasions. III. Responsiveness to Notes: No state level preventive measures taken. prevention efforts: IV. Control tactics: 1. Cultural: Prevent entry into structures by sealing openings and cracks exceeding 1/16 inch with weatherstripping or caulking. Physical removal of beetles from building (sweeping, vacuuming) 2. Biological: Predators: Other coccinellids, only if H. axyridis is smaller Eight species of birds (Russia) Parasitoids: Phoridae, Phalacrotophora sp. parasitize pupae (Asia) Tachinididae: parasitize adults: Degeria lutuosa (Korea), Strongygaster triangulifera (United States) Braconidae: Dinocampus (=Perilitus) coccinellae (Korea and United States) Entomolopathpgens: Hesperomyces virescens (Laboulbeniales : Laboulbeniaceae); microsporidia 3. Chemical: Synthetic pyrethroids: permethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, lambda-methrin concentrated along doors, windows, and overhangs on the south, west, and east sides. Etofenprox and acetamiprid were highly toxic to most developmental stages, Abamectin was highly toxic to eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult ladybirds; pyrazophos was highly toxic to eggs and larvae at a rate much lower than the recommended dose. Chemicals such as camphor could be used as repellants from structures or use attractants into baited shelters with chemical attractants such as conspecific, fecal, and aggregation site persistent residue volatiles. 4. Regulatory: none V. Minimum Effort: Notes: Management at discretion of home owner. VI. Most Effective Control: Notes: Prevent entry of beetle into buildings and/or treat perimeter of homes with deterrent chemicals. VII. Cost of prevention or Notes: Preventive costs mainly home/property owner expense. control vs. Cost of allowing Invasion may shift native natural enemy populations. invasion to occur: VIII. Non-Target Effects of Notes: Risks associated with use of insecticides. Alternative control Control: methods may be necessary for the pests it controls. IX. Efficacy of monitoring: Notes: Easily recognized. X. Legal and landowner issues: Notes: None. Management at discretion of home owner.

F. REFERENCES USED:

Albright, D.D., D. Jordan-Wagner, D.C. Napoli, A.L. Parker, F. Quance-Fitch, B. Whisman, J.W. Collins, L.L. Hagan. 2006. Multicolored Asian lady beetle hypersensitivity: a case series and allergist survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol: 97: 521-527

Colunga-Garcia, M., S.H. Gage. 1998. Arrival, establishment, and habitat use of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in a Michigan landscape. Environ. Entomol. 27: 1574- 1580 .

Galvan, T.L., R.L. Koch, W.D. Hutchison. 2005. Toxicity of indoxacarb and spinosad to the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), via three routes of exposure. Pest Manag. Sci. 62: 797-804

Koch, R.L. 2003. The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis: A review of its biology, uses in biological control, and non-target impacts. 16pp. J. Insect Sci. 3:32, available online: insectscience.org/3.32 ** Multiple references within this article.

Koch, R.L., R.C. Venette, W.D. Hutchison. 2006. Invasions by Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in the Western Hemisphere: Implications for South America. Neotrop. Entomol. 35: 421-434.

Labrie, G., E. Lucas, D. Coderre. 2005. Can developmental and behavioral characteristics of the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis explain its invasive success? Biol. Invasions. 8: 743-754.

Riddick, E.W., J.R. Aldrich, A.D. Milo, J.C. Davis. 2000. Potential for modifying the behavior of the multicolored Asian ladybeetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with plant-derived natural products. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93: 1314-1321.

Riddick, E,W, P.W. Schaefer. 2005. Occurrence, density, and distribution of parasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens (Laboulbeniales: Laboulbeniaceae) on multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 98: 615-624.

Saito, T., S. Bjornson. 2006. Horizontal transmission of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), to three coccinellid species of Nova Scotia. Biol. Contr. 39: 427-433

Youn, Y.N., M.J. Seo, J.G. Shin, C. Jang, Y.M. Yu. 2003. Toxicity of greenhouse pesticides to multicolored Asian lady beetles, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Contr. 28: 164- 170. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/br/lbeetle/index.html?pf=1 http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_2001/mannix.htm http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/kyf210.html http://www.extension.umn.edu/yardandgarden/ygbriefs/e615ladybeetles.html http://wihort.uwex.edu/gardenfacts/X1050.pdf

Reviewer(s): Celia K. Boone

Date Completed: August 2007