Life sciences Leaflets 10:56-66,2012 FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

st Published on: 1 Oct 2012 GRASSES AND ITS DIVERSITY IN GUJARAT STATE – A REVIEW

S. P. PARMAR*1, K. A. PRAJAPATI1, Y. T. JASRAI1 AND S. K. PATEL2 1DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD – 380 009, GUJARAT, INDIA. 2 DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, GOVERNMENT SCIENCE COLLEGE, GANDHINAGAR, GUJARAT, INDIA. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Within the wide diversity of flowering ‘Grasses’ are the one which can be found anywhere with great abundance. Grasses are the members of (Gramineae) family which are the most vital part in our life as food, medicine, as cattle-fodder and many different things. According to different authors there may be 620 genera and about 10,000 species of grasses in the world of which 240 genera and 1,200 species are found in India among them 285 species are found in western state of India (Anonymous, 1996). In Gujarat 286 species based on different authentic floras have been compiled during the present study. In the family the forms are either annuals or perennials with vertical or horizontal cylindrical and mostly hollow stems. There is a remarkable diversity of shape, size, texture, adaptation and modification of vegetative and reproductive parts which has been modified during the course of evolution.

KEY WORD: Agrostology, Grasses, Grass diversity, Flora compilation, Gujarat.

INTRODUCTION:

The word “BIODIVERSITY” refers to the variability or variations or variety among the and animal forms/species found on the earth. In general the ecologists have categorized ‘Biodiversity’ in main three types – i. Genetic diversity: refers to the variation of genes among the species ii. Species diversity: refers to the variation of species within a region iii. Ecosystem diversity: refers to the variation of ecosystems on the earth (Chawdhry and Murti, 2000). Species richness is the criteria to assess the biodiversity of the given region. It gives an account of the species occurring wild or domesticated in the region. It is supposed that about 10 to 30 million species of

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Life sciences Leaflets 10:56-66,2012 FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) insects, microorganisms, animals and plants are present on the earth of which only 1.7 million species are reported, identified and described so far (Chowdhry and Murti, 2000). For the valuable management and conservation of biodiversity it is necessary to inventories the available diversity. India is the 7th largest country with 3,029 million hectare area in the world with varying climatic conditions and variety of geographic regions. Indian continent is believed to contain about 15,000 species (Salunkhe, 2007). Among the 15,000 flowering plant species, majority of them contributes to the families Asteraceae, Orchidaceae and Poaceae. Poaceae contains grasses which are as essential as water for the mankind. It is the major and main source of food (Rice, Wheat, Maize, Bajra etc.), fodder for the cattle and it helps in so many diverse ways including shelter making, fuel, furnishing, etc. (Bor, 1960). Fossil studies show that herb - form grasses have come into existence in the Miocene period, about 130 million years ago while the shrub/tree - forms (Bamboo) appeared in the Cretaceous period, about 135 million years ago (Chowdhry and Murti, 2000). Alternately the overall grassland of India is classified into 5 types (Table-1). Gujarat is at the Western side of India with 1.96 lack sq km area which is 6 % of the total land area of India with about 1600 km long coast (Anonymous, 1996). It is surrounded by Rajasthan on the North, Madhya Pradesh in the East, Maharashtra in the South and its Western side is equally contributed by the Arabian Sea and Pakistan. Gujarat has varied agro-climatic zones. India is having 240 genera and 1,200 species of grasses growing which shows highly valuable grass diversity in India (Roy, 1984). In prior works Gujarat has been reported to have 95 genera and 285 species of grasses (Anonymous, 1996). Along with this, Gujarat is having two wild relatives of rice, Oryza minuta J F Presl found in Dangs and O. nivara Sharma and Shashtri in Saurashtra and Panchmahals (Shah, 1978).

MATERIALS AND METHOD: Present study was carried out for the whole state and literature was used which deal with the plant diversity documentation of the entire state towards a primary step to obtain exact number of recorded grass species in Gujarat and to facilitate additional exhaustive documentation of grasses in the state. As the work is purely compilation nature it was required to contact and obtain previously published literature from different department and universities. Two major works has been done in documenting the flora of Gujarat state (including grasses), one is Flora of Gujarat State by G.L.Shah (1978) and second is Biological Diversity of Gujarat, an anonymous work by Gujarat Ecological Commission (1996). Along with these two, the third one used for the study was Grasses of Gujarat by A. S.Yusufzai and A. P.Gandhi (1999). Individual listing of grasses from each published work was done following finding out similar and dissimilar species among the three. Synonyms were also given due attention in compilation so as species recorded with synonyms do not get counted as an individual and resulting in erroneous total of recorded

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Life sciences Leaflets 10:56-66,2012 FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) species for a particular flora. A common list was than prepared for the Gujarat state and presence of respective species was marked against their respective floras ending up into overall compilation of grasses of the state.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The past extensive reports on grass diversity in Gujarat state includes work by Sutaria (1962), Shah (1978), Anonymous (1996), Yusufzai and Gandhi (1999) from time to time (Table-2). The comparative documentation of studied, published literature along with present study is provided in table-3. On the basis of comparison (Table-3) the major genera found in Gujarat state are Eragrostis, Panicum, Isachaemum, Aristida, Digitaria, Sporobolus, Cymbopogon, Arthraxon (Fig-1). These are of major occurrence in Gujarat state and contribute to 30.5% grass diversity of the state (2010) as well. (Flora by Sutaria was also studied but due to very less number of recorded species it is not added in the compilation).

CONCLUSION: Gujarat state has 286 grass species belonging to 105 genera which accounts for 23.83% of the total Indian grass diversity. Eragrostis is the top ranked with 18 species. 41 genus contains single species. Thus, Gujarat nurtures a vast and wonderful world of grasses through its varied habitual and climatic conditions which also requires further comprehensive study to account for its complete grass diversity.

REFERENCES: Anonymous, 1996. Biological Diversity of Gujarat, Gujarat Ecological Commission, Baroda, India

Anonymous, 2007. Manual on Grass Systematic, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India, pp: 1-4, 5-17

Bor, N. L. 1960. The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (Excluding Bambuseae), pp: 1-17, 33- 54, Pergamon Press, Oxford

Chowdhry, H. J. and Murti S. K. 2000. Plant Biodiversity and Conservation in India -An overview, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India

Datta, S. 1996. A life-line of Grasses, Wastelands News, May-July, pp: 29-33

Parmar S. P. 2010. Grasses and Grass Productivity of Some Selected Protected Areas, M.Phil Dissertation for Gujarat University, Ahmedabad.

Roy, G. P. 1984. Grasses of Madhya Pradesh (Flora of India, Series – 4), Botanical Survey of India, Kolkatta, India

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Life sciences Leaflets 10:56-66,2012 FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Salunkhe, C. B. 2007. Endemic grasses of peninsular India, in National Workshop on Grass Systematics, Kolhapur, March 5-9, 2007, pp: 28-29, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.

Shah, G. L. 1978. Flora of Gujarat, Volume-I and II, Sardar Patel University, Anand, India

Sutaria, R. N. 1962. A text book of systematic botany, Khandayata Book Depot, Ahmedabad, India

Yusufzai, A. S. and Gandhi, A. P. 1999, Grasses of Gujarat, Gujarat Agricultural University, Ahmedabad, India.

Table 1: Major grassland types in India (Chowdhry and Murti, 2000) Sr. Grassland Type Key Species Distribution no. 1. Sehima-Dichanthium type Dicanthium annulatum Peninsular India Heteropogon contortus Sehima nervsosum Themeda qudrivalvis 2. Dicanthium-Cenchrus-Lasiurus Cenchrus biflorus Northern part of Gujarat, type C. ciliaris Rajasthan, Western U.P., Delhi, Dicanthium annulatum Punjab and semi-arid Punjab Lasiurus indicus 3. Phragmites-Saccharum- Desmostachya bipinnata Alluvial plain and gangetic delta, Impertata type Impertata cylindrical West Bengal Phragmites australis Saccharum spontaneum 4. Themeda-Arundinella type Arundinella bengalensis Northern plains outer humid hills Bothrichloa intermedia of U.P., B. pertusa, Assam, Manipur, West Bengal, Heteropogon contortus Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, and Themeda spp. Himachal Pradesh 5. Temperate-Alpine type Bromus inermis High altitudes of Jammu & Dactylis glomerata Kashmir, U.P., West Bengal, Poa pratensis Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh Themeda anathera

Table-2: Reported literature on grass diversity in Gujarat state Sr. No. Publication Recorded Genera Recorded Species

1. Sutaria (1962) 24 31 2. Shah (1978) 95 240 3. Anonymous (1996) 95 285 4. Yusufzai and Gandhi (1999) 81 173

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Table-3: Grass diversity of Gujarat state Sr. Botanical Name 1978 1996 1999 2010 No. 1. Acrachne racemosa (Heyne. ex R. & S.) Ohwi.     2. Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thw.     3. Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf.     4. Andrachane telephoides L. -  -  5. Andropogon pumulis Roxb.     6. Andropogon nardus DC. syn. Cymbopogon nardus L. -  -  7. Apluda mutica L.     8. Apocopis vaginata Hack.     9. Aristida adscensionis L.     10. Aristida cyanantha Nees. ex Steud.     11. Aristida depressa Retz.     12. Aristida funiculate Trin. & Rupr.     13. Aristida hirtigluma Steud. ex Trin. et Rupr. -  -  14. Aristida histriculata Edgew.     15. Aristida hystrix L. f.     16. Aristida mutabilis Trin. et Rupr. -  -  17. Aristida redacta Stapf.     18. Aristida royleana Trin.   -  19. Aristida setacea Retz.     20. Arthraxon cuspidatus Kunth. -  -  21. Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino.     22. Arthraxon inermis HK. f.     23. Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst.     24. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst.     25. Arthraxon meeboldii Stapf.     26. Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy.     27. Arthraxon quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash.     28. Arthraxon sericea Brandis. -  -  29. Arundinella ciliate (Roxb.) Nees. ex Miq. -  -  30. Arundinella holcoides (Kunth.) Trin. -  -  31. Arundinella lawii Hk. f. -  -  32. Arundinella leptochloa (Nees. ex steud.) Hk. F.     33. Arundinella metzii Hochst. ex Miq.     34. Arundinella pumila (Hochst.) Steud.     35. Arundinella setosa Trin.     36. Arundinella tuberculata Munro. ex Lisboa.     37. Arundo donax L.     38. Avena sterilis L. var. culta syn. Avena sativa auct. Non     39. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) willd syn. Bambusa   -  bambos (L.) Voss. 40. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. -  -  http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 60

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41. Bambusa vulgaris var. striatu Gamble. -  -  42. Bothrichloa glabra (Roxb.) A. Camus.     43. Bothrichloa intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus.     44. Bothrichloa ischaemum (L.) Kurz.     45. Bothrichloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus.     46. Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf.     47. Brachiaria deflexa L. -  -  48. Brachiaria eruciformis (J. E. Sm.) Griseb.     49. Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf.     50. Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf.     51. Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gard. & Hubb.     52. Brachiaria setigera (Retz.) Hubb.     53. Capillipedium assimile (Steud.) A. Camus.     54. Capillipedium filiculme (Hk. f.) Stapf.     55. Capillipedium hugelii (Hack.) Stapf.     56. Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf.     57. Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.     58. Cenchrus ciliaris L.     59. Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. ex Steud.     60. Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.   61. Chionachne koenigii (Spr.) Thw.     62. Chloris barbata Sw.     63. Chloris dolichostachya Lagas.     64. Chloris gayana Kunth. -  -  65. Chloris montana Roxb.     66. Chloris prieurii Kunth.   -  67. Chloris quinquesetica Bhide.     68. Chloris virgata Sw.     69. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.     70. Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf.     71. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spr.) Chiov.     72. Chrysopogon polyphyllus (Hack. Ex Hk. f.) Blatt.     73. Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin.     74. Cleistachne sorghoides Bth.   -  75. Coix lachryma-jobi L.     76. Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.     77. Cymbopogon caesius (Nees.) Stapf.     78. Cymbopogon citrates (DC.) Stapf.     79. Cymbopogon gidarba (Ham.) Haines.   -  80. Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones.) Schuit.     81. Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats.     82. Cymbopogon oliveri (Boiss.) Bor.   -  83. Cymbopogon parkeri Stapf.   -  84. Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spr. syn. Andropogon     schoenanthus auct. 85. Cynodon barberi Rang.   -  86. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.     87. Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv.   -  http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 61

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88. Dactyloctenium sindicum Boiss.     89. Dendrochalamus giganteus Munro.   -  90. Dendrochalamus strictus Nees.   -  91. Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. syn. Eragrostis     cynosuroides (Retz.) P. Beauv. 92. Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf syn.     Andropogon annulatus Forsk. 93. Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C. E. Hubb.   -  94. Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A. Camus.     95. Dichanthium glabrum (Roxb.) Jain. et Desh. -  -  96. Dichanthium isachaemum (L.) Roberty. -  -  97. Digitaria adscendens (H. B. & K.) Henr.     98. Digitaria adscendens subsp. Adscendens Henr.   -  99. Digitaria biformis Willd.     100. Digitaria granularis (Trin. ex Spr.) Henr.     101. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers.     102. Digitaria microbachne (Presl.) Henr.   -  103. Digitaria pennata (Hochst.) Cooke.     104. Digitaria setigera Roth.     105. Digitaria stricta Roth. ex R. & S.   -  106. Digiraria bicornis (Lamk.) R. & S. ex Loud. -  -  107. Digitaria ternate -  -  108. Dignanthia hirtella Stapf. -  -  109. Diganathia fuscescens Trin. -  -  110. Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.     111. Dimeria stapfiana C. E. Hubb. ex Pilger. -  -  112. Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl.) panz.     113. Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv.     114. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link syn. Panicum colonum L     115. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.     116. Echinochloa frumentacea Link.     117. Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lamk.) Hitchi. et Chase. -  -  118. Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv.     119. Eleusine compressa (Forsk.) Aschers. & Schweinf.     120. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.     121. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.     122. Elyonurus royleanus Nees. ex A. Rich.     123. Elytrophorus spicatus (Willd.) A. Camus.     124. Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl.) Bor.     125. Eragrostiella brachyphylla (Stapf.) Bor.     126. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link. ex Vingolo-Lutati.     127. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. var. brachystachya Boiss   -  128. Eragrostis ciliaris (L) R Br var. ciliaris     129. Eragrostis ciliata (Roxb.) Nees.     130. Eragrostis diarrhena (Schult.) Steud.     131. Eragrostis diplanchnoides Steud. -  -  132. Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. -  -  133. Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin.     http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 62

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134. Eragrostis nigra Nees. -  -  135. Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees. ex Steud.   -  136. Eragrostis pilosa (Thunb.) Trin.     137. Eragrostis poaeoides P. Beauv.   -  138. Eragrostis riparia (Willd.) Nees. -  -  139. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv ex R. & S.     140. Eragrostis teniufolia Hotchst. ex Steud. -  -  141. Eragrostis tremula Hochst.     142. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. ex Steud.     143. Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin.     144. Eremopogon fovelatus (Del.) Stapf.     145. Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. -  -  146. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb.     147. Eulalia fimbriata (Hack.) O. Ktze. -  -  148. Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henr.   -  149. Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb.     150. Heckelochloa granularis (L.) O. Ktze.     151. Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf.     152. Hemarthria compressa (L. f.) R. Br.     153. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex R. & S.     154. Hetroprogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Bth. -  -  155. Heteropogon ritchei (Hk. f.) Blatt. & McC.   -  156. Heteropogon triticeus (R. Br.) Stapf. ex Craib.     157. Hordeum vulgare L.     158. Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees. ex W. & A.     159. Imperata cylindrical (L.) P. Beauv.     160. Isachne dispar Trin.     161. Isachne elegans Dalz. ex Hk. F. -  -  162. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) O. Ktze.     163. Ischaemum diplopogon Hk. f.     164. Ischaenum goebelii Hack.   -  165. Ischaemum impressum Hack. -  -  166. Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. var. indicum     subvar. Indicum 167. Ischaemum indicum var. indicum subvar. villosum   -  (Nees.) Bor. 168. Ischaemum molle Hk. f.     169. Ischemum pilosum (Klein. ex Willd.) Wt.     170. Ischemum rugosum Salisb.     171. Ischemum sentapaui Bor.   -  172. Ischemum semisagittatum Roxb.   -  173. Ischemum timorense Kunth.   -  174. Iseilema anthephoroides Hack.   -  175. Iseilema laxum Hack.     176. Iseilema prostratum (L.) Andress.     177. Latipes senegalensis Kunth. -  -  178. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees.   -  179. Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi.     http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 63

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180. Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hack.   -  181. Manisuris clarkei (Hack.) Bor.   -  182. Manisuris forticulata C. E. C. Fischer. -  -  183. Melanocenchris abyssinica (R. Br.) Hochst. -  -  184. Melanocenchris jacquemontii J. & S.   -  185. Mnesithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth. -  -  186. Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) O. Ktze.   -  187. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. - -   188. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.   -  189. Oropetium thomaeum (L. f.) Trin.   -  190. Oryza glaberrima Steud. -  -  191. Oryza minuta J. F. Presl.   -  192. Oryza nivara Sharma. & Shashtri.   -  193. Oryza sativa L.     194. Panicum antidotale Retz.     195. Panicum maximum Jacq.     196. Panicum miliaceum L.     197. Panicum notatum Retz.     198. Panicum paludosum Roxb.   -  199. Panicum psilopodium Trin. var. coloratum Hk. F.     200. Panicum psilopodium Trin. var. psilopodium   -  201. Panicum sumatranse Roth. ex R. & S.     202. Panicum trypheron Schult.     203. Panicum turgidum Forsk.     204. Parahyparrhenia bellarensis -    205. Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus.     206. Paspalidium geminatum (Forsk.) Stapf.     207. Paspalidium punctatum (Burm. f.) A. Camus.   -  208. Paspalum compactum Roth.   -  209. Paspalum distichum L.     210. Paspalum longifolium L. var. longifolium     211. Paspalum scrobiculatum L.     212. Paspalum vaginatum Sw.   -  213. Pennisetum divisum (Forsk. ex Gmle.) Del.     214. Pennisetum hohenackeri (Forsk. ex Gmle.) Henr.     215. Pennisetum pedicelatum Trin.     216. Pennisetum purpureum Schum. & Thonn.     217. Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) L. C. Rich.     218. Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. F.) Stapf. & Hubb.     219. Perotis indica (L.) O. Ktze.     220. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.     221. Polytoca digitata (L. f.) Druce. -  -  222. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.     223. Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) Hk. f.     224. Pseudanthistiria hispida Hk. f.     225. Pseudoraphis spisnescens (R. Br.) Vickary.     226. Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb.) A. Camus.   -  227. Rhynchelytrum villosum (Parl.) Chiov. -  -  http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 64

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228. Rottboellia exaltata L. f.     229. Saccharum benghalense Retz. syn. Saccharum munjo     Roxb. 230. Saccharum officinarum L.     231. Saccharum spontaneum L.     232. Sacciolepis indica (L.) A. Chase. -  -  233. Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf.   -  234. Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees. ex Buse. -  -  235. Schizachyrium tenuissimus (Schrank.) O. Ktze. -  -  236. Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth.     237. Scleria tesellata Willd. -  -  238. Sehima ischaemoides Forsk. -  -  239. Sehima nervsosum (Rottl.) Stapf.     240. Sehima sulcatum (Hack.) A. Camus.     241. Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv.     242. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.     243. Setaria Pallide-fusca (Schum.) Stapf. & Hubb.     244. Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth.     245. Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv.     246. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. syn. Andropogon   -  sorghum Brot. 247. Sorghum controversum (Steud.) Snowd.   -  248. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. syn. Andropogon   -  halepensis (L.) Brot. 249. Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowd.   -  250. Sorghum nitidum (Vahl.) Pers.   -  251. Sorghum purpureo-sericeum (Hochst. ex Schweinf.)   -  Aschers. & Schweinf. 252. Spinifex littoreus (Burm. F.) Merr. syn. Spinifex   -  sqarrasus L. 253. Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilg.   -  254. Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth.   -  255. Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P. Beauv.   -  256. Sporobous fertilis (Steud.) Clayton.   -  257. Sporobolus helvolus (Trin.) Thw.   -  258. Sporobolus manderaspatenus Bor.   -  259. Sporbolus marginatus Hochst. ex A. Rich.   -  260. Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl.) Kunth. -  -  261. Sporobolus tremulus (Willd.) Kunth.   -  262. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth.   -  263. Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb.) Chiov.     264. Tetrapogon villosus Desf.     265. Thelepogon elegans Roth. ex R. & S.     266. Themeda cymbaria (Roxb.) Hack.     267. Themeda laxa (Andress.) A. Camus.   -  268. Themeda qudrivalvis (L.) O. Ktze.     269. Themeda tremula (Nees. ex Steud.) Hack.   -  270. Themeda triandra Forsk.     http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 65

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271. Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze.     272. Trachys muricata (L.) Pers. ex Trin.   -  273. Tragus biflorus (Roxb.) Schult.     274. Trilobachne cookie (Stapf.) Schenk. ex Henr.   -  275. Triplopogon ramosissimus (Hack.) Bor.   -  276. Tripogon capillatus J. & S.   -  277. Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf.   -  278. Tripogon lisboae Stapf.   -  279. Tripogon purpurascens Duthie.   -  280. Triticum aestivum L. syn. Triticum sativum Lam.     281. Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. var. panicoides   -  282. Urochloa panicoides var. pubescens (Kunth.) Bor.     283. Urochondra setulosa (Trin.) Hubb.     284. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash syn. Andropogon     squarrasus Sensu. 285. Zea mays L.     286. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.     Total 240 285 173 286 (√ : Present or recorded in the flora, - : No record in flora)

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