PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines 3. PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR
3.1 Land transport in the Philippines
3.1.1 Road Transport
Road transport dominates the mode split of transportation for both passenger and freight in the Philippines. The Survey on Inter-Regional Passenger and Freight Flow in the Philippines (UPNCTSFI, 2005) affirms this with only the maritime transport of freight contributing to a significant share as compared with road transport. However, the Philippine government has embarked on infrastructure development along the corridors identified under the Philippine Nautical Highway System. The system envisions the interconnection of the Philippine archipelago through an efficient transportation network comprised of highways/roads, ports and airports.
The Philippines through the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) continues in the upgrade of its national road network through both local and foreign aided funding (e.g., World Bank, ADB, JBIC, etc.). The total length of national roads as well as the breakdown per region is given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Paved National Roads, in kilometers
Region Concrete Asphalt Gravel Earth Total CAR 510 105 1,205 23 1,844 Metro Manila 690 308 1 0 1,000 Region I 874 567 150 19 1,609 Region II 877 315 566 3 1,769 Region III 972 746 263 2 1,985 Region IV-A 901 1,083 369 0 2,353 Region IV-B 655 353 1,176 1 2,185 Region V 894 681 620 1 2,195 Region VI 1,198 955 723 4 2,880 Region VII 796 834 324 16 1,970 Region VIII 1,510 287 505 12 2,313 Region IX 511 296 317 0 1,154 Region X 744 419 455 0 1,619 Region XI 681 226 539 0 1,446 Region XII 563 252 486 0 1,301
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines
Region XIII 596 72 689 0 1,357 ARMM 244 58 200 0 501 Total 13,215 7,559 7,875 90 29,479 Source: Department of Public Works and Highways, November 2006
Local roads are being constructed by provincial, city and municipal governments who have their own sources of funding mainly from fiscal allocations from the national government or from countryside development funds (CDF) of senators and congressmen. The Philippine national road network is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 Philippines national road network (Source: DPWH)
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines
This road network also consists of roads that have been classified under the Nautical Highway System including those for the Western, Central and Eastern nautical highways. The system integrates highways and ferry services between the major islands in the country.
Expressways are funded through Build-Operate-Transfer schemes or by consortiums of private companies that are backed up by government in securing loans from foreign funding institutions (e.g., international banks). Currently, there are 4 expressways in operation including the North Luzon Expressway, the South Luzon Expressway, the STAR Expressway and the Cavite Coastal Expressway. One major expressway was recently opened – the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) in the central region of the main island of Luzon. Another is in the detailed engineering phase – the North Luzon East Expressway, which is along a corridor parallel to the existing Pan Philippine Highway in the eastern side of Luzon.
Table 3.2 Cross section of road transport services in the Philippines SERVICES Public Utility Bus Mini Bus Public Utility Taxi Jeepney a. Aircon a. Aircon a. Aircon a. Aircon Sedan
b. Regular b. Regular b. Regular b. Regular Sedan c. Articulated c. Dual c. Dual c. Mega-taxi d. Double Decker d. Inter-Regional e Inter-Regional REGIONS Buses Franchise Units Franchise Units Franchise Units Franchise Units CO 1,406 11,777 0 0 8,482 10,461 14,949 18,767 NCR 0 0 0 0 47,518 48,366 3,819 4,342 I 1,337 1,697 12 14 9,960 11,020 0 0 II 717 1,443 123 140 9,104 9,662 0 0 III 0 0 450 1,453 27,313 31,734 36 184 IV 366 1,105 701 974 39,751 42,183 45 190 V 869 1,647 69 100 7,386 7,878 8 9 VI 573 705 1,306 1,376 13,058 14,102 1,775 2,037 VII 1,029 2,111 2 2 9,783 11,563 2,862 5,159 VIII 803 1,160 988 1,076 5,336 6,571 75 97 IX 109 202 542 677 3,600 4,156 9 37 X 6 730 196 237 5,319 6,830 888 1,700 XI 133 809 75 95 8,431 9,577 1,637 3,728 XII 6 28 147 199 2,398 2,885 76 124 GRAND 7,354 23,414 4,611 6,343 197,439 216,988 26,179 36,374 TOTAL Source: LTFRB
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines
Table 3.3 Highest Concentration of Public Utility Jeepneys in the Philippines PUJ Rank Region Areas Covered Population 1 National Capital Region 48,366 Metro Manila (Region IV-A) CALABARZON Regional Center - Calamba City Constituent Provinces: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon Rizal 2 Region IV-A & B 42,183 (Region IV-B) MIMARO Regional Center - Calapan City Constituent Provinces: Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro, Romblon Regional Center - San Fernando City Constituent Provinces: 3 Region III – Central Luzon 31,734 Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales Regional Center - Iloilo City Constituent Provinces: 4 Region VI- Western Visayas 14,102 Palawan, Aklan, Antique, Capiz Guimaras, Iloilo, Negros Occidental
Regional Center - Cebu City Region VII -Central Visayas Constituent Provinces: 5 11,563 Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Siquijor
Source: LTO
3.1.2 Rail Sector
The Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates the Main Line South (MLS) from Manila to the Bicol Region. This is the only remaining inter-provincial line in the country since the Main Line North (MLN) from Manila to Dagupan City and the Panay Railways (in the island of Panay in the Visayas) ceased operation. Currently there are efforts to finally implement the Northrail project that will revive the Main Line North, particularly to establish a rail connection between Metro Manila and the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport in the former Clark U.S. Airbase.
Figure 3.2 shows both the MLN and the MLS with the MLS indicated in solid lines while the MLN in broken lines. At the right half of the figure is a close-up of the PNR Commuter Line section of the MLS, stretching from Tayuman to Calamba. The PNR depot is located at Caloocan City in the northern part of Metro Manila.
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines
Source: Railroads of the Philippines.www2.ttcn.ne.jp
Figure 3.2 PNR Railway Lines
There are currently 3 mass transit lines operating in Metro Manila. These are the Light Rail Transit 1, the Light Rail Transit 2 and the EDSA-Mass Rapid Transit (MRT-3). More rail lines are being planned including the proposed Line 4 along Commonwealth Avenue and the extensions of LRT 1, LRT 2, and MRT 3. Meanwhile, there are also plans to rehabilitate the existing commuter line of the PNR within Metro Manila. Already underway are the clearing operations along the PNR right-of-way that have been occupied by informal settlers and whose presence have been a major issue in the implementation of the Northrail project as well as the improvements to the existing commuter line to Laguna (south of Metro Manila). Figure 3.3 shows a map of the existing and proposed rail lines in Metro Manila and its vicinity.
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines
Figure 3.3 Metro Manila rail network
3.2 Emission Control and Reduction Programs
The Philippine Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1999 is the legal basis for the government in formulating and implementing programs geared towards reducing emissions from mobile sources. The CAA covers mobile sources or pollution from motor vehicles. It has specific rules on:
1) Emission Control for New Motor Vehicles 2) Emission Control for In-Use Vehicles 3) National Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines
4) Roadside Inspection of Motor Vehicles 5) Fuels, Additives, Substances and Pollutants 6) Regulation of Fuels and Additives 7) Ozone-Depleting Substances 8) Greenhouse Gases
The implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of the CAA were promulgated in the year 2000. The Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR) is the lead agency in implementing this law.
Other programs and policies of the national as well as the local governments contributing to transport emissions reduction include:
1) Alternative Fuels Program 2) Age Limits for Public Transport Vehicles 3) Policies on Importation of Secondhand Engines and Vehicles 4) Transport Demand Management (TDM) 5) Traffic Management Schemes 6) Road Widening and Road Network Expansion 7) Rationalization of Road-Based Public Transport Routes 8) Expansion of Metropolitan Railway Network 9) Improvement of the Transport Planning Process 10) Non-Motorized Transport (Bikeways and Walkways)
Metro Manila Air Quality Improvement Sector Development Program (MMAQISDP), 1999-2006
The Metro Manila Air Quality Improvement Sector Development Program (MMAQISDP or known as METROAIR) aimed to promote policy reforms to improve air quality through the abatement of mobile and stationary sources of air pollution in the Metro Manila air shed. Components of the program include: motor vehicle inspection system, industrial air emissions pollution abatement program, production of clean fuels, introduction of anti- pollution devices such as catalytic converters, traffic management and road rehabilitation
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines program, ambient air quality monitoring, raising public awareness, capacity building and institutional development. The Program scope consisting policy reforms and investment integrated within a policy matrix termed as Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) finalized in October 2003 that covers 9 key air quality issues:
1) mitigation of air pollution from mobile sources; 2) mitigation of air pollution from stationary sources; 3) improvement in fuel quality; 4) reduction of emissions from vehicular use; 5) reduction of traffic congestion and improvement of traffic flow; 6) strengthening of ambient air quality monitoring, evaluation and reporting; 7) intensification of public awareness; 8) monitoring the implementation and coordination of the AQAP; and 9) strengthening the capacity of institutions involved.
The Program was implemented by the DENR/EMB (lead agency), DOTC/LTO, DTI, DOH, MMDA, DOST and DOE. Funding of the Program included a US$500 million program loan coming from the ADB (US$200 million) and SIDA (US$300 million), Air Pollution Control Facility Loan (US$25 million), Investment Loan (US$71 million) and Technical Assistance grant of US$1.5 million.
The MMAQISDP Completion Report (2007) outlined the Program’s accomplishments that include: 1) delineation of the Metro Manila Airshed and establishment of the working Governing Board; 2) issuance and implementation of emission standards for mobile and stationary sources of air pollution, motor vehicle emission testing, incentives for industries, fuel standards and clean fuels; 3) capacity building for the EMB in ambient air quality monitoring, stack testing and monitoring, stack testing and monitoring, enforcement of emission standards for stationary, permitting and public awareness; and, 4) procurement of equipment for ambient air quality monitoring and stack emissions testing. Ten (10) ambient air quality monitoring stations (9 fixed and 1 mobile) were established in the airshed but operation stopped in March 2006 due to contractual dispute. Major components such as MVIS privatization and rehabilitation of major roads encountered hindrances in the implementation. Other components that had initial success but were not
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PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR Formulation of a National Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines sustained are the health impact monitoring of the DOH and capacity building of the MMDA on anti-smoke belching.
3.3 Review of Selected Studies, Plans and Programs
A review of past reports of past studies, plans and reviews was conducted and a matrix summarizing the assessment is provided in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 Matrix of relevant studies reviewed
EST Thematic Area
Plan/Study/ Review Public Health Public Air Quality Roadside Strengthening Assessment and Monitoring Management Noise Traffic and Standards, Control, Emission Vehicle Maintenance & Inspection Fuels Cleaner Travel and Planning Transport Public Management Demand Transport Non-Motorized Friendly People and Environment Development Infrastructure and Gender Equity Social and Maintenance Safety Road Base, Knowledge Strengthening Participation Public and Awareness, Planning Land-Use National Transport Policy and Planning (NTPP): 2008 National Land Transport Policy Framework and Strategies (NLTPF): 2008 Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP): 2004 Capacity Building and Social Marketing for Environmentally Sustainable Transport under the UNDP-DENR Environment and Natural Resources Capacity and Operations Enhancement (ENR CORE) Programme, 2007-2008 Metro Manila Urban Transport Integration Study (MMUTIS): 1999 Mega Manila Public Transport Study (MMPTS): 2007 National Road Safety Action Plan (NRSAP): 2007 Metro Manila Air Quality Improvement Sector
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Development Program (MMAQISDP), 1999-2006 Rural Roads Development Policy Framework: 2003 Philippine Transport Strategy Study (PTSS): 1997 WB Infrastructure Review – Urban Transport Sector Supplement: 2004 GEF Country Portfolio Evaluation Legend: - Substantial treatment; - Some or marginal treatment; - No treatment
A preliminary assessment of the above reports point to the following: Many studies and initiatives have focused on urban areas (i.e., urban bias); Strong areas (in terms of planning): Public Transport Planning & Travel Demand Management, Road Safety, Public Health, and Knowledge & Awareness Weak areas (in terms of strategy): Noise Management, Cleaner Fuels, Non- Motorized Transport, Social Equity and Gender, and Environment & People Friendly Infrastructure Marginal areas (in terms of effectiveness): Roadside Air Quality, Motor Vehicle Inspection, and Land-Use Planning
MMUTIS, for example, focused largely on the provision of infrastructure such as rail mass transit systems, urban expressways and major roads/arterials. Travel demand management was highly considered to help ease up traffic congestion by limiting car use within Metro Manila. Promoting pedestrian and nonmotorized transport facilities was considered as one of supporting policies in MMUTIS. Measurements of air pollutants and noise were conducted. Assessment of the projects impact on public health and the environment were included. One of the major outputs of MMUTIS was an integrated database which could be used by different agencies involved in planning. The same database was also used extensively for research of undergraduate and graduate students in the field of transportation.
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