La Política Exterior De Irán, De Jomeiní a Ahmadineyad (1979-2009): Un Análisis De La Composición De Las Élites Y Unidades De Decisión

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La Política Exterior De Irán, De Jomeiní a Ahmadineyad (1979-2009): Un Análisis De La Composición De Las Élites Y Unidades De Decisión LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE IRÁN, DE JOMEINÍ A AHMADINEYAD (1979-2009): UN ANÁLISIS DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LAS ÉLITES Y UNIDADES DE DECISIÓN. Autor: Luciano Zaccara Directores: Dra. Laura Feliu i Martínez Dra. Gladys Lechini Tesis Doctoral Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Departamento de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos y Estudios Orientales Madrid, 2010 1 2 Dedicada a mi padre, “Mal y tarde estoy cumpliendo la palabra que te di cuando juré, escribirte una canción” A mi madre, A Pablo, Andrea y Nicolás A Marta, por cambiarme la vida 3 Agradecimientos Gladys Lechini, por los años rosarinos, por los consejos y oportunidades, por su apoyo incondicional e ininterrumpido Laura Feliu, por su paciencia infinita a lo largo del camino Ana Planet, por los comienzos… y los finales Bernabé López, por su confianza y experiencia Fernando Bravo, por su aliento y amistad Carmen Rodriguez, por su optimismo constante Rafael Bustos, por creer en mí Ángeles Ramírez, por estar siempre allí Ana Siri y Mario Quinteros, por tratarme como a un hijo Manuel Llinás, por abrirme las puertas de Irán Pepe y Atienza Saldaña, por aguantarme! Javier y Rosa, por los momentos vividos Ana Ballesteros, Amaia Goenaga, Leyla Hamad, Ahmed Zayed, Said Kirhlani 4 5 Tabla de contenidos Índice de gráficos y tablas ................................................................................................ 8 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................ 9 Justificación de la tesis y objetivos de la investigación ................................................ 9 Antecedentes y estado de la cuestión ........................................................................ 12 Consideraciones teóricas ............................................................................................ 18 El análisis de la política exterior (APE) .................................................................... 19 El análisis de la política exterior en países MENA .................................................. 24 La caracterización del sistema y régimen político .................................................. 28 Metodología y estructura de la tesis .......................................................................... 30 Capítulo 1: LA ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL SISTEMA POLÍTICO IRANÍ ........ 34 La constitución de la República de 1979 ................................................................ 34 La reforma constitucional de 1989 ......................................................................... 41 Las elecciones y agrupaciones políticas ................................................................. 48 Las elites políticas ................................................................................................... 54 El faccionalismo político ......................................................................................... 58 Capítulo 2: LA PEI DESDE LA CAÍDA DEL SHA A LA MUERTE DE JOMEINÍ (1979-1989) .. 62 El contexto interno ..................................................................................................... 62 La revolución islámica y el nuevo sistema político ................................................. 62 El surgimiento de la nueva élite política ................................................................ 65 Los primeros procesos electorales y la consolidación del régimen ....................... 67 La política exterior ...................................................................................................... 74 El contexto internacional: La Nueva Guerra Fría y la Nueva Distensión ................ 74 Los principios revolucionarios de la política exterior ............................................. 75 La relación con Estados Unidos .............................................................................. 80 La importancia del factor shií en la relación con Iraq ............................................ 84 La guerra como instrumento de política exterior .................................................. 85 El Golfo Pérsico ....................................................................................................... 90 Oriente Medio ........................................................................................................ 95 La Unión Soviética y Afganistán.............................................................................. 96 Europa y la cuestión nuclear .................................................................................. 98 Capítulo 3: LA PEI DURANTE LA PRESIDENCIA DE RAFSANYANÍ 1989-1997 ................ 100 El contexto interno ................................................................................................... 100 La sucesión del Velayat y la concentración de las élites ...................................... 100 Los procesos electorales ....................................................................................... 107 La política exterior .................................................................................................... 109 El contexto internacional: El nuevo orden internacional ..................................... 109 La “desjomeneización” de la política exterior ...................................................... 111 La crisis de Kuwait, Iraq y Estados Unidos ............................................................ 114 Irán y el Golfo Pérsico ........................................................................................... 118 La relación con Rusia y los nuevos estados de Asia Central ................................. 124 Afganistán, Pakistán y Turquía ............................................................................. 127 El “diálogo crítico” con Europa ............................................................................. 128 El reinicio del programa nuclear ........................................................................... 130 Oriente Medio y la Organización de la Conferencia Islámica............................... 131 Capítulo 4: LA PEI DEL PRESIDENTE MOHAMMAD JATAMÍ 1997-2005 ....................... 133 6 El contexto interno ................................................................................................... 133 El ascenso del reformismo y la reacción conservadora ....................................... 133 Las elecciones reformistas y la descentralización del poder ............................... 137 La composición de los consejos permanentes ..................................................... 141 La política exterior .................................................................................................... 144 El contexto internacional: Al Qaeda,el 11-S y la amenaza del terrorismo internacional ......................................................................................................... 144 El “Diálogo de Civilizaciones” ............................................................................... 146 La gestión de la política exterior .......................................................................... 150 Los Talibán, Estados Unidos y la Guerra de Afganistán ....................................... 153 Iraq post-Hussein y Estados Unidos ..................................................................... 156 El Golfo Pérsico y los ámbitos de cooperación regional ...................................... 161 La cooperación económica en Asia Central .......................................................... 165 La cuestión nuclear y la mediación europea ........................................................ 171 Oriente Medio ...................................................................................................... 174 Capítulo 5: LA PEI DE AHMADINEYAD 2005-2009 ........................................................ 176 El contexto interno ................................................................................................... 176 La victoria de Ahmadineyad y el recambio generacional ..................................... 176 El ascenso del neo-conservadurismo y los Pasdarán ........................................... 179 La lucha por el control de la escena política ........................................................ 180 La polémica reelección de junio 2009 .................................................................. 182 La política exterior .................................................................................................... 191 El contexto internacional: la guerra de Iraq ......................................................... 191 La “reideologización” de la política exterior ........................................................ 191 Ahmadineyad, Bush y Obama .............................................................................. 194 La cuestión nuclear y el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica ............... 196 Irán y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. .................................................... 201 El conflicto de Oriente Medio e Israel .................................................................. 202 La influencia iraní en Iraq ..................................................................................... 206 Las renovadas relaciones con Turquía ................................................................. 213 Egipto y Marruecos ............................................................................................... 215 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................
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