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One Dead Freedman: Everyday Racial Violence, Black Freedom, and American Citizenship, 1863-1871

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One Dead Freedman: Everyday Racial Violence, Black Freedom, and American Citizenship, 1863-1871 University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2017 ONE DEAD FREEDMAN: EVERYDAY RACIAL VIOLENCE, BLACK FREEDOM, AND AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP, 1863-1871 Jacob Alan Glover University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2017.258 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Glover, Jacob Alan, "ONE DEAD FREEDMAN: EVERYDAY RACIAL VIOLENCE, BLACK FREEDOM, AND AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP, 1863-1871" (2017). Theses and Dissertations--History. 47. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/47 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Jacob Alan Glover, Student Dr. Amy Murrell Taylor, Major Professor Dr. Scott K. Taylor, Director of Graduate Studies ONE DEAD FREEDMAN: EVERYDAY RACIAL VIOLENCE, BLACK FREEDOM, AND AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP, 1863-1871 DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Jacob Alan Glover Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Amy Murrell Taylor, Associate Professor of History and Gender and Women’s Studies Lexington, Kentucky 2017 Copyright © Jacob Alan Glover 2017 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION ONE DEAD FREEDMAN: EVERYDAY RACIAL VIOLENCE, BLACK FREEDOM, AND AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP, 1863-1871 This dissertation is the first comprehensive study of “everyday” racial violence in the postbellum South. Taking as its focus the states of Louisiana and Kentucky, One Dead Freedman juxtaposes the practical enactment of black citizenship against daily racial terrorism by incorporating personal, familial, and community testimony left behind by African Americans who had a direct experience with such violence. Within this dissertation, the terminology of “everyday violence” is employed to differentiate the more mundane forms of white violence from the more spectacular forms of Reconstruction-era violence such as lynching, the Ku Klux Klan, and race riots. Thus, the definition of everyday violence includes anything from verbal threats all the way to the brutal beatings, whippings, and murders that were so commonplace as to not draw attention from the local and national media. One Dead Freedman is organized both thematically and chronologically, and it examines everyday racial violence in five distinct “spaces”: military enlistment; the workplace; the household; schools; and voting stations. This dissertation pays close attention to what each of these spaces meant to black Southerners during the first years of emancipation, and, then, digs into what forms, or types, of violence were utilized by white Southerners in each. One Dead Freedman concludes that white Southerners used racial violence in an effort to circumscribe the practical enactment of black citizenship on a daily basis during Reconstruction. This violence was, ironically, both pervasive and diffuse, and served to undercut the position of African Americans in the South, and America at large, far beyond 1877 by limiting black mobility and autonomy in both private and public spaces in which African Americans defined the meaning of their own freedom. The persistence of this violence, and its legacy, was central to the enduring power of racism in America through the Civil Rights Movement and even into modern America. KEYWORDS: African American History; Southern History; Violence; Racial Violence; Civil War and Reconstruction Jacob Alan Glover May 17, 2017 Date ONE DEAD FREEDMAN: EVERYDAY RACIAL VIOLENCE, BLACK FREEDOM, AND AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP, 1863-1871 By Jacob Alan Glover Dr. Amy Murrell Taylor Director of Dissertation Dr. Scott K. Taylor Director of Graduate Studies May 17, 2017 Date For those who refuse to be silent ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation would have been impossible without the guidance and wisdom that two individuals have provided over the last decade and more. At Western Kentucky University, Glenn W. LaFantasie was able to see past the rough, idealistic edges of a nineteen year-old sophomore and encourage me to pursue a graduate degree in history. At the University of Kentucky, Amy Murrell Taylor provided the continual support and incisive, constructive criticism that any graduate student would be lucky to have. To each of you, I give my complete, heartfelt gratitude. Mark Wahlgren Summers read every word of this dissertation in manuscript form, and continues to challenge me to be a better historian. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee: David Hamilton; Erik Lars Myrup; Jeffory Clymer; and Melissa N. Stein. Each committee member offered comments and suggestions that have substantially improved the finished product. I would be remiss not to acknowledge the influence of two of Western Kentucky University’s finest professors, Robert Dietle and Eric Reed, on my scholarly journey. Thank you all. The History Department at the University of Kentucky provided funding to conduct research in Louisiana during the summer of 2015 through the Charles Roland Fellowship, the Lance Banning Memorial Fellowship, and George C. Herring Fellowship. The Frances J. Summersell Center for the Study of the South at the University of Alabama provided a 2015-2016 Research Fellowship to support research in Tuscaloosa. The writing of this dissertation was generously supported by the Graduate School at the iii University of Kentucky through a 2016-2017 Dissertation Year Fellowship. The uninterrupted freedom to focus on my writing was essential to the timely completion of this dissertation. My greatest debt of gratitude is due to the many friends and family members who have supported me along the way. From an early age, my mother inspired in me a love of history and has always encouraged me to pursue my dreams. At UK, Brandon Wilson and Luke Victor were both great friends and crucial pillars of support through the travails of graduate school. At WKU, Derek Scott single-handedly salvaged my academic career when I temporarily deleted my Senior Thesis instead of submitting it on the day it was due. There are many others who I will not mention by name for fear of leaving someone out, but you all know who you are. You are all sincerely appreciated. The closing lines I leave for Azra. Without you, this dissertation would have never been completed. The sacrifices that you have made over the last seven years to accommodate my academic pursuits can never fully be repaid, but I am willing to spend the rest of my life trying to do just that. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… iii Introduction – “One Freedman…”………………………………………………………...1 Chapter 1 – “Their women and children were driven from their homes…”: The Everyday Violence of Military Service…………………………………………………….. 35 Chapter 2 – “So they may not fall into this rebel trap…”: Violence and Free Labor…… 91 Chapter 3 – “If you do attempt to build this house agane…”: Violence and the African American Home………………………………………………………………... 140 Chapter 4 – “Twice I have been shot at in my schoolroom…”: Violence and Education………………………………………………………………………. 189 Chapter 5 – “We want a white man’s State…and we intend to have it…”: The Violence of Voting……………………………………………………………………….. 239 Conclusion – Towards the Nadir: The Legacy of Everyday Racial Violence…………. 285 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………… 289 Vita……………………………………………………………………………………... 315 v Introduction – “One Freedman…” One Dead Freedman asks that the reader reconsider how we tell the story of Reconstruction. It begins with a simple question: how did Americans get the “peace” after the Civil War so wrong? The answer to that inquiry leads us, alarmingly quickly, to the depths of human depravity and despair. The quick reply, to borrow
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