Initial Environmental Examination Sri Lanka

Initial Environmental Examination

July 2018

Sri Lanka: Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project: Mandaithevu Anchorage in Jaffna District

Prepared by Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Rural Economic Affairs for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Initial Environmental Examination Report – Draft Report

July 2018 (Updated 23.07.2018)

Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project Development of Anchorage Facilities at Mandaithevu in Jaffna District

Prepared by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development and Rural Economic Affairs, Sri Lankan Government for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

EML Consultants (Pvt) Ltd

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (AS OF 10 May 2018)

Currency Unit Sri Lanka Rupee 1 US$ = 157.6 LKR 0.0067US$ = 1 LKR

ADB Asian Development Bank BPPE Business Promoters and Partners Engineering Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management CCCRMD Department CD Chart Datum CEA Central Environment Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board DFAR Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DO Dissolved Oxygen DoA Department of Archaeology DS District Secretariat DWC Department of Wildlife Conservation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FD Forest Department GN Grama Niladhari GOSL Government of Sri Lanka GSMB Geological Survey and Mines Bureau IEE Initial Environmental Examination IMT Incident Management Team MEPA Marine Environment Protection Authority Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development MFARDREA Rural Economic Affaires MHWS Mean High-Water Spring Tides MoA Minister of Agriculture MoL Ministry of Lands NPC Northern Provincial Council NWSDB National Water Supply and Drainage Board PAA Project Approving Authority PAI Project Area of Influence PS Pradeshiya Sabha RDA Road Development Authority SMA Special Management Areas SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TDS Total Suspended Solids

GLOSSARY

Adaptation The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects (IPCC, 2014). Anchorage A location/development that includes Marine Structures or Dredging to (fishery) provide shelter for Fiber Reinforced Plastic Boats with Outboard Engines OFRP boats and Traditional Crafts (TCs) with or without OBEs (i.e. Mechanized or Non-Mechanized) Aquatic Living aquatic organisms and includes any seaweed, phytoplankton or Resources other aquatic flora and non-living substances found in an aquatic medium (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016). Biological Variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, diversity terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. (UN, 1992b). Climate Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. {WGI, II, III}, (IPCC, 2014). Climate Change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using change statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines climate change as: „a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods‟. The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition and climate variability attributable to natural causes. See also Detection and Attribution. {WGI, II, III}, (IPCC, 2014). Coastal The right of the public, to approach, enter or use an approach to enter access into, or to go along a coastal margin in a physical and visual sense and also includes access along the shoreline, usually a strip of plan parallel to the waters edge or path or trail which connects the nearest public roadway with a shoreline destination along a reasonable direct route or access to the shoreline from a public road to the Mean High Water Level (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011). Coastal zone The area lying within a limit of three hundred metres landwards of the Mean High Water line and a limit of two kilometres seawards of the Mean Low Water Line and in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons, or

any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of two kilometres measured perpendicular to the straight base line drawn between the natural entrance points thereof and shall include the waters of such rivers, streams and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea, and shall also include the area lying within a further extended limit of one hundred metres inland from the zero Mean Sea Level along the periphery;" (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011). Critical habitat A subset of both natural and modified habitat that deserves particular attention. Critical habitat includes areas with high biodiversity value, including habitat required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species; areas having special significance for endemic or restricted-range species; sites that are critical for the survival of migratory species; areas supporting globally significant concentrations or numbers of individuals of congregatory species; areas with unique assemblages of species or that are associated with key evolutionary processes or provide key ecosystem services; and areas having biodiversity of significant social, economic, or cultural importance to local communities (ADB, 2009). Fish Any water dwelling aquatic or marine animal, alive or not, and includes their eggs, spawn, spat and juvenile stages, and any of their parts, and includes all organisms belonging to sedentary species (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016). Fishery A location/development that includes only Shore Facilities to provide landing site shelter for OFRP Boats and Traditional Crafts (TCs) with or without OBEs (i.e. Mechanized or Non-Mechanized) (UoM, 2016a). Impacts Effects on natural and human systems. In this report, the term impactsis used primarily to refer to the effects on natural and human systems of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate changes or hazardous climate events occurring within a specific time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system. Impacts are also referred to as consequences and outcomes. The impacts of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts and sea- level rise, are a subset of impacts called physical impacts (IPCC, 2014). Physical Defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of cultural structures, and natural features and lanSCapes that have resources archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings and may be above or below ground or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, national, or international level (ADB, 2009). Precautionary Noting also that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss principle of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat (UN, 1992b). Project Area/s Is defined for this report as the physical area (marine, coastal and land) of the project that is directly impacted by the projects scope of

iii

works. It includes associated areas that are directly impacted such as quarry sites. Project Area Is defined for this report as the physical area (marine, coastal and of Influence land) that surrounds the Project Area that maybe impacted by the projects scope of works. This as defined under Sri Lankan regulations (Sir Lankan Coast Conservation and Coastal Zone Management Act, 2011, ADB 2015 & 2016a) is limited to an area extending up to 500 periphery from the boundary of the harbor, and 02 km on either sides on coastal belt and one km toward sea from the boundary of the project site.

Resilience The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation {WGII, III}. (IPCC, 2014). Risk The potential for consequences where something of value is at stake and where the outcome is uncertain, recognizing the diversity of values. Risk is often represented as probability or likelihood of occurrence of hazardous events or trends multiplied by the impacts if these events or trends occur. (IPCC, 2014). Vulnerability The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt (IPCC, 2014). The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL, 2015) specific “Vulnerability refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change”.

NOTES

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the association does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CONTENTS

Currency Equivalents i Glossary ii Notes iv Contents v List of Figures ix List of Tables xi List of Annexes xii

A. Introduction and General Information ...... 4 A.1 Background of the project ...... 4 A.2 Name of the Project and Details of the Developer ...... 5 A.3 Nature of the Project ...... 5 A.4 Aim and scope of the report, objective and Justification ...... 5 A.4.1 Aim and Scope of the Report ...... 5 A.4.2 Objective and Justification of the Proposed Project...... 6 A.5 Investment and funding sources ...... 6 A.6 Location of the project ...... 6 A.7 Designs of the project site with Extent of the project area ...... 6 A.8 Location Map of the Project Site ...... 7 A.9 Ownership of the Project site ...... 9 B. Institutional, Legal and Policy Framework ...... 10 B.1 Environmental and Resource Legislation and Regulations of Sri Lanka...... 10 B.1.1 National Regulations and Laws ...... 10 B.2 National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980 and Amended Act, No. 53 of 2000 .. 11 B.2.1 Coastal Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2011...... 14 B.2.2 Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, No. 22 of 2009 ...... 17 B.2.3 Felling of Trees (control) Act No. 9 of 1951 ...... 18 B.2.4 Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No. 35 of 2008...... 18 B.2.5 Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of 1987 ...... 18 B.2.6 The Ma-del (beach seine) Regulations of 1984 ...... 18 B.2.7 Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of 1992 ...... 19 B.2.8 Antiquities (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 2008 ...... 19 B.2.9 Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of 1950 ...... 19 B.3 National Environmental and Resource Policies ...... 19 B.3.1 Northern Province Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment (ISEA) ... 19 B.3.2 Climate Change Policies ...... 20 B.3.3 Fisheries Policy...... 20 B.3.4 Coastal Resource Policy ...... 21 B.3.5 Biodiversity, Protected Areas and Species Policies ...... 21

B.4 ADB Safeguard Policy (SPS) ...... 22 B.5 Sri Lanka Environmental Clearance and Permits Requirements ...... 22 B.6 Conformity to Coastal Resources Management Plan...... 23 B.7 Contingency Plan of Marine Environmental Protection Agency and Other Conservation/ Development Plans ...... 24 B.8 Responsibilities of each Organization ...... 24 C. Description of the Project ...... 26 C.1 Brief description of the project ...... 26 C.2 Detailed Drawings of the Project ...... 33 C.3 Time period for the development and construction ...... 35 C.4 Financial allocation and investments ...... 35 C.5 Water and disposal of waste ...... 35 C.5.1 Water ...... 35 C.5.2 Wastewater ...... 36 C.5.3 Solid Waste ...... 37 C.6 Electricity Requirement ...... 37 C.7 Natural Resources Consumption ...... 38 C.8 Labor Requirement during Construction and Operational Periods ...... 38 C.9 Methodologies to be adopted for construction ...... 38 C.10 Sources of construction materials and transportation ...... 38 C.11 Details of Stockpiling ...... 43 C.12 Disposal of Dredged Materials ...... 43 C.13 Infrastructure facilities required / provided ...... 43 C.14 Infrastructure Facilities/Benefits provided to the Community...... 44 C.15 Borrow Sites and Disposal Sites ...... 44 C.16 Aesthetic and visual environmental ...... 44 C.17 Future Expansion ...... 44 C.18 Evaluation of the Alternatives ...... 45 D. Description of the existing environment of the study area ...... 46 D.1 Physical Features ...... 46 D.1.1 Topography and Drainage/Geology/Soil ...... 46 D.1.2 Hydrology ...... 52 D.1.3 Coastal Features (Environment) ...... 54 D.2 Ecological Environment ...... 62 D.2.1 Land Based Ecological Environment ...... 62 D.2.2 Aquatic Ecological Environment ...... 71 D.3 Overview of the fishing practices of the study area ...... 82 D.4 Historical and Archeologically Significant sites ...... 84 D.5 Social and Economic Aspects ...... 86 D.5.1 Brief socio-economic profile of the area ...... 86 vi

D.5.2 Nature of households and principle economic activities ...... 87 D.5.3 Existing infrastructure facilities ...... 89 D.5.4 Fishing population ...... 91 D.5.5 Seasonal variation of fish catch ...... 92 D.5.6 Existing Environmental Issues and Social Conflicts ...... 93 E. Description of Anticipated Environmental Impacts ...... 94 E.1 Physical Resources ...... 94 E.1.1 Impact to the Beach and shoreline ...... 94 E.2 Transportation of Materials ...... 96 E.3 Handling and Stockpiling of Materials ...... 96 E.4 Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-Off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment ...... 97 E.5 Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal...... 97 E.6 Anticipated impacts due to disposal of dredged materials ...... 97 E.7 Ecological Resources (Land Based and Aquatic) ...... 97 E.7.1 Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources ...... 97 E.7.2 Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources ...... 99 E.8 Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality Generation ...... 99 E.9 Impacts due to Changes of Land Use ...... 102 E.10 Socio-Economic Aspects ...... 102 E.11 Impacts of the project on other development project within the area ...... 102 E.12 Potential impacts of climate change on proposed investments...... 106 E.12.1 Disaster/Emergency Response Measures ...... 106 F. Proposed Mitigatory Measures ...... 109 F.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Physical Resources ...... 109 F.1.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts to the Beach and Shoreline ...... 109 F.1.2 Mitigation measures for changes in drainage patterns ...... 109 F.1.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Transportation of Materials ...... 111 F.1.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment ...... 112 F.1.5 Mitigation Measures for Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal 112 F.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources ...... 113 F.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources ...... 113 F.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality Generation ...... 114 F.5 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Changes of Land Use ...... 114 F.6 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Socio-Economic Aspects ...... 114 F.7 Measures to mitigate negative impacts during construction phase ...... 114 F.8 Suggestions to mitigate negative impacts during operation phase of the Anchoring Site ...... 115

vii

F.9 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Archeological and Cultural Resources ..... 115 F.10 Mitigation Measures for Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Proposed Investments ...... 115 F.11 Any cumulative impacts ...... 115 G. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation ...... 116 G.1 Information Disclosure ...... 116 G.2 Consultation and Participation ...... 116 H. Part G Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 119 I. Environment Management Plan ...... 121 I.1 Institutional Arrangements to Oversee the Implementation of the Monitoring Plan ...... 137 I.2 Institutional Arrangements ...... 137 I.2.1 Sri Lankan Government ...... 137 I.2.2 Contractor ...... 138 J. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 140

viii

List of Figures

Figure A-1: Proposed location of the project site ...... 7 Figure A-2: Proposed location of the onshore facilities site ...... 8 Figure A-3: Sites for onshore facilities ...... 8 Figure A-4: Proposed site for the Breakwaters ...... 9 Figure A-5: Proposed area for the breakwaters ...... 9 Figure B-1: Coastal Zone Definition (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016b) ...... 15 Figure C-1: Existing Manditive Landing site ...... 26 Figure C-2: Conceptual layout Plan ...... 27 Figure C-3: Breakwater Detail Drawings ...... 28 Figure C-4: Sample Cross Section of Mandative Breakwater ...... 28 Figure C-5: layout of onshore facilities...... 29 Figure C-6: Layout of Net Mending Hall (Annex 02) ...... 30 Figure C-7: Layout of Community Hall (Annex 03) ...... 30 Figure C-8: Layout of Administration Annex 04) ...... 31 Figure C-9: Layout of Auction Hall...... 32 Figure C-11: Layout of Engine Storage Area and Fuel Outlet ...... 32 Figure C-12: Layout of Public Toilets ...... 33 Figure C-13: Mandative proposed development area ...... 34 Figure C-14: Mandative Anchorage and Proposed Development Area (Annex 08) ...... 34 Figure C-15: Tentative Construction Schedule ...... 35 Figure C-16: The routes of transportation of rocks to the project site ...... 39 Figure C-17: Transport routes from quarries to the project site ...... 40 Figure C-18: The Route starts from the Srisena Quarry to Rambewa Kandy-Jaffna A9 road (light green route) ...... 41 Figure C-19: The route starts from the Mega Neguma Quarry site to Rambewa Junction (A9) road...... 41 Figure C-20: Routes starts from BPPE quarry to Mankulam Junction A9 road...... 42 Figure C-21: Option from A9 Road ...... 42 Figure D-1: Topography Map of Mandative ...... 46 Figure D-2: Soil Map of Northern Province ...... 48 Figure D-3: Locations of the Boreholes ...... 49 Figure D-4: Details of the Boreholes ...... 49 Figure D-5: Subsoil profile across Borehole BH-02 and BH-03 ...... 50 Figure D-6: Subsoil profile across Borehole BH-04 and BH-05 ...... 51 Figure D-7: Rainfall Characteristics in the Study Area ...... 52 Figure D-8: Beach Profile at the Mandative Fishery Landing Site ...... 55 Figure D-9: Nearshore Wave (based on 40 years of global data) ...... 56 Figure D-10: Wave Rose derived from onsite wave measurements ...... 56 Figure D-11: Shoreline Variation ...... 58 Figure D-12: View of the T-Groins at Mandative ...... 59 Figure D-13: SLY Navy Jetty/ Groin ...... 59 Figure D-14: Tracks of Past Cyclones/Storms across Sri Lanka ...... 61 Figure D-15: Google map indicating the major habitats observed in the project area and project area of influence (A - Sand stone reefs and sandy beach, B - Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut and C – Homesteads)...... 62 Figure D-16: Scrubland with Palmyra palm ...... 63 Figure D-17: Sand stone reefs and sandy beach ...... 64 Figure D-18: Homesteads are with well-grown Palmyra trees ...... 64 Figure D-19: A big tree of endemic plant species, Cassine glauca (Neralu) ...... 66 Figure D-20: A nearly threaten species, Trianthema decandra (Maha Sarana) ...... 66 Figure D-21: Land snail species Trachia fallaciosa in trees...... 69 Figure D-22: Map of the sampling sites, MT1 to MT3 and MTR...... 71

Figure D-23: View of around the site MT1 from the marker pole...... 73 Figure D-24: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-S along the transect.74 Figure D-25: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-M along the transect 74 Figure D-26: View of the site MT2-S around the marker pole...... 75 Figure D-27: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect 76 Figure D-28: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect 76 Figure D-29: View of the location MT3 around the marker pole...... 77 Figure D-30: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota of the site MT3-S along the transect ...... 78 Figure D-31: Habitat characteristics of the site MT3-S along the transectTable...... 78 Figure D-32: View of the site around the marker pole at MTR ...... 79 Figure D-33: Habitat characteristics of the site MTR-S along the transect ...... 79 Figure D-34: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota at the site MTR-M along the transect ...... 80 Figure D-35: The findings are summarized in ...... 81 Figure D-36: Types of fishing vessels ...... 83 Figure D-37: Fishing gear and other infrastructure found in Mandativu ...... 84 Figure D-38: Typical Land use pattern in project area ...... 86 Figure E-1: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels during Construction Activities ...... 100 Figure E-2: Maximum Permissible Vibration Levels ...... 102 Figure E-3: showing the site for the mooring od boats during the construction...... 105 Figure F-1: Conceptual wastewater filtering systems ...... 110 Figure H-1: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 119

List of Tables

Table B-1: Summary of key environmental laws associated with the PPPDP...... 10 TableB-2: Key government agencies associated with project development consent applications...... 12 Table B-3: Approvals, Permits required implementing the Proposed Project ...... 23 Table C-1: Details of anchorage basin dredging...... 29 Table C-2: Water requirement during the operational period...... 36 Table C-3: Quantity of rock armor requirement ...... 38 Table D-1: Selected water quality parameters ...... 53 Table D-2 : Summary of the Floral Species Recorded during the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence ...... 65 Table D-3: Details of Floral Species Recorded indicating in project area and project area of influence, Taxonomic Status and National Conservation Status...... 67 Table D-4: The GPS locations of Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) ...... 68 Table D-5: The GPS locations of invasive species ...... 68 Table D-6: The notable trees that are to be interfere with the construction ...... 69 Table D-7: Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence ...... 70 Table D-8: Details of Faunal Species Recorded in the Proposed Project Area and Project Area of Influence ...... 70 Table D-9: The GPS locations of Trachia fallaciosa within the Project Area and Project Area of Influence ...... 71 Table D-10: Summary description on each of study site studied ...... 72 Table D-11: Summary of observations ...... 81 Table D-12: Cultivated Land within the DSD ...... 85 Table D-13: Economic activities ...... 88 Table D-14: Income levels of the Mandative South GN Division ...... 89 Table D-15: Small scale water bodies recorded from the Mandaitivu Island...... 90 Table D-16: The Fishing methods used in the DSD ...... 90 Table D-17: Structure of the Fishing population in Islands South DSD ...... 91 Table E-1: Typical potential waste streams identified in anchorage sites that can affect the terrestrial habitat and biodiversity in surrounding areas ...... 98 Table E-2: Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment ...... 100 Table G-1: Meetings with government authorities ...... 117 Table G-2: Stakeholder consultation ...... 118 Table G-3: Responses to the community consultation ...... 118 Table H-1: Persons and Agencies that can be contacted by the Affected Persons for Assistance with a Grievance ...... 120 Table I-1: Proposed Environmental Management Plan ...... 122

List of Annexes

Annex 1: TOR Annex 2: Layout Net mending Hall Annex 3: LayoutCommunity Hall Annex 4: Layout Admin Building Annex 5: Layout Auction Hall Annex 6: Layout Engine storage Annex 7: Layout Public toilets Annex 8: Bathymetric Map Annex 9: Topographic Map Annex 10: Geotechnical Report Annex 11 Water Test Report (Sea Water) Annex 12: Water Test Report (Ground Water) Annex 13: Terrestrial Report Annex 14 Marine Assesment Report Annex 15: Consutation Meeting Minutes Annex 16 Terms of Reference Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) for Anchorages Annex 17: IEE Preparers

xii

Executive Summary

1. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is assisting the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) to upgrade and improve the infrastructure and services for the development of fisheries infrastructure facilities in the Northern Province under the Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP). The NPSFDP Project Design Advance (PDA) Loan supports the preparation of detailed designs on harbors, anchorages and landing sites for the ensuing loans and also supports the updating of environment assessments prepared under the Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) . Eight IEEs have been prepared for this project.

2. This report presents the details of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) carried out for the Proposed Development of Fishery Anchorage Facilities at Mandativu in Jaffna District. The IEE has been carried out in accordance with the Terms of Reference provided by the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department and the ADB.

3. The proposed development is a part of the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province. Fishery activities in the Northern Province had been severely affected by the conflict that prevailed in the region for nearly 03 decades and, with many of the fisheries infrastructure facilities currently in a dilapidated state, a strong need exists for rehabilitation and development of appropriate fisheries infrastructure. In view of these circumstances, a project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the northern province is being carried by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Rural Economic Affairs in which a number of fishery landing sites have been identified for further development, based on a feasibility study conducted earlier. The Mandativu site has been identified by the feasibility study as a site to be developed as a fishery anchorage.

4. The Mandativu site is located in a shallow basin in the open sea. Fishing boats are mainly moored/anchored in the shallow basin. Beach landing of boats is also carried out by the fishing community. Calm water conditions exist for the mooring/anchoring of fishing boats during the non-monsoon period from February to September. However, difficulties in maneuvering and mooring of fishing boats are encountered during the north- east monsoon period, due to heavy waves. In order to address these issues, based on consultations with the stakeholders and subsequent assessments of future needs, the following developments have been identified the to meet the needs of the fishing community and develop the site as a fishery anchorage:

i. Construction of 02 (290m) offshore breakwater structures attaching to the two existing T groins to reduce wave disturbances to provide safe mooring conditions throughout the year. The breakwaters and revetment are to be of rubble mound structures. ii. Construction of a quay wall.

iii. Dredging of anchorage basin of 2.67 Ha to provide improved and safe conditions of access and mooring

5. Construction of Shore facilities

- Net mending Hall and the Community Hall: The net mending hall and the Community Hall is a two story building with a floor area of about 240 m2. The ground floor is allocated for the net mending hall and Radio room. Half wall will be constructed with the earthen brick and concrete exposure for the Net mending hall.

The floor will be of cement rendering and the roofs are tiled. The upper floor is allocated for community hall with the seating capacity of 100.

- Administration Building: Administration building consists of 120m2 area. There are two offices, one for the CFHC and other one for Fisheries Department. There are two toilets with septic tanks.

- Action Hall: Action hall is a single story with a floor area of 180 m2. Drainage facility is provided for the collection of wastewater. All wastewater generated in the Auction hall will be directed to a Septic tank/ Soakage pit.

- Engine storage room and Fuel outlet. There will be 4 rooms for the storage of engines and a room for fuel outlet. The total area of the building is about 180m2 .

- Public Toilet: The total area for the public toilet is 82 m2. Three toilets, two for males and one for female and three showers will be provided as designed. Septic tank and soakage pits will be provided.

6. The main natural resource requirement for the proposed development would be rocks of different sizes as required by breakwater design considerations. No large-scale quarries are located in Jaffna district to obtain the rocks. The quarries in Mullaithivu and Anuradhapura districts and have the potential to supply the aggregate required. They and, have been identified as the sources of material. The aggregates obtained from the identified quarries shall be transported by trucks of adequate capacity, along the road network of the area.

7. Only a small workforce would be required for the proposed construction activities. A land based methodology is to be used for breakwater construction and dredging. A temporary access way is to be built to the location of the breakwaters for delivery, dumping and/or placement of breakwater materials for the core and outer layers. Stockpiling of aggregates/rocks would be required for uninterrupted progress of construction. The possibility exists for small stockpiles to be maintained in the project site-in the beach near shore areas of the anchorage basin. However, a larger area of approximately one acre extent of land may be required to maintain temporary stockpiles of rock materials. A suitable site (land), preferably in close proximity of the project site, is to be identified/used by the contractor(s) to maintain such stockpiles.

8. In view of the nature of breakwater construction which may require dumping and/or placement of rocks and dredging-except dredged material, no significant quantities of solid waste or wastewater will be generated during the construction activities. About 53,000 m3 of dredged materials will be generated. The possibilities given below are to be explored and adopted for the disposal of dredged material with the approval of relevant authorities.

i. Disposed along the beach area of the anchorage where possible ii. Disposal along the coastline, particularly in the areas of erosion, with the approval of the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department (CCCRMD) iii. Providing/selling dredged reef material as a construction and/or filling material, with the approval of relevant authorities

9. Predominantly flat topographic conditions exist in the vicinity of the project site and in the study area. No rivers, streams or marshy areas are located in the study area. No drainage paths from surrounding areas pass through the project site. The coastal

2 bathymetry in the project site and the study area is mainly characterized by shallow near shore areas. Sediment transport modeling, field investigations and review of available information indicate a net long shore sediment transport pattern westwards along the coastline in the vicinity of the project site and in the study area. In view of the shelter provided by the reef against wave, a possibility exists for significantly low levels of sediment transportation.

10. The project area includes an area to be dredged to a depth up to 2m.This area extends to a distance of about 160 m towards sea from the beach. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach and Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut are the major habitat types observed in the project area. The natural habitats in the project site are highly disturbed due to human interaction. A very low floristic diversity exists in the study area. The bottom of the shallow area is mostly fine to coarse sand with mud in some of the areas nearby. The visibility is poor due to fine particles. No ecologically sensitive fauna or flora observed in the project area.

11. The coastal communities around the project site are heavily dependent on fisheries for their livelihood. The population in the study area is entirely Tamil with Hinduism and Christianity being the dominant religions. No sites of historical or archeological significance are located in the immediate vicinity of the project site.

12. The potential environmental impacts arising from activities of the proposed development were classified into following categories: as 'Positive', 'No' „Low‟, „Moderate‟ and „High‟ mainly based on criteria such as magnitude, spatial extent, duration, reversibility etc. In view of the nature and scale of the development activities and the characteristics and/or features in the environment in the study area, many of the impacts can be rated as Low‟, to „Moderate‟ during both construction and operational stages. The „Moderate‟ impacts mainly include those associated with material transport over long distances, stockpiling of materials, noise, vibration and dust emission levels and disturbances to current fisheries activities at the project site during the construction stage. Such a level of impact is also associated with solid waste disposal in the operational stage.

13. The impact mitigation measures for the anticipated environmental impacts identified are for proper planning/design aspects, proper construction practices and proper operational practices. Proper planning/design aspects include compliance with regulations, incorporation of services/facilities/systems into the proposed developments, and ensuring the layouts meet the requirements of the end users. Proper construction/operational practices include proper methods obtaining natural resources, proper waste disposal practices, measures to minimize disturbances to the surrounding environment, contingency plans for emergencies and providing facilities and benefits to local communities.

14. The IEE study also describes the institutional structure to ensure the implementation of the environment management and monitoring program. The impact mitigation measures proposed are incorporated to form the proposed Environmental Management Plan.

15. On the basis of the analysis made in the IEE and on the assumption that the recommendations for the mitigation of identified impacts shall be adopted and adequately implemented, it is concluded that there are no major environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of proposed fishery anchorage development project in Mandative in the Jaffna district on the northern coast.

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL INFORMATION

Background of the project

16. The Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development project is aligned with the following impacts: (i) investments in the fisheries sector promoted; and (ii) employment and livelihood opportunities in the Northern Province promoted. There are three outputs under this project. 1 The project will have the following outcome: Fisheries production in the Northern Province sustainably increased

17. Output 1: Marine fisheries infrastructure developed. Two harbors in Point Pedro, Jaffna District and Pesalai, Mannar District; one anchorage in Jaffna District in Mandativu, and 23 landing sites (8 in Jaffna2, 6 in Mannar3, 6 in Mullaitivu4, and 3 in Kilinochchi5) will be constructed.

18. Output 2: Aquaculture developed. Detailed designs, construction and operational start-up of artificial breeding production facilities, to provide the necessary seed stock for three target species. A sea cucumber hatchery with a production capacity of one million juveniles per year will be established in Mullaitivu; a mud crab hatchery with a production capacity of one million crablets per year will be established in Mannar; a sea weed tissue culture laboratory capable of producing 30,000-50,000kg of propagules will be established in Jaffna. The first coastal aquaculture training center in the country will also be established in Mannar district.

19. Output 3: Entrepreneurial skills, market links and credit access for local communities; and capacities of government staff strengthened. Of the 264 grama niladhari divisions (GND) that comprise the project area, following a ranking based on a vulnerability criterion developed, 141 GND’s were identified for targeted support. Communities in these GNDs will be supported through: (i) provision of small-scale infrastructure and replanting of mangroves to support livelihoods; (ii) identification of potential livelihood opportunities based on market requirements and provision of training to develop relevant skills; (iii) improving and facilitating access to credit through greater awareness on available credit facilities and supporting preparation of documentation including business plans to access credit; (iv) supporting the establishment of three model enterprises in partnership with the private sector capable of generating employment opportunities for the community; and (v) provision of psycho-social trauma support for communities impacted due to the prolonged conflict

20. Seven environment assessments are being undertaken for output 1. 1 each of the harbor sites, 1 for the anchorage site and three individual IEEs for the landing sites that have off shore protection (Munai, Athikoviladi and Thalaithurai), and one IEE for all other landing sites. Another IEE is being undertaken for investments under output 2. An environment assessment review framework has been prepared for investments under output 3.

21. This IEE is developed for the Development of Fishery Anchorage Facilities at Mandathivu in Jaffna District

1 Government of Sri Lanka. 2017. Vision 2025: A Country Enriched. Colombo. 2 Sampoladi, Chullipuram West, Aralithurai, Thuriyor, Punkuduthivu, Munai, Thalathurai, and Athikoviladi 3 Thalimannar, Sirithoppu, Minarappadu, Wankalai, Arippu, Kodachchikuda 4 Iranapalai, Kallappadu North, Kallappadu South, Theethakarai, Silawathai, and Kokilai 5 Pallikuda, Valaipadu, and Nachchikuda 4

A.2 Name of the Project and Details of the Developer

22. Project Name : Development of Fishery Anchorage Facilities at Mandathivu in Jaffna District

23. Name and Address of the Developer: Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Rural Economic Affairs,3rd Floor,New Secretariat,Maligawatta, Colombo 10.

A.3 Nature of the Project

24. The project involves the development of appropriate infrastructure facilities at the Mandative fishery landing site in Jaffna district. The proposed development activities include;

(1) Construction of 290 m offshore breakwaters, (2) Construction of 250 m quay wall (3) Shore facilities such as Net mending hall, Engine storage facility, Auction hall and public toilets and (4) Dredging of the access channel in the shallow areas of the anchorage basin.

The details of development are presented in Section B of the report.

A.4 Aim and scope of the report, objective and Justification

A.4.1 Aim and Scope of the Report

25. The primary aim of the IEE report is to provide environmental information to decision makers with respect to the environmental acceptability and sustainability of the proposed project. In meeting this primary aim, the IEE is defined as having the following objectives:

- To describe the proposed project and the key activities associated with the construction and operational phases

- To identify existing and future sensitive receivers, resources, activities and land uses that may be adversely or beneficially affected by the project

- To identify, predict and evaluate the potential impacts of the project on sensitive receivers, resources, activities and land uses

- To propose appropriate mitigation measures to reduce or minimize any adverse impacts that have been identified, taking into account any associated constraints or consequential environmental or social implications of such measures

- To identify, predict and evaluate the acceptability of the residual impacts of the project after the implementation of selected mitigation measures and to evaluate any cumulative environmental impacts to which the project may contribute.

- To identify, develop and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in the detailed design, construction and operational phases of the project in order to reduce environmental impacts to acceptable levels

- To specify appropriate environmental monitoring and audit requirements for the implementation of the project activities

26. It should be noted that the study area proposed for the IEE study should cover the project site, an area extending up to 500 m periphery from the boundary of the anchorage, 2 km on either sides on coastal belt and 1 km toward sea from the boundary of the project site.

A.4.2 Objective and Justification of the Proposed Project

27. The proposed project is a part of the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province.

28. Prior to the conflict that prevailed in the region, Northern Province was one of the most productive fishing regions in the country. Its contribution to the national fish production of 40 % had declined since mid-1980s due to the disruptions caused to fisheries activities by the conflict. Fisheries activities have resumed/expanded in the Northern Province since the end of the conflict in 2009 and with many of the facilities in a dilapidated state, a strong need exists for rehabilitation and development of appropriate fisheries infrastructure. In view of these circumstances, a project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the northern province is being carried by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Recourses Development and Rural Economic Affairs (MFARDREA) in which a number of fishery landing sites have been identified for further development, based on a feasibility study conducted earlier.

29. The Mandative fishery landing site has been identified by the feasibility study as a site to be developed as a fishery anchorage

A.5 Investment and funding sources

30. The investment required for the proposed development of Mandathivu fishery anchorage is estimated as SLRs. 480 million 31. The funding to be proposed development is to be provided by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as a loan facility to the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL). GOSL will cover the taxes and duties.

A.6 Location of the project

i. Grama Niladhari Division: Mandaithivu East J/07, Mandaithvu West J/08, Mandaithivu South J/09 ii. Pradeshiya Sabha: Velanai Pradeshiya Sabha iii. Divisional Secretariat: Velanai South iv. District Secretariat: Jaffna

A.7 Designs of the project site with Extent of the project area

32. The details on designs of the project site and the extent of the project area are presented in Section B.

A.8 Location Map of the Project Site

33. The location of the project site in the Jaffna peninsula is shown in Figure A-1 to A5. The details on physical, ecological and socio-economic environments in the study area (including access to the site, distance to declared areas (if any), and religious places, minor rock outcrops at the coastal edge, surrounding developments and infrastructure) are presented in Section C. 34. The project site consists of two sites. The marine structures will be located in the offshore and the other facilities will be located in the land area. The total area of the project site is 1,500m2. 35. The location of the project is given in Figure A-3

Figure A-2: Proposed location of the project site

Figure A-3: Proposed location of the onshore facilities site

Proposed site

Figure A-4: Sites for onshore facilities

Figure A-5: Proposed site for the Breakwaters

Figure A-6: Proposed area for the breakwaters

A.9 Ownership of the Project site

36. The land belongs to the fisheries organization Mandative. Initially, the land is a government owned land. As per the request of the community, the land is given to the fisheries organization by the Divisional Secretariat, Velanai South. There is a community hall already exists in the Eastern side of the Land. The fisheries organization has given their consent to the proposed development in the land belongs to their organization.

B. INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

37. The implementation of the proposed project activities will be administered by the environmental laws and regulations of Sri Lanka and the ADB safeguard policies. 38. This chapter therefore describes Sri Lankan national laws, regulations and policies relevant to this project and the ADB SPS and as well as international agreements that are pertinent to the construction and operation of the project.

B.1 Environmental and Resource Legislation and Regulations of Sri Lanka.

B.1.1 National Regulations and Laws 39. A number of national environmental laws and regulations are directly relevant to the proposed Mandathivu investment. The Table B 1 provides a summary of these key laws which are described in greater detail below (summarized from ADB, 2017).6

Table B-1: Summary of key environmental laws associated with the Project

Government Law Project Relevance Focal Point Constitution (1978). Fish and fisheries within territorial MFARDREA, waters are under concurrent control. NPC The National Environmental Act Environmental Approval for projects CEA No 47 of 1980 and Amendment outside the coastal zone. Pollution Act, No. 53 of 2000. prevention and control from land based sources. The Coast Conservation Development permits in the coastal CCCRMD (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of zone. Coastal resources inventory 2011. and management plan. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Fisheries policy, monitoring, and MFARDREA Act amended (2016) management. The Fauna and Flora Protection Wildlife conservation areas and DWC (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of protected species. 2009. Forest Ordinance, No. 17 of Conservation and management of FD 1907 (as amended). forests, felling of trees. The Marine Pollution Prevention Pollution prevention and control from MEPA Act, No, 35 of 2008. marine sources. Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of Local authority responsibility for PS 1987. health and sanitation and public thoroughfares. The Ma-del (beach seine) Managers and licenses beach seine MFARD, DS Regulations of 1984. fishing in coastal areas. Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of Licenses the extraction of quarry GSMB 1992. material. Antiquities (Amendment) Act No. Antiquities conservation. DoA 24 of 1998. Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of Acquisition of lands for public ML, DS 1950. purposes – includes compensation payments.

6 ADB -2017, Initial Environmental Examination Report, Final, Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development project, August 2017. 10

CCCRMD = Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department; CEA = Central Environment Authority; DoA = Department of Archaeology; DWC = Department of Wildlife Conservation; GSMB = Geological Survey and Mines Bureau MEPA = Marine Environment Protection Authority; MFARD = Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development; MoL = Ministry of Lands; NPC = Northern Provincial Council; PS = Pradeshiya Sabha; FD = Forest Department: DS = District Secretariat.

40. The protection, management and responsibility of the nation‟s environment are documented in the Constitution (GoSL 1978-10). Chapter VI (Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties), Sections 27 (14) and 28 (f) declare that: “The State shall protect, preserve and improve the environment for the benefit of the community” and “it is the duty of every person in Sri Lanka to protect nature and conserve its riches”.

Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1978 41. The Constitution of Sri Lanka (Government of Sri Lanka, 1987) specifies that fish and fisheries are not on the provincial council list (under the Provincial Council mandate), rather fish and fisheries resources within territorial waters are on the concurrent list (central government and province). Fish and fisheries beyond territorial waters are on the reserve list (central government).

B.2 National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980 and Amended Act, No. 53 of 2000

42. The National Environmental Act (NEA), (Government of Sri Lanka, 1980) provides the administrative arrangements “for the protection, management and enhancement of the environment, for the regulation, maintenance and control of the quality of the environment, for the prevention, abatement and control of pollution”. 43. The NEA is implemented by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), which functions under the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MMDE). The scope of this law virtually covers all aspects necessary to safeguard the environment and natural resources in the country.

44. The Act entrusts the CEA with responsibilities regarding the use of lands and the management and conservation of natural resources outside of the coastal zone, however under the instruction of the Coastal Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department (CCCRMD) the CEA or other Project Approving Agencies (PAA) can be delegated to process development permits within or partly in the zone. Moreover, the CEA manages the standards of wastewater discharges into coastal water bodies and fresh water bodies and monitoring for environmental degradation. Part IV B, of the Act provides the provisions for the maintenance of environmental quality and to control the environmental pollution by setting relevant standards.

45. The NEA includes two main regulatory provisions through which the environmental impacts of development projects are assessed, mitigated and managed: This includes: 46. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure for major development projects - regulations published in Government Gazette Extraordinary No 772/22 of 23rd June 1993 and in subsequent amendments;

47. The Environmental Protection License (EPL) procedure for the control of pollution - regulations published in Government Gazette Extraordinary No 1533/16 of 25 January 2008.

48. The provisions for EIA is contained in Part IV C of the NEA, which requires the submission of an IEE or EIA report in respect of certain “prescribed projects”. These are specified in Gazette Extraordinary No 772/22 of 23rd June 1993.

49. The project scope of works (derived from the PPTA) has been evaluated by the CCCRMD resulting in a determination that an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required. This determination categorization represents the ADB SPS categorization of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and as such one specific environmental report has been produced for the Project which ensures both processes are met.

50. The Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MMDE) is tasked with policy formulation on the environment and natural resources in Sri Lanka and as such will be the lead agency, through a number of the ministry‟s divisions. The Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management (CCCRM) division will be responsible for issuing the project Development Consent (DC) approvals for the developments is the coastal area defined in the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Act. (CCCRMA). Table B-2 provides a summary of key Ministries and their divisions associated with the approval decisions for the project.

Table B-2: Key government agencies associated with project development consent applications.

Agency Roles Associated with the Project MFARD Is the project EA and through its PIMU will implement the project. Ceylon Fishery Harbors Corporation (CFHC): CFHC is the government agency responsible for managing fishery harbors in Sri Lanka. It is the proponent for the fishery harbors, anchorage and landing site investments under output 1 of NPSFDP. There is, currently, no permanent CFHC representation in any of the Districts of Northern Province. Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR): DFAR has overall responsibility for implementation of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (FARA) with a particular focus on ensuring compliance with international and regional treaty obligations. At the di strict level, district offices of DFAR are headed by Assistant Director of Fisheries. Jaffna District has a permanent DFAR representation. National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA): NARA is “the principal national institute charged with the responsibility of carrying out and coordinating research, development and management activities on the subject of aquatic resources in Sri Lanka”. NARA includes a number of research divisions relevant to NPSFDP such as “Marine Biological Resources Division”; “Socio-economic & marketing research division”; “fishing technology division”; “environmental studies division”; “institute of post-harvest technology”; “national institute of oceanography and marine science”; “national hydrographic office”, “monitoring and evaluation division” and a number of regional research centres. NARA has no offices in Northern Province. MMDE Is responsible for the management of the environment and natural resources. The ministry includes the divisions of: Biodiversity; Environmental Pollution Control and Chemical Management, Climate Change; Natural Resource Management; Sustainable Development and Sustainable Environment.

The Ministries Implementing Agencies include;

Central Environment Authority (CEA): The CEA and is responsible for administering the provisions of the National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 2000 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2000). The CEA is mandated to manage the Environmental Protection Licensing (EPL) system nationally; the Initial Environmental Examination/Environment Impact Assessment (IEE/EIA) process outside the coastal zone using Project Approving Agencies (PAA) where appropriate; the environmental recommendations system regarding non-prescribed activities; and the scheduled waste management licensing system. CEA is also responsible for ensuring compliance with air quality, and noise, regulations. Representation of CEA at the Northern Province and Northern Province District level includes offices in all Districts. Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department (CCCRMD): The department is mandated under the Coast Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2011 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011) to conserve the “coastal zone”, as defined in the Act (see glossary) including the survey of resources within the coastal zone, the production of a coastal zone and coastal resources management plan, and the issuing of “permits” for developments within the coastal zone. Unlike the CEA the CCCRMD does not have access to Project Approving Agencies (PAA) to support the development permit process within the coastal zone although it can assign responsibilities. CCCRMD can also declare “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas” and develop and implement plans for these areas including “Coastal Access Plan(s)” and “Special Area Management Plans (SAMP)”. CCCRMD is divided into three divisions. (i) Coastal Research and Design Division responsible for monitoring and research; (ii) Coastal Works Division responsible for shoreline management projects and maintenance of the existing coast protective structures; (iii) Planning Division responsible for the development permit system and for the formulation and implementation of Special Area Management Plans (SAMP). CCCRMD has a unit in Jaffna District Secretariat. There are CCCRMD officers in Kilinochchi and Mannar Districts that are attached to the District Secretariats. Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA): MEPA is mandated under the Marine Pollution Prevention Act (Government of Sri Lanka, 2008) to effectively and efficiently administer and implement the provisions of the Act and the regulations made there under. It is responsible for addressing marine sourced pollution and not pollution from land based sources which is the responsibility of the CEA. MEPA is responsible for: the Sri Lanka National Oil Spill Contingency Plan; waste reception services and bunkering permits. Representation of MEPA at the Northern Province and Northern Province District level is one regional office in Jaffna. Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau (CECB): The CECB operates as a self- financed government corporation and provides engineering consultancy, construction and related services. Areas of specialization include, buildings, roads, bridges, railway bridges, hydropower, irrigation, coastal, ports and water Supply. CECB has a laboratory for testing engineering materials and a geological investigations unit. CECB has one regional office in Kilinochchi. MSDW The Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife (MSDW) Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) is mandated under the under the Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2009 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2009) to identify, gazette and manage national reserves and sanctuaries, and also to ensure that fauna and flora are identified for listing in the schedules of

the Act and are protected accordingly.

DWC Marine Unit includes marine operation centres at a number of national parks and reserves in Northern Province including Vankalai Sanctuary, Adam‟s Bridge national park, Chandikulam National Park, and Kokilai Sanctuary. The Management and Technical Authority for CITES in Sri Lanka, and the national focal points for the CMS/Bonn Convention and the RAMSAR Convention is DWC. DWC protected areas and species are administered in local areas (branches) that match, but not exactly, the districts. There is a regional Assistant Directors office in Kilinochchi administering three of the Northern Province Districts (Jaffna, Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi) and an Assistant Directors office at Maddu (Vavuyina District) dealing with Vavuniya and Mannar District in Northern Province. MDM The Ministry of Disaster Management (MDM) and the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) within the Ministry, is mandated under the Disaster Management Act No. 13 of 2005 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2005). The DMC works closely with the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) on climate change related disaster management issues. The DMC produced a national hazards profile report (Government of Sri Lanka, 2012a) including hazard profiles for sea-level rise, storm surge, coastal erosion, drought etc. There is a disaster management unit in each District Secretariat under the MDM/DMC. MIADCA The Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wayamba Development and Cultural Affairs (MIADCA) is responsible for cultural affairs in Sri Lanka. The ministry is responsible for the management of all cultural sites and issues associated with development activities throughout the nation. DoA The Department of Archaeology (DoA) is responsible for all archaeological matters in Sri Lanka. It is not under any Ministry and is a non-ministerial government department

B.2.1 Coastal Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2011.

51. The Coast Conservation (Amendment) (CCA) Act, No. 49 of 2011 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011) provides the administrative arrangements for conserving the “coastal zone”. Key provisions under the Act are the survey of resources within the coastal zone, the production of a coastal zone and coastal resources management plans, and the mechanisms for issuing “permits” for developments within the coastal zone. Coastal resource as defined under the act includes all living and non-living resources found within the Coastal Zone. (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016b). It should be noted that the definition of “management” under the Act “means the managing of renewable and non-renewable coastal resources, either separately or in an integrated fashion but excluding fisheries and aquatic resources which fall within the provisions of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No. 2 of 1996.” (as amended).

52. The Act also allows for the declaration of “Affected areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas (SMA)” and for the development and implementation of “Coastal Access Plan(s)” and “Special Area Management Plans (SAMP)”. The Act also includes restrictions on the extraction of coastal resources including coral (31.A (1)), and sand (31, E (1).

53. Section 14 of the CCA identifies that “no person shall engage in any development activity other than a prescribed development activity within the Coastal Zone except under the authority of a permit issued in that behalf by the Director, Coast Conservation.” The

Coastal Zone is defined as “the area lying within a limit of 300 m landward of the Mean High Water Line (MHWL) and a limit of 2 km seaward of the Mean Low Water Line (MLWL); and in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons or any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of 2 km measured perpendicular to the straight base line drawn between the natural entrance points identified by the Mean Low Water line thereof and shall include waters of such rivers, streams and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea.” These areas are shown diagrammatically in Figure B-1

Figure B-2: Coastal Zone Definition (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016b)

54. The proposed development scope of works associated with the Project fall within the coastal zone and as such the project will require a development permit to be issued by the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department (CCCRMD) according to criteria prescribed by the Minister. In addition, CEA is responsible for issuing Environmental Protection licenses for prescribed activities that may cause pollution within the coastal zone and all land-based activities associated with the project. Marine Environmental Protection Authority (MEPA) is responsible for the prevention and control of marine pollution. 55. The project is a prescribed development under the NEA as indicated above, but development guidelines issued by the Coast Conservation Department (CCD) state that “all public works within the coastal zone are subject to CCD permit procedure. Hence Public Institutions must consult CCD prior to commencing the development activities.” The guidelines indicate that there are two types of permits, “Minor Permits” are required for small dwelling houses, small scale commercial structures, and removal of sand and sand bars; and “major permits” are required for 19 larger-scale specified undertakings. These include ten activities that will or may be part of the Proposed project: i) Dwelling houses and related structures of total floor area 1000 sq. feet (93 Sq. m) or more; ii) Harbour structures and navigational channels; iii) Public and religious structures; iv) Shoreline protection works; v) Sewage treatment facilities and ocean outfalls; vi) Disposal of solid wastes; vii) Dredging, filling landscaping and grading; viii) Removal of sand, sea shells or vegetation; ix) Breaching of sand bars; and x) Reclamation.

56. The guidelines provide specific development requirements for fisheries related buildings and infrastructures. This includes specifically set back area (buffer zone) of 200 m for all fisheries structures. However, set back (buffer zone) exceptions can be granted by the Director for nationally important projects and fisheries related building and infrastructure, both of which are significant factors for the Project. 57. In addition, the development guidelines include seven specific activities that are prohibited within the coastal zone. One of which is required within the Project scope of works, i) the removal of corals other than for research purposes. The construction of the port will include the reclamation of coral reef including corals and as such a detailed assessment of the impacts of the project activities on the corals and their ecosystem is included in this IEE and results presented. This issue will be presented and discussed with the CCD when the application for a Major Permit is submitted.

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (FARA) as amended to 2016 58. The Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016) provides for the management, regulation, conservation and development of fisheries and aquatic resources in Sri Lanka and to give effect to Sri Lanka‟s obligations under certain international and regional fisheries agreements. The Act includes definitions of “Aquaculture”, “Aquatic Resources” and “Fish” (see Glossary). 59. The Ministry responsible for implementing the provisions of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act is Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development (MFARD). The Act makes a number of administrative provisions including, many of which are relevant to proposed investments in the NPSFDP: i. Licensing: the “licensing of fishing operations” including the refusal of licenses, the granting of licenses with conditions and the renewal on grounds of sustainability; ii. “Protection of fish and other aquatic resources”: including the designation of “Fisheries Management Areas” (FMA) and associated fisheries management “coordinating committees” responsible for the development of a “fisheries development and management plan”; formation and operation of “fisheries committees”; designation of “closed or open season for fishing”; iii. “Conservation”: including the designation of “fisheries reserves”; iv. “Aquaculture”: including the leasing of state lands and licensing of aquaculture operations. v. Other administrative provisions cover the “settlement of disputes”, “offences and penalties” and “general” matters including regulations (section 61) and use of terms (section 66). vi. Regulations: Directions regarding regulations are wide ranging covering matters such as: (a) the taking and landing of fish and other aquatic resources and the control and management of landing areas (61.1); (b) the collection of statistics and the provision of information by persons who are engaged in fishing, marketing or processing of fish and aquaculture enterprises (61.s) including – the protection of fish breeding ecosystems (61.sc); the prevention of the disposal of industrial and domestic waste in Sri Lanka waters, and the prevention of the filling of Sri Lanka Waters, in a manner detrimental to fish and aquatic resources in such waters (61.sd); the establishment of the National Fisheries Federation and Fisheries Organizations at District and village levels (61.si); (c) implementing conservation and management measures adopted including those under UNCLOS (Section 61 (t)(i)); IOTC (Section 61 (t)(ii): the fish stocks agreement (Section 61 (t)(iii)); and the United Nations Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing IUU (Section 61 (t)(iv).

B.2.2 Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, No. 22 of 2009 60. The Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, No. 22 of 2009 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2009) enables the creation and management of national reserves and sanctuaries and also provides schedules of fauna and flora that are protected. A National Reserve can be made only on state land while a sanctuary can be declared on state and/or private land. The ordinance provides the protection, conservation and preservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka and prevention of the commercial exploitation of such fauna and flora. Amendments have been made to include the control and management of national reserves, the protection of elephants and buffaloes in areas outside national reserves and sanctuaries, the capture and keeping protected animals, offences and penalties, prohibition of the import or export of protected animals, and protection of plants. 61. The Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) is the agency responsible for implementing the provisions under the Act which includes the responsible for all fauna and flora within national parks, reserves, sanctuaries and for all protected species throughout Sri Lanka that are listed in the schedules to the Act. 62. Section 75 of the 1970‟s Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Chapter 469) specifies that “The Provisions of the Fisheries Ordinance shall cease to be in operation in any National Reserve or Sanctuary as from the date on which such National Reserve of Sanctuary is duly constituted under section 2; but subject as aforesaid, the provisions of the Ordinance shall continue to be in operation in any area outside a National Reserve or a Sanctuary”. 63. The Fauna and Flora Act also stipulates that “no person or organization, whether private or State shall within a distance of one mile of the boundary of any National Reserve declared by Order made under section 2, carry out any development activity of any description whatsoever without obtaining the prior written approval of the Director General”. 64. Sir Lankan protected fauna and flora in the schedules of the Act, of particular relevance to the Project, include: i. Marine Mammals: including and number of Whales and Dolphins (Ballaenopteridae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae) and the Dugong (Dugong dugon). ii. Reptiles: Two species of Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris - Marsh or Mugger and C. porosus - estuarine and 5 marine turtles Caretta caretta - Loggerhead, Chelonia mydas - Green, Eretmochelys imbricata - Hawksbill, Lepidochelys olivacea - Olive ridley and Dermochelys coriacea - Leatherback. iii. Birds: Large number, 240 are breeding residents with 46 endemic. iv. Fish: Several species of fish including certain reef fish (sharks are not mentioned). v. Invertebrates: All species of Lepidoptera; A number of coelenterates including certain corals; certain annelids (fan worms); certain molluscs including giant clams (Tridacna sp.), chambered nautilus (Nautilus sp.) and the paper nautilus (Agronauta sp.); certain echinoderms including the slate pencil urchin and the royal sea cucumber (Pseudicolochirus sp.) vi. Plants: Various plants including plants associated with mangrove environments such as Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans), and the common mangrove trees (Lumnitzera littorea, Ceriops decandra and Sonneratia aptelata), 28 species in total. 65. In addition, the Forest Ordinance, one of the oldest ordinances in the country, first enacted in 1887 under which the Forest Department. This act has been amended several times in the past. The Forest Reserves gazetted under the provisions of the ordinance and all proposed reserves that are not gazetted under these provisions but selected for conservation based on biological and hydrological importance should be taken into account in implementation of this project. 17

B.2.3 Felling of Trees (control) Act No. 9 of 1951 66. The Felling of Trees (Control) Act published by the Minister of Agriculture, Land, Irrigation and Power in the Gazette No. 18856 of October 13, 1962 under the Felling of Trees (Control) Act No. 9 of 1951 (Chapter 452) controls the prohibition, regulation or control of feeling trees. Trees to be removed (felled) require a valid permit issued by an authorized officer.

B.2.4 Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No. 35 of 2008. 67. The Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No, 35 of 2008 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2008) provides the mechanism to establish the Marine Environmental Protection Authority (MEPA) and the Marine Environmental Council (MEC), with the function (among other things) of: the “prevention, reduction, control and management of pollution arising out of ship based activity and shore based maritime related activity, in the territorial waters or any other maritime zone, its fore-shore and the coastal zone of Sri Lanka”; and taking “measures to manage, safeguard and preserve the territorial waters of Sri Lanka or any other maritime zone, its fore-shore and the coastal zone from any pollution caused by any oil, harmful substance or any other pollution.” 68. Preventative measures against pollution, maritime casualties, prevention of pollution in respect of criminal and civil liability, and prevention of pollution when engaged in exploration of natural resources including petroleum or any related activity are inclusive including monetary offence penalties for all convictions (Part VII – Prevention of Pollution – Criminal Liability). 69. Paragraph 28 of the Act establishes that the owner or operator of a ship, offshore installation or pipeline may apply to MEPA for a permit to dump oil, any harmful substance or other pollutant into the coastal zone; and the preceding paragraph (29) indicates that MEPA takes into account the type of pollutant and the disposal location, and grants the permit where it is satisfied that there will be no harm to any living species or effect on water quality and no disruption of any marine activity. The application procedure is established by the Marine Environmental Protection (Issuance of Permits for Dumping at Sea) Regulations No 01/2013, published in Gazette Extraordinary No 1816/3719 of 28 June 2013. Similarly, Schedule I of the Regulations provides quality standards that have to be met by any discharge from land based industries including fishing and port activities.

B.2.5 Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of 1987 70. The Pradeshiya Sabha Act provides the legal mechanism to provide each Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) area the local authority within such area and be charged with the regulation, control and administration of all matters relating to public health, public utility services and public thoroughfares and generally with the protection and promotion of the comfort, convenience and welfare of the people and all amenities within such area. The construction of roads, causeways, bridges, buildings, waste water and sewage systems come under the purview of the PS and as such need its approval to be developed.

B.2.6 The Ma-del (beach seine) Regulations of 1984 71. Ma-del (beach seine) fishing regulations of 1984 and subsequent amendments are applicable to the beach seine fishery in the entire island. The key features of these regulations are the designation and protection of special areas where beach seining can be carried out and the limitation of entry into beach seine fisheries. These features are in line with the principles of community-based fisheries management and incorporate the traditional management practices of this fishery in the past.

72. All beach seine fishing operations are to be carried out exclusively from designated beach seine warayas (bays or harbours) identified in the regulations by name and an assigned number and only by beach seine owners who are registered and issued with permits for such operations at those warayas which are reserved for their use. Many warayas have more than one padu (the reserved portion of the beach for a registered beach seine owner). The length of a padu, reserved by law for the beach seine owner‟s exclusive use, ranges from 500 m to 1 km. A common feature of most of these regulations is the prominence given to the concept of community-based management in the ordinances, which in many cases approved and legalized the rules made by the inhabitants of the concerned areas where the rules would apply to their fishing grounds. Key features of the beach seine regulation include:

 Where there are two or more registered owners or groups for a padu, a system rotation of turns, agreed upon by all owners, shall be observed.  Within a beach seine waraya, the use of mechanized craft for the operation of a beach seine is prohibited.  While a beach seine is in operation, no mechanized boats are to navigate within the waters of a beach seine waraya.  Boats other than those used exclusively for the operation of beach seines are prohibited to be anchored in the beach seine waraya or to be beached on the foreshore adjoining the beach seine waraya.  Within the beach seine waraya, the use of any fishing gear or fishing boat other than those prescribed by these regulations are prohibited.

B.2.7 Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of 1992 73. The Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of 1992 requires that all mining and exploitation for minerals in Sri Lanka is licensed by the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB). This applies to earth and quarry materials for use in construction. For the Project site all quarry material used, the site will required to possess an Industrial Mining License category A permit.

B.2.8 Antiquities (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 2008 74. The Antiquities (Amendment) Act No 24 of 1998, and the implementing regulations published in Gazette Extraordinary No 1152/14 of 4 October 2000 require that an Archaeological Impact Assessment is conducted in relation to every proposed development project with a land area of over 0.25 ha. The purpose of the assessment is to examine whether there are antiquities in the land, to determine the impact of the proposed development and to provide alternative measures if necessary.

B.2.9 Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of 1950 75. Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of 1950 falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Lands (MoL) in partnership with other relevant ministries and District and Divisional Secretaries to manage land acquisition for public purposes and is guided by the provisions and procedures outlined in the Act. The Act includes a national involuntary resettlement policy and a mechanism for payment for compensation which includes crop damages. The Local Authority Regulations of 2008 provides further guidelines for the local management and arrangements for the acquisition of land.

B.3 National Environmental and Resource Policies

B.3.1 Northern Province Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment (ISEA) 76. The Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment for Northern Province was produced by the Central Environmental Agency (CEA) and Disaster Management Centre 19

(DMC) in 2014 (CEA, DMC, 2014). It is more an approach than a policy and includes three development scenarios proposed in the context of the impact of a number of proposed activities on Strategic Environmental Objectives (SEOs). The three scenarios include: (i) Business as usual scenario; (ii) Conservation scenario; and (iii) Development scenario. 77. The ISEA has colour coded the likely effects of the three scenarios on the SEOs and includes: White: Likely to improve their status; Red: Probable Conflict with their status and is unlikely to be mitigated, therefore needing special attention; Amber: indicating Potential Conflict with their status with mitigation options possible; and Green: No Likely interaction with their status. 78. Sea Fisheries and all water and land based activities associated with this industry is one activity identified under the ISEA that is directly relevant to the Project. None of the three ISEA scenarios indicate a likely improvement in SEOs. Under the business as usual scenario sea fisheries is in probable conflict with the status of SEOs in respect of “marine biodiversity”, is unlikely to have an interaction with respect to “disaster prone” and is in potential conflict with the other SEOs. Marine fisheries are in potential conflict with all SEOs in the conservation scenario and the development scenario. 79. The ISEA highlighted the development of fisheries facilities. Opportunity Areas and Catchment Areas map page 47 of the ISEA map atlas). Nevertheless the ISEA provides extensive information on the current status of the Northern Province and provides clear mechanisms to be considered for implementation to ensure environmental sustainable development.

B.3.2 Climate Change Policies 80. The Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) produced the National Climate Change Adaptation strategy for Sri Lanka (CCS, 2010), the National Climate Change Policy for Sri Lanka (CCS, 2012), and the National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impacts in Sri Lanka (CCS, 2016a). A key instrument for implementing climate change policy is the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) process under the Paris Agreement of September 2015. 81. Sri Lanka submitted an initial assessment of (INDCs) in April 2016 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016c). All INDCs are relevant to the Proposed Project and in particular: (i) mitigation measures in respect of forestry (mangroves and coastal vegetation); (ii) adaptation measures in respect of food security in fisheries, coastal and marine sector, biodiversity sector and tourism and recreation sector; (iii) compensation for loss and damage resulting from climate change. 82. Sri Lanka INDCs are now Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) since Sri Lanka has signed the Paris Agreement. A “Readiness Plan” for implementation of INDCs was produced in August 2016 (CCS, 2016b).

B.3.3 Fisheries Policy. 83. The fisheries policies highlights the followings: 1. To improve nutritional status and food security of the population of Sri Lanka by increasing the national fish production. 2. To minimize post-harvest losses and to improve quality and safety of fish products to standardized status. 3. To increase employment opportunities in fisheries and related industries, and to improve the socioeconomic status of the fisher community. 4. To increase foreign exchange earnings by promoting value added fish exports. Management and conservation of fisheries and aquatic environmental resources and ensuring the biological sustainability of Fish resources.

B.3.4 Coastal Resource Policy 84. The principal instrument of coastal resources management policy is the Coastal Zone and Coastal Resource Management Plan (CCCRMD) which is legally mandated to produce at regular intervals. The latest draft version of the plan was issued in the summer of 2016 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016). The following is extracted from the Plan. 85. Key instruments for the delivery of the plan are: a requirement for a permit for development activities; permit conditions including coastal setback and other zoning conditions; and the development and delivery of management plans including for “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Coastal Access Plans”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas (SMA)”. 86. The plan provides updated coastal setbacks for Sri Lanka including for Northern Province. No “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Coastal Access Plans”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas (SMA)” are currently specified for Northern Province. The setback distances specified in the updated coastal setbacks are not applicable in respect of Protected Areas where any protected area falls within coastal segment; it will be considered a “no build zone”. 87. Protected Areas include RAMSAR Wetland sites, Buffer Zones, Sanctuaries, Reserved Forests, Conservation Forests, National Heritage Wilderness Areas, Strict Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors, Refuges, and Marine Reserves. 88. It is indicated that a 300m setback shall be applied to FMA, Fisheries Reserves or any other designated area or site declared by the Government of Sri Lanka. A total of 200 m setback shall be applied to all coastal archaeological sites designated by the Department of Archaeology. 89. The Plan does not propose any “Affected Areas”. Two existing “Beach Parks” are listed but no new ones are proposed. Neither of the existing “Beach parks” is in Northern Province. No new “Conservation Areas” are proposed. No coastal access plans are specified.

B.3.5 Biodiversity, Protected Areas and Species Policies 90. The main policy instrument for protected areas and species is the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) and responds to Convention of the Parties (COP) requirements under the CBD. The NBSAP (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016) covers the period 2016-2022. 12 targets are proposed to be delivered by 2022. No target is quantified. Targets of particular relevance to Proejct include:  Target 3 relates to protected areas: 0.3% of marine areas are indicated to be protected by law compared with the Aichi target of 10%. There is no indication of any proposed additions to the coastal and marine protected areas network.

 Target 4 relates to species: The priority action is to update the Red List. No species are specifically proposed for additional protection. However, Target 4 action 6 specifies “regularize turtle hatcheries with appropriate guidelines for scientific management and a monitoring system established”.

 Target 6 relates to the sustainable use of biodiversity, including fisheries: Note is made of “improving harvesting methods and preventing overexploitation through proper resource management, especially in the marine sector”. Target 6 action 4 specifies “Promote best practices to minimize the destructive harvesting methods used for biological resources from terrestrial, aquatic and marine systems” and target 6 action 5 specifies “Assess the present levels of harvesting of freshwater and marine finfish/ shell fish and develop and implement recovery plans for finfish/ shell fish species stocks that are depleted due to overexploitation”. 21

 Target 7 relates to strengthening the traditional use of biodiversity: It is proposed to be achieved, in part, by improving community-based resource management. Target 7 action 6 specifies “Identify gaps in FMA and implement programs to address the identified gaps”.

 Target 11 relates to enhancing resilience and adaptation in ecosystems, such as forests, wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs through ecosystem- based adaptation, including in respect of climate change. Target 11 action 1 specifies “Initiate research and monitoring programs on the impacts of climate change, infrastructure development, and natural hazards on biodiversity” and Target 11 action 43 specifies “Implement mangrove and river bank restoration and forest conservation projects for watersheds”.

B.4 ADB Safeguard Policy (SPS)

91. The ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS) has the objectives to (i) avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people; (ii) where possible; minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible; and (iii) help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks. The environment safeguard requires due diligence which entails addressing environmental concerns, if any, of a proposed activity in the initial stages of project preparation. 92. The SPS categorizes potential projects or activities into categories of impact (A, B or C) to determine the level of environmental assessment required to address the potential impacts. The ABD SPS is aligned with and compliments the country safeguard system (CSS) of the Government of Sri Lanka (GoS). 93. ADB and the PPTA consultant assigned an Environment Category B classification for the full scope of works to be undertaken within the NPSFDP project indicating that potential adverse environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed readily. 94. ADB‟s SPS applies pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards, such as the World Bank Group‟s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSG). The EHSG provide the context of international best practice and contribute to establishing targets for environmental performance. Standards incorporated into the EHSG will be used in parallel with Sri Lankan government environmental standards throughout this document with the principals of due diligence and a precautionary approach adopted. Application of occupational and community health and safety measures, as laid out in the EHSG is required under the SPS.

B.5 Sri Lanka Environmental Clearance and Permits Requirements

95. The Project will need to apply for a development activity permit from the relevant permit authority. The Coastal Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department (CCCRMD) is the development permit authority within the “Coastal Zone” (see Glossary) and the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) is the development permit authority outside the coastal zone. In addition, the i) Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (MFARD) is the permitting authority in respect of fish and certain aspects of marine pollution; (ii) CEA in respect of land based sources of pollution including within the coastal zone; (iii) Marine Environmental Protection Authority (MEPA) in respect of marine sources of pollution and; (iv) Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) in respect of biodiversity protection areas under the Fauna and Flora Act. Detailed clearance

and permits required for the Dandaithivu are listed in Table B-3: Approvals, Permits required implementing the Proposed Project

Table B-3: Approvals, Permits required implementing the Proposed Project

Clearance/Approval/Permit Current Status Preliminary Planning Clearance from the PMU is in the process of obtaining 1 Urban Development Authority (UDA) the permit Clearance from the Marine Environmental PMU is in the process of obtaining 2 Protection Agency (MEPA) the permit Consent from the National Water Supply and PMU is in the process of obtaining 3 Drainage Board (NWSDB) for water supply the permit Consent from the Ceylon Electricity Board PMU is in the process of obtaining 4 (CEB) for electricity supply the permit Consent from the Local Authority for solid PMU is in the process of obtaining 5 waste collection and disposal the permit

Development Permit from the Coast To be obtained after the 6 Conservation and Coastal Resources acceptance of the IEE Report Management Department (CCCRMD)

To be obtained prior to the Environmental Protection Licence from the 7 commencement of operations Central Environmental Authority (CEA)

B.6 Conformity to Coastal Resources Management Plan

96. The principal instrument of coastal resources management policy is the Coastal Zone and Coastal Resource Management Plan (CCCRMD), which is legally mandated to produce (update) at regular intervals. The latest draft version of the plan was issued in 2016. The details below are extracts from the plan:  Key instruments for the delivery of the plan are: a requirement for a permit for development activities; permit conditions including coastal setback and other zoning conditions; and the development and delivery of management plans including for “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Coastal Access Plans”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas (SMA)”.

 The plan provides updated coastal setbacks for Sri Lanka including for Northern Province. No “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Coastal Access Plans”, “Conservation Areas” and “Special Management Areas (SMA)” are currently specified for Northern Province. The setback distances specified in the updated coastal setbacks are not applicable in respect of Protected Areas where any protected area falls within coastal segment; it will be considered a “no build zone”.

 Protected Areas include RAMSAR Wetland sites, Buffer Zones, Sanctuaries, Reserved Forests, Conservation Forests, National Heritage Wilderness Areas, Strict Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors, Refuges and Marine Reserves.

 It is indicated that a 300 m setback shall be applied to Fisheries Management Areas, Fisheries Reserves or any other designated area or site declared by the Government of Sri Lanka. A total of 200 m setback shall be applied to all coastal archaeological sites designated by the Department of Archaeology.

 The Plan does not propose any “Affected Areas”. Two existing “Beach Parks” are listed but no new ones are proposed. Neither of the existing “Beach parks” is in Northern Province. No new “Conservation Areas” are proposed. No coastal access plans are specified.

 The following areas are proposed to be declared as Special Management Areas in Northern Province:

Mandativu, Delft; Nainativu Islands; Karainagar (including Casuarina beach) coastal area; Navali Coastal Area.

B.7 Contingency Plan of Marine Environmental Protection Agency and Other Conservation/ Development Plans

97. “The Marine Pollution Prevention Act No. 35 of 2008” has designated the Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) as the “Agency responsible for marine pollution prevention related activity”. Formulation and implementation of National Oil Spill Contingency Plan is one of its more important functions. The National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCOP), which has been prepared by the MEPA provides a guide and control on how to deal with an oil spill contingency. The details below are extracts from the Act: 98. The purpose of Sri Lanka‟s National Oil Spill Contingency Plan is to protect Sri Lankan coast to minimize the effects of oil spills, including risks and their possible effects on the environment and public health economic activities. The main priority is to protect the most sensitive areas and life and property and process affected. NOSCOP is intended to delineate responsibilities for the operational response to marine emergencies, which could result in actual, potential or suspected spillage of oil into the marine environment. The marine environment includes the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the coastal area. NOSCOP will establish a mechanism for mutual understanding with legal and institutional foundation among the support agencies, state authorities, private and public sector organizations, including oil/fishing/supply/ and port industry to co-operate under the control of MEPA and guidance of Disaster Management Council to co-ordinate and integrate their resources to respond effectively. For the above purpose the following specific objectives are defined in the NOSCOP:

B.8 Responsibilities of each Organization

 extent of co-operation for the implementation of the Plan between the Organizations at the operational level  type of assistance to be provided by each Organization and the condition under which it will be provided  division of responsibilities among Organizations  established principles of command and liaison and definition of corresponding structures  procedure for claiming compensation

 administrative modalities related to co-operative actions in case of emergency

99. The responsibilities of the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources are:

 Introduce a lower level Response Team concept at various fisheries harbours to assist Oil spill  Response team to provide emergency information at sea.  Seek protection to environmentally sensitive coastal areas by mobilizing coastal community to respond to such activities  To assist and advise on impacts of spill on the marine environment and marine resources  To provide cost of damage for fishermen and fishing gears and prepare claims for damages and forward to MEPA and DMC through divisional secretaries  To provide fishing crafts, and shore clean-up facilities including associated operational staff  To provide workshop facilities for repairing response equipment  To provide communication facilities and engage in supporting monitoring of oil spill movement  Related activities at sea.  To co-ordinate provision of relief measures to the affected fisher families  Nomination of Incident Management Team (IMT) member to help Incidents. 100. It is proposed that these responsibilities be carried out by the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources as required.

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

C.1 Brief description of the project

101. The Mandative fishery landing site is located in a shallow basin as shown in Figure C-1. A mixed sandy/rocky beach exists at the site. Fishing boats are mainly moored/anchored in the shallow basin. No shore facilities are available at the site.

Figure C-1: Existing Manditive Landing site

102. The field investigations revealed that calm water conditions exist in the access channel and the sheltered basin for the mooring/anchoring of fishing boats during the non- monsoon period from February to September. However, difficulties in maneuvering and mooring of fishing boats are encountered during the North-East monsoon period from October to January. The beaches are subject to continuous erosion particularly in the monsoon season. The CCCRMD had constructed two T-groins to protect the beach erosions. Even though, the beach erosion has been reduced by the construction of the T- groins, the berthing of boats has been variable due to the shallowness of the berthing area. In order to address these issues, based on consultations with the stakeholders and subsequent assessments of future needs, the following developments have been identified to meet the needs of the fishing community and develop the site as a fishery anchorage:

i. Construction of 290 m offshore breakwaters in attachment with the western site existing T groin to reduce strength of the waves and disturbances in the sheltered basin to provide safe mooring conditions during the monsoonal seasons. ii. Construction 250 m quay wall for safe anchoring of boats. iii. Dredging of access channel and shallow areas within sheltered basin to provide improved and safe conditions of access and mooring

iv. Construction of shore facilities such as Net mending hall, Engine storage facility, Auction hall and public toilets to facilitate the day-today fishing activities in the area.

103. The details of the breakwaters are discussed in the following sections.

i. Breakwaters

104. The breakwater will be constructed as an extension of the existing western site “T” groin. Altogether, 190 m breakwater will be constructed as indicated in the in the Conceptual layout plan given in the Error! Reference source not found. and the details rawings are given in Figure C-3

Figure C-2: Conceptual layout Plan

Figure C-3: Breakwater Detail Drawings

105. The breakwaters are to be rubble mount structures and the cross sections are shown in Figure C-4

Figure C-4: Sample Cross Section of Mandative Breakwater

ii. Dredging

106. The anchorage basin will be dredged. The details are given in the Table C-1

Table C-1: Details of anchorage basin dredging. Dredging up to -3.5 MSL Main BW

Contour Avg Depth Depth to be Area (m2) Volume(m3) Dredged 0 to (-1) -0.5 2.5 12,900 32,250 (-1) to (- -1.5 1.5 13,800 20,700 2) 26,700 52,950

107. Dredged material could be disposed at a location at Villupuram in Point Pedro DS about 20km away from the proposed site identified by the Point Pedro DS. Discussion is in progress to materialize the site. 108. The project site is not situated within or adjacent to any buffer zones, buffer zones of protected areas, or special areas for protecting biodiversity.

Quay Wall. 109. A quay wall with 250 m will be constructed to berth the boats to unload fish and load necessary materials like net, fuel etc.

Onshore Facilities 110. The onshore facilities consist of Net Mending hall, Engine storage and Fuel out let, Auction Hall and Toilets. The proposed layout is given in Figure C-5:

Figure C-6: layout of onshore facilities.

Net Mending Hall and Community Hall

111. The net mending hall and the Community Hall will be accommodated in a two story building with a floor area of about 240 m2. The ground floor is allocated for the net mending hall and Radio room. Half wall will be constructed with the earthen brick and concrete exposure for the Net mending hall. The floor will be of cement rendering and the roofs are tiled. The upper floor is allocated for community hall with the seating capacity of 100. Layout plan is given the Figure C-7

( A3 Clear plans are attached as annexes)

Figure C-7: Layout of Net Mending Hall (Annex 02)

Figure C-8: Layout of Community Hall (Annex 03)

Administration Building 112. As shown in the Figure C-9 the administration building consists of 120m2 area. There are two offices one for the CFHC and other one for Fisheries department. There are two toilets with septic tanks. Figure C-9

Figure C-9: Layout of Administration Annex 04)

Auction Hall

113. Action hall is a single story with a floor area of 180 m2. Drainage facility is provided for the collection of wastewater. All wastewater generated in the Auction hall will be directed to a Septic tank/ Soakage pit.

114. The layout plan is given in Figure C-10 and Annex 05

Figure C-10: Layout of Auction Hall

115. Engine storage area and Fuel outlet

116. There will be 4 rooms for the storage of engines and a room for fuel outlet. The total area of the building is about 180 m2 . The layout plan is given in Figure C-11 and Annex 06.

Figure C-11: Layout of Engine Storage Area and Fuel Outlet

Public toilets

117. The total area for the public toilet is 82 m2. Three toilets, two for males and one for female and three showers are provided. The layout plan is given in Figure C-12 and Annex 07

Figure C-12: Layout of Public Toilets

C.2 Detailed Drawings of the Project

118. Detailed drawings (drawings to be provided) indicating all project components indicating breakwaters, jetties, quay walls, harbour basin, entrance canal proposed dredging areas and dumping sites, access roads to the site, reservation etc. in order to get a clear picture of the project (Sale 1:1000)

Figure C-13: Mandative proposed development area

Figure C-14: Mandative Anchorage and Proposed Development Area (Annex 08)

119. As indicated in Figure C-13, the proposed 02 breakwaters are of length 140 m and 150 m and the access channel between the breakwaters is at least 40m in width. The breakwaters are to be or rubble mount structures and the cross sections are shown in Figure C-14

C.3 Time period for the development and construction

120. The total construction period will be 16 month including mobilization of contractor after awarding. The construction schedule is given in the Figure C-15

Figure C-15: Tentative Construction Schedule

C.4 Financial allocation and investments

121. The investment required for the proposed development of Mandative fishery anchorage is estimated as SLRs. 480 million

122. Funds to be provided by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as a loan facility to the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL). GOSL will cover the taxes and duties.

C.5 Water and disposal of waste

C.5.1 Water

123. No significant quantities of water would be required for the proposed developments.

124. The water requirement during the construction period would be that for the workforce and for the construction activities.

125. Considering the workforce of 25, with 10 residential workers and 15 day time workers and water consumption rates of 120 liters/person/day and 60 liters/person/day respectively for such workers, the water requirement for the workforce can be estimated as (10x0.120+15x0.060 m3/day) 2.1 m3/day.

126. In view of the nature of breakwater construction which will use methods such as dumping and/or placement of rocks, no water will be regularly required for construction activities. However, for the construction of shore facilities it is necessary to use about 5 m3 /day of water during peak construction period. Therefore, considering miscellaneous water needs related to construction activities, a water requirement of 8 m3 can be assumed as a conservative estimate.

127. The water requirement is to be provided by the contractor and water needs to be obtained from the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB).

i. Operational Period 128. During the operational period main water uses will be domestic uses by the community including for washing and bathing and for cleaning of the auction wall and net mending hall. The details of the water requirement are given in Table C-2 At present there is no onsite water source. The Pradeshiya Sabha has been supplying water for the community through water bowsers. Required water for the project may be obtained from the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) as the proposed Jaffna water supply project will be completed by year 2020.

Table C-2: Water requirement during the operational period.

Ave. Water Total water requirement No of persons/Area requirement (L) People 45L/person 100 4,500 Auction & Net mending hall 10L/m2 240 2,400 Average water requirement per day 6,900

Say 7,000

C.5.2 Wastewater

129. No significant quantities of waste water would be generated by the proposed developments.

i. Construction Period

130. Considering that there could be wastewater generation rate of 90 % of the water requirement for the workers wastewater generated by the workforce can be estimated at approximately 1.9 m3/day. The discharge of wastewater will not be there if the contractor uses the existing houses as labor camp. However, if necessary, temporary toilet and washing facilities with septic tanks and soakage pits are to be provided to the workforce by the contractor at the site or another appropriate location, as required. Any waste water generated from construction related activities will also be directed to the soakage pits.

ii. Operational Period

131. All washing water during operational period will be discharged as wastewater which will be about 2.4 m3/day. Considering a wastewater generation rate of 90 % of the water requirement for the community, the quantity of wastewater generated by the

community can be estimated as approximately 4.0 m3/day. The total quantity of waste water will be 6.4 m3/day (say 6.5 m3/day).

C.5.3 Solid Waste

132. No significant quantities of solid waste would be generated by the proposed developments.

i. Construction Period

133. Solid waste generation rate commonly used in solid waste computations in Sri Lanka is 0.85 kg/person/day. Considering the above, the quantity of solid waste generated by the workforce can be estimated as 21 kg/day. This includes both bio degradable as well as non-biodegradable waste. Waste can be disposed through the existing solid waste disposal method of the fishery landing site.. If not, the solid waste generated by the workforce is to be temporarily stored at appropriate locations in the work site and regularly disposed by the contractor through the services offered by the local authority of the area (Velanai Pradeshiya Saba) or organic waste could be composed with in the area using home composed barrels after segregating the waste.

134. It is estimated about 2-3 tractor loads of construction waste will be generated. Waste will be separated as recyclable and non-recyclable. The recyclable waste will be sold to the local people collecting recyclables and non-recyclable like construction debris will be used for landfilling activities in the private sector building industry and local authorities.

ii. Operational Period 135. During the operational period it is estimated that a workforce of about 100 persons will be engaged in the facilities. The quantity of solid waste generated by the workforce can be estimated as 85 kg/day, which includes both bio degradable as well as non-biodegradable waste. The solid waste generated from the anchorage is to be temporarily stored at appropriate locations and regularly disposed through the services offered by the local authority of the area (Velanai Pradeshiya Saba). Fish waste generated from the Auction hall which is estimated to be less than 10kg/day will be disposed through the local authority system. Alternatively this can be sold to fish feed producers.

C.6 Electricity Requirement

i. Construction Period

136. Grid Electricity is available in the area. No significant quantity of electricity would be required for construction purposes. If necessary, a temporary electricity connection is to be obtained by the contractor for the activities in the project site.

ii. Operational Period

137. Required electricity will be utilized from the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) which is available in the area.

C.7 Natural Resources Consumption

138. The main source of natural resources requirement would be rocks/aggregates of different sizes as required by design considerations. In addition, water is required for the proposed development.

C.8 Labor Requirement during Construction and Operational Periods

139. Considering the type, scale and the methodology of construction it is estimated that a workforce of up to 25 workers would be required during the construction period.

140. About 5 officers will be employed by Ceylon Fisheries Harbor Corporation as , Radio room operators, security guards, and fisheries officers during the operational phase.

C.9 Methodologies to be adopted for construction

141. An access way is to be built to the location of the breakwaters for delivery, dumping and/or placement of breakwater materials for the core and outer layers. The access way is to be constructed by placing of suitable rock materials (Coffer dam materials)which shall be removed after the construction of breakwaters. 142. For shore facilities, the access road is available. No heavy machineries will be used except dredgers.

C.10 Sources of construction materials and transportation

143. Sources of Construction Materials 144. There are no large-scale stone quarries located in Jaffna district to obtain the aggregates (different sizes of rock materials) for the proposed breakwater/Off shore construction. Therefore several metal quarries have been identified both in Mullaithivu (approximately 145 km away) and Anuradhapura (approximately 250 km away) districts, with the potential to supply the rocks required., The quarries identified include:

 P.G.K.D.Sirisena Quarry, located at Kurula Patha Gala, Nochciyagama in Anuradhapura District (Approximately 250 km from Mandative)  Maga Neguma Quarry, operated by the Road Development Authority (RDA), located at Kekirawa Road, Ganewalpola in Anuradhapura District (Approximately 250 km from Mandative)  Business Promoters and Partners Engineering (BPPE) Quarry, located at 14th Mile Post, KATE Quarry, Oddusuddan in Mullaithivu District (Approximately 145 km from Mandative)

145. The quantity of rock armor requirement is given in the following Table C-3

Table C-3: Quantity of rock armor requirement S. Type of Size Quantity (m3) No. materials 1. Core Materials 1- 250 kg 3,870 2. Filter Layer 1T - 3T 5,760 0.4T-0.8T 251

3. Primary Layer 2.5T – 4.5 T 625 1T-2T 1670 39

Total 12,176

146. The above quarry sites have the potential to cater to the required rock armor. However, availability of quarry materials in the Northern Province need to be assessed as this could become a limiting factor for construction of harbors.

147. The locations of the quarries are shown in Figure C-16

i. Method of Transportation 148. The transport routes from the selected quarries to the project site are given in Figure C-16

Figure C-16: The routes of transportation of rocks to the project site

Project Site Common Road (A9) From Mega Naguma Quarry From Srisena Quarry From BPPE Quarry

Figure C-17: Transport routes from quarries to the project site

i. P.G.K.D.Sirisena Quarry, is located at Kurula Patha Gala, Nochciyagama, in Anuradhapura District. The distance from the quarry to the project site is about 250 Km. ii. Transport route: Site → Nochciyagama → Anuradhapura → Rambewa→ Kandy/ Jaffna (A9) road.

Figure C-18: The Route starts from the Srisena Quarry to Rambewa Kandy-Jaffna A9 road (light green route)

iii. Maga Neguma Quarry is operated by the RDA and located at Kekirawa road, Ganewalpola in Anuradhapura District. The distance from the quarry to the project site is about 250 Km. iv. Transport Route: Site → Ganewalpola Junction → Habarana, Maradankadawala road → Kandy/Jaffna highway (A9)

Ranbewa

Meganeguma Quarry Site

Figure C-19: The route starts from the Mega Neguma Quarry site to Rambewa Junction (A9) road.

v. Business Promoters and Partners Engineering (BPPE) Quarry, is located at 14th Mile Post, KATE Quarry, Oddusuddan in Mulathivu district. vi. The distance from the quarry to the project site is about 145 Km.

vii. Route: Site → Oddusuddan, Mankulam way → Kandy -Jaffna highway (A9)

A9 BPPE Metal Quarry

Figure C-20: Routes starts from BPPE quarry to Mankulam Junction A9 road.

viii. vi. There is only one option available from Kandy- Jaffna highway (A9) to the Mandative Project site.

ix. Kandy- Jaffna highway (A9) → Hospital St. → Circular Rd. → Jaffna- Pannai-Kayts (AB19) → project site

Figure C-21: Option from A9 Road

149. It is estimated that about 12,200 m3 of rocks/armor/metals will be required for the construction works. Transportation of the rock armor requires a large number of vehicle movements (up and down to the quarry sites and to the project site). The transportation routes cut across several cities and urban centers. Therefore there could be considerable traffic congestions envisaged when the tippers/trucks laden with rocks armor will be passing through these places.

150. The selection of quarries is up to the construction contractors‟ decision. She/he may also opt to operate its own quarry provided permits are received by the contractor in a suitable source. The contractor should carry out a transport impact assessment prior to the commencement of the construction activities to determine the most viable route and determine times of travel.

C.11 Details of Stockpiling

151. It will be necessary to stockpile rocks/aggregates of different sizes transported from the quarries for uninterrupted progress of construction work. A private land located in front of the breakwater will be used for the stockpiling of rocks and the dredged materials. The owner has already agreed to provide the land on a temporary basis. . Discussion is in progress to get the written consent from the land owner.

C.12 Disposal of Dredged Materials

152. The possibilities given below are to be explored and adopted for the disposal of dredged materials with the approval of relevant authorities.

- To be disposed along the beach area of the anchorage where possible; - To be disposed along the coastline, particularly in the areas of erosion, with the approval of the CCCRMD. - There is a good demand for sand for the construction activities particularly for road construction activities. In discussion with the Road Development Authority, the dredged materials could be disposed.

C.13 Infrastructure facilities required / provided

i. Access Roads 153. The project site is directly accessible from the Jaffna-Pannai-Kayts (AB19) Road and no new access road construction to the project site would be required. However, a temporary access ways to the locations of breakwater constructions, off shore facilities and (some) areas of dredging, from the existing road or the beach area need to be constructed. These are to be constructed by the contractor as required by dumping, compacting and leveling of rocks of different sizes. Water. ii. Communication 154. Communication facilities, in the form of mobile telecommunication services, are available in the area.

C.14 Infrastructure Facilities/Benefits provided to the Community

155. The proposed development of the breakwaters, access channel, on-shore facilities and anchorage basin proposed shore facilities can be identified as the main infrastructure facilities to be provided for the benefit of the fisheries community.

C.15 Borrow Sites and Disposal Sites

156. Borrow site of rock materials have been discussed above under section B 10. Disposal sites too have been addressed. No other borrow materials such as soils will be required. iii. The details on disposal sites of dredged material 157. The possibilities given below are to be explored and adopted for the disposal of dredged materials with the approval of relevant authorities.

iv. Operational and Maintenance Requirements 158. Once the above infrastructure will be constructed , regular operational/maintenance will be carried out by the staff engaged in the facility. Periodic inspection and rehabilitation activities need to be carried out. In the dredged areas, periodic maintenance of the dredged areas may be required. Any maintenance and rehabilitation activities are to be carried out by agencies with required facilities (machinery) and expertise under the guidance/supervision of the DFAR.

159. For the operation of the shore facilities, the required number of offices will be provided by the CFHC and MFARDREA.

C.16 Aesthetic and visual environmental

160. Submerged structures do not disturb the line of site. The shore facilities will be constructed well away from beach and the existing beach road. The surrounding area of the proposed site is buildup area. Therefore, no obstruction to the sea view and no aesthetic and visual environment is envisaged.

C.17 Future Expansion

161. The proposed developments identified were based on consultations with the stakeholders and subsequent assessments of future needs to meet the needs of the fishing community. Any restrictions imposed by existing laws, regulations etc. were also considered in identifying the proposed developments. No future developments are thus proposed by the project at the Mandative fishery landing site.

C.18 Evaluation of the Alternatives

162. As presented in Section A.4.2, the proposed development project at the Mandative fishery landing site is part of the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province, undertaken by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Recourses Development and Rural Economic affairs (MFARDRED). The alternatives considered were thus confined to the level of fishery infrastructure development in the form of either as a fishery harbor, anchorage or a landing site. The level of development at each site was identified by a feasibility study conducted earlier. Technical, socio-economic and environmental aspects have been considered in identifying the level of fishery infrastructure development.

163. The Mandative fishery landing site has been identified by the feasibility study as the potential site to be developed as a fishery anchorage.

D. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT OF THE STUDY AREA

D.1 Physical Features

D.1.1 Topography and Drainage/Geology/Soil

i. Topography

164. Being located in the coastal belt of the country in Jaffna peninsula, predominantly flat topographic conditions exist in the vicinity of the project site and the study area. The topography of the Jaffna peninsula is low and relatively flat, with a maximum height of 11 m recorded in the western central area near Tellipallai.The elevations in the range of 2.5- 3.0 m exist along the along the coastal area in the vicinity of the project site. The main topographical characteristics in the vicinity of the project site are shown in Figure D-1 The topographic/bathymetric map in the vicinity of the project site is attached in ANNEX 09.

Figure D-1: Topography Map of Mandative

ii. Drainage

165. No rivers, streams or marshy areas are located in the study area. No natural storm water drainage paths from surrounding areas pass through the project site.

166. There is no proper drainage system available in the proposed shore facilities area. The rain water in the shore area is naturally drained to the sea.. High infiltration of rain water also takes place in the areas of sandy soil in the study area.

iii. Geology/Soil

(a) Geological Aspects

167. The geology of Jaffna peninsula is comprised of 05 types of significantly distinguished features: Lagoonal deposits, estuarine deposits, unconsolidated brownish grey coastal sands, Red beds and Dune sands.

168. Miocene limestone and red beds cover the top middle part of the peninsula whilst dune sand/beach sand is restricted to eastern coastal region and as a thin layer in the northern coastal part from Karainagar to Point Pedro. The dominant underlying bedrock throughout the Jaffna peninsula is a high-grade Precambrian crystalline metamorphic rock although in some areas it is underlain by sedimentary layers of upper Jurassic age.

169. Jaffna limestone is of Miocene age coral reef formation and is poorly bedded and generally flat, except in some areas where it shows a slight dip to the west. It is massive in places but some layers are richly fossiliferous, forming a honeycombed structure and the ready solubility of the limestone produces a number of underground solution caverns, which contain the main groundwater reserves on the island. The upper surface of the limestone slopes gently to the south-east from the relatively high areas in the north-west where it forms the land surface in the general vicinity of Chunnakam. To the east of the Uppu Aru Lagoon, the limestone is generally obscured by younger formations.

170. The surface cover of unconsolidated deposits is the youngest of the geological layers and produces the sandy soil that is present over much of the peninsula. The sediments north east of the Vadamarachchi lagoon form deeper beds, which can reach 8- 17 m in places.

171. The soils map of Northern Province shows that the coastal areas of the Jaffna peninsula and the part of the Vanni mainland (Mannar, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu districts), overburden mantle is covered with 05 different types of soils classified according to agricultural suitability, namely-Regosols on recent beach and dune sands, Soils on recent marine calcareous sediments, Solodized Solonetz and Solonchaks, Calcic Red Yellow Latosols and Red Yellow Latosols.

Figure D-2: Soil Map of Northern Province

Source PPTA Consultants

172. In general, the soils are a mixture of marine deposits and sediments formed by the influence of wind and waves on the limestone. The soils associated with the north coast of Jaffna peninsula including Mandative consist of Regosol and supports horticulture(mainly coconut) and sandy soils sustain palm trees such as coconut and palmyra . In some areas paddy rice is grown during the wet season under rain-fed conditions. There are pockets of loam earth (mixture of sand, clay, silt and humus) suitable for some crops scattered throughout the peninsula. The islands in the vicinity of Jaffna peninsula mainly consists of soils on recent marine calcareous sediments and Solodized Solonetz and Solonchaks, which also occur in South-West part of the Peninsula.

(b) Soil Profile 173. Geotechnical Investigation including bore hole investigations have been carried out at the project site. The location of the boreholes is given in Figure D-2: The investigations reveal the ground water level varies between 0.8m to 1.5 m below the existing ground level. The soil profile at the site indicates presence of the residual soil and the core stone/coral rock. The soil profile extracted from the Report is attached in ANNEX 10. Geotechnical Investigation Report is shown in Figure D-2 and Figure D-3

Figure D-3: Locations of the Boreholes

Figure D-4: Details of the Boreholes

Figure D-5: Subsoil profile across Borehole BH-02 and BH-03

Figure D-6: Subsoil profile across Borehole BH-04 and BH-05

D.1.2 Hydrology

i. Rainfall 174. The average annual rainfall in the study area ranges between 1,000 and 1250 mm with peak rainfall occurring during the months October to January associated with the north east monsoon producing about 75 % of the total annual rainfall in this area, as indicated in Figure D-7 Rainfall throughout the rest of the year is scattered with the driest months extend from June through to September.

Figure D-7: Rainfall Characteristics in the Study Area

(Source: hhtp:www.meteoblue.com)

ii. Surface and Ground Water

(a) Surface Water

175. No rivers, streams or marshy areas are located in the study area.

176. The topographic and climatic conditions of Jaffna peninsula inhibit permanent rivers. However, 02 seasonal rivers (Thondaman Aru, and Valuki Aru east of Mandaithevu) both around 10 km in length and several small streams carry water during the region's distinctive wet season. The majority of surface water within the peninsula consists of coastal lagoons that contain seawater or brackish water. The lagoons are major sinks for this runoff, but because of the proximity of the sea and the porosity of the subsurface strata, the water they retain remains strongly brackish.

177. The topography also precludes any development of large-scale reservoirs as there are no suitable landforms to accommodate large dams and no significant depressions in which large quantities of river or rainwater could be held. Some natural depressions have been enhanced with earth bunds and removal of soil to increase the 53 depth, and these and other low-lying areas form a series of over 600 “tanks” or “ponds” in which individual small quantities of rainwater are retained during and after the rainy season for use in agriculture.

(b) Ground Water

178. The absence of perennial surface water reserves means that groundwater is the main source for domestic supply on the Jaffna peninsula and, is also used in agriculture in the long dry season. Both karstic and sand aquifers are present on the peninsula, but the limestone deposits are larger, with a far greater storage capacity and are therefore the main groundwater source. Altogether, 04 main aquifers with varying hydrogeological characteristics are located below the four mainland masses within the peninsula. This includes the Chunnakam aquifer located to the north of Jaffna City including the area surrounding Point Pedro, Kayts on the eponymous island, Thaemaradchi between Jaffna Lagoon and Vadamarachchi Vadamarachchi aquifer alongside the north eastern coast (Panabokke & Perera, 2005).

179. The freshwater lenses are thicker towards the centre of each aquifer and thinner in coastal areas where the deeper water is brackish, so potable supply is more reliable inland. All of the aquifers are replenished during the rains in November and December and are then gradually diminished by abstraction and natural subsurface flow throughout the rest of the year. Annual recharge for Jaffna has been calculated at between 10-20 x 107 m3, of which approximately half is used for domestic supply and agriculture and the other half drains into the sea during the monsoon (Balendran et al., 1968).

180. The ground water levels within in the project site vary from 0.8m to 1.5 m below the existing ground level.

181. Measurements of ground water (dug well) quality levels in the vicinity of the project site has been carried out and the test report is attached in ANNEX 12. According to the test report that the most of the tested parameters Calcium, Chloride, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Total Solids are exceeding the Sri Lanka Standards for potable water – SLS 614: 2013 indicating that the water is not suitable for the drinking purposes. This water needs to be treatment before drinking. The selected exceeded values are in Table D-1

Table D-1: Selected water quality parameters No. Units Drinking water Tested Value Parameters quality 7 Calcium (as mg/l 100 120 Ca) 8 Chloride (as mg/l 250 1926 Cl-) Total mg/l 250 802 Hardness 19 (as CaCO3) Electrical µS/cm 3,200 22 Conductivity at 25ºC* 23 Total Solid mg/l - 2,578

Total MPN/100ml Shall not 35 30 Coliform* exceed 10

D.1.3 Coastal Features (Environment) 182. The coastal area along the western side of the Jaffna peninsula, in which the project site is located, is characterized by rocky/sandy beaches. A reef formation is located close and parallel to the coastline as shown in Figure D-8 The presence of reef formation has also resulted in a number of naturally sheltered shallow basins in the area, suitable for mooring of fishing craft. Many of the fishery landing sites, including the site in Mandative.

i. Coastal Bathymetry and Sediment Transportation

(a) Coastal Bathymetry

183. The coastal bathymetry in the project site and the study area are mainly characterized by shallow near shore areas sheltered by the reef with depths mainly in the range of 0.5-1.5 m and the seaward edge of the reef rising above the mean sea level at many locations with height reaching in excess of 1 m at several locations. Deeper areas exist beyond the reef formation. Bathymetric surveys have been carried out and the bathymetric map in the vicinity of the project site is attached in ANNEX 08.

(b) Sediment Transportation

184. Field observations and review of available shoreline information indicate that the shoreline at Mandative is relatively stable with sporadic responses during the monsoonal events. The sediment appears to be bypassing across the Navy jetty during the SW monsoon, though the magnitudes are very small, as evident from the shoreline positions. The sand available for transportation has also been noted as limited. The sand spit formed behind the Navy jetty seems to be stable year round, with possible sand bypassing during SW monsoon. 185. Nominal sand accumulations behind the roots of recently constructed T-groins also indicate the nominal sand transport rates prevalent at the location 186. However, during the monsoonal conditions, particularly during SW monsoon, the sand is temporary lost to the near shore waters, and would be returned to the shore during the inter-monsoon period

ii. Coastal Features including Beach Profile

187. The shoreline at Mandative is narrow and moderately steep. Immediately landward of the beach is the beach access road, which is approx. 2-2.5m above the shore level.

188. The sea bottom is mainly hard and consists of coral/ limestone. The near shore waters are scarce of sediment.

189. The near shore sea bed slope is found to be very mild, with 2m depth contour is located approx. 300m from the 0.0m MSL contour, indicating an average slope of 1:150. Beyond the 2m contour, the sea bottom slope becomes further mild, with slope between 2m and 3m depth contours is 300m (a slope of 1:300).

Figure D-8: Beach Profile at the Mandative Fishery Landing Site

iii. Beach and near shore Sea Bed Characteristics

190. As explained in (ii) above, near shore sea bed is very gently sloping, and characterized with hard bottom formations.

191. The sediment availability at the near shore waters of the sea bottom is found to be very limited. The available sand is identified as a coarse grained material with fragments of coral/ limestone.

iv. Relevant Oceanographic Information including Near shore Wave Height and Direction, Current Velocities, Tidal and Current Characteristics

Waves: 192. Except for the (limited) ongoing directional wave measurement program off Point Pedro, there is no other site specific wave data available in the Jaffna Peninsula.

193. During the engineering studies carried out under the Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project, approx. 40 years of offshore global wave records have been processed and transformed to near shore waters of the northern shoreline.

194. The wave rose derived from the near shore wave transformation is presented in Figure D-9

Figure D-9: Nearshore Wave (based on 40 years of global data)

195. Further, Error! Reference source not found. depicts the wave rose generated rom the onsite wave measurements at Point Pedro.

Figure D-10: Wave Rose derived from onsite wave measurements

196. The onsite measurements are done during the NE monsoon period, and hence the dominant directions are concentrated in a narrow northeasterly segment.

197. It shall be noted that presence of swell waves in the project locality is very remote, as NE waves are mainly wind generated short period waves. The contribution from swells approaching from SW direction have undergone refraction and diffraction, as such would be very weak (or, negligible) once they reach the project location.

Tide and Tidal Currents:

198. The basic tidal parameters for the northern province, including Mandathivu are of semi-diurnal (a twice daily) with diurnal inequalities with a maximum tidal variation of 0.6 m. Point Pedro on the open northern coastline experiences a spring tidal range of 0.6 m, from Mean Low Water Spring Tides (MLWS) of 0.1 m to a Mean High-Water Spring Tides (MHWS) of 0.7 m and a neap tidal range of 0.3 m all levels relative to Chart Datum (CD).

199. The tidal currents are in the range of 0.2 to 0.3 m/s. 200. No site specific current measurements are available. v. Coastal Erosion Possibilities and Coastal Erosion Records of the last 10 Years

201. The shoreline of Mandative project area is exposed to refracted and diffracted SW monsoon waves during S monsoon and diffracted (relatively weak) waves during NE monsoon.

202. Historical behavior of the shoreline has been studied based on the available Google images. For clarity, the past shoreline behavior is documented in two segments, viz. shoreline west of SL Navy Jetty (a length of about 1km), and shoreline east of the jetty.

203. Shoreline position has been compared during the months of June (SW monsoon), February (NE monsoon), and October (intermediate situation) of the year. The shoreline position has been assessed from a fixed point on the land.

204. The western shoreline has recorded a net fluctuation of around 8m over the investigated period, while shoreline accretion is noted during NE monsoon period (February) and relative erosion noted during SW monsoon (June). The month of October shows the beginning of beach buildup after the SW monsoon.

205. The eastern shoreline has receded during the SW monsoon period, while relative shoreline buildup is noted both during February and October of the year. However, During the NE monsoon marginal beach buildup on the western side and relatively small shoreline recession is noted on the eastern side, probably due to the retention of east moving sand at the Navy groin.

Figure D-11: Shoreline Variation

vi. Prior Action taken to cope with any Severe Coastal Erosion

206. During pre-2016 period, construction of a rock boulder revetment along part of the beach access road is visible, and main function of the revetment is to protect the beach access road from erosion under monsoonal conditions.

207. Further, ad-hoc dumping of moderate size coral boulders (found from the locality resulting from excavations, etc.) in close vicinity of the waterline were also noted as a measure taken to arrest/ reduce coastline erosion.

208. In view of the seasonal fluctuation of the shoreline at Mandative and responding to the requests of the fisher community, CC & CRMD decided to construct 3 T-groins at the locality to stabilize the shoreline. Two of the T-groins has already been constructed in 2016/ early 2017.

209. The SL Navy jetty (figure C.11) constructed to the east of the boat landing place has also contributed to stabilize the westward shoreline (where beach landing of boats are evident). The referenced jetty acts as a groin in retaining the eastward moving sand.

Figure D-12: View of the T-Groins at Mandative vii. Coastal Structures and Coast Protection Systems 210. As explained under (vi) above, following coastal structures are in place to stabilize the shoreline: a. Rock boulder revetment along the beach access road b. SL Navy jetty/ Groin at the eastern end c. Ad hoc deposited coral bolder pieces d. Recently constructed 2 Nos T-Groins

Figure D-13: SLY Navy Jetty/ Groin

60 viii. Coastal Water Quality

211. A baseline measurement of sea water quality near the project location has been carried out. This information will be used to assess the water quality impacts during the construction period by comparing the present value with the values observed during future testing carried out during the construction period. The baseline water quality test report is attached in Annex 11 ix. Details of Coastal Hazard Events in the Past-Tsunamis, Cyclones, Storm Surges in the Region

212. The project site and the surrounding areas were affected by the tsunami in 2004, with inundation and damage to some of the facilities in the vicinity No other major natural disasters have affected by the project site or the surrounding areas in the last 15 years. Although not frequent, the project site, being located next to the coast, shall be potentially exposed to cyclones/storm surges. The tracks of past cyclones/storms across the country are shown in Error! Reference source not found.. As indicated in Error! Reference urce not found., several cyclones/storms have passed over the Jaffna peninsula.

213. The cyclone Nisha hit northern Sri Lanka on November 25-59, 2008, causing heavy rains and flooding that reportedly killed 15 people and displaced between 60,000 to 70,000 people in Mulathivu, Mannar and Kilinochchi and 20,000 people in Jaffna district. Jaffna recorded the highest rainfall since 1918, of 520.1 mm of rain within a week, with one day recording a rainfall of 389.8 mm, being the highest in 09 decades. Cyclone wind speeds of 85 km/h were reported.

214. No flooding has been reported in the project site and the surrounding areas.

Figure D-14: Tracks of Past Cyclones/Storms across Sri Lanka

(Source of Map: Hazard Profiles of Sri Lanka, Disaster Management Centre, 2012)

Ambient Air Quality

215. There are no major air pollutant emission sources within or surrounding area of the project. Limited vehicle movement for the loading of fish and motor bicycles used by the community in the area. Emission from same could be considered as air pollution sources. Operation of the fishing boats also could be considered as a source of air pollution.. As the proposed project is located in a rural environment the air quality will not be affected. However, there will be micro level emissions from the sources mentioned as per above.. This could contribute to adding of CO2, SOx, CO and NOx. However, the emission is insignificant. Dust emission could be observed during the movement of vehicle in the unpaved roads. But this will be insignificant. The ambient air quality in the area is unpolluted.

Noise:

216. There is no major noise generating activities within or surrounding the area. Limited vehicle movement for the loading of fish and motor bicycles used by the

community in the area could be considered as noise generating sources. Noise emanating from the operation of the fishing boats could be considered as noise generating activities source. There will be no significant addition to the ambient noise levels in the area.

D.2 Ecological Environment

D.2.1 Land Based Ecological Environment i. Methodology of Ecological Environment

217. An investigation was conducted to identify major habitats/vegetation and fauna in and around the proposed project area and adjoining 100 m Project Influence Area PIA. A rapid line transect method was used to assess the existing terrestrial flora and faunal diversity. The rapid ecological survey was carried out during the day time to assess the biological environment, prepare a species inventory, identify existing environmental problems/issues, identify possible ecological impacts, and propose mitigation measures. In some case reliable evidence from villages and government officers of Departments of Fisheries, Environment and Wild life and Coast conservation also has been drawn to understand the species occurrence. Available information through previous investigations, published literature was verified through site visits. Distribution pattern of vegetation along the coastal area; List of trees with girth size of dominant plant species and the locations of those were marked in a Google map within the project area. Digital photos were taken for key biological features and global positioning system (GPS) coordinates were recorded for important locations.

218. The list of government officers and personnel who were interviewed during the study is annexed. (ANNEX 13 Terrestrial Report)

Figure D-15: Google map indicating the major habitats observed in the project area and project area of influence (A - Sand stone reefs and sandy beach, B - Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut and C – Homesteads).

63 ii. Habitats in the Project site

219. The project area includes an area to be dredged to a depth up to 2m and that area extends to a distance of about 160 m towards sea from the beach. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach and Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut Figure D-16 are the major habitat types observed in the project area.

Sand stone reefs and sandy beach 220. Beyond the direct impact of waves and tides, sand stone reefs and sandy beach occurs, comprising mainly of Spinifex littoreus (Maha Ravana Revula). In addition, species like Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Tephrosia purpurea, Cyperus stoloniferus, Solanum virginianum and Cyperus stoloniferus were observed. Further an invasive species; Lantana camara and a nearly threaten species; Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) were also found in this habitat.

Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut

221. In this habitat, Borassus flabellifer (Tal) was the predominantly found species. Cocos nucifera, Pongamia pinnata, Thespesia populnea, Acacia eburnea, Phoenix pusilla, Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Tephrosia purpurea, Cassia auriculate, Cassia tora, Cyperus stoloniferus, Cyperus stoloniferus, Azima tetracantha and Coccinia grandis species were also commonly observed in this particular habitat. In addition, a well-grown tree of endemic plant species; Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) which is a nationally near threatened species (NT) in conservation status were also recorded. Further, two-invasive species; Antigonon leptopus, and Lantana camara were also commonly found in this habitat.

Figure D-17: Scrubland with Palmyra palm

Figure D-18: Sand stone reefs and sandy beach iii. Habitats in the Project Area of Influence 222. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach, Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut and homesteads Figure D-19 are the habitat types observed in the PAI. In addition, there are areas with sands pileup in the PAI. These sand piles have been done by the security personal for security reasons.

Homesteads 223. Homesteads are dominated with species such as Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Cocos nucifera (Pol), Thespesia populnea (Suriya), Calotropis gigantean, Pongamia pinnata, Lantana camara and Antigonon leptopus.

Figure D-19: Homesteads are with well-grown Palmyra trees

iv. Vegetation in the study area 224. Floristic diversity of the proposed project area is very low. Total numbers of 20 plant species including one endemic, one nationally near threatened (NT) plant species and two invasive species were recorded during the field ecological survey within the study area (Table 1). Majority of the plant species recorded are trees (7) followed by herbaceous species (6), shrubs (5) and climbers or creepers (2) (Table D-2). Further, about 75 % of the recorded flora species are natives and about 30% of the recoded flora species are exotic to the country. Plant species recorded during the field study are listed in Table D-2with necessary information.

Table D-2 : Summary of the Floral Species Recorded during the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence

No of Conservation Status Endemi Type of Flora Native Exotic Specie CR EN VU NT c s Tree 7 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 Shrub 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 Herb 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Climbers or 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Creepers Total 20 0 0 0 1 1 15 4 % 5% 75% 20%

CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, NT - Near Threatened An endemic plant species, Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) which is a nationally near threatened species (NT) in conservation status were also recorded within the proposed project site.

225. The big tree of species Cassine glauca (Neralu) (Land snail species Trachia fallaciosa in trees. Figure D-20) has been observed within the project area and its GPS location is given in Table D-4 Since the GPS location is given, there is a possibility in preserving this well-grown plant in the detailed design of the infrastructure development. In addition, several previous studies confirmed the significant abundance of Cassine glauca (Neralu) in Mannar, Jaffna, Vavuniya, Kilinochhi, Anuradhapura, Pollonnaruwa, Hambantota and Trincomalee Districts (ADB, 2011; CEB, 2015, 2016 & 2017; Ekanayake, 2016; BOBLME, 2011; Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management, 2015; Sumithraarachchi, 2008; Wadugodapitiya et al, 2013). Further, this species is one of the potential candidate to be considered for the green belt establishment.

226. The species Trianthema decandra a nearly threatened species in IUCN national conservation status, was observed. These plants are loosely mat forming and are found interwoven. The GPS locations of this plant is given in the Table D-5 Several previous studies confirmed the significant existence of these species in Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya, Kilinochhi and Batticaloa Districts (Asela et al, 2014; Joseph, 2003, Department of Wildlife Conservation, 2017; IUCN, 2012; IUCN, 2011; CEB, 2016; GOSL, 2017). Some of this plant can be removed during construction and be replanted in the areas marked for green belt establishment under the guidance of a horticulturist.

227. The invasive species; Antigonon leptopus and Lantana camara have been observed in several locations within the project area and their GPS locations are given in Table D-5

Figure D-20: A big tree of endemic plant species, Cassine glauca (Neralu)

Figure D-21: A nearly threaten species, Trianthema decandra (Maha Sarana)

Table D-3: Details of Floral Species Recorded indicating in project area and project area of influence, Taxonomic Status and National Conservation Status.

Family Flora Local name Habitat Ts PA PAI NCS GCS Aizoaceae Trianthema decandra Maha Sarana H N + + NT Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantean Wara S N + + LC Arecaceae Borassus flabellifer Tal T I + + Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Pol T I + + Arecaceae Phoenix pusilla Walindi T N + LC Celastraceae Cassine glauca Neralu T E + + LC Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Kowakka C N + + LC Cyperaceae Cyperus stoloniferus H N + + LC LC Fabaceae Acacia eburnean Kaludai S N + LC Fabaceae Cassia auriculate Ranawara T N + LC Fabaceae Cassia tora Pani Tora S N + + LC Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanda T N + + LC Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea Pila H N + + LC Malvaceae Thespesia populnea Suriya T N + + LC Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Ruha H N + + LC Poaceae Spinifex littoreus Ravans H N + + LC moustache Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus C I + + Salvadoraceae Azima tetracantha Katuniyanda S N + LC Solanaceae Solanum virginianum Katuwel-Batu H N + + LC Verbenaceae Lantana camara Gandapana S I + +

HA – Habit, T – Tree, S – Shrub, H – Herbaceous, C – Climber or Creeper, TS – Taxonomic Status, N – Native, I – Introduced or Exotic, NCS – National Conservation Status, NT – Near Threatened, PA – Proposed Project Area, PAI –Project Area of Influence.

Table D-4: The GPS locations of Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana)

Latitude Longitude Flora 9.602167 79.994944 Cassine glauca 9.602167 79.995611 Trianthema decandra 9.602333 79.996056 Trianthema decandra 9.602361 79.996389 Trianthema decandra 9.602389 79.996694 Trianthema decandra 9.602417 79.99675 Trianthema decandra 9.602611 79.996972 Trianthema decandra 9.602611 79.997111 Trianthema decandra 9.602611 79.99725 Trianthema decandra

Table D-5: The GPS locations of invasive species Latitude Longitude Flora 9.602222 79.9955 Antigonon leptopus 9.60225 79.995417 Antigonon leptopus 9.602111 79.995556 Antigonon leptopus 9.601861 79.995056 Lantana camara 9.601833 79.995056 Lantana camara 9.602028 79.994889 Lantana camara 9.602083 79.994889 Lantana camara 9.602111 79.994917 Lantana camara 9.602139 79.994944 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.994806 Lantana camara 9.602167 79.994944 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.994639 Lantana camara 9.602389 79.994528 Lantana camara 9.602361 79.994972 Lantana camara 9.602167 79.995222 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.995306 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.995389 Lantana camara 9.602111 79.995556 Lantana camara 9.602139 79.995639 Lantana camara 9.602083 79.995722 Lantana camara 9.602611 79.996972 Lantana camara 9.602694 79.997056 Lantana camara 9.602611 79.99725 Lantana camara 9.602861 79.997306 Lantana camara 9.603083 79.997389 Lantana camara 9.602944 79.997611 Lantana camara

Table D-6: The notable trees that are to be interfere with the construction

Type of Tree Number Girth Size (cm) Borassus flabellifer (Tal) 26 110 - 210 Cocos nucifera 4 70-110 Thespesia populnea 5 45-70 Cassine glauca 1 57 v. Fauna in the Study Area 228. A total number of 7 faunal species including 1 critically endangered species were recorded during the field survey as indicated in Table D-6 The land snail species Trachia fallaciosa recorded on trees in the project area, which is a nationally critically endangered (CR) species and restricted to dry northern parts of the country

229. Critically endangered land snail Trachia fallaciosa was recorded within the project area and project area of influence. They were found in association with moist hollow areas inside trees and on the surface of the stem (Figure D-22) Since the GPS locations are given in Table.8, there is a possibility of relocating of these snails during the construction stage. In the design stage these trees can be accommodated as a landscape feature and allow to remain undisturbed. . This is a dry zone species and found in extreme dry areas such as Jaffna and Mannar. During very dry periods, individuals of this species aestivate under logs or rocks or in any moist places. This species is found only in Sri Lanka and south India, mainly restricted to drier areas. Due to the restriction of its distribution it is in CR category.

Figure D-22: Land snail species Trachia fallaciosa in trees.

230. No migratory bird species were recorded during the field ecological study. This was confirmed by the field interviews with fishermen and the community. No turtles were recorded during the field ecological study and the discussions with local coastal communities also revealed that turtles are not observed in the area.

Table D-7: Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence

CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened The details of faunal species recorded in the proposed project area are given in Table 6.

Table D-8: Details of Faunal Species Recorded in the Proposed Project Area and Project Area of Influence Family Fauna Local name TS NCS GCS MAMMALS Bovidae Capra aegagrus Goat Introduced hircus BUTTERFLIES Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common grass yellow Native LC Pieridae Colotis amata Small salmon arab Native LC Nymphalidae Danaus Plain tiger Native LC chrysippus Nymphalidae Parantica aglea Glassy tiger Native LC

BIRDS Corvidae Corvus splendens House crow Indigenous LC LC LAND SNAILS Camaenidae Trachia fallaciosa Indigenous CR

Table D-9: The GPS locations of Trachia fallaciosa within the Project Area and Project Area of Influence Latitude Longitude Flora 9.602111 79.994917 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602194 79.994639 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602361 79.994972 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602194 79.995306 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602222 79.996083 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602611 79.99725 Trachia fallaciosa

D.2.2 Aquatic Ecological Environment

Background 231. An investigation was conducted to identify characteristics of the existing aquatic ecological environment in and around the proposed project area and adjoining 100 m PAI. The study area and sampling design 232. Considering the actual project area, breakwaters and potential impact area, three locations on the shore with a prominent landmark were first selected as MT1 to MT3 another site MTR was selected close to the proposed interventions but outside the project area as a reference point Figure D-23 In each location, two sampling sites were selected representing shallow waters (Intertidal) “S”, and another site covering the reef edge towards deeper end just outside the project area, which was named as mid wears (“M”). 50m transect was studied from each sampling site from (S to E in Figure C.19). Accordingly, altogether there were 8 sampling sites. Site codes used with GIS coordinates are given in Table C.8

Figure D-23: Map of the sampling sites, MT1 to MT3 and MTR.

233. In each location, two sampling sites were selected representing shallow waters (“S”, mid water (“M”) MT1 to MT3 and MTR are the land marks to identify the locations. Transects studied were towards the sea across the basin including shallow intertidal zone. MT1, to MT3 are within the project interventions and MTR is approximately 200 m east from MT3.

Summary description on each of study site studied are given in Table D-10

Table D-10: Summary description on each of study site studied Paramet MT1S MT1M MT2S MT2M MT3S MT3M MTRS MTRM er Depth 0.5 to 0.6 to 1 to 1 to -2 1 to 2.3 0.6 - 1.5 1 to -2.5 0.5-1.4 (m) 1 1.2 2.5 Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand Substrat with with with with with with with with e some some some some some some some some course course course course course course course course sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand Visibility Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor

Salinity 38.2 38.6 38.9 37.8 39.3 39.4 39.0 39.2 (ppt)

MT1: 234. First site selected for study in Mandative is close to the groin in western margin of the proposed project site (Figure D-24). Two transects studied were to represent shallow basin towards the deeper area, and deeper area through the proposed breakwater.

Figure D-24: View of around the site MT1 from the marker pole.

235. The substrate in all the sites in Mandativu were more or less similar. Mostly fine sand with intermittent coarse sand mainly due to large particles from shell breakoff. Substrate is mostly covered with either seagrass or seaweeds. All the sites studied were very similar in general substrate characteristics and only the differences were some differences in species composition.

236. Due to fine sediments and prevailing wind conditions and resulting turbulence, as well as due to overcast during the survey, the visibility of the project site to the naked eye was poor. However, with appropriate adjustments in the camera to the low light conditions, it was managed to get some decent photographs for identification purposes.

MT1-S 237. Habitat characteristics of the site and noteworthy fauna and flora recorded along the transect is shown in (Fig 3-9). From the shore towards the proposed breakwater is a very shallow lagoon with fine to cause sand. Sandy substrate is covered with seaweeds such as Halimeda sp, Padina sp, and Caulerpa sp. The most prominent feature is extensive seagrass beds found within the project site and beyond. Cymodocea rotundata (Cr),

238. Enhalus acoroides (Ea), Halodule uninervis (Hu), Syringodium isoetifolium (Si), and Thalassia hemprichii (Th) were the seagrasses recorded in the project site. Among them, Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii were the common seagrasses found in site MT1-S. Approximately 15% of the bottom was covered with seagrasses. In addition, about 20 cm colony of stony coral Blastomussa sp was also recorded. Sea cucumber, Holothuria atra is another common species found scattered on sandy bottom. Maximum depth of the transect recorded was 1.4m. Visibility was poor in all the sites.

Figure D-25: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-S along the transect.

MT1-M 239. The deeper segment of the site MT1 is very much similar to the shallow area. However, seagrass cover is approximately 20% of the substrate dominated by Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii. Habitat characteristics of the site and noteworthy fauna and flora recorded along the transect is shown in (Figure D-26). Seaweeds also found mostly smothered from fine sediment.

Figure D-26: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-M along the transect

MT2 240. The site is the middle area of the basin within the proposed development site (Figure D-27: ). Substrate character is tics are mostly similar with MT1.

Figure D-27: View of the site MT2-S around the marker pole.

MT2-S 241. Substrate of the site towards the shore is mostly sandy bottom with fine sand and medium sand towards the deep (Figure D-28). Visibility of the site same with other sites was poor due to fine sediments and turbulence caused by relatively high wind conditions during the survey. 242. Some algal growth was observed on the sandy substrate towards the shore dominated by Caulerpa sp and Halimeda sp. Large patches of seagrasses beds were observed with maximum cover of approximately 15%. Seagrasses were dominated by Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea rotundata. Another noteworthy feature is the record of cushion sea star in the seagrass bed.

Figure D-28: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect

MT2-M 243. Habitat and species composition is very similar to MT2-S, however. approximately 22% of the substrate was covered with seagrass beds (Figure D-29: )More course sand was observed. Seagrasses were dominated by Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea rotundata. Cushion sea star was also recorded in the seagrass bed.

Figure D-29: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect

MT3: 244. Site MT3 is close to the groin east of the proposed project. View around the land mark in the beach is shown in Figure D-30: .

Figure D-30: View of the location MT3 around the marker pole.

MT3-S 245. Transect was laid from the shallow waters close to shore towards the deep. Substrate is fine sand towards the shore and more course sand towards the deep. Towards the shore, the substrate is bare sand and often covered with algae such as Padina sp, Halimeda sp grown on them (Figure D-31: ). Sea cucumber, Holothuria atra is a most common species encountered as with most of the other sites. Some patches of seagrass beds dominated by Cymodocea rotundata was found. Seagrass cover was approximately 8% of the substrate. Approximately 15 cm size isolated colony of Porites sp. massive coral was observed in the seagrass bed.

Figure D-31: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota of the site MT3-S along the transect

MT3-M 246. Towards the deep denser seagrass beds were observed, dominated by Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii. Seagrass cover is approximately 30% the transect studied. There were less growth of algae such Caulerpa sp and Halimeda sp. Porites sp. Massive coral was also recorded.

Figure D-32: Habitat characteristics of the site MT3-S along the transectTable

MTR 247. Site is close to the nearby Naval detachment just outside of the proposed project west to the MT3 and considered as a reference point (Figure D-32: ).

Figure D-33: View of the site around the marker pole at MTR

MTR-S 248. The site studied was extremely shallow with maximum depth of 1.2m. Substrate is course sand (Figure D-34). The sandy substrate towards the shore is often covered with seaweeds such as Padina sp, Halimeda sp, Caulerpa sp and Turbinaria sp. Extremely turbid water and visibility was very poor. Substrate is mostly covered with calcareous algae often smothered with fine sediments. Cushion sea stars and sponges Monanchora arbuscula was also observed in the site.

Figure D-34: Habitat characteristics of the site MTR-S along the transect

MTR-M 249. This transect is towards the deep. Substrate is mostly covered with coralline algae, Halimeda sp (Figure D-34: ). Towards the deep seagrass beds were observed dominated by Thalassia hemprichii followed by denser patches of tape seagrass, Enhalus acoroides which is locally names as “Vaattala” Live seagrass cover is approximately 15%. Same as shallow transect, cushion sea stars and sponges Monanchora arbuscula was also observed in the site.

Figure D-35: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota at the site MTR-M along the transect

Table D-11: Summary of Observations

Common name/ Site code Family Species CS code MT1 MT2 MT3 MTR Coral Blastomussa Mussidae LC + + sp. (merleti) Poritidae Porites sp. - + + Marine sponge Monanchora Crambeidae NE + + arbuscula Echinodermata Cushion Oreasteridae Pentaceraster sp NE + + + seastar Seagrasses

Cymodocea Cymodoceaceae Cr LC + + + rotundata Halodule uninervis Hu LC + Syringodium Si LC + isoetifolium Thalassia Th Hydrocharitaceae LC + + + hemprichii Turtle grass Ea Enhalus acoroides LC + Tape grass CS-Conservation status, LC- Least concerned, NE Not evaluated, Cr – Hu- Si, Ea,

Figure D-36: The findings are summarized in

Summary: 250. The study area is highly dominated by the sea grasses. Only on sampling point corals were recorded which is in outside the project area. Conservation status of the identified Sp. are least concern.

D.3 Overview of the fishing practices of the study area

251. Coastal population around the project site is mainly depending on fisheries and farming for their livelihood. Fishing in the area is small-scale in nature. Small and large pelagic species, demersal fishes and prawns are targeted by fishers using multiple types of fishing gear. The fishing fleet in the area, consist mostly of smaller boats.In spite of the potential for offshore fishing by larger boats, such boats are not in operation due to the absence of adequate facilities in the area. However, such boats have recently commenced operations and need development of appropriate fisheries infrastructure facilities.

252. Same as the other fish landing and anchorage sites, Mandative also lack even basic infrastructure for fishing operations and mooring. Therefore, fishers find it difficult to navigate during rough sea conditions prevailing along with monsoon reversals.

253. Vessels used are dominated light crafts such as FRP boats with outboard engines (Figure D-37) in addition, traditional crafts such as Theppam were also found to lesser extent.

254. Fish processing, in the form of dried fish production is carried out in a very small scale, as a cottage industry, at many of the Landing Sites. The catch, which cannot be sold as fresh produce and fish varieties of lesser commercial value are mainly used for this purpose.

NTRB – Non mechanized traditional boats (Theppam)

OFRP – Outboard engine single day FRP boats

Figure D-37: Types of fishing vessels

Major fishing gear used are gill nets, drift nets, crab nets and bottom set nets, etc (Figure D-28: )

Gill nets

Bottom set gillnets mesh size 18-22” (Madu del)

Figure D-38: Fishing gear and other infrastructure found in Mandativu

D.4 Historical and Archeologically Significant sites

255. According to the stakeholders including agency personnel and community leaders there are no such places located in the 100 m radius of project area or in its vicinity, but there are number of colonial period churches found in the DS division.

256. One of the archaeological site close to project location 8 m from the landing site to east/west/north south) is the South Indian Christianity Church located in the Pungudutiivu under J/28 GN division. This place is declared as place of archaeological importance in the Gazette Notification No.1739 dated 2011.12.30.

257. The Bell Tower is located at St James church in Allaipiddy 3 km away from the site. It‟s founded by British government at 1910

Present Land use in the Area 258. The composition of the soil varies within the Islands south DS division, and thereby the land use pattern also varies. On the plains, rainwater stagnates during the monsoon season, but they become suitable for cattle pasture at the beginning of the dry season. Although the land mass appears flat, the Veeramalai area of Pungudtivu is at higher elevation.

259. The village of Mankumpan and Allaipiddy are sandy stretches but mining for sand in these areas is now prohibited for environmental reasons. The marshy section encompassed by a triangular area bounded by Mandaitivu, Allaipiddy and Pannai.

260. The islands of Chirutivu, Palaitivu, Kannativu and Kurikadduvan are abundantly covered with mangroves. About 40 small, man-made water reservoirs are found mainly on the Island of Velanai, Pungudutivu and Nainativu.

261. Almost half of the Division (46.5 Km2) is residential area. The overall pattern of residential units is as follows: in Nainativu, houses are evenly spread across the whole Island, Pungudutivu is also evenly populated, but plots tend to be larger. By contrast Velanai has a lower density of residential dwellings and in Mandative, settlements are sparsely distributed. However, a proper land use survey has not been conducted for over 3 decades.

262. In the absences of proper land use planning paddy Fields and lands for commercial purposes are used for residential purposes. This will have an adverse effect for future development of the division.

263. The land use of DSD consists of areas of Palmyrah and Coconut cultivation, areas under seasonal agriculture, a limited extent of shrub forest, grazing land, abandoned homesteads, Kerneys (Ponds), and some of the ancient ruins. Mankumban and Allaipiddy villages consist of sandy stretches. Ash colored clay like soil found in most parts of interior areas.

264. The local economy in DSD, is based primarily on fisheries, agriculture and cottage industries. At present, traditional agriculture and cottage industry based economic activities are being carried out. Also, some traditional livelihood activities such as toddy tapping, home gardening, vegetable cultivation, goat rearing and cattle rearing, are also practiced by the people of the area. The traditional fishing industry, which was restricted for a number of reasons, is now allowed to operate freely. Therefore, more families are engaged in fishing activities around Velanai DSD. The following table shows the cultivation pattern of the Islands South DSD.

Table D-12: Cultivated Land within the DSD

Type of Land Type Crops Area (ha) Paddy Maha 167.39 Maha 1. Onion 27 2. Chilies 25 Agriculture Land High Land 3. Tobacco 144 4. Minor Cereals 10.5 5. Vegetables 72.5 6. Others 12.5 Other Cultivation Land 245.00 Source : Velanai Divisional Secretariat- 2016

265. The total area of the Islands South DSD is 98.4 sq.km, in which 3.8 Sq.km are inland water bodies, and rest 94.6 sq.km are land area. Whereas the Mandative GN Division does not have major inland water surfaces and it includes total land area of 15.1 sq,km. The total land area of Mandaitivu South (J/09) GN Division is 0.7 sq.km.

Figure D-39: Typical Land use pattern in project area

Land use: 266. For the purpose of this IEE the land use of the entire DSD is considered and compared with the Project immediate surroundings. The main land use pattern of the DSD are paddy cultivation, Highland crops such as arable crops, Fruits, Coconut, Palmyrah, and other trees having commercial value, salt marshes, and built areas with houses and other structures.

D.5 Social and Economic Aspects

D.5.1 Brief socio-economic profile of the area i. Population

267. Population of Islands south Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) in 1981 was 38,411, and in 1990 it was 52,728, but after 1990 the population of Islands south DS division gradually decreased, because of the war situation prevailed in the Island area of the Jaffna district. The people from the Island gradually moved to Jaffna town, Valikamam, Vadamarachchi and Colombo, further some people of the Island move abroad also. Due to these reasons, the population of Islands South DSD in 1993 decreased to 5396 families. After 1996 population of the Island gradually increased because, the resettlement was taking place during that year. After A9 Road was opened to the public in 2002 most of the people started to resettle in their own lands.

268. In 2006 again, the population decreased to 16,174 due to the conflict in Allaipiddy and Mandative area. In this year A9 Road was also closed, with the above situation the population of Islands south division continuously decreased in the years 2007 and 2008. In 2016 the total population of District Secretariat Division (DSD) is 18,655. The majority of the population are Tamil according to the data available with the GN, and Hinduism and Christianity are the two dominant religions in the area. There are

considerable number of Muslims living in the area (252) and 02 Sinhalese are recorded in the Grama Niladari Division ( GND)

269. According to the Resource Profile 20167) the total population of the Islands South DSD is 18,655.The number of total families is 5,598. The gender diversity of the population of the DSD is that Male constituting 8,940, which is 48% of the total population, and the female population which is 9,715 (52% of the total population).

270. The total population of the Mandative GND is 2085, and they comprise 646 families, where as that of Mandative South GND is 1026 in 293 families. The male female distribution of the Mandative South GN division is almost follow the same pattern in the DSD with male percentage is 48.34% and female percentage is 51.66%. As usual the female population is little higher than male population in the areas studied. The total population of the Mandative South GND where the proposed project is located is 1026. The data related to this aspect is shown in Table C.16

271. The Total Population of the GND is 1026. This represents 5.5% of the total population of the DSD. The population density in GND is 1465.71, whereas the population density of the DSD remain at 197.2, indicating a severe scarcity for land within the GND.

Diversity of population

272. As discussed above, the population disaggregated by ethnicity in Mandative is that Tamils (98.6%) Muslims (1.3%) and Sinhalese 0.01%).

iii. The education level:

273. At Present there are 25 functioning schools in the DSD. Among them there is only one school which is of 1AB type8. Two schools are 1c type, 11 are type II and 11 are type III. About nine schools have been temporarily closed.. Due to the dense population the teacher/ student ratio remains at 1: 17) in which case every 17 students has one teacher. Nevertheless, the quality of education seems to be below the district and national average .For example, in 2014 , only 4.79 % of students were qualified for grade 5 Scholarship Examination when compared to an average of 15% in the district.

274. The education level of the fishing community is low in general and this observation is equally relevant to fishing community in the studied area under this project.

D.5.2 Nature of households and principle economic activities

7 Resource Profile prepared by the DSD Velani 8National schools - Type 1AB and/or Type 1C schools, Type 1AB- Science A/L only, or with non-science A/L Type 1C- Non-science A\L only Type 2 - Year 1 to 11 Type 3 -Year 1 to 8 or Year 1 to 5

275. Majority of the community members in this area are involved in fishery related employment. The data on employment pattern observed in different areas studied are shown in Table D-13

Table D-13: Economic activities

S.NO NUMBER OF WORKERS WORKS

2016

01 Those in the public sector 483 02 Farmers 773 03 Business 264 04 Fisher Men 1,830

05 Masons 106 06 Carpenters 87 07 Co-operative Employees 26

08 Unemployed 791

09 Other Employees 1,145

TOTAL 5,568

Source: Velanai Divisional Secretariat- 2016

276. Crop diversity in the Grama Niladari Division 277. Paddy is cultivated only once a year during the Maha (Perum poham) season of the year. Vast areas of land remain uncultivated. There are 1117.5ha of land suitable for paddy production but only 167.3 ha are currently used. Two reasons for this are the low profitability of paddy cultivation and the displacement of paddy farmers to the other parts of the country as a result of the conflict. However, some places (e.g. saravanai) paddy land has been converted into high land for crop cultivation.

278. The cultivation of subsidiary crops is an important addition to paddy cultivation. The Department of Agriculture has identified for various crops such as Kurakkan, Gingerly, Green gram, Onions, Tobacco, cowpea and Chilly The people in Velanai show most interest in the cultivation of Red Onion . The Island South DSD has a total of 291 ha of land under highland crops, of which 144 ha is under tobacco another 72.5 ha under vegetable cultivation. Red onions and chilies cover 17 1nd 15 ha respectively wheters other crops such as Kurakkan, Black Gram, Gingerly etc. have been cultivated in scmall land areas well below 5 ha.

279. Palmyra is naturally found in the area. This is yet another source of income providing livelihoods for about 915 families during the cropping season.

i. Household Income among the population in the project area

280. Records indicate that majority earns an income below Rs. 3,000/= from their livelihood activities. The income related information is shown below. This is the situation with regard to income of average families of the area. Except marginal fishery families the income of fishery families having multi-day boats are comparatively high.

Table D-14: Income levels of the Mandative South GN Division

Monthly Income (No. of families) G.N Below 3000/= to 5,001/= to 10001/= to Above Division 3000/= 5,000/= 10000/= 25,000/= 25,000/= J/09 168 39 37 32 17 Source : Velanai Divisional Secretariat- 2016

D.5.3 Existing infrastructure facilities

281. The Velanai Predeshiya sabha implements and maintains a drinking water supply scheme, the storm water drainage system, community centers, Public libraries, cemetery and rural roads etc. The Velanai DS Division also has institutions to provide services such as Education, Health, Postal, electricity, agrarian services etc.. i. Roads 282. There are two modes of transport namely road transport and sea transport in the DS Division. There is public transport which constitutes both the Sri lanka Transport Board Buses and other Private buses..

283. The division has a relatively extensive road network extending to 326.28 Km . Of that 40.71 km of road is maintained by RDA, 62 .37Km fall under the RDD administration and 222.20 km are taken care of by the Pradeshiya Sabaha.

284. The Jaffna – Pannai - Kayts Road is the main and only road that links the A9 highway and other important roads of Jaffna Town with the islands. This is also the only road connecting the Division to the mainland.

285. The road network within the Mandative island is comprises only C and D type roads which are maintained by RDD and PS respectively. The Mandaitivu South GN division One tarred C type road and 4 D type road which are very narrow for heavy transport, such as construction equipment and materials transport by trucks. ii. Electricity supply

286. The Island South Division is one of the least electrified in the Jaffna District. The CEB provides electricity to 2,260 consumers. Nearly 1,292 households are yet to be connected to grid electricity. In Mandathivu, 332 houses access to the national grid connection and 185 houses yet to receive.

90 iii. Water supply

287. The supply of drinking water is reliant mainly from privately owned wells. National water supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) provides water only to a limited area. Many privately owned wells on the island run dry during the dry season or become saline. Households in Nainativu ,Pungudutivu and Mandativu Divisions who have no any sources of drinking water are supplied by water bowsers.. Deep wells in Chaddy are used by the PS and the NWSDB to deliver water through bowsers. Under Iranaimadu Water Supply Scheme a water Tank Construction project will be initiated to deliver water to three Grama Nilathari Divisions at Velanai Divisional Secretariat.

288. The NWSDB is further increasing the number of deep wells in Allaipidy Division and a pipeline is under construction from there to supply water to Mandativu Island . The NWSDB also runs a small water supply scheme for the Velanai Town Area.

289. In addition there are several small scale (less than 3 acre extent) tanks and seasonal water bodies are found in the Mandative Island.

Table D-15: Small scale water bodies recorded from the Mandaitivu Island. G.N Name of Length Width Circumstance(Fe Average Depth Div Pond (Feet) (Feet) et) (Feet) Siru Kulam 300 200 1000 20 Channel 1400 10 - - J/08 Perun Kulam 500 275 1500 30 Channel 1400 10 - - Source : Velanai Divisional Secretariat- 2016

v. Existing fishing activities in the area

290. Most of the villages in the Islands South DS Division are fishing villages where. the communities depend on fishing. Fishing is the most important economic activity in the Mandaitivu area. The fishery activity in the area could be considered under the following categories: The near shore fisheries and The Deep Sea fishery 291. Fishery communities do not use modern fishing methods, mainly due to economic reasons. Fishing is mainly carried out using traditional methods which include the use of traditional fishing boats and Kaddumaram (a type of traditional boats used by small scale fishermen). Table Table D-16 below provides a list of traditional fishing methods adopted by the communities.

Table D-16: The Fishing methods used in the DSD

Se.No Methods 01 Kalangaddy

02 Iral hoodu- Prawn Cage 03 Lyla Net 04 Valichchal Net – Seine Net 05 Nandu Net -Crab Net 06 Thirukhai Net – Skate Net 07 Vallam -A small boat with outer engine

08 Kaddumaram – A hand drown simple boat

09 Thundil – Line and Hooks Source : Velanai Divisional Secretariat- 2016

D.5.4 Fishing population 292. The total number of fishery families in the Island South DSD is 300 and the population involved in the fishing activities is 1830. The total members in the Mandative Fisheries Cooperative Society are 350. The table (C 29) below provides the details of fishing population and the status of fishing of the Islands South DSD. The Mandative landing area is a large area with approximate length is 200m.

293. The fishing activity in Mandative is controlled by the Punitha Pethuruvanavar Fisherman Cooperative Society, which has 350 registered members. Under this society there are 10 numbers of Theppam, (locally made fishing crafts). 35 Trawlers and more than 400 fiberglass boats are operating.

Table D-17: Structure of the Fishing population in Islands South DSD Type of fishery activity and families 2016 1 No.of Fishery families 300 2 No.of Fishing Population 1830 3 Engine Boat (in) 35 4 Engine Boat (out ) 400 5 Boat (With out engine ) 10 6 No.of Fisheries villages 12 7 No.of fisheries societies 05 8 Members of fisheries societies 4,923 9 Fisheries Pensioners 1,050 10 Production of Fresh Fish (mt) 2637 11 Fishing Harbours 1 12 Dried fish Production(mt) 365 Source : Velanai Divisional Secretariat- 2016

- One day fishing boats: this is the main method use for shallow and moderately deep sea fishing activity. - Small fishing crafts known as Theppam in local language: this method is performed only in shallow sea area. - Outer engine boats called Jaffna boats in local term: these are similar to one day boats but little larger than one day boats in size. - Multiday boats less than 32ft length: these boats are used for deep sea fishing

D.5.5 Seasonal variation of fish catch

294. The fresh fish production of Mandaitivu in 2016 is 652 mt, whereas in the DSD the production had been 2637 mt. This indicates that the t fishing contribution to the fish production of DSD is significant from Mandative.

295. Fish production shows seasonal variation during the southwest monsoonal period (May) fish production increased by about 13% in the later part of the monsoon. The high wind period with the onset of North-East Monsoon is usually avoided by the fishermen. During high wind season it is very difficult to launch the boats, as the channels are very narrow and most of the boats get damaged. Fatal accidents have been recorded from the area. With the deepening of anchorage points and construction of breakwaters the safety will be improved and the fishermen could launch their boats

296. The fishermen in the area face various constraints which are mentioned below. 297. About 06 months of the year, (May to October) due to high wind , fishers are unable to launch fishery boats. 298. The fishermen are compelled to launch their boats in other fishing areas which require them to pay an additional fee of Rs.2,000.00 per boat per day. 299. Dragging the boats through the narrow areas cause some damages to the boats and repairs of damages. This will incur about Rs.25,000-50,000 occasionally for the boat repairs. 300. There have been several fatal accidents reported in launching boats during high wind season. This has also resulted in damaging the boats. 301. The anchoring point along the Mandative area is not properly established and therefore, damages occur during anchoring of the boats. 302. It is difficult to launch multi day boats especially, boats that are more than 50ft long. Even short length multiday boats are taken to the sea with great difficulties. This has caused the fishermen to sell their multi day boats and only one multi boat is present today. 303. There are no adequate facilities for some fishermen who are interested to process fish for dry fish. 304. In general, non- availability of proper anchoring facility is a serious issue in the area.

ix. Existing Beach Access

305. The beach is directly accessible from many locations along the Point Pedro East Coast Road along the coast.

D.5.6 Existing Environmental Issues and Social Conflicts

306. The absence of adequate facilities for waste disposal, mainly at fisheries landing sites, can be identified as an existing environmental issue. In addition due to difficulties faced by the fishing community as a result of unsafe conditions during the monsoons, livelihoods and incomes are impacted.

E. DESCRIPTION OF ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

307. The potential environmental impacts arising from activities of the proposed development were identified based on the results of the studies conducted. Relative qualitative classification of these impacts as 'Positive', 'No' „Low‟, „Moderate‟ and „High‟ were made, mainly based on criteria such as magnitude, spatial extent, duration, reversibility etc. In addition, referencing environmental criteria such as standards and threshold values, where applicable, were also considered in the classification.

E.1 Physical Resources

E.1.1 Impact to the Beach and shoreline

Potential Coastal Impacts: 308. With the construction of the Mandative anchorage, sediment movement (bypassing) across the anchorage structures would become almost zero. Further, the situation would be very similar to the presence of the T-groins. Some sand accumulation could be expected at the breakwater root on the updrift side, though such accumulation is not very significant.

309. The shoreline between the anchorage and Navy jetty do not contribute to erosion. Further, the said shoreline becomes more stable in the presence of the new anchorage structures.

310. The shoreline between the anchorage and Navy Jetty, though not contributed by any bypassing sand, would remain stable, as noted at present.

311. Though there is no significant movement of sediment across the structures, there is possibility of finer sand (which constitutes only a small fraction) moving as suspended sediment entering the anchorage basin, and depositing in the basin. However, it shall be noted that such accumulation would not be very significant. As such, dredging may not be required frequently.

312. Hence, the impact can be rated as 'Low' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

vi. Changes in drainage patterns

313. The proposed developments are mainly carried out in the near shore area, and overland areas. No major drainage path is identified within the project area especially at the proposed shore facilities area.

314. The impact due to changes in drainage patterns can thus be rated as 'Low' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

vii. Impacts of sewage or waste water, solid disposal, waste oil spills, surface runoff on coastal environment and coastal waters

315. During the construction stage, no significant quantities of waste water, sewage or solid waste are to be generated. No direct disposal of waste into the environment is

95 to be carried out. Oil spills could occur mainly due to the operation of machinery and at the storage facilities in the construction site. However, in view of the low scale of construction work with machinery, no significant levels of waste oil spills is envisaged during the construction stage.

316. About 6.5 m3/day of wastewater will be generated during the operational period and it will be discharged into septic tanks and soakage pits. However, malfunction or improper maintenance of soakage pits and overloading could create ground water pollution. In additions, overflow of septic tanks and soakage pits could pollute the sea water and could emit the bad smell as observed in the other landing sites (eg. Kakativu landing site in Jaffna district). Overflow of septic tanks can be avoided through regular emptying of the soakage pits.

317. Although the possibility exists for increased level of waste oil spills during the operational stage due to the activities of an increased number of fishing boats expected to be based at the anchorage facility developed, in view of the improved operational conditions in the anchorage (i.e. a calm anchorage basin, with enhanced shelter provided by the breakwaters constructed), a lower risk level of accidental spills of oil can be expected.

318. The impacts of sewage or wastewater, solid disposal, waste oil spills, surface runoff on coastal environment and coastal waters can thus be rated as 'Moderate' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

viii. Impacts on water quality

319. An increase in turbidity of water would occur in the vicinity of proposed project activities-breakwater constructions and dredging-mainly in the basin area of the landing site and nearby areas to the breakwaters, during the construction stage. However, as presented in Section D.1.1-vii, no significant water pollution is envisaged due to the disposal of wastewater, sewage, solid waste and waste oil during both construction and operational stages. Also, due to the dredging of the access channel, water circulation is likely to increase, causing a dilution of any pollution levels in the basin. No large scale fishing activities are also carried out in the immediate vicinity of the proposed constructions.

320. In view of these considerations, the impacts on water quality can be rated as 'Low' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

ix. Impacts due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc in the area and sea level rise

321. The impacts due to coastal hazards are highly dependent on the propagation characteristics of tsunamis and storm surges (associated with cyclones) over near shore and overland areas. Reef formations, sand dunes and coastal vegetation can be considered as natural measures of protection against adverse impacts due to coastal hazards, while offshore breakwaters and sea walls can be considered as artificial measures of impact mitigation. Although the proposed breakwaters are similar in nature to coast protection and/or coastal hazard mitigation structures, such structures have been designed with a limited crest height and length only to provide enhanced shelter to a limited/highly localized area (of the proposed fishery anchorage) and are not expected to provide significant protection from coastal hazard events in the area. The proposed developments are expected to provide only enhanced protection to a highly localized

area. No large scale protections are provided by the project. 'No' significant change in the current impact levels due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc in the area, in general, is thus envisaged due to the proposed development. Due to similar considerations, 'No' significant change in the current impact levels due to sea level rise are also envisaged.

E.2 Transportation of Materials

322. The rocks required for the proposed development are to be obtained from quarries operated under authorized conditions. The required approvals have been obtained by the quarry operators and the quarry operations are carried out under specified conditions.

323. A significant quantity of rocks need to be transported for which frequent use of heavy vehicles (6, 9 or 12 Ton Trucks) would be required. The transportation route(s), with different options, are mainly developed roads, paved and of adequate width, maintained by the Road Development Authority (RDA) and/or the Road Development Department (RDD) of the Northern Provincial, capable of bearing the loaded trucks used for transportation activities of the proposed development. However, some of the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the study area are unpaved and/or less developed and difficulties could be encountered in using such roads for project related transportation activities.

324. The transportation routes pass several urban areas and a possibility exists for traffic congestion/disruption due to transportation activities associated with the proposed developments. However, except for certain periods of the day-mainly the morning and evening rush hours-in the urban/built-up areas, no high levels of traffic along the transportation routes are encountered.

325. Although the possible transportation routes consist of existing roads of adequate capability to accommodate the transportation activities associated with the project, the possibility exists for impacts due to increased level of vibrations on the buildings located along the roadside due to the frequent movement of heavy vehicles. The transport routes pass several residential areas.

326. As presented in Section B.10-ii, the selection of the quarries and transport routes to the site is to be carried out by the contractor(s) appointed for the proposed development. A traffic/transport impact assessment is to be carried out by the contractor(s) prior to the commencement of the transport activities and the impact mitigation measures identified are to be implemented/adhered to, during transport activities.

327. In view of the above considerations, the overall impact to transportation of materials can be rated as 'Moderate' during the construction stage.

E.3 Handling and Stockpiling of Materials

328. The handling of materials would involve unloading, sorting, stockpiling and loading activities of rocks required for construction and high levels of noise, vibration and dust emissions are envisaged due to such activities. Also, the activities at the sites of stockpiling could lead to changes in natural drainage patterns through the site. The

impacts would depend on the level of disturbances created as well as the type and proximity of sensitive receivers in the area.

329. A vacant private land is available near the construction site. This land could be considered for the stockpiling. . The overall impact associated with handling and stockpiling of materials can thus be rated as 'Moderate' during the construction stage.

E.4 Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-Off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment

330. The details are presented in Section D.1-vii.

E.5 Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal

331. In view of the small quantity of solid waste generated and the disposal methods to be adopted, as presented in Section B.5.3, the impacts associated with solid waste can be rated as 'Low' during the construction stage.

332. About 85 Kg/day of solid waste will be generated by the operation/maintenance of the proposed developments and the solid waste generated from the construction and operational stage should be properly disposed. Unpleasant odor, spreading of waste by scavengers could result from improper solid waste practices and considering the scale of activities at the anchorage and the presence of built-up areas in the vicinity, the impacts associated with solid waste can be rated as 'Moderate' during the operational stage.

E.6 Anticipated impacts due to disposal of dredged materials

333. Dredged materials will be disposed in one or a few of the options as identified in section.. Since dredged materials will be used as base material for reclaiming road/coastal areas as proposed (with the approval of the authorities concerned) the impact can be rated as low to moderate.

E.7 Ecological Resources (Land Based and Aquatic)

E.7.1 Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources

i. Construction period.

334. The major marine construction work is in the seaward side of the proposed project area. Development activities include dredging of an area up to 2m depth to facilitate boat movements. Construction of a breakwater 290m in length is also proposed. Other developments are to be carried out in sandy beach area and in a land area with sandy soil.

335. The other facilities proposed to develop are auction hall (15x 6m), net mending hall and community hall (two story 25x8m), public toilets and showers (6x5m), water tank and pumps, engine storage and fuel dispensing area (25x6m), dug well for

washing. Administrative office (15x8 m) is also planned to house CFHC staff and FI. Land area available for the development is 84 perches. Noise and dust pollution are expected during construction activities. Dredged material has to be disposed in location where biodiversity is low.

336. A total number of 20 floral species were recorded including an endemic species; Cassine glauca (Neralu), a nationally near threatened species (NT); Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) and two invasive species; Antigonon leptopus, and Lantana camara. Most of the species recorded are trees (7) followed by herbaceous species (6) and shrubs (5) and climbers or creepers (2). Further, nearly 75 % of the recorded floral species are natives and 20 % of the species are exotic to the country.

337. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach habitat was predominated by creepers; Spinifex littoreus (Maha Ravana Revula). Beyond the carpet of creepers, a zone of low shrubs occurs on the more stabilized sandy area. Species like Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Cocos nucifera, Pongamia pinnata, Thespesia populnea, Acacia eburnea, Phoenix pusilla, Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Tephrosia purpurea, Cassine glauca (Neralu), Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana), Lantana camara and Antigonon leptopus were recorded in the scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut. A total number of 07 faunal species including 01 critically endangered land snail species Trachia fallaciosa, a mammal, a bird and 04 butterflies.

338. None of the fauna or flora recorded in the area are ecologically sensitive to the area.There is a record of criticaly endangered snail species. Conserving the trees where this species is found and including these trees as a ladscape feature will minimize the threat. Further, the other recorded fauna and flora are common in the area.

ii. Operational period

339. The anchorage sites are considered as an interface between the harvesting of fish and its distribution and consumption. Fishery anchorages can be focal points of pollution of the surrounding terrestrial habitats and can affect the flora and fauna of the project area and the influencing area during operational period.

340. Within the fish anchorage site there are many activities that can take place related to waste generation as indicated in Table E-1These wastes can cause several adverse impacts on the terrestrial coastal environment and biodiversity in and around anchorages, related to waste generation. Disposal of waste that is generated during operation, in the anchorage site or in the influencing area can affect the terrestrial environment and biodiversity.

Table E-1: Typical potential waste streams identified in anchorage sites that can affect the terrestrial habitat and biodiversity in surrounding areas

Anchorage Source Area Type of Waste Generated Area

Public toilets and showers Sewage Waste water from bathing & washing areas

Public areas Polythene

Plastic bottles

Damaged nets Cans Engine storage/ Oil and grease

Net mending shed Torn nets and rope Auction hall Fish waste

Blood water

Trash fish

Hose down water Fuel dispensing facility Oil spills, accidental oil spills.

341. With the implementation of a sound waste collection and disposal method impact camn be minimized.

E.7.2 Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources

342. The impacts on aquatic ecological resources can be divided into Project Impacts and Process Impacts.

343. Project impacts are associated with the developer‟s decision on the location and layout of a project. There will be impact on the aquatic ecology such as the sea grass beds, due to limited dredging activities.

344. Process impacts are associated with the physical construction, including dredging, breakwater construction and land reclamation, (e.g. turbidity and sedimentation impacts). The mitigation of process impacts is associated with effective management of the construction process (e.g. the choice of equipment and operational policies) The impacts associated with the civil construction has been discussed elsewhere. However the construction of the anchorage will be of benefit rather than causing adverse impacts to the community.

E.8 Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality Generation

345. Both fixed and mobile noise, vibration and dust/gaseous pollutant emission (exhaust) sources are involved with construction and related activities. These sources include vehicles/vehicular movement, material unloading, plant and machinery used in construction and related activities. In addition, dust emission sources include exposed surfaces, uncovered material transportation activities and stockpiles. The noise, vibration and dust/air quality levels resulting from these sources depend on type of activity, number of simultaneous activities, type of vehicles/plant and machinery operated etc.

100

346. The dust emission levels also depend on climatic conditions (wind, humidity). The resulting impacts will depend on the type, level and duration of noise, vibration and dust/gaseous pollutant emission, time of generation (daytime or night) as well as the type, proximity and sensitivity of the receivers. The typical noise levels associated with vehicles/plant/machinery commonly associated with construction activities are given in Table E-2

347. The maximum permissible noise levels at the boundaries of the land in which the source of noise is located in Laeq, T, for construction activities, as specified by the CEA in the relevant Gazette Notification, are shown in Error! Reference source not ound.A comparison of these levels with the anticipated construction noise levels indicates that the noise levels during construction phase could exceed the permissible levels in the vicinity of the project site, although decay in noise levels occurs with the distance from the source of noise.

Table E-2: Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment Typical Sound Typical Sound Typical Sound Pressure Pressure Level Pressure Level Construction Equipment Level At 50 At 500 Feet At 1,500 Feet Feet (DBA) (DBA) (DBA) Dozer (250-700 hp) 88 68 58 Front End Loader (6-15 cu. yards.) 88 68 58 Trucks (200-400 hp) 86 66 56 Portable Generators (50-200 kW) 84 64 54 Mobile Crane (11-20 tons) 83 63 53 Tractor (3/4 to 2 cu. yards.) 80 60 50 (Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Figure E-1: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels during Construction Activities (Source: The National Environment Act, No. 47 of 1980)

348. Excessive vibrations could cause structural damages to nearby buildings/structures and inconvenience to occupants. The level of impact depends on the intensity of the vibration as well as the type of the structure.

349. Construction activities could cause ground vibrations to varying degrees, depending on the equipment and methods used. The ground vibrations spread through ground and diminish with the distance. Buildings founded on soil in the vicinity of a construction site could respond to such vibrations, to varying extents ranging from no perceptible effects at the lowest level, low rumbling sounds and feelable vibrations at moderate levels and slight damage, mainly in the form of cracking at the highest level.

101

Ground vibrations from construction activities very rarely reach the levels that can damage structures. However, such vibrations could cause damages to fragile historic buildings.

350. The maximum permissible vibration levels, as specified by the CEA in the relevant Gazette Notification, are shown in Error! Reference source not found.. A ossibility exists for these values are to be exceeded by vibrations caused by construction machinery and activities (such as dumping of rocks) and vehicular movement. However, the construction activities are to be carried out in the beach and near shore areas, as opposed to the immediate vicinity of built-up areas, and there are no heavily built up areas, so impact is not significant.. Also, high vibration generation activities, such as piling, are not associated with proposed constructions.

351. Suspended particulate matter from dust emissions, gaseous pollutants in the form of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) etc are among the exhausts from plant/machinery involved in construction and related activities.

352. The main sensitive receivers are the work force, community in the vicinity (about 50m quay wall and 10m from the shore facilities from the construction site) of the project site and the stockpiling area.

353. Even though it is difficult to estimate the probable noise, vibration and dust levels to be generated by the construction activities, based on the levels of noise to be generated by construction activities and distance between noise/vibration/dust sources and the sensitive receivers, the overall impacts could be rated as 'Moderate' and during the construction period.

102

Figure E-2: Maximum Permissible Vibration Levels

(Source: Amended Interim ABOP and Vibration Standards, Pollution Control Division, Central Environmental Authority)

E.9 Impacts due to Changes of Land Use

354. The proposed development of fisheries related infrastructure such as the - breakwaters and anchorage basin with enhanced shelter-will not cause a change of land use pattern in the site and its vicinity. The improved infrastructure facilities will lead to a higher level of productivity in the site and a Positive impact on land use is thus envisaged.

355. Further, the proposed site for the offshore facilities is a bare and unproductive land. This will be converted to as economically and socially beneficially to the community.

E.10 Socio-Economic Aspects

356. The potential social impacts are analyzed in terms of positive and negative aspects and also during construction and post construction phases of the project. The impacts that may be specific to project implementing area and also to the vicinity are considered in the impact identification exercise.

E.11 Impacts of the project on other development project within the area

103

357. There are no recorded development projects found in the Mandative area therefore the proposed project does not have any impacts on the any development project.

358. Impact on fishing industry including beach scene fishery related activities and fishing community (during construction and operation)

359. The potential social impacts are analyzed in terms of positive and negative aspects and also during construction and post construction phases of the project. The impacts that may be specific to project implementing area and also to the vicinity are considered in the impact identification exercise

360. Positive Impacts on fishing industry and the fishing community during operations The area in general will be benefitted by having an essential infrastructure facility for the population in the DS area in which most prominent livelihood activity is fisheries. Opportunities for anchoring boats all-round the year, launching boats with no risks and also number of days possible for launching boats to the sea will get increased. Facilitating undisturbed passage to enter the sea for all size of boats throughout the year is a long expectation of the multiday boat fishermen. The development directly influences fisheries development of the country.

361. About 400 fishing boats are available within this Mandaitivu South GN division. The fishermen in this area have difficulties to launch boats from the anchoring site to the sea for about 6 months/year due to rough sea. The average daily income from a boat is about Rs 7,000 to 8,000. This income is lost during the period in which they cannot launch the boats to the sea. Most of the fishermen perceive that this problem will be fully addressed by the proposed project. Opportunities for launching and anchoring boats with no risks and also number of days possible for launching boats to the sea will get increased. If the anchoring site deepened and broadened the proposed project activities will help to increase the income of the fishermen. Some of the active fishermen perceive that present income can become double.

362. The seas become very rough in about 3 to 4 months intervals. About 50% to 75% of fishermen are compelled stop launching their boats during this period. If they need to go for fishing they have to spend more fuel and it is risky too. If the proposed project addresses the issue the fishermen can anchor and launch their boats in most of the days of the year. The fishermen also will not compel to spend additional cost for parking their Boats in the sea during rough sea condition and pay additional money to the security labour. The multi-day boats cannot be anchored in at Mandathuve as the anchoring point is not deep enough to occupy the multi day boats, and also during dry seasons they had to take their multiday boats far off shore to protect from wave action. There is an only 01 multiday boat and even that cannot be launched from anchoring point. The income potential per day from multi-day boat is about Rs. 15,000. If the problem of anchoring point is addressed the fishermen are willing to purchase multiday boats, which already they practiced and increase their income and also, they can provide more jobs. The proposed project will establish favourable situation in the area for these multiday boats also to launch to the sea from the Mandaitivu Anchorage Point. There will be no need to shift to other locations and therefore, additional cost can be avoided.

363. Possible Negative Impacts on fishing industry and the fishing community

104

364. Some concerns were identified during the IEE study especially through the discussions and meetings with the fishing community of the project area. Those concerns are; 365. During breakwater construction and dredging activities, there will be difficulties for the boats and vessels when using the navigation path at anchoring point to enter the sea from the anchoring point and vice versa. Transportation of construction material either by road or ferrying through sea may interrupt fishing activities especially via Northern coast navigational path. Use of Point Pedro East coast road in material transportation would disrupt their peaceful and general living environment. 366. There may be disturbances to the existing coastal access, the traditional operators involved in fishing will have difficulties to carry out their activities near sea opening. 367. Some (About 04) encroachments are established at the edge of Anchoring area, and they have to be evacuated before starting the construction

368. Impacts to present beach users in the area

369. No tourism, recreational or any other activities other than fishery related activities in this part of the beach. Breakwater construction, dredging of access channel and equipment and barge movements will impact on fishing activities if not properly coordinated with the community.

370. Impacts in loss of livelihood during construction period

371. The boats could be moored away from the construction site. The proposed land for the shore facilities is a vacant land owned by the Fisheries Organizations. Therefore, no direct livelihood impacts could be expected. The area to be moved the boats are shown in the : showing the site for the mooring od boats during the construction.(the blue arrow shows the direction).

105

Proposed site for shore facilities

Proposed Breakwaters

Figure E-3: showing the site for the mooring od boats during the construction.

372. Details on generate more employment to the local community in the vicinity There will be short-term employment opportunities for the local population in the construction phase, which will bring a short-term positive impact for individuals and a secondary positive impact to the local economy.

373. With the implementation of this project, opportunities for anchoring and launching boats with no risks and also number of days possible for launching boats to the sea will get increased. With the implementation of planned Mandaitivu anchoring developments, fishing fleet will also be increased. This situation will attract more people for the fisheries related activities.

Any other social impacts 374. The local community members and the stakeholders perceive some other impacts due to activities implemented under the proposed project. These potential impacts are mentioned below; 375. There can be some disturbances to the main Jaffna-Pungudutivu road during construction period due to transport of materials and heavy machineries. 376. Routes of land-based transportation of material are through narrow road areas and congested with closely packed houses. There can be significant difficulties for the local communities and also the vehicle drivers of the project site for travelling in the extremely narrow roads in both alternative roads. This will create serious road safety issues. 377. There can be possibilities for conflicts between labours of the construction site and the local communities in the area. 378. There may be tendency for mining and transporting of the huge sand quantities presently silted up in the sea opening area with the influence of local politicians.

106

379. There can be increase in vessels from outside and there could be conflict between host communities and new invaders in sharing the resources in the anchorage point.

Impacts On Archeological Cultural Resources 380. There are no recorded places of Archaeological importance within the project impact area and therefore no specific migratory measures are needed.

E.12 Potential impacts of climate change on proposed investments.

381. Theclimate change projections for Sri Lanka (CCS, 2016) indicate that there are 03 major types of atmospheric changes:

 Gradual increase in ambient air temperature  Changes in distribution pattern of rainfall  Increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events.

382. In addition, sea level rise within the Asian region that includes Sri Lanka has been observed at 1-3mm/year and is expected to continue to rise throughout the 21st century (15-20 cm by 2050). Ocean acidification is also expected to increase in the future, with negative impacts on coral reef ecosystems.

383. Out of these changes, sea level rise and increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events are likely to have a direct impact on the proposed developments. The impacts would be mainly related to the effectiveness and the stability of the proposed developments. Increased levels of wave overtopping of the breakwaters constructed are envisaged due to these changes, leading to a reduced effectiveness in providing sheltered conditions in the anchorage basin required for fisheries activities. Also a possibility exists for higher levels of sediment movement into the anchorage and siltation leading to reduced depths in the basin which may require dredging to facilitate fisheries activities. In addition, higher levels of exposure of the breakwaters to adverse sea conditions at more frequent intervals are likely to affect the structural stability, leading to damages which may require rehabilitation and/or strengthening of such structures. As the breakwaters are constructed on the reef formation, any negative impact on the reef system due to ocean acidification might cause an adverse impact on the structural stability of the breakwaters. Since it is specified to check the rock armor for its soundness, the impacts due to acidification on the structure stability is minimal.

E.12.1 Disaster/Emergency Response Measures

384. The project site and the surrounding areas were affected by the tsunami in 2004. , which caused several deaths and damages to the houses in the vicinity of the project site. As presented in Section B.1, the reef in the area has also been damaged by the cyclone 'Nisha' in 2008 and the scattering of broken reef and silting in the basin area have also caused difficulties in access and mooring of boats. No other major natural disasters have affected the project site or the surrounding areas in the recent past. Although not frequent, the project site, being located next to the coast, is potentially exposed to cyclones/storm surges. No flooding has been reported in the project site and the surrounding areas.

107

In accordance with the National Policy on Disaster Management, it has been identified that the environmental assessments need to cover relevant issues on disaster risk management and mitigation pertaining to the project. Apart from environmental impacts, disaster risk reduction and minimizing the impacts of disasters is a fundamental feature of the design process. Any such incident can seriously affect smooth operation, cause loss of life and damage to ecosystems and critical infrastructure. Therefore the designs need to include comprehensive state of the art methods to identify, assess and minimize the impacts arising from such events.

385. The potential disasters relevant to the site during construction and operation phases include: Cyclones Tsunamis Fires (Transport and stockpiling of construction material (Construction Phase)

386. The potential impacts arising from these hazards can be mitigated by planning and design and the adoption of best practices.

387. The region, in which the project site is located, is potentially exposed to both cyclones and tsunamis although the frequency of occurrence of a mega tsunami such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 is very low. A two pronged approach is recommended for the mitigation of impacts of these hazards. In the case of structural design, due attention needs to be focused on design measures to minimize the impacts against cyclones and tsunamis. Given the frequency of occurrence of extreme hazard events, which is not very high, it is not economical to adopt disaster proof design. However, sufficient structural engineering measures have been incorporated by allowing a 0.69m storm surge level, and rear (lee) side armor is kept as same as the sea side armor, in developing hazard resilient infrastructure, thereby minimizing potential impacts.

388. In the case of both cyclones and tsunamis, the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) and the Meteorological Department provide warnings well in advance of the events. For tsunamis arising from earthquakes in the Sunda Arc, the warning time exceeds 90 minutes which provides sufficient time for evacuation to a safe location. Cyclone warnings can also be issued well in advance. Hence, impacts on human life and fishing gear would be minimal, with the attentive following of the advance warnings issued by the DMC..

389. Accidents arising from transport and stockpiling of construction material can be best mitigated by good practices which include:

390. The speed of the delivery vehicles to be limited and the materials transported in a properly secured manner, with adequate protection, to prevent the materials falling down The load must be properly covered to minimize emission of dust due to vibration of the vehicle

391. In order to prevent any accidents at the site, a high priority needs to be given to implement proper health and safety practices. Only those who are directly involved with ongoing work are to be permitted within the operational area which should be

108

clearly marked and barricaded to prevent unauthorized entry. The workers need to be provided with safety equipment.

Occupational health and safety.

392. The work place involves in movement of heavy vehicles such as excavators and dump tracks and handling of construction materials mainly the rocks for the breakwaters and such activities are high risk activity need precautions and adopt occupation and safety measures.

393. Apart from these, the workers may also subject to the direct exhaust emission from vehicles, dust and falling due to slipping from the reefs etc,

394. Need to follow occupational and safety measures during the construction period.

Safety of community

395. The proposed activities will be taken place in an existing landing site where fishers‟ movements are very high. As the work place involved in heavy vehicle movement and the possibility to have accident is very high.

396. Various social impacts including: Social disruption; Possibility of conflict or antagonism between business/residents and workers; Spread of communicable diseases including STIs & HIV/AIDS; Children are potentially exposed to exploitation; Impacts on general health and safety of community could also be expected from the migrant workers.

109

F. PROPOSED MITIGATORY MEASURES

397. The potential environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed development were identified in Section E of the report. The mitigation and best practice measures that should be developed in order to avoid or minimize any such adverse impacts are presented in this section.

F.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Physical Resources

F.1.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts to the Beach and Shoreline

398. The mitigation measures proposed for impacts to the beach and shoreline that Include; Having made minimum interference with the long shore sediment movement, there would not be any serious coastal impacts due to the proposed development. Accordingly, the need for any mitigation measures will also be minimal.

399. However, it is advisable to monitor the shoreline by surveys at least for two seasons each, subsequent to the construction. This would facilitate the assessment of sediment accumulation rates behind the structures.

400. Regular monitoring by surveys and measurement of coastline positions/coastal profiles on either side of the project site in the study area specified in the TOR or in the area specified by the CCCRMD Removal of sand from the areas of coastal accretion (if any) and disposal in the areas of coastal erosion (if any), under the guidance of and/or as specified by the CCCRMD

401. It is proposed that the measurements of coastline positions/coastal profiles be carried out immediately prior to construction activities, monthly during the construction period, at least twice, immediately prior to and after the north-east monsoon, over a period at least 01 year or as specified by CCCRMD during the operational stage

F.1.2 Mitigation measures for changes in drainage patterns

402. Carrying out material stockpiling and other construction activities in the project site and the land identified for stockpiling causing minimal disturbance to any natural drainage paths 403. Diverting any natural drainage paths disturbed by stockpiling and other construction activities and 404. Provision of a drainage system, with silt traps if necessary, to maintain relatively uninterrupted rain water flow through the sites

405. Mitigation measures for impacts of sewage or waste water, solid disposal, waste oil spills, surface runoff on coastal environment and coastal waters

406. Regular emptying of the septic tanks and soakage pits used by the workforce and the fishery community based at the anchorage. This needs to be done in consultation with the Pradeshita Sabawa. Disposal site should be approved by the Pradeshiya Sabawa.

110

407. Regular collection and storage of solid waste generated (by the workforce and construction waste during construction stage and by the fishery community and activities during the operational stage) at appropriate locations in the site and regular disposal (by the contractor during the construction stage and by the fishery community/society based at the anchorage during the operation stage) through the services offered by the local authority of the area. It will be necessary to segregate the waste as the types of wastes will be different during the construction and operational phases. . Providing guidance/information on proper oil handling practices to prevent leakages, oil spills to the workforce and the fishery community

408. Take precaution to avoid spillage or leakage of diesel, oils and lubes from construction vehicles by ensuring the lids of the fuel tanks are properly closed, the fuel tanks are properly fixed, no leakages in the tanks and no excess lubricants are used. Conduct maintenance of these vehicles only at designated areas and surfaces in the construction yard and not inside the water. The maintenance area should be concreted with necessary oil traps to collect and spillages. Any spillages on the maintenance floor should be cleaned immediately by using proper absorbents such as sow dust, cotton waste etc,. The used absorbents are defined as schedule waste under the National Environmental Act, and such waste should be properly stored in steel or plastic barrels and disposed through the licensed hazardous waste disposal facilities such as Insee Cement, Puttalam. 409. No vehicle servicing is allowed within the project area. All vehicle should be serviced at licensed (provided with Environmental Protection License (EPL) service stations. a. Limiting/avoiding oil handling activities in the near shore/beach b. Preparation and implementation of a contingency plan to manage the impacts due to any accidental spillages

Operational periods. 410. In additional to the above mitigation measures, the following mitigation measures are also to be considered for the disposal of wastewater.

411. -Recommended to provide additional filter system as in the Figure F-1 to minimize the environmental pollution due to overflow of the soakage pits (as observed in the Kalathivu). The filtered water could be discharged in to the sea.

Figure F-1: Conceptual wastewater filtering systems

111

viii. Mitigation measures for impacts on water quality

412. Base line water quality measurements have already been undertaken. There will be regular water quality measurements carried out during construction (speclly during dredging) and any adverse change of water quality will be remedied through appropriate civil construction and dredging practices. Further the implementation of the mitigation measures under water quality has been presented under Water Quality, in order to mitigate the impacts due to dredging activities, Provision of silt screens to restrict suspended sediments spreading into ecologically sensitive areas ix. Mitigation measures for impacts due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc in the area and sea level rise

413. No significant change in the current impact levels due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc and sea level rise in the area, in general, is envisaged due to the proposed development. No specific impact mitigation measures would thus be required. However in anticipation of sea level rise, the height of crest level of the break water structure will be designed considering further studies on the sea level rise.

F.1.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Transportation of Materials

414. The contractor will be required to receive quarry materials only from authorized dealers (approved quarry owners) - Carrying out a traffic/transport impact assessment by the contractor(s) prior to the commencement of the transport activities and implementing the impact mitigation measures identified during transport activities, which may include: - Limiting the loads carried by on transport vehicles to ensure the axel load limits specified for the transport of materials depending on the road permissibility. - scheduling material transport activities to avoid daily peak traffic hours and the days of high traffic levels - Maintaining the operating standards of the transport vehicles to ensure that the resulting noise and vibration levels are within specified standards - Providing covers to dust emitting materials transported - Providing warning/safety signs/lights on possible traffic congestions near the entrance to the project site and the stockpiling area - Providing entrance facilities of adequate capacity to the project site directly from the access road(s) to minimize heavy vehicles waiting on public roads prior to entry to the project site and the stockpiling area - Providing adequate turning and parking space in the project site and the stockpiling area for transport vehicles

415. Carrying out material stockpiling and other construction activities in the project site and the land identified for stockpiling causing minimal disturbance to any natural drainage paths - Diverting any natural drainage paths disturbed by stockpiling and other construction activities - Provision of a drainage system, with silt traps if necessary, to maintain relatively uninterrupted rain water flow through the sites - Providing trained traffic control personnel at the entrance, with the assistance of the Police, if necessary, to minimise disruption to traffic in the public roads

112

- Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Handling and Stockpiling of Materials - Obtaining approval of the relevant authorities for the site to be used for stockpiling - The potential impacts relating to noise, vibration and dust from construction related activities are to minimized by adopting best practices.

416. For noise and vibration, mitigation measures include:

- Operating well maintained plants at the site and regular servicing of such plants during the construction period - Shutting down and/or throttling down of machines that may be in intermittent use, between work periods - Providing temporary noise barriers on site to control noise from particularly noisy operations - Limiting the project activities and vehicular movement during certain periods of the day and in the night - If required, carrying out a pre-crack survey of the buildings in the surrounding area of the project site and the stockpiling area with photographic evidence of existing conditions immediately prior to the commencement of constructions, use of low vibration causing machinery/techniques for construction and stockpiling purposes, regular monitoring of vibration levels and providing compensation to the parties affected by vibration related damages due to project activities - Restricting noise/dust/vibration generating construction activities during religious/cultural activities/festivals in the area.

417. For dust emissions and air quality, mitigation measures include:

- Spraying the areas of high dust emissions with water so as to maintain a sufficiently wet surface - Enforcing vehicle speed limits to minimize dust generation and the safety of workers and road users - Providing covers in vehicles carrying dust emitting materials to minimize dust emissions

F.1.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment 418. Implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section E.1-vii.

F.1.5 Mitigation Measures for Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal

419. Storage of solid waste generated (by the workforce and construction waste during construction stage and by the fishery community and activities during the operational stage) at appropriate locations in the site and regular disposal (by the contractor during the construction stage and by the fishery community/society based at the anchorage during the operation stage) through the services offered by the local authority of the area (Velanai Pradeshiya Saba). The required facilities include latrine facilities, fish waste collection facilities and disposal measures.

113

F.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources

420. Solid waste pollution is an increasing threat to the biodiversity. It is recommended that solid waste management programme is established for the anchorage site. The programme should focus on minimizing waste generation, effective collection (separated into reusable, non-degradable, and biodegradable) and utilization of fish waste to produce fish silage. 421. Developing Green Buffer Zones, wherever possible, should be encouraged along the landward margin of the project site. Layout of inshore facilities are given in Fig B5. Green belt is proposed in the eastern margin of the anchorage site behind the location of auction hall and administrative building (Fig B.5). Land snails found are mainly in the trees that are distributed in the eastern margin. Green areas can be established within the spaces in anchorage site. The proposed green belts should form an effective barrier between anchorage site and the surroundings. 422. Other open spaces within the anchorage site will be converted to green areas in the form of lawns and shading areas. Thespesia populnea (Suriya) is widely accepted as a shading plant in the area. A specialist in horticulture may be consulted to identify other suitable species. Most acceptable species for the community are Cocos nucifera (Coconut), Borassus flabellifer (Palmyra) and Thespesia populnea (Suriya). Other species can be selected from the native plants listed in terrestrial diversity repot with the consultation of a horticulturalist.. Preference should be given to native species and to species Cassina glauca which is an endemic species. 423. Relocation of land snail Trachia fallaciosa in PA to similar habitats in PIA is suggested if the trees where land snails are recorded are to be removed for building construction. Relocation can be minimized if the location of buildings is planned avoiding these trees or accommodating these trees as a landscape feature in the architectural design. .Terrestrial biodiversity will be monitored through seasonal rapid bio diversity asessments. Monitoring will be carried out as per the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and monitoring plan for biodiversity and factors that affect the terrestrial biodiversity in the fishery harbor.

F.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources

424. Following mitigation activities are proposed: 425. At the stage of dredging appropriate dredging machinery and/or dredging techniques will be adopted based on best international construction practices to minimize the levels of turbidity resulting from dredging activities. 426. There will be regular monitoring of dredging activities and provision of silt curtains and/or sediment traps will be introduced to prevent the silt/sediment plume reaching the areas of live coral 427. There will be temporary disposal sites of dredged materials on the beach area and measures (e.g. providing covering) will be taken to prevent silt/sediment run-off into the anchorage basin area 428. Comply with the requirement that any dredged materials would not be disposed in ecologically sensitive areas in the sea.

114

F.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality Generation

429. The potential impacts relating to noise, vibration and dust from construction related activities are to minimized by adopting best practices.

430. For noise and vibration, mitigation measures include: - Operating well maintained plants at the site and regular servicing of such plants during the construction period - Shutting down and/or throttling down of machines and plant that may be in intermittent use, between work periods - Providing temporary noise barriers on site to control noise from particularly noisy operations - Limiting the project activities and vehicular movement during certain periods of the day and in the night - If required, carrying out a pre-crack survey of the buildings in the surrounding area of the project site and the stockpiling area with photographic evidence of existing conditions immediately prior to the commencement of constructions, use of low vibration causing machinery/techniques for construction and stockpiling purposes, regular monitoring of vibration levels and providing compensation to the parties affected by vibration related damages due to project activities - Restricting noise/dust/vibration generating construction activities during religious/cultural activities/festivals in the area.

431. For dust emissions and air quality, mitigation measures include:

F.5 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Changes of Land Use

As presented in Section D.8, the proposed development will not cause a change of land use pattern in the site and its vicinity. The improved infrastructure facilities will lead to a higher level of productivity in the site and a 'Positive' impact on land use is thus envisaged. No mitigation measures would thus be required.

F.6 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Socio-Economic Aspects

F.7 Measures to mitigate negative impacts during construction phase

432. If the construction activities will block the fishermen to launch their boats from the anchoring site the adjacent area in the vicinity.

115

In case construction activities will create difficulties for the traditional fishermen involved 9 in fishing using „Marakkalam ‟ these fishermen should be educated to concentrate their fishing activities along with the other fishermen. 433. All the possibilities should be explored to provide employment opportunities in constructions sites for the local people in the area. Most of the stakeholders expect the project developer to complete the construction work during specified short-period of time. During this period the project developer should make all possibilities to reduce potential disturbances to the communities living around the worksite. To create harmonious environment, it is recommended to workout participatory strategies to interact with neighboring communities and also with other private and public stakeholder agencies during construction phase of the project. It would be required to inform the schedule of construction activities to the communities living around the anchoring site.

F.8 Suggestions to mitigate negative impacts during operation phase of the Anchoring Site

434. Some strategies are required to workout socially justifiable mechanisms to apply during operation phase of the anchoring site. These strategies will be useful to protect the vulnerable groups of fishermen. The specific suggestions to mitigate potential implications during operation phase are mentioned below: 435. Irrespective of the size of the boats, facilities must be made available in the anchoring site for fishermen to launch their fishing vessels. Special attention must be paid to the owners of one-day boats, dinghy boats, large and small rafts. The responsible persons of fisheries department should monitor this situation and rectify any injustices/anomalies taking place in providing facilities in the anchorage..

F.9 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Archeological and Cultural Resources

436. There are no recorded places of Archaeological importance within the project impact area and therefore no specific mitigatory measures are needed.

F.10 Mitigation Measures for Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Proposed Investments

437. Regular monitoring of the facilities provided-breakwaters and dredged areas of the anchorage-and carrying out required maintenance activities Inspection of the facilities provided-breakwaters and dredged areas of the anchorage- after severe climatic events and carrying out rehabilitation, strengthening and/or modifications as required 438. Incorporation of climate change resilient measures in the structural design of breakwaters, by considering potential sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity of extreme events (e.g. tsunamis, storm surges)

F.11 Any cumulative impacts

439. There will not be any cumulative impacts, as the project site is located isolation from other projects proposed under NPSFD.. In addition, there is no immediate future plans development in the area.

9 Traditional wooden boats

116

G. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

G.1 Information Disclosure

440. This IEE Report documenting the impact mitigation measures and consultation process will be submitted to CCRMD and ADB and will also be made available for public at the relevant DSD, PS, CEA regional office. The preliminary communication consultations with stakeholders and the local communities have revealed the support for the project. Additional consultations are required to be held with project stakeholders and communities in respect to implementation the project and to incorporate community feedback as well as continued community awareness associated with the project implementation of activities and help to resolve complaints and grievances. Further consultation and disclosure will be carried out during implementation through:

441. A brochure including key information on the project will be disseminated among the public. Grievance redress committees has been established to resolve any issues pertaining to the implementation of Project.

442. The information regarding the project and the proposed environmental management measures will be posted at suitable locations at the project site.

443. As the project is assisted by the ADB, Disclosure will conform to the Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and Public Communications Policy of the ADB: The project‟s IEE, as part of ADB project documents will be uploaded onto the ADB website while the IEE will be made available to the public upon request.

444. The IEE Report will also be made available to the public from MFARDREA upon request.

G.2 Consultation and Participation

445. Continuous consultations with relevant stakeholder were conducted during the PPTA and the detailed design stages. Consultations will continue during implementation as well. The details are as follows:

PPTA 446. Consultation activities conducted during the PPTA are: meetings with relevant government authorities for specific issues, concerns, and information collection; public meetings with a wide range of participants for the proposed project Public meetings were conducted for Anchorages sites.

Meetings with government authorities

447. Table G.1 provides a summary of the main meetings and consultations with relevant government authorities.

117

Table G-1: Meetings with government authorities

Government Authority Consultation date Northern Provincial Council Chief Secretary‟s Secretariat, Jaffna 01 August 2016 District Secretariat, Jaffna District 01 August 2016 District Secretariat, Kilinochchi District 02 August 2016 CCD and MMDE, Colombo 02 August 2016 Climate Change Secretariat, Colombo 02 August 2016 Central Environmental Authority, Colombo 02 August 2016 Disaster Management Centre, Colombo 02 August 2016 District Secretariat, Mullaitivu District 03 August 2016 District Secretariat, Mannar District 04 August 2016 Ceylon Fisheries Harbor Corporation, Colombo 08 August 2016 CCD, Jaffna 31 October 2016 Divisional Secretariat and District Secretariat, Mannar 30 November 2016 NARA, Colombo 14 December 2016 DWC, Colombo 14 December 2016 Climate Change Secretariat, Colombo 14 December 2016 MFARD, Colombo 16 December 2016 Source: PPTA Consultants

448. consultations with the fisher community were undertaken in December 2016 during the PPTA.

449. Prior to the meetings, the PPTA consultants distributed a leaflet, in Tamil, containing brief description of the proposed investment. At the beginning of each consultative meeting, an overall brief of the project was provided to the participants. The PPTA consultants described technical aspects of the proposed investment and highlighted social, environmental, and resettlement aspects.

450. Impacts, both negative and positive, those are common with any infrastructure development project, were discussed with the stakeholders. People interacted with interest to learn about the project and shared their views and potential concerns. Discussions were conducted in Tamil language and translations from English to Tamil language were made whenever necessary. After the meetings, the participants were invited to a site visit.

Detail Design period 451. The meetings were conducted using different tools. At the initial stage of the designing period, most of the meetings were conducted using the draft layout plan to explain the location of each activity in the proposed site. The facilities to be provided to the sites were also confirmed with the fishing community. All the meetings were either conducted in Tamil language or provided with the translation. As the

118

Table G-2: Stakeholder consultation

No. Subject Venue Date 1. Design Team Meeting with District Secretariat 12-12-2017 GA Mannar 2. Chief Minister and key Chief Ministers office- Northern 7.03.2018 stockholders Province

452. The Environmental Specialist had three site visits on 28/08/2017, 11/12/2017, and 11/12/2018. The consultants had direct discussion with the community on the proposed project.

453. Key concerns raised or suggestions made, and proposed solutions are presented in the Table G 3: below.

Table G-3: Responses to the community consultation Key concerns or suggestions Response At present there is no auction hall and it is incorporated in the project they do the auction in the opened shed, need an auction hall Sever drinking water problem is existing in It was informed that NWSDB is implementing the area. Drinking water is supplied by a project to provide the water for Jaffna bourses by the PS district. This water will be available in 2020

Meeting Minutes are given in Annex 15

119

H. PART G GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

454. During the course of the project, it is possible that people may have concerns with the environmental management, including the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Issues may occur during construction and operational stages. Any concerns will need to be addressed quickly and transparently, and without retribution to the Affected Person (AP).

455. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) therefore is to be established to resolve disputes and grievances relating to environmental concerns and complaints associated with the proposed development. It is based on a multi-tiered approach as outlined in Figure H-1 with each tier possessing a time bound schedule with the responsible persons identified to address the grievance and consult appropriate persons at each stage as required. The objective of the GRM is to support genuine claimants (AP) to resolve their problems through mutual understanding and consensus building process with relevant parties. This is in addition to the available legal institutions for resolving issues. The APs using the project GRM can choose to use legal systems at any point in the project GRM process.

Figure H-1: Grievance Redress Mechanism

120

456. The first step is to attempt to sort out the problem directly at the local and/or project site level Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) by the AP directly contacting the project site managers and/or the site representative of the contractor, if the AP believes the issue has not been addressed properly. The project staff at the site is to explain to AP the steps taken to assist and solve the grievances within 07 days. If unresolved, the AP can approach the Local or Divisional level GRC. It will reply within 02 weeks. If the complaint is within the mandate of the GRC, it will examine it and submit the findings to the appropriate forum for necessary action. If the AP is not satisfied with the findings and action of the second tier GRC, he/she can then appeals to the National level GRC for resolution. If the AP is still not satisfied and believes that harm has resulted due to non-compliance with ADB policy, and all good-faith efforts have been made to solve the problem by working with the Project team, a complaint may be submitted to ADB‟s Office of the Special Project Facilitator or Office of Compliance Review in accordance with ADB‟s Accountability Mechanism. The last resort left for the AP is the Sri Lankan Court of Law, if it is still felt that none of the above procedures has delivered justice. The decision of the court would be final, since at this level, the problem has been adjudicated by a competent, knowledgeable legal body. The Table H 1 provides a list of individuals and agencies that can be involved in the different levels of the GRM.

Table H-1: Persons and Agencies that can be contacted by the Affected Persons for Assistance with a Grievance

Grievance Level Persons- Agency Site Manager Project/Site Tier 1 Site Representative of the Project Contractor Level Site Representative of the Project Consultant Divisional Secretary (Chairperson) Representative of the PIU (Secretary) Grama Niladhari Divisional Tier 2 Assistant Director Fisheries/NAQDA representatives Level GRC Representative of affected person/affected entity member (non -voting member)

Secretary, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development Project Director National level Tier 3 Representative of the National Fisheries Federation GRC Representative from the Affected Party/Affected Entity Any other representative as deemed necessary based on the issue/concern

121

I. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

457. The implementation of the impact mitigation measures and the management of potential environmental impacts are the responsibility of the project proponent (and the contractor(s) during the construction stage) under the supervision of the relevant authorities.

458. The impact mitigation measures proposed in Section E are incorporated to form the proposed Environmental Management Plan given in Table H.1. It provides details of the means by which the project proponent (and the contractor(s) during the construction stage) implement the recommended mitigation measures and achieve the environmental performance standards as recommended by the environmental legislation of the country.

122

Table I-1: Proposed Environmental Management Plan

Immediately 500,000 prior to construction (i) activities, Regular Survey and Field monthly monitoring and measurement Inspectio during the of coastline positions/coastal ns and/or construction profiles on either side of the Measure period, at project site in the study area ments least twice, specified in the TOR or in the Changes in immediately 1. Impacts on the Construction Contractor area specified by the coastline and (ii) prior to and Beach and and CCCRMD nearshore Project after the Shoreline Operation PIU/PMU Removal of sand from the areas site and north-east areas of coastal accretion (if coastline monsoon, any) and disposal in the areas on either over a period of coastal erosion (if any), side of it, at least 01 under the guidance of and/or in the year or as as specified by the CCCRMD study specified by area CCCRMD during the operational stage

123

Carrying out material stockpiling and other (i) construction activities in the Field Immediately project site and the land Inspectio prior to identified for stockpiling Locations of ns construction causing minimal disturbance drainage paths activities, 2. Impacts on to any natural drainage paths and material (ii) weekly during Contractor changes in Diverting any natural drainage stockpiles in Construction the drainage paths disturbed by stockpiling the project site, Project construction PIU/PMU patterns and other construction material site period and as activities stockpiling site material stockpilin required Provision of a drainage and the vicinity g site and during rainy system, with silt traps if the periods necessary, to maintain vicinity relatively uninterrupted rain water flow through the sites

124

Provision of toilet and Toilet and 3. Impacts of washing facilities with septic washing sewage or waste facilities tanks and soakage pits to the (i) water, solid provided workforce and the fishery Field disposal, waste community based at the Inspectio Prior to oil spills, surface anchorage Solid waste ns construction runoff on coastal Storage of solid waste storage activities, as environment and generated (by the workforce provided and Discussio required(e.g. coastal waters and construction waste during disposal ns with when construction stage and by the methods workforce complaints are fishery community and adopted and received) Constructio activities during the Construction fishing during n Cost Contractor operational stage) at Awareness of and communit construction appropriate locations in the workforce and Operation y stage and PIU/PMU site and regular disposal (by fishery annually the contractor during the community on (ii) and/or as construction stage and by the oil handling required fishery community/society practices Project 4. Impacts on during based at the anchorage site water quality operational during the operation stage) Oil handling stage through the services offered Site practices by the local authority of the adopted offices of contracto area. r Providing Silt screens guidance/information on provided during proper oil handling practices dredging

125

to the workforce and the activities fishery community Limiting/avoiding oil handling Records of activities in the contingency nearshore/beach and plan and ecologically sensitive areas (if awareness of it any) in the project site of the Preparation and workforce implementation of a contingency plan to manage the impacts due to any accidental spillages Provision of silt screens to restrict suspended sediments spreading into ecologically sensitive areas

• Obtaining materials Licenses of (i) At the Constructio from authorized dealers quarry commenceme n cost operators nt of • Carrying out a Field (i) 5.Impacts due to observati transportation traffic/transport impact Contractor Transportation of assessment by the Construction Traffic/transport ons activities

Materials contractor(s) prior to the impact PIU/PMU commencement of the assessment Field Monthly transport activities and report measure and/or as implementing the impact ments required

126

mitigation measures identified Type of (noise, during during transport activities, vehicles used vibration transportation which may include: for and dust period • Limiting the loads transportation emission carried by on transport and loads levels), if vehicles to ensure the load carried required limits specified for the transport routes are not Times of Discussio exceeded transport ns with • Scheduling material through urban affected transport activities to avoid and built up parties daily peak traffic hours and areas the days of high traffic levels • Maintaining the Noise and dust (ii) operating standards of the emissions from Transport transport vehicles to ensure transport route- that the resulting noise and vehicles mainly vibration levels are within urban/bui specified standards Safety and lt-up and • Providing covers to warning signs sensitive dust emitting materials provided near areas transported the entrances such as • providing to project site sites of warning/safety signs/lights on and material cultural, possible traffic congestions stockpiling area religious near the entrance to the and

127

project site and the stockpiling No of transport archeolo area vehicles waiting gical • providing entrance on public roads significan facilities of adequate capacity prior to the ce to the project site directly from entry to the the access road(s) to project site and In the minimize heavy vehicles material vicinity of waiting on public roads prior stockpiling area entrance to entry to the project site and s to the stockpiling area project • providing adequate Pre-crack site and turning and parking space in survey report (if stockpilin the project site and the carried out) g area stockpiling area for transport vehicles Compensations Affected • providing trained traffic paid to the infrastruc control personnel at the affected parties ture entrance, with the assistance facilities of the Police, if necessary, to along the minimise disruption to traffic in transport the public roads route •

6. Impacts due to • Obtaining approval of Approvals (i) At the Constructio Contractor handling and the relevant authorities for the Construction obtained for the Methods commenceme n cost stockpiling of site to be used for stockpiling operations of specified nt of PIU/PMU

128

(i) Mitigation (i) Monitorin cost (LKR) Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of the Monitoring Monitoring g Method (ii) Impact Measures Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency material the stockpiling in stockpiling Carrying out material area activities stockpiling and other (ii) construction activities in the Parameters Monthly project site and the land specified in Stockpilin and/or as identified for stockpiling g site and required causing minimal disturbance its vicinity during to any natural drainage paths construction Diverting any natural drainage period paths disturbed by stockpiling and other construction activities Provision of a drainage system, with silt traps if necessary, to maintain relatively uninterrupted rain water flow through the sites

Storage of solid waste generated (by the workforce and construction waste during construction stage and by the fishery community and activities during the operational stage) at appropriate locations in the

129

site and regular disposal (by the contractor during the construction stage and by the fishery community/society based at the anchorage during the operation stage) through the services offered by the local authority of the area

Storage of solid waste Solid waste At the Constructio storage commenceme n cost generated (by the workforce (i) faculties nt of and construction waste during Site provided and construction construction stage and by the inspectio practices activities fishery community and ns activities during the adopted in the

operational stage) at site Monthly 7. Impacts due to Construction (ii) Contractor appropriate locations in the and/or as Solid Waste and Project site and regular disposal (by Toilet and required Disposal Operation PIU/PMU the contractor during the washing site, during construction stage and by the facilities material construction fishery community/society provided for the stockpilin period g area based at the anchorage workforce and and the during the operation stage) the fishery At the vicinity through the services offered community commenceme by the local authority of the nt of

130

area (Point Pedro Urban Solid waste operational Council) disposal stage practices adopted at the Monthly site and/or as required during operational stage

Minimizing the clearing of Extent of Constructio vegetation only to the areas cleared areas At the n cost in the site commenceme required for construction and (i) operational activities nt of Site Adopting proper solid waste Protective construction inspectio management measures with measures activities 8. Impact on ns (i) no dumping in open areas provided to Land Based Contractor Protecting the nearly Construction conserve the Monthly Ecological (ii) threatened species nearly and/or as Resources Project PIU/PMU Trianthema decandra in the threatened required site and project site and vicinity by species during the providing protective barriers-if Trianthema construction vicinity necessary-and making the decandra in the period workforce aware of the project site importance of

131

conservation/protection Extent of Replanting any plants of the replanting of nearly threatened species the nearly Trianthema decandra threatened removed due to project species activities in areas not affected Trianthema by construction activities, decandra in the under the guidance of a vicinity horticulturist . Parameters specified in

Parameters specified in

Usage of appropriate Areas of (i) At the Constrcutio dredging machinery and/or dredging Site commenceme n cost 8. Impact on techniques to minimize the inspectio nt of Contractor Aquatic levels of turbidity resulting Types of ns construction Construction Ecological from dredging activities machinery activities PIU/PMU Resources Regular monitoring of used for Water dredging activities and dredging quality/tur Monthly provision of silt curtains bidity and/or as

132

and/or sediment traps to Turbidity levels level required prevent the silt/sediment in the measure during plume reaching the areas of anchorage ments construction live coral basin and period Locating the temporary areas of live (ii) disposal sites of dredged coral Project materials on the beach area site and and taking measures (e.g. Silt curtains the providing covering) to prevent and/or vicinity silt/sediment run-off into the sediment traps anchorage basin area and the provided Area of areas of live coral live coral Not to dispose any dredged Locations of materials in ecologically temporary Sites of sensitive areas in the sea and stockpiles of disposal obtaining the permission of dredged of the Marine Environmental material dredged Protection Agency (MEPA) for material any disposals to be carried Presence of in the sea out in the sea ecologically (if carried sensitive out) habitats in the sites of disposal of dredged material in the

133

sea (if carried out)

Parameters specified in

For noise and vibration, (i) 500,000 mitigation measures include: Site inspectio Operating well maintained ns At the plants at the site and regular Field commenceme Excessive servicing of such plants during measure nt of noise, vibration the construction period ments of construction and dust levels Shutting down and/or noise, activities 9. Impacts reported throttling down of machines vibration Contractor related to Noise, and plant that may be in Construction and air Monthly Dust and Air Noise, intermittent use, between quality and/or as PIU/PMU Quality vibration and work periods levels required air quality level Providing temporary noise during measurements, barriers on site to control construction if required noise from particularly noisy (ii) period operations Project Limiting the project activities site, and vehicular movement material during certain periods of the stockpilin

134

day and in the night g site If required, carrying out a pre- and the crack survey of the buildings vicinity in the surrounding area of the project site and the stockpiling area with photographic evidence of existing conditions immediately prior to the commencement of constructions, use of low vibration causing machinery/techniques for construction and stockpiling purposes, regular monitoring of vibration levels and providing compensation to the parties affected by vibration related damages due to project activities Restricting noise/dust/vibration generating construction activities during religious/cultural activities/festivals in the area.

135

For dust emissions and air quality, mitigation measures include:

Spraying the areas of high dust emissions with water so as to maintain a sufficiently wet surface Enforcing vehicle speed limits to minimize dust generation and the safety of workers and road users Providing covers in vehicles carrying dust emitting materials to minimize dust emissions

Disturbances to Inspectio No cost Coordination with the local fisheries n of 8. Impacts on Contractor fishing community and activities constructi Weekly during Existing Fishery " scheduling of construction reported on and project Activities PIU/PMU activities fishing activities

9. Impacts to the Coordination with the local Disturbances to Inspectio Weekly during Contractor Construction present Beach fishing community and fisheries n of project

136

Users in the Area scheduling of construction activities constructi PIU/PMU activities reported on and fishing activities

In the vicinity of the sites of (i) 10.. Impacts on Disturbances to cultural/r Contactor Cultural and/or restricting noise/dust/vibration cultural/religiou Construction eligious As required Archeological generating construction s activities in significan Values activities during the area (ii) religious/cultural ce and PIU/PMU

activities/festivals in the area the project site

Note: PMU- Project Management Unit, PIU- Project Implementation unit

137

I.1 Institutional Arrangements to Oversee the Implementation of the Monitoring Plan

I.2 Institutional Arrangements

I.2.1 Sri Lankan Government

459. The MFARDREA will be the projects Executive Agency (EA) and has the overall responsibility for all project related activities including inter-ministry coordination. MFARD will exercise its functions through its Project Management Unit (PMU), which will undertake the day to day management of the proejct. The PMU will be supported by a PIU based in Jaffna to support this output as well as other outputs under the project. The PIU includes a safeguards Manager who is supported by three environmental officers to supervise the entire project of which the harbor construction is one. The PMU will be assisted by consultancy team that provides support for the construction supervision management and administration for harbors, anchorages and landing package, which includes a full time Environmental Specialist (ES) to supervise and monitor all day to day construction works. The ES will monitor the implementation of the environmental management plan and support the PMU in the preparation and submit semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB and government.

460. MFARDREA with assistance from the PMU/PIU will be responsible to acquire the necessary governmental Development Consent (DC) clearances required under the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Act, through the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MMDE) prior to awarding of contract.

461. The projects EMP will be included in the bidding documents and form part of the contract documents. All bid documents will include a requirement to incorporate necessary resources into the contractor‟s bid to implement mitigation measures specified in the EMP. Where unanticipated environmental impacts become apparent during project implementation, the IEE including EMP will be updated by the environment specialists. Any updates to the IEE or EMP will be submitted to ADB for review.

462. The EA, through the PMU and PIU, with the support of the environmental specialists and environmental safeguards officers attached to the PMU, will be responsible to:

- Provide oversight on environmental management aspects of the project and ensure that the EMP is implemented by the contractors: - Facilitate and ensure contractors comply with all government rules and regulations and obtain any relevant approvals required for works; - Supervise and guide contractors on implementation of the EMP; - Review, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness with which the EMP is implemented, and recommend necessary corrective actions to be taken as necessary; - Submit semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB and government approval authorities; - Ensure timely disclosure of the IEE in locations and forms accessible to the public;

138

- Take corrective actions when necessary when unforeseen negative environmental impacts occur; - Conduct ongoing consultation with the community during implementation of the project; and - Establish a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and ensure it is operated satisfactorily.

463. PMU and PIU will be responsible for ensuring that the contractor does not start construction activities until all requisite approvals have been received from MMDE and other government agencies.

464. Quarterly Progress Reports will be issued by the Supervising Consultants (SC) to the government and ADB. These will report on all aspects of the project, including those documented in the Contractor‟s monthly reports and environmental monitoring reports prepared by the SC and Contractor. In addition, the ADB will review progress of implementation of the EMP during regular review missions and review periodic monitoring reports and officially disclose the IEE and monitoring reports on ADB‟s website.

465. After the completion of construction, MFARDREA will be responsible for operations and ongoing maintenance of all assets.

I.2.2 Contractor

466. The civil works Contractor will be responsible for interpreting the EMP in preparing a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), after contract award. Where changes or additional engineering information is available, these shall be taken into account in the CEMP. The SC (as the Supervising Engineer) will approve the CEMP, upon advice from the EO within the PMU and ADB, before any physical works are undertaken.

467. The Contractor will be required to assign an Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) whose responsibilities for the contractor will include:

- Coordinating with PMU and PIU, the EO and/or SC for updating the CEMP when required; - Ensuring that the contractor engages a suitable organization to undertake STI/HIV/AIDS briefings and awareness raising amongst the Contractor‟s employees. - Ensuring that the Contractor complies with the clauses in the contract and bidding documents in respect of the environment and OH&S issues; - Coordinating with MFARDREA and/or PMU in respect of continued community consultation; - Participating in monitoring and coordinating with PMU and PIU and the SC to ensure that environmental management activities are reported as required; - Ensuring that the Contractor does not commence construction activities until all requisite approvals have been received from MMDE and other government agencies; and - Maintaining a log of all grievances received and action taken to address these issues.

139

468. Coordinating and communicating with the Contractor‟s Community Liaison Officer (CLO), as required, to facilitate consultation with the affected communities, various stakeholders (public, private and government), and ensuring smooth implementation of the individual subproject.

469. As identified in the EMP the Contractor and MFARDREA and/or the PMU and PIU, may be responsible for the execution of various aspects of the project‟s environmental monitoring during the construction phase of project.

140

J. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

470. The IEE Report presents a detailed assessment of the potential environment impacts associated with the proposed fishery anchorage development project in Mandathivu in the Jaffna district on the northern coast. The IEE has been carried out in accordance to the combined TOR provided by the CCCRMD and ADB. The details related to mitigation measures proposed for the identified adverse impacts are also presented in the report.

471. The potential impacts associated with design, construction and operational have been assessed, mitigation measures presented in accordance with the strategic approach described above. Where necessary, mitigation measures and the requirements for developing monitoring plans have been recommended.

472. The project will be implemented in the vicinity of a sensitive aquatic environment and efforts have been taken to preserve the environmental qualities of the study area in which the development will take place. The study has given attention to the environmental aspects of the study area and ensured that the project will not contribute significantly to environmental degradation. The study has proposed an Environmental Management Plan for sustaining multiple uses of the study area.

473. On the basis of the analysis of these elements and on the assumption that the recommendations for the mitigation of identified impacts are adopted and adequately implemented, the IEE has concluded that there are no major environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of proposed fishery anchorage development project in Mandathivu in the Jaffna district on the northern coast.

141

Annex 01- TOR

Annex 02- Layout Net mending Hall

8650

NET MENDING HALL - ELEVATION scale 1 : 100

25000

15000

1 2 3 4 5 6

5000 5000 5000 5000

W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 C

2150

BATH ROOM W03 4000 4275

RADIO OFFICE

NET MENDING HALL D03 B 8000

1200 4000

W03 D01

D02 A

W02

NET MENDING HALL - GROUND FLOOR PLAN scale 1 : 100 FOR APPROVALS

No Revision Note: * indicates signatures on original issue of drawing or last revision of drawing Drawn Checked Approved Date ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANT CLIENT LEAD CONSULTANT DO NOT SCALE Issue Status Date © SWA reserves all rights to these drawings, designs and/or any other data 18/01/2018 Project : NORTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT contained herein. No part of the said drawings, designs and/or other data may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or used in any form or by any Surath Wickramasinghe Associates Consulting PVT LTD means for any purpose without the prior written consent of SWA other than Drawn Drafting Check Approved PROPOSED ANCHORAGE AT MANDATHIVU MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC EML CONSULTANT Pvt Ltd Drawing Title : Chartered Architects, Engineers, Town Planners & Development Consultants the sole purpose for which such drawings, designs and/or other data are NUK HM P.O.Box 403, NO.65 Walukarama Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT provided to licensed users on such terms as SWA may prescribe. NET MENDING HALL - - - Tel: +94 112575007-9 Fax: +94 112575010 email: [email protected] - - - Approved as signed unless Construction for used be not must Drawing This Designed Design Check Scale Original Size Drawing Cord : DWG No: ------ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS UC UC 1:100 SWA-NPSFDP-MNDTV-PD A1200 . R00 GHD STANDARD A1 SHEET CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045 Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 GHD STANDARD A1 ATTRIBUTE BLOCK CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045_T Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 A3

Annex 03- Layout Community Hall

TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE 300 1550 8650 1000 3100 450

25000

15000

5000 5000 5000

W02 W02 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01

2150 SINK AND PANTRY TOP

BATH ROOM W03 2965 4000

D02 D03 8000

COMMUNITY HALL

SOCIETY OFFICE 4000 W03

D01

D02

W02 W02 W02 W02

NET MENDING HALL - GROUND FLOOR PLAN scale 1 : 100 FOR APPROVALS

No Revision Note: * indicates signatures on original issue of drawing or last revision of drawing Drawn Checked Approved Date ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANT CLIENT LEAD CONSULTANT DO NOT SCALE Issue Status Date © SWA reserves all rights to these drawings, designs and/or any other data 18/01/2018 Project : NORTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT contained herein. No part of the said drawings, designs and/or other data may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or used in any form or by any Surath Wickramasinghe Associates Consulting PVT LTD means for any purpose without the prior written consent of SWA other than Drawn Drafting Check Approved PROPOSED ANCHORAGE AT MANDATHIVU MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC EML CONSULTANT Pvt Ltd Drawing Title : Chartered Architects, Engineers, Town Planners & Development Consultants the sole purpose for which such drawings, designs and/or other data are NUK HM P.O.Box 403, NO.65 Walukarama Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT provided to licensed users on such terms as SWA may prescribe. NET MENDING HALL - - - Tel: +94 112575007-9 Fax: +94 112575010 email: [email protected] - - - Approved as signed unless Construction for used be not must Drawing This Designed Design Check Scale Original Size Drawing Cord : DWG No: ------ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS UC UC 1:100 SWA-NPSFDP-MNDTV-PD A1201 . R00 GHD STANDARD A1 SHEET CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045 Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 GHD STANDARD A1 ATTRIBUTE BLOCK CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045_T Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 A3

Annex 04- Layout Admin Building

5800

ADMIN BUILDING ELEVATION scale 1 : 100

5000 5000 5000

W02 W02 W01 W01 W01 W01

C 5800 3200 2800 BATH ROOM BATH ROOM

D03

D03 150 450 Fisheries Office 300 6000 CFHC Office

ADMIN BUILDING SECTION scale 1 : 100

D01 D01

B W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 2000

15000

ADMIN BUILDING FLOOR PLAN scale 1 : 100 FOR APPROVALS

No Revision Note: * indicates signatures on original issue of drawing or last revision of drawing Drawn Checked Approved Date ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANT CLIENT LEAD CONSULTANT DO NOT SCALE Issue Status Date © SWA reserves all rights to these drawings, designs and/or any other data 18/01/2018 Project : NORTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT contained herein. No part of the said drawings, designs and/or other data may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or used in any form or by any Surath Wickramasinghe Associates Consulting PVT LTD means for any purpose without the prior written consent of SWA other than Drawn Drafting Check Approved PROPOSED ANCHORAGE AT MANDATHIVU MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC EML CONSULTANT Pvt Ltd Drawing Title : Chartered Architects, Engineers, Town Planners & Development Consultants the sole purpose for which such drawings, designs and/or other data are NUK HM P.O.Box 403, NO.65 Walukarama Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT provided to licensed users on such terms as SWA may prescribe. ADMIN BUILDING - - - Tel: +94 112575007-9 Fax: +94 112575010 email: [email protected] - - - Approved as signed unless Construction for used be not must Drawing This Designed Design Check Scale Original Size Drawing Cord : DWG No: ------ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS UC UC 1:100 SWA-NPSFDP-MNDTV-PD A1300. R00 GHD STANDARD A1 SHEET CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045 Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 GHD STANDARD A1 ATTRIBUTE BLOCK CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045_T Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 A3

Annex 05- Layout Auction Hall

CLAY ROOF TILES

50X50mm BATTENS PRECAST CONCRETE PANELS 5800

TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE

AUCTION HALL - ELEVATION scale 1 : 100 400 5800 1800 3200

15000 1000 1 2 3 4 450

5000 5000 5000

AUCTION HALL - CROSS SECTION scale 1 : 100

B W01 W01 W02 W01 W01

D01 D01

W03 W03

6000 AUCTION HALL

W03 W03

D01 D01

W01 W01 W02 W01 W01 A

AUCTION HALL - PLAN scale 1 : 100 FOR APPROVALS

No Revision Note: * indicates signatures on original issue of drawing or last revision of drawing Drawn Checked Approved Date ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANT CLIENT LEAD CONSULTANT DO NOT SCALE Issue Status Date © SWA reserves all rights to these drawings, designs and/or any other data 18/01/2018 Project : NORTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT contained herein. No part of the said drawings, designs and/or other data may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or used in any form or by any Surath Wickramasinghe Associates Consulting PVT LTD means for any purpose without the prior written consent of SWA other than Drawn Drafting Check Approved PROPOSED ANCHORAGE AT MANDATHIVU MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC EML CONSULTANT Pvt Ltd Drawing Title : Chartered Architects, Engineers, Town Planners & Development Consultants the sole purpose for which such drawings, designs and/or other data are NUK HM P.O.Box 403, NO.65 Walukarama Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT provided to licensed users on such terms as SWA may prescribe. AUCTION HALL - - - Tel: +94 112575007-9 Fax: +94 112575010 email: [email protected] - - - Approved as signed unless Construction for used be not must Drawing This Designed Design Check Scale Original Size Drawing Cord : DWG No: ------ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS UC UC 1:100 SWA-NPSFDP-MNDTV-PD A1100 . R00 GHD STANDARD A1 SHEET CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045 Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 GHD STANDARD A1 ATTRIBUTE BLOCK CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045_T Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 A3

Annex 06- Layout Engine storage

5800

ENGINE STORAGE AND FUEL OUTLET ELEVATION 5800 scale 1 : 100 3200 2800 150 450 300

ENGINE STORAGE AND FUEL OUTLET SECTION scale 1 : 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 5000 5000

W02 W02 W02 W02 C

ENGINE ROOM 04 ENGINE ROOM 01 ENGINE ROOM 02 ENGINE ROOM 03 FUEL STORE 4000 6000 D01 D01 D01 D01 D02 B W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 W01 COUNTER TOP 2000

ENGINE STORAGE AND FUEL OUTLET FLOOR PLAN scale 1 : 100 25000 FOR APPROVALS

No Revision Note: * indicates signatures on original issue of drawing or last revision of drawing Drawn Checked Approved Date ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANT CLIENT LEAD CONSULTANT DO NOT SCALE Issue Status Date © SWA reserves all rights to these drawings, designs and/or any other data 18/01/2018 Project : NORTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT contained herein. No part of the said drawings, designs and/or other data may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or used in any form or by any Surath Wickramasinghe Associates Consulting PVT LTD means for any purpose without the prior written consent of SWA other than Drawn Drafting Check Approved PROPOSED ANCHORAGE AT MANDATHIVU MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC EML CONSULTANT Pvt Ltd Drawing Title : Chartered Architects, Engineers, Town Planners & Development Consultants the sole purpose for which such drawings, designs and/or other data are NUK HM P.O.Box 403, NO.65 Walukarama Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT provided to licensed users on such terms as SWA may prescribe. FUEL OUTLET - - - Tel: +94 112575007-9 Fax: +94 112575010 email: [email protected] - - - Approved as signed unless Construction for used be not must Drawing This Designed Design Check Scale Original Size Drawing Cord : DWG No: ------ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS UC UC 1:100 SWA-NPSFDP-MNDTV-PD A1500 . R00 GHD STANDARD A1 SHEET CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045 Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 GHD STANDARD A1 ATTRIBUTE BLOCK CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045_T Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 A3

Annex 07- Layout Public toilets

125 400 3775 3775 2950 450 300

TOILET BLOCK ELEVATION TOILET BLOCK SECTION scale 1 : 100 scale 1 : 100

1 2 5000

W01 W01 W01 W01

1111 1111 SHOWER TOILET TOILET TOILET 1690 1690

SHOWER D03 D03 D03 4000 SHOWER MALE FEMALE 6000 SHOWER D02 2000

WASH BASIN

TOILET BLOCK FLOOR PLAN scale 1 : 100

FOR APPROVALS

No Revision Note: * indicates signatures on original issue of drawing or last revision of drawing Drawn Checked Approved Date ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANT CLIENT LEAD CONSULTANT DO NOT SCALE Issue Status Date © SWA reserves all rights to these drawings, designs and/or any other data 18/01/2018 Project : NORTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT contained herein. No part of the said drawings, designs and/or other data may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or used in any form or by any Surath Wickramasinghe Associates Consulting PVT LTD means for any purpose without the prior written consent of SWA other than Drawn Drafting Check Approved PROPOSED ANCHORAGE AT MANDATHIVU MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC EML CONSULTANT Pvt Ltd Drawing Title : Chartered Architects, Engineers, Town Planners & Development Consultants the sole purpose for which such drawings, designs and/or other data are NUK HM P.O.Box 403, NO.65 Walukarama Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT provided to licensed users on such terms as SWA may prescribe. TOILET BLOCK - - - Tel: +94 112575007-9 Fax: +94 112575010 email: [email protected] - - - Approved as signed unless Construction for used be not must Drawing This Designed Design Check Scale Original Size Drawing Cord : DWG No: ------ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS UC UC 1:100 SWA-NPSFDP-MNDTV-PD A1400 . R00 GHD STANDARD A1 SHEET CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045 Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 GHD STANDARD A1 ATTRIBUTE BLOCK CAD File No.: GHD_G_0045_T Updated: 08-07-03 Version: 1.1 A3

Annex 08- Bathymetric Map

Annex 09- Topographic Map

Annex 10- Geotechnical Report

G/5260-SECTION-X

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA

CLIENT – Ministry of Fishery & Aquatic Development CONSULTANT – EML Consultants (Pvt) Ltd.

March 2018

Geotech (Pvt) Ltd No. 13/1, Pepiliyana Mawatha, Kohuwala, Nugegoda Sri Lanka Tel : 2813805, 0714735745 Fax : 2823881 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.geotechlanka.com

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA

DATE PREPARED BY APPROVED BY

K.V.S.D. Jayamali L.P. Jayasinghe B.Sc. (Eng) Hons, BSc (Hons Eng) Sri Lanka, M.Eng, AMIE(SL) FRMIT (Aust), C Eng, FIE Sri Lanka, M I (Mech) E (London) Geotechnical Engineer Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. Managing Director Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

Geotech (Pvt) Ltd No. 13/1, Pepiliyana Mawatha, Kohuwala, Nugegoda Sri Lanka Tel : 2813805, 0714735745 Fax : 2823881 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.geotechlanka.com

CONTENT

Page No.

1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 01

2.0 Site Description …………………………………..………………..…… 02

3.0 Field Investigations …………………………………………..… 04

4.0 Sub-Surface Conditions

4.1 At Locations BH-01 to BH-03……………………………………………….06

4.2 At Locations BH-04 and BH-05……………………………………………...07

5.0 Profiles of Sub-Surface Layering ……………………………..….……… 08

6.0 Laboratory Investigations

6.1 Laboratory Investigations on Rock Samples………………………………….11

6.2 Laboratory Investigations on Soil Samples……………………………………11

6.3 Laboratory Investigations on Water……………………………………………12

7.0 Recommendations for Foundations

7.1 Factors affecting selection of foundations………………………………...12

7.2 Foundation Recommendations……………………………………………..13

LIST OF TABLES Pg. No. Table- 1 : Details of Boreholes …………… 04

Table- 2 : Borehole Information …………… 05

Table- 3 : Rock Coring Information …………… 06

Table- 3a : Sub-Surface Layering BH - 02 …………… 06

Table- 3b : Sub-Surface Layering BH - 05 …………… 07

Table- 4a : Summary of Rock Test Results …………… 11

Table- 4b : Laboratory Test Results on Soil …………… 11

Table- 4c : Summary of Chemical Tests Results on Water …………… 12

LIST OF FIGURES Pg. No. Fig. 1 : Site Plan ….……..…...... 03 Fig. 2a : Sub-Soil Profile across BH-01,BH - 02 and BH-03 ….……..…...... 09 Fig. 2b : Sub-Soil Profile across BH-04 and BH-05 ….……..…...... 10

LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix 1 - Results of Field Investigations

Appendix 2 - Results of Laboratory Investigations

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA

1. INTRODUCTION

Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development is the implementing agency for the proposed Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project. Under this project it is proposed to construct single/two storied shore structures at selected locations in Northern Province.

The Project Consultant is EML Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd.

Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. has been authorized to carry out the soil investigation at the different sites and make recommendations pertaining to the design of foundations for proposed building structures. The results of the investigations are being submitted in stages.

This report represents the result of sub surface exploration for the proposed shore structures at Mandaitivu, Jaffna.

The proposed development will be consisted of following structures at site.

- A two storied Net Mending Building consisting of a ground floor and an upper floor. The ground floor will be consisted of a net mending hall and a fishery inspector’s office; whilst the upper floor will be consisted of a community hall and a radio office; and

- A single storied Auction Hall (Optional Building).

The building layout has not yet been finalized. However, it is reported that the plinth levels of the proposed buildings will be raised, if any, by only a small amount of around (0.45-0.6)m above their existing ground levels (EGLs).

The field investigations were carried out in accordance with BS 5930:1999 “Code of Practice for Site Investigation".

Page 1 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

2. SITE DESCRIPTION

The site for the proposed development is located at Mandaitivu about 10km from away from Jaffna. Access to the site is from a gravel road leading from Jaffna-Pannai-Kayts main road on its south-eastern direction.

The site is an almost flat land. The area allocated for the proposed development has a total extent of around 79 perches.

At the time of investigation, there was an existing single storey building located at site.

Some of the structures/features on the adjacent sites are as given below.

- 5 nos. single storey buildings are located in the northern and north-eastern direction; - The sea shore is located about (15-25)m away in southern direction ; and - 3 nos. single storey houses are located about 50m away in western and north-western directions.

These details are shown in Fig. 1.

The Site for proposed development is located in Jaffna district of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The area around the site is underlain by Miocene Limestone rocks and in certain locations surface and near surface materials consist of Quaternary sediments and rocks.

Page 2 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

Fig. 1: Site Plan

Page 3 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

3. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

The field investigations were carried out from 7th to 13th February, 2018 by advancing 5 nos. of boreholes at locations indicated as BH-01 to BH-05 in Site Plan of Fig. 1. Of these, BH-01, BH-02 and BH-03 were located within the proposed development area; whilst BH-04 and BH-05 were located just outside the proposed development area.

The GPS coordinates and the elevations of boreholes with respect to Mean Sea Level (MSL) are as follows.

Table 1: Details of Boreholes

Elevation (m) BH No. GPS Coordinates MSL 414940.250E BH-01 +1.85 787886.370N

414914.598E BH-02 +2.40 787913.578N

414909.750E BH-03 +2.80 787927.350N

414984.850E BH-04 +2.80 787887.783N

414901.284E BH-05 +1.65 787862.260N

A borehole in the size of 75 mm in diameter was advanced through the overburden by rotary wash boring method using a Tone drilling rig. Cuttings were removed from the hole by the circulating water during drilling. Casing in the size of NX was used during the drilling process.

Page 4 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

All boreholes were initially advanced up to the hard rock level. Thereafter, they were further advanced into the hard rock by coring the rock using a double tube core barrel.

The details of boreholes, together with the depth to GWT, depth to rock and depth of boreholes are given below. All depths are indicated with respect to a zero datum at top of the borehole.

Table 2: Borehole Information

BH No. BH-01 BH-02 BH-03 BH-04 BH-05

Depth to GWT (m) 1.5 1.8 1.4 0.8 0.8

Depth to Rock (m) 6.6 5.7 2.9 3.7 4.1

Depth of Borehole (m) 7.6 6.7 3.9 4.7 4.6

Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) were carried out at 1.0m intervals to assess the relative densities of the ground materials. This was done by driving a standard split spoon sampler into undisturbed soil under the impact of 63.5 kg hammer falling through a height of 760 mm.

The Standard Penetration Tests were performed in accordance with BS 1377:1990: Part 9 and the test results are interpreted in the boring logs at the relevant test depths as shown in Appendix 1.

Disturbed samples of soil were collected both from the SPT split spoon and the flushed water during drilling.

Ground water level (GWL) was determined as the depth at which the water level stabilized inside the borehole.

Rock coring in boreholes had given following results for the Core Recovery (CR) and Rock Quality Designation (RQD). The bed rock found consisted of limestone rock.

Page 5 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

Table 3–Rock Coring Information

BH No. Depth (m) CR % RQD %

BH-01 6.6-7.6 85 42

BH-02 5.7-6.7 67 45

BH-03 2.9-3.9 81 65

BH-04 3.7-4.7 75 00

BH-05 4.1-4.6 40 00

4. SUB-SURFACE CONDITIONS

This section briefly describes the soil conditions encountered at site.

(All depths are reported with respect to a zero datum at the top of each borehole.)

4.1 At Locations BH-01 to BH-03

From a study of the borehole logs, it is concluded that the subsurface condition at BH-02 is modeled by successive layers as follows. Table 3a : Sub Surface Layering of BH-02

Position Layer Elevation at Avg. Depth Layer Description No. top of Layer SPT No. (m) (m) MSL 1 0.0-0.4 +2.40 Surface Layer - 2a 0.4-1.3 +2.0 Residual Soils-I (*) 7 2b 1.3-2.4 +1.1 Residual Soils-II (*) 48 2a 2.4-5.4 0.0 Residual Soils-I (*) 1-6 2c 5.4-5.7 -3.0 Residual Soils-III (*) >50 3 >5.7 -3.3 Limestone Rock

Page 6 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

(*) This included coral and shell fragments.

Ground water level was observed at 1.8m depth.

Similar layering was observed at BH-01 and BH-03 locations with the main differences being that;

- A Corestone (**)/Coral Rock was present at BH-01 between the depths of (1.3-3.4)m and (5.4-6.6)m; and - Layer No. 2a and 2b were not present.

(**)A corestone is a relatively large mass of rock that is part of the weathering process of the basement rock lying beneath. It is a rock mass which is surrounded by other decomposed material of the same basement rock. In other words, it is rock which is surrounded by a matrix of weathered material.

4.2 At Locations BH-04 and BH-05

From a study of the borehole logs, it is concluded that the subsurface condition at BH-05 is modeled by successive layers as follows. Table 3b : Sub Surface Layering of BH-05

Position Layer Elevation at Avg. Depth Layer Description No. top of Layer SPT No. (m) (m) MSL 1 0.0-0.3 +1.65 Surface Layer - 2b 0.3-1.4 +1.35 Residual Soils-II (*) 25 2c 1.4-2.4 +0.25 Residual Soils-III (*) >50 3 2.4-3.1 -0.75 Corestone/Coral Rock - 2a 3.1-4.1 -1.45 Residual Soils-I (*) 4 4 >4.1 -2.45 Limestone Rock

(*) This included coral sand.

Page 7 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

Ground water level was observed at 0.8m depth.

Similar layering was observed at BH-04 location with the main differences being that;

- Layer No. 2b and 2c were not present; and - Bottom of Layer No. 2a between the depths of (3.1-3.7)m was very strong with SPT N>50.

5. PROFILES OF SUB-SURFACE LAYERING

The summary of borehole data is given in the form of a generalized Sub-Soil Profile which interpolates conditions between boreholes. Profile of sub-surface layering across boreholes was prepared based on the above model as shown in Fig 2a and Fig. 2b.

Page 8 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech(Pvt) Ltd

$*Ä $*Ä $*Ä O O O

5WTHCEG.C[GT 5WTHCEG.C[GT 5WTHCEG.C[GT ÄO ÄO ÄO

4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+ 4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+

ÄO ÄO

)9. 4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+++ )9. 4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ++ %QTGUVQPG%QTCN4QEM ÄO

ÄO

ÄO .KOGUVQPG4QEM

ÄO 4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+

4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+++

ÄO ÄO ÄO 4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+++

%QTGUVQPG%QTCN4QEM .KOGUVQPG4QEM

ÄO ÄO

.KOGUVQPG4QEM

ÄO

*QTK\QPVCN5ECNGÄ0QVVQ5ECNG 8GTVKECN5ECNGÄ

Fig. 2a : Sub-Soil Profile across BH-01, BH-02 and BH-03

Page 9 of 13 Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech(Pvt) Ltd

$*Ä $*Ä O O 5WTHCEG.C[GT ÄO 5WTHCEG.C[GT ÄO

)9. 4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ++

ÄO %QTGUVQPG%QTCN4QEM

4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+++

ÄO ÄO

4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+ %QTGUVQPG%QTCN4QEM

ÄO ÄO

4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+++

ÄO 4GUKFWCN5QKNUÄ+

ÄO .KOGUVQPG4QEM .KOGUVQPG4QEM

ÄO ÄO

*QTK\QPVCN5ECNGÄ0QVVQ5ECNG 8GTVKECN5ECNGÄ

Fig. 2b : Sub-Soil Profile across BH-04 and BH-05

Page 10 of 13 Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

6. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

6.1 Laboratory Investigations on Rock Samples

5 nos. rock core samples collected from basement rock were tested for their uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Point Load Strength Index. These results are summarized as Table-4a below and detailed test results are given in Appendix 2. Table 4a–Summary of Rock Test Results

Borehole Sample Depth Unconfined Compressive Point Load Strength No. (m) Strength (MN/m2) Index (MN/m2) BH-01 7.15-7.30 13.83 - BH-02 6.55-6.70 13.93 - BH-03 3.65-3.80 10.27 - BH-04 3.70-3.75 - 0.58 BH-05 4.55-4.60 - 1.74

6.2 Laboratory Investigations on Soil Samples

Disturbed soil samples collected from the boreholes were tested for their sieve analysis. These results are summarized as shown in Table 4b below, and detailed test results are given in Appendix 2.

Table 4b: Laboratory Test Results on Soil

Sieve Analysis Test (%) BH No. Depth (m) 4.75mm to <0.075 >4.75 mm 0.075mm mm BH-01 1.50-1.95 98.54 1.38 0.09 1.50-1.95 20.81 62.00 17.19 BH-02 4.50-4.95 25.58 47.99 26.42 BH-03 1.50-1.95 27.11 54.05 18.83 BH-04 2.50-2.95 20.47 75.14 4.39 1.50-1.95 36.14 43.42 20.44 BH-05 3.50-3.95 38.31 44.08 17.61

Page 11 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

6.3 Laboratory Investigations on Water

A water sample collected from BH-04 was tested for its pH value, chloride content and sulphate content. These results are summarized as Table-4c below and details test results are given in Appendix 2.

Table 4c–Summary of Chemical Tests Results on Water

Average pH Chloride Content Sulphate Content BH No. - -2 Value (mgCl /L) (mg SO4 /L) BH-04 7.80 at 29.8oC 3676.165 451.1136

Remarks:

• Water can be described as acidic, neutral or alkaline based on its pH value. (i.e. pH<7, pH=7 or pH>7 respectively). The pH value of the Ground Water sample tested is almost near ‘7’. Therefore, the corrosion effect due to ground water acidity or alkalinity is not susceptible. • Referring to BS EN 1008:2002, the maximum chloride content of mixing water is 500 mg/L, and the sulphate content of the water expressed as 2– SO4 shall not exceed 2000 mg/L. According to the laboratory investigations carried out the chloride content is far above the allowable limits. Therefore, precautions must be taken to protect the concrete against chloride attack.

7. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOUNDATIONS

7.1 Factors affecting selection of foundations

The significant factors affecting the selection of the foundations are: - The overburden consists of a thin surface layer underlain by variable strength residual formation including coral sand and shell fragments;

Page 12 of 13

Geotechnical Investigation Report (G/5260-Section-X) Geotech (Pvt) Ltd

- Corestone/Coral Rock was present between the depths of (1.3-3.4)m and (5.4-6.6)m at BH-01 and between the depths of (0.2-2.3)m and (2.4-3.1)m respectively at BH-04 and BH-05; - The GWT was encountered at the depths which varied between 0.8m at BH-04 and BH-05, and 1.8m at BH-02; - The basement rock (limestone rock) was encountered at the depths which varied between 2.9m at BH-03 and 6.6m at BH-01; and - The loading to be transferred are from a two storied structure. But its layout has not been finalized. However, the finish ground level (FGL) will not exceed 0.6m above the existing ground level (EGL).

7.2 Recommendation for Foundations

It is recommended that the foundations consist of Inverted T-type RC strip footings, or individual pad footings connected at ground level by beams, or combined footings. The footings should be placed at a depth of 1.0m below finished ground level (FGL) and designed for an allowable bearing capacity of 75 kN/m2, after carrying out site development as indicated later in this section. This method is acceptable provided that the width of footings does not exceed 2.5m.

Method of Site Development

It is recommended that initially, site development be carried out by increasing the site elevation within the proposed development area. As per the design requirement, the site level should be raised up to a maximum height of around 0.6m above the existing ground levels (EGLs) to its FGLs. It is further recommended that the fill should be done under controlled condition (after removing the surface layer) to achieve a minimum of 95% of the Proctor density. Disclaimer: These recommendations have been made based on the data gathered in the field, and laboratory test data where applicable. It is therefore, important that these recommendations are adhered to strictly. If for some site related practical consideration, the recommended procedures cannot be adhered to, prior approval in writing must be obtained from Geotech (Pvt) Ltd before any deviation from the recommendation is executed. Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. will not be held responsible for any problem arising from any unauthorized deviation.

Page 13 of 13

APPENDIX 1

RESULTS OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT Borehole No BH - 01 Project MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA Client Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development Sheet 1 of 1 Location Mandaithive Rig Tone Rock Level 6.60 m G.W.L 1.50 m Date of Started 12/2/2018 Method Rotary/Wash Boring Terminated Level 7.60 m 414940.250E Coordinates Date of Finished 12/2/2018 Weather Hot Elevation (MSL) 1.850 787886.370N Logged By : Dilshan Hasanka Field Records Supervised V.V.De. Alwis Soil Description (SPT)/(CR,RQD) Depth SPT Resistance - Blows/m Depth(m) Cond Sa. Sa.Type Legend Sa.NO. Ground water Level N

0.00 Ground level 15cm 15cm 15cm 51015 20 25 30 35 40

Yellowish Brown Fine SILTY SAND 0.5 Core drilling was done for Coral Layer 1.00 Yellowish Brown fine Silty Sand Mix CORAL PARICALS 1.3

GWL 2.00 at 1.5 m

CORAL LAYER

3.00

3.4 3.5 to 3.95 20 50 >50 S5 SPT 05cm Grayish Light Brown Fine to Medium Clay Sand MIX HB 4.00 with CORAL 4.3

4.5 to 4.95 28 50 10cm HB 5.00 Gray Clay CORAL SAND

5.4 5.5 to 5.95

6.00 CORAL LAYER

Rock Level at 6.6m 6.6 CR | RQD 7.00 6.6 to 7.6 LIME STONE 85 42

7.6

Terminated at 7.6m 8.00

9.00

10.00 Sample Key Test Key SPT Standard Penetration Test D - Disturbed Sample Checked By :- WS-Wash Sample GEOTECH (PVT)LIMITED SS -SPT Sample UD- Undisturbed Sample W - Water Sample Sampath GWL : Ground Water Level observed inside Cr - Core Recovery (%) the RQD-Rock Quality Designation (%) Drilled By: Borehole, after the saturation 13/1 , PEPILIYANA Sanath Remarks :- Existing ground level considered as the zero NR Not Recovered level HB -Hammer Bounce MAWATHA,KOHUWALA ,

FD - Free Drop NUGEGODA,SRILANKA JOB NO :- G/5260 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT Borehole No BH - 02 Project MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA Client Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development Sheet 1 of 1 Location Mandithivu Rig Tone Rock Level 5.70 m G.W.L 1.80 m Date of Started 13/2/2018 Method Rotary/Wash Boring Terminated Level 6.70 m 414914.598E Coordinates Date of Finished 13/2/2018 Weather Hot Elevation (MSL) 2.400 787913.578N Field Records Logged By : Dilshan Hasanka Supervised V.V.De. Alwis Soil Description (SPT)/(CR,RQD) Depth SPT Resistance - Blows/m Depth(m) Cond Sa. Sa.Type Legend Sa.NO. Ground water Level N

0.00 Ground level 15cm 15cm 15cm 51015 20 25 30 35 40 Light Brown fine to Course Clay Sand with CORAL Bulk S1 PARTICALES 0.4 0 to 0.45 3 3 7 7 S2 SPT 0.5 to 0.95 4 Light Brown fine to Medium Clay Sand with SEA 1.00 SHALLS 1.3

1.5 to 1.95 18 48 48 S3 SPT 23 25

2.00 Light Brown Fine to Course Clay CORAL SAND GWL at 1.8 2.4 m 2.5 to 2.95 7 4 2 6 6

3.00 Pale Gray and Light Brown Fine to Course Clay CORAL SAND

3.5 3.5 to 3.95 1 1 0 1 1

4.00

Pale Gray Fine to Course CORAL CLAY 4.5 to 4.95 1 1 0 1 1

5.00

5.4 50 5.5 to 5.95 3 Pale Gray Fine to Course CORAL CLAY 5.7 10cm 50 HB Rock Level at 5.7m 6.00 CR | RQD LIME STONE 5.7 to 67 45 6.7 6.7

7.00 Terminated at 6.7m

8.00

9.00

FD - Free Drop NUGEGODA,SRILANKA JOB NO :- G/5260 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT Borehole No BH - 03 Project MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA Client Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development Sheet 1 of 1 Location Mandithivu Rig Tone Rock Level 2.90 m G.W.L 1.40 m Date of Started 13/2/2018 Method Rotary/Wash Boring Terminated Level 3.90 m 414909.750E Coordinates Date of Finished 13/2/2018 Weather Hot Elevation (MSL) 2.800 787927.350N Field Records Logged By : Dilshan Hasanka Supervised V.V.De. Alwis Soil Description (SPT)/(CR,RQD) Depth SPT Resistance - Blows/m Depth(m) Cond Sa. Sa.Type Legend Sa.NO. Ground water Level N

0.00 Ground level 15cm 15cm 15cm 51015 20 25 30 35 40

S1 Bulk Brown Very Fine SAND 0 to 0.45 0.45 >50 >50 S2 SPT 0.5 to 0.95 02cm HB 1.00 Brown Coral Particales with SEA SHALLS 1.2

1.5 to 1.95 18 SPT 32 44 76 S3 GWL at Yellowish Brown Fine to Course Clay CORAL SAND 2.00 1.4 m 2.3

2.5 to 2.95 17 >50 >50 Light Brown CORAL LAYER 08cm 2.9 HB 3.00 Rock Level at 2.9m CR | RQD

LIME STONE 2.9 to 81 65 3.9 3.9 4.00 Terminated at 3.9m

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

FD - Free Drop NUGEGODA,SRILANKA JOB NO :- G/5260 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT Borehole No BH - 04 Project MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA Client Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development Sheet 1 of 1 Location Mandithivu Rig Tone Rock Level 3.70 m G.W.L 0.80 m Date of Started 7/2/2018 Method Rotary/Wash Boring Terminated Level 4.70 m 414984.850E Coordinates Date of Finished 7/2/2018 Weather Hot Elevation (MSL) 2.800 787887.783N Field Records Logged By : Dilshan Hasanka Supervised V.V.De.Alwis Soil Description (SPT)/(CR,RQD) Depth SPT Resistance - Blows/m Depth(m) Cond Sa. Sa.Type Legend Sa.NO. Ground water Level N

0.00 Ground level 15cm 15cm 15cm 51015 20 25 30 35 40

Brown Very Fine SAND 0.2 Core Drilling was done for Coral Layer

1.00 GWL at 0.8 Brown Coral Particales with SEA SHALLS m

2.00

2.3 2.5 to 2.95 17 2 3 5 5 Yellowish Brown Fine to Course Clay CORAL SAND 3.00 3.1

Light Brown CORAL LAYER >50 3.5 to 3.95 6 05cm >50 3.7 HB Rock Level at 3.7m 4.00 CR | RQD

LIME STONE 3.7 to 75 4.7

4.7 5.00 Terminated at 4.7m

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

FD - Free Drop NUGEGODA,SRILANKA JOB NO :- G/5260 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PROPOSED SHORE STRUCTURES AT Borehole No BH - 05 Project MANDAITIVU, JAFFNA Client Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development Sheet 1 of 1 Location Mandithivu Rig Tone Rock Level 4.10 m G.W.L 0.80 m Date of Started 8/2/2018 Method Rotary/Wash Boring Terminated Level 4.60 m 414901.284E Coordinates Date of Finished 8/2/2018 Weather Hot Elevation (MSL) 1.650 787862.260N Field Records Logged By : Dilshan Hasanka Supervised V.V.De. Alwis Soil Description (SPT)/(CR,RQD) Depth SPT Resistance - Blows/m Depth(m) Cond Sa. Sa.Type Legend Sa.NO. Ground water Level N

0.00 Ground level 15cm 15cm 15cm 51015 20 25 30 35 40

S1 Bulk Brown fine SILTY SAND 0.3 0 to 0.45

8 14 25 S2 SPT 0.5 to 0.95 11 25

1.00 Brown fine to Course Clay CORALSAND GWL at 0.8 1.4 m >50 1.5 to 1.95 4 >50 S3 SPT 05cm HB 2.00 Brown fine to Cour with CORAL

2.4 2.5 to 2.95 50 CORAL LAYERS 2.4 to 42 40 3.00 3.1 3.1

3.5 to 3.95 3 2 2 4 4 Light Brown fine to Course Clay CORAL SAND 4.00 4.1

Rock Level at 4.1m 4.1 to LIME STONE 40CR | RQD 4.6 4.6

Terminated at 4.6m 5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

FD - Free Drop NUGEGODA,SRILANKA JOB NO :- G/5260

APPENDIX 2

RESULTS OF LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

15th March 2018

Our Ref: Job No: GL/4042/001

M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd, 13/1, Pepiliyana Mawatha, Kohuwala, Nugegoda.

LABORATORY TEST REPORT

Project :- Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna

Client :- Geotech (Pvt) Ltd.

Sample IDs :- 1). Rock Core Samples Collected from BH-01 to BH-05 2). Soil Samples Collected from BH-01 to BH-05 3). Water Sample Collected from BH-04

Type of Test :- Rock 1) Uniaxial Compressive Strength – 03 Nos. 2) Point Load Strength Load – 02 Nos.

Soil 1) Sieve Analysis – 07 Nos.

Water 1) pH Value – 01 No. 2) Chloride Content – 01 No. 3) Sulphate Content – 01 No.

Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. (Subsidiary of Geotech Group)

……………………………… Eng. K.W.P. Karunarathne GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. A Member of Geotech Group 13/1, Pepiliyana Mw, Kohuwala, Nugegoda Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS OF ROCK TEST METHOD : ASTM : D 2938 - 89

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd.

JOB NO : GL/4042/001

BH No. BH-01 BH-02 BH-03

Depth (m) 7.15-7.30 6.55-6.70 3.65-3.80

Diameter of Core (mm) 53.6 53.4 53.4

Length of Core (mm) 111.0 114.0 113.0

Load at Failure (kN) 31.2 31.2 23.0

Unconfined Compressive Strength (MN/m2) 13.83 13.93 10.27

Failure Sketch

TESTED BY CHECKED BY Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. 13/1, Pepiliyana Mw, Kohuwala, Nugegoda Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

POINT LOAD STRENGTH INDEX TEST RESULTS TEST METHOD : ASTM : D 5731 - 05 (Diametral test)

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. JOB NO : GL/4042/001

BH No. BH-04 BH-05

Sample Depth (m) 3.70-3.75 4.55-4.60

Diameter of Core (mm) 54.1 54.1

Load at Failure (kN) 1.6 4.9

Uncorrected Point Load Strength Index (Is) 0.56 1.68 (MN/m2)

Size Correction Factor (F) 1.04 1.04

Corrected Point Load Strength Index (Is(50)) 0.58 1.74 (MN/m2)

Failure Sketch

TESTED BY CHECKED BY Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 422 - 63

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Location : Mandathiv CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. BH NO : BH-01 Job No : GL/4042/001 Depth (m) : 1.50-1.95

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM REMARKS : Wet Sieving 100 Total Weight of Sample (g) = 510.47

90 Percent Cumulaive Sieve Opening Weight 80 Retained Percent (mm) Retained (g) (%) Finer (%) 70 63.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 60 50.0 217.34 42.58 57.42 50 37.5 185.83 36.40 21.02 40 25 44.82 8.78 12.24 12.5 53.74 10.53 1.71 30 9.5 0.00 0.00 1.71 20 4.75 1.27 0.25 1.46 2.36 0.14 0.03 1.44 PERCENT PERCENT BYWEIGHT FINER 10 1.18 0.51 0.10 1.34 0 0.600 1.16 0.23 1.11 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.425 0.91 0.18 0.93 GRAIN SIZE IN MILIMETERS 0.300 1.49 0.29 0.64 0.150 2.04 0.40 0.24 0.075 0.78 0.15 0.09 RESULTS Gravel Cobbles (%) 0 98.54 Sand (%) 1.38 Silt & Clay (%) 0.09 (%) Tested By Checked By Report Date 2018-03-15 Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 422 - 63

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Location : Mandathiv CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. BH NO : BH-02 Job No : GL/4042/001 Depth (m) : 1.50-1.95

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM REMARKS : Wet Sieving 100 Total Weight of Sample (g) = 297.69

90 Percent Cumulaive Sieve Opening Weight 80 Retained Percent (mm) Retained (g) (%) Finer (%) 70 63.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 60 50.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 50 37.5 0.00 0.00 100.00 40 25 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.5 7.57 2.54 97.46 30 9.5 11.37 3.82 93.64 20 4.75 43.00 14.44 79.19 2.36 47.15 15.84 63.36 PERCENT PERCENT BYWEIGHT FINER 10 1.18 25.98 8.73 54.63 0 0.600 18.34 6.16 48.47 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.425 11.48 3.86 44.61 GRAIN SIZE IN MILIMETERS 0.300 19.15 6.43 38.18 0.150 43.50 14.61 23.57 0.075 18.98 6.38 17.19 RESULTS Gravel Cobbles (%) 0 20.81 Sand (%) 62.00 Silt & Clay (%) 17.19 (%) Tested By Checked By Report Date 2018-03-15 Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 422 - 63

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Location : Mandathiv CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. BH NO : BH-02 Job No : GL/4042/001 Depth (m) : 4.50-4.95

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM REMARKS : Wet Sieving 100 Total Weight of Sample (g) = 123.41

90 Percent Cumulaive Sieve Opening Weight 80 Retained Percent (mm) Retained (g) (%) Finer (%) 70 63.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 60 50.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 50 37.5 0.00 0.00 100.00 40 25 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.5 2.25 1.82 98.18 30 9.5 11.90 9.64 88.53 20 4.75 17.42 14.12 74.42 2.36 7.53 6.10 68.32 PERCENT PERCENT BYWEIGHT FINER 10 1.18 3.48 2.82 65.50 0 0.600 1.79 1.45 64.05 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.425 3.65 2.96 61.09 GRAIN SIZE IN MILIMETERS 0.300 8.37 6.78 54.31 0.150 22.08 17.89 36.42 0.075 12.33 9.99 26.42 RESULTS Gravel Cobbles (%) 0 25.58 Sand (%) 47.99 Silt & Clay (%) 26.42 (%) Tested By Checked By Report Date 2018-03-15 Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 422 - 63

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Location : Mandathiv CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. BH NO : BH-03 Job No : GL/4042/001 Depth (m) : 1.50-1.95

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM REMARKS : Wet Sieving 100 Total Weight of Sample (g) = 214.66

90 Percent Cumulaive Sieve Opening Weight 80 Retained Percent (mm) Retained (g) (%) Finer (%) 70 63.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 60 50.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 50 37.5 0.00 0.00 100.00 40 25 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.5 7.76 3.62 96.38 30 9.5 5.13 2.39 94.00 20 4.75 45.31 21.11 72.89 2.36 38.81 18.08 54.81 PERCENT PERCENT BYWEIGHT FINER 10 1.18 22.19 10.34 44.47 0 0.600 16.25 7.57 36.90 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.425 10.00 4.66 32.24 GRAIN SIZE IN MILIMETERS 0.300 10.85 5.05 27.19 0.150 11.83 5.51 21.68 0.075 6.10 2.84 18.83 RESULTS Gravel Cobbles (%) 0 27.11 Sand (%) 54.05 Silt & Clay (%) 18.83 (%) Tested By Checked By Report Date 2018-03-15 Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 422 - 63

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Location : Mandathiv CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. BH NO : BH-04 Job No : GL/4042/001 Depth (m) : 2.50-2.95

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM REMARKS : Wet Sieving 100 Total Weight of Sample (g) = 212.74

90 Percent Cumulaive Sieve Opening Weight 80 Retained Percent (mm) Retained (g) (%) Finer (%) 70 63.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 60 50.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 50 37.5 0.00 0.00 100.00 40 25 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.5 8.87 4.17 95.83 30 9.5 11.79 5.54 90.29 20 4.75 22.88 10.75 79.53 2.36 27.78 13.06 66.48 PERCENT PERCENT BYWEIGHT FINER 10 1.18 17.77 8.35 58.12 0 0.600 17.56 8.25 49.87 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.425 20.55 9.66 40.21 GRAIN SIZE IN MILIMETERS 0.300 36.18 17.01 23.20 0.150 32.87 15.45 7.75 0.075 7.15 3.36 4.39 RESULTS Gravel Cobbles (%) 0 20.47 Sand (%) 75.14 Silt & Clay (%) 4.39 (%) Tested By Checked By Report Date 2018-03-15 Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 422 - 63

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Location : Mandathiv CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. BH NO : BH-05 Job No : GL/4042/001 Depth (m) : 1.50-1.95

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM REMARKS : Wet Sieving 100 Total Weight of Sample (g) = 205.62

90 Percent Cumulaive Sieve Opening Weight 80 Retained Percent (mm) Retained (g) (%) Finer (%) 70 63.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 60 50.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 50 37.5 0.00 0.00 100.00 40 25 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.5 29.21 14.21 85.79 30 9.5 16.62 8.08 77.71 20 4.75 28.48 13.85 63.86 2.36 28.02 13.63 50.23 PERCENT PERCENT BYWEIGHT FINER 10 1.18 20.29 9.87 40.37 0 0.600 13.23 6.43 33.93 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.425 5.23 2.54 31.39 GRAIN SIZE IN MILIMETERS 0.300 6.49 3.16 28.23 0.150 10.32 5.02 23.21 0.075 5.70 2.77 20.44 RESULTS Gravel Cobbles (%) 0 36.14 Sand (%) 43.42 Silt & Clay (%) 20.44 (%) Tested By Checked By Report Date 2018-03-15 Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. Tel: +94-112- 828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST METHOD : ASTM D 422 - 63

PROJECT : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Location : Mandathiv CLIENT : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. BH NO : BH-05 Job No : GL/4042/001 Depth (m) : 3.50-3.95

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM REMARKS : Wet Sieving 100 Total Weight of Sample (g) = 226.43

90 Percent Cumulaive Sieve Opening Weight 80 Retained Percent (mm) Retained (g) (%) Finer (%) 70 63.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 60 50.0 0.00 0.00 100.00 50 37.5 0.00 0.00 100.00 40 25 0.00 0.00 100.00 12.5 43.18 19.07 80.93 30 9.5 19.47 8.60 72.33 20 4.75 24.09 10.64 61.69 2.36 17.37 7.67 54.02 PERCENT PERCENT BYWEIGHT FINER 10 1.18 14.41 6.36 47.66 0 0.600 13.42 5.93 41.73 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.425 7.65 3.38 38.35 GRAIN SIZE IN MILIMETERS 0.300 11.35 5.01 33.34 0.150 23.60 10.42 22.92 0.075 12.02 5.31 17.61 RESULTS Gravel Cobbles (%) 0 38.31 Sand (%) 44.08 Silt & Clay (%) 17.61 (%) Tested By Checked By Report Date 2018-03-15 Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. 13/1, Pepiliyana Mawatha, Kohuwala, Nugegoda Tel: +94-112-828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

pH VALUE OF GROUND WATER Test Method: BS 1377: Part 3:1990

Project : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Client : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. Job No : GL/4042/001 Location : Mandathiv

pH meter readings Average pH BH No. Value @ 29.8oC Reading 1Reading 2 Reading 3 Temp (oC)

BH-04 7.807.80 7.81 29.8 7.80

Test Date : 2018-03-09

Report Date : 2018-03-12 Tested By Checked By Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P. Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. 13/1, Pepiliyana Mawatha, Kohuwala, Nugegoda Tel: +94-112-828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

CHLORIDE CONTENT OF GROUND WATER Test Method: Argetomeric Method – APHA 19th Edu:1995

Project : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Client : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. Job No : GL/4042/001 Location : Mandathiv

BH No. BH-04

Volume of water Sample taken for the test (ml) 100

Sample Titration with AgNO3

Total Volume of AgNO3 Solution used (ml) 104.0

Blank Titration with AgNO3

Total Volume of AgNO3 Solution used (ml) 0.3

Chloride Content (mgCl-/ L) 3676.165

Test Date : 2018-03-10

Report Date : 2018-03-12 Tested By Checked By Indrajith Yasintha Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd. GEOTECH LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD. 13/1, Pepiliyana Mawatha, Kohuwala, Nugegoda Tel: +94-112-828200 Fax: +94-112-823881 Email: [email protected]

SULPHATE CONTENT OF GROUND WATER Test Method: Gravimetric Method – APHA 19th Edu:1995

Project : Proposed Shore Structures at Mandathiv, Jaffna Client : M/S Geotech (Pvt) Ltd. Job No : GL/4402/001 Location: Mandathiv

BH No. BH-04

Volume of Test Sample Used (ml) 50

Wt. of Crucible (g) 62.3494

Wt. of Crucible +Precipitate (g) 62.4042

Mass of Ignited Precipitate (g) 0.0548

Water-Soluble Sulphate 451.1136 2- (mgSO4 /L)

Test Date : 2018-03-09

Report Date : 2018-03-12 Tested By Checked By Tharushi Ajana Eng. K.W.P Karunarathne

This report referes specially to the sample analyzed. This report should not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Geotech Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd.

Annex 11- Water Test Report (Sea Water)

TEST REPORT

(7418)108-0122B(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 1 of 4

Applicant: EML Consultants (Pvt) Ltd Address: No. 6/10, Rajamahavihara Road, Rajamahavihara Lane, Pita Kotte, Sri Lanka. Attn: Mr. Chaminda Jayasundra

Sample Description: 250ml x 02 & 125ml x 1 of Water in HDPE bottle 1l x 01 Water in glass bottles & 1l x 2 Water in HDPE bottle respectively.

Sampling Details: Grab sampling was carried out by Mr. Pathum Eranga, Environmental Chemist of Bureau Veritas, at 5.08 p.m. on 09th April, 2018

Collection Point: Sea Water Sample No: 17 Mandative, Surface Water (25m away), GPS Location : 9º.602´ , 79º.998´ Date of Sample Received: Apr 09, 2018 Date of Testing Started: Apr 09, 2018 Date of Testing Completed: Apr 25, 2018 Date of Report Issued: Apr 25, 2018 Photo of the Sampling Point

This report is governed by, and incorporates by reference, the Conditions of Testing as posted at the date of Bureau Veritas Consumer Products Services issuance of this report at http://www.cps.bureauveritas.com and is intended for your exclusive use. Any copying or replication of this report to or for any other person or entity, or use of our name or trademark, is Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. permitted only with our prior written permission. This report sets forth our findings solely with respect to the test samples identified herein. The results set forth in this report are not indicative or representative of the quality or characteristics of the lot from which a test sample was taken or any similar or identical product No. 570, Galle Road, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka unless specifically and expressly noted. Our report includes all of the tests requested by you and the results Tel: (9411) 2350111-115 (dedicated lines), Fax: (9411) 112622198 & 199 thereof based upon the information that you provided to us. You have 60 days from date of issuance of this Email: [email protected] report to notify us of any material error or omission caused by our negligence; provided, however, that such notice shall be in writing and shall specifically address the issue you wish to raise. A failure to raise such issue within the prescribed time shall constitute you unqualified acceptance of the completeness of this report, the tests conducted and the correctness of the report contents.

TEST REPORT

Report No: (7418)108-0122B(SL) Apr 25, 2018

Page 2 of 4

No. Parameters Results LOQ Unit Test Method Yellow range -1 ND 0.1 m Colour (436 nm) (Spectral Red range 1 ND 0.1 -1 ADMI 3 WL method absorption (525 nm) m coefficient) Blue range ND 0.1 -1 (620 nm) m FD-MTHD-007:2013 2 pH Value at 32 ºC* 8.1 - - + Reference to APHA 4500H 3 Temperature 32.3 - oC Thermometer 4 Total Kjedahl Nitrogen (as N) 5.5 - mg/l APHA 20th Edition - 4500-Norg B 5 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (as N) 0.1 - mg/l APHA 20th Edition - 4500-NH3 B&E Chemical Oxygen Demand FD-MTHD-002:2013 6 15 - mg/l (COD)* Reference to APHA 5220D Biological Oxygen Demand FD-MTHD-001:2013 7 10 - mg/l (BOD5) @ 20ºC* Reference to APHA 5210D FD-MTHD-009 :2013 8 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)* ND 0.001 mg/l Reference to APHA 2540D 9 Sulphide (as S) ND 0.5 mg/l APHA 20th Edition - 4500 S2- D 10 Fluoride (as F) 1.9 - mg/l APHA 4500 –F- C:2012 11 Total Residual Chlorine <0.02 0.02 mg/l APHA 4500-Cl G FD-MTHD-032:2013 12 Oil & Grease* ND 2.0 mg/l Reference to APHA 5520B 13 Dissolved Phosphates (as P) 0.3 - mg/l APHA 4500-PC 14 Arsenic (as As) ND 0.001 mg/l 15 Copper (as Cu)* 0.2 - mg/l 16 Iron (as Fe) ND 0.001 mg/l 17 Nickel (as Ni)* ND 0.001 mg/l CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD 18 Cadmium (as Cd)* ND 0.0001 mg/l (In house method) 19 Total Chromium (as Cr) ND 0.001 mg/l with ICP-MS 20 Lead (as Pb)* ND 0.001 mg/l 21 Mercury (as Hg)* ND 0.00005 mg/l 22 Zinc (as Zn)* 0.15 - mg/l 23 Selenium (as Se) ND 0.001 mg/l 24 Cyanide (as CN) ND 0.1 mg/l APHA (4500-CN C; EPA 335.4) Hexavalent Chromium 25 6+ ND 0.001 mg/l CPSD-AN-00582-MTHD (as Cr ) Phenolic Compounds APHA, AWWA and WEF, 21st Edition 26 ND 0.1 mg/l (as C6H5OH) 2005 2 MPN/ nd 27 Faecal Coliform 2.4x10 - APHA 22 Edition 9221E 100ml

Remarks – *ISO 17025 :2005 ACCREDITED TEST BY SRI LANKA ACCREDITATION BOARD FOR CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT (SLAB) NOTE: APHA: American Public Health Association ND: Not Detected, LOQ: Limit of Quantification, oC : Celsius, m-1 : per meter mg/l: milligrams per liter, MPN / 100ml- Most Probable Number per hundred milliliters ICP-MS: Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectroscopy APHA <1.8 MPN/100ml=Not Detected/100ml The content of this PDF file is in accordance with the original issued reports for reference only. This Test Report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the company.

TEST REPORT

Report No: (7418)108-0122B(SL) Apr 25, 2018

Page 3 of 4

Contact information for this report (Technical and General Inquiries and Feedback) GENERAL INQUIRIES: SHYAMICA WICKRAMASINGHE TEL: +94 112 350 158 E-MAIL: [email protected] TECHNICAL INQUIRIES: INDRAJITH HATHURUSINGHA TEL: + 94 769 603 814 E-MAIL: [email protected] FEED BACK: DHANUKA PERERA –EXECUTIVE TEL: +94 112 350 111 E-MAIL: E-MAIL: QHSE [email protected] REVIEWED BY: MAHIJITH PERERA

BUREAU VERITAS CONSUMER PRODUCTS SERVICES LANKA (PVT) LTD. AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY

APPROVED BY: RUWINI AMARASINGHE APPROVED BY: INDRAJITH HATHURUSINGHA MICROBIOLOGIST MANAGER- FOOD LABORATORY

The content of this PDF file is in accordance with the original issued reports for reference only. This Test Report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the company.

TEST REPORT

Report No: (7418)108-0122B(SL) Apr 25, 2018

Page 4 of 4

END OF THE REPORT.

Annex 12- Water Test Report (Ground Water)

TEST REPORT

(7418)108-0118B(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 1 of 4

Applicant: EML Consultants (Pvt) Ltd Address: No. 6/10, Rajamahavihara Road, Rajamahavihara Lane, Pitakotte, Sri Lanka. Attn: Mr. Chaminda Jayasundara

Samples Collected: 250ml x 1 Water in plastic containers, 1l x 01 of Water in a glass bottle and 125mL x 1 of Water in plastic bottles & 5l x 1 water in plastic container respectively

Sampling Details: Grab sampling was carried out by Mr. Pathum Eranga Environmental Chemist of Bureau Veritas, @ 4.30p.m. on 09th April, 2018

Collection Point: Drinking Water ( Well Water) GPS Location : 9º.605´ , 79º.998´ Sample No: 18 Mr. Eulosiyar, Beach Road, 4th Division, Mandativi Date of Sample Received: Apr 09, 2018 Date of Testing Started: Apr 09, 2018 Date of Testing Completed: Apr 25, 2018 Date of Report Issued: Apr 25, 2018 Photo of the Sampling Point

TEST REPORT

(7418)108-0118B(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 2 of 4

TEST RESULTS

Parameters Results LOQ Unit Test Method

1 Colour <5 - Hazen APHA 2120 B 2 Odour Unobjectionable - - Sensory evaluation 3 Taste 4 - FTN APHA 2160 B 4 Turbidity 0.3 - NTU APHA 2130 B - FD-MTHD-007:2013 5 pH at 30ºC* 7.4 - Reference to APHA 4500H+

a) Free Ammonia (as ND 0.05 mg/l SLS 614 Appendix A: 2013 6 NH3) b) Albuminoid ammonia ND 0.01 mg/l SLS 614 Appendix A: 2013 7 Calcium (as Ca) 120 - mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B 8 Chloride (as Cl-) 1926 - mg/l APHA 4500-Cl- B Chemical Oxygen FD-MTHD-002:2013 9 05 - mg/l Demand (COD)* Reference to APHA 5220D CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with 10 Copper (as Cu) ND 0.001 mg/l ICP-MS 11 Fluoride (as F) 1.2 - mg/l APHA 4500 –F- C:2012 CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with 12 Iron (as Fe) 0.003 - mg/l ICP-MS CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with 13 Manganese (as Mn) ND 0.001 mg/l ICP-MS - 14 Nitrate (as NO3 ) 0.3 - mg/l APHA 4500 -NO3– E - 15 Nitrite (as NO2 ) ND 0.05 mg/l APHA 4500 -NO2– B FD-MTHD-032:2013 16 Oil & Grease * ND 0.2 mg/l Reference to APHA 5520B 2- APHA 22nd Edition 4500- 17 Sulphate (as SO4 ) 253 10 mg/l 2- SO4 E Total Alkalinity (as 18 258 - mg/l APHA 2320 B CaCO3) Total Hardness (as 19 802 - mg/l APHA 2340-C CaCO3) Total Phosphates (as 20 3- 0.2 - mg/l APHA 4500-PC PO4 ) CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with 21 Zinc (as Zn) 0.008 - mg/l ICP-MS 22 Electrical Conductivity 3200 - µS/cm APHA 2510B 23 Total Solid 2578 - mg/l APHA 2540 B 24 Arsenic (as As) ND 0.001 mg/l 25 Cadmium (as Cd) ND 0.0001 mg/l CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with 26 Chromium (as Cr) ND 0.001 mg/l ICP-MS 27 Lead (as Pb) ND 0.001 mg/l 28 Selenium (as Se) ND 0.001 mg/l MPN / SLS 1461:Part 1/Section 29 Escherichia coli* ND - 100ml 3:2013 MPN / SLS 1461:Part 1/Section 30 Total Coliform* 35 - 100ml 3:2013

TEST REPORT

(7418)108-0118B(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 3 of 4

Remark - *ISO 17025 :2005 ACCREDITED TEST BY SRI LANKA ACCREDITATION BOARD FOR CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT (SLAB)

NOTE: APHA: American Public Health Association, SLS: Sri Lanka Standard, ND: Not Detected, LOQ: Limit of Quantification, mg/l: milligrams per liter, NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units, FTN : Flavor Threshold Number MPN / 100ml- Most Probable Number per hundred milliliter, ICP-MS: Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectroscopy . ºC : Celcius, µS/cm : microsiemens per centimeter

Contact information for this report (Technical and General Inquiries and Feedback) GENERAL INQUIRIES: SHYAMIKA WICKRAMASINGHE TEL: +94 112 350 158 E-MAIL: [email protected] TECHNICAL INQUIRIES: INDRAJITH HATHURUSINGHA TEL: + 94 769 603 814 E-MAIL: [email protected] FEED BACK: DHANUKA PERERA –EXECUTIVE QHSE TEL: +94 768 229 479 E-MAIL: [email protected] REVIEWED BY: MAHIJITH PERERA

BUREAU VERITAS CONSUMER PRODUCTS SERVICES LANKA (PVT) LTD. AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY

APPROVED BY: RUWINI AMARASINGHE APPROVED BY: INDRAJITH HATHURUSINGHA MICROBIOLOGIST MANAGER- FOOD LABORATORY

TEST REPORT

(7418)108-0118B(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 4 of 4

END OF THE REPORT.

Annex 13-

Terrestrial Report

TERRESTRIAL, ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ANCHORAGE SITE IN

MANDATHIVU

Acronyms

ADB – Asian Development Bank IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature NPSFDP - Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project NBSAP- National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan PAI- Project area of influence. PA – Project Area

i | Page

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of the Floral Species Recorded during the Study in both Project 8 Area and Project Area of Influence Table 2. Details of Floral Species Recorded in both Project Area and Project Area 11 of Influence Table 3. The GPS locations of Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra 12 (Mahasarana) Table 4. The GPS locations of invasive species 12 Table 5. The notable trees that are to be interfere with the construction 13 Table 6. Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study in both 15 Project Area and Project Area of Influence Table 7. Details of Faunal Species Recorded in in both Project Area and Project 16 Area of Influence Table 8. The GPS locations of Trachia fallaciosa within the Project Area and 16 Project Area of Influence Table 9. Typical potential waste streams identified in anchorage sites that can 19 affect the terrestrial habitat and biodiversity in surrounding areas

ii | Page

List of Figures

Fig. 1. A map indicating the locations of proposed Fishery harbors, Anchorages 3 and Landing sites in the Northern Province Fig. 2. Google map indicating the major habitats observed in the project area and 4 project area of influence. Fig. 3. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach 6 Fig. 4. Scrubland with Palmyra palms 6 Fig. 5. Homesteads are with well-grown Palmyrah trees 7 Fig. 6. A big tree of endemic plant species, Cassine glauca (Neralu) 10 Fig. 7. A nearly threaten species, Trianthema decandra (Maha Sarana) 10 Fig. 8. Land snail species Trachia fallaciosa in trees 14

Fig. 9. Proposed infrastructure facility to be developed in Thalaithurai anchorage 18 site

iii | Page

Table of Contents

1.0. Executive Summary ...... 1

2. 0. Introduction ...... 2

2.1. Methodology ...... 3

3.0. Detailed findings for project area and project area of influence ...... 5

3.1. Project area and the major habitat types observed ...... 5

3.2. Project area of influence and the major habitat types observed ...... 7

3.4. Fauna ...... 14

4.0. Impacts due to project activities during construction and operational stage ...... 17

4.1. Construction period...... 17

4.2. Operational period ...... 18

5.0. Mitigation measures ...... 20

6.0. Summary ...... 21

7.0. Bibliography ...... 22

8.0. Appendices ...... 25

Annex 1. The list of government officers and personnel were interviewed during the study . 25

iv | Page

1.0 . Executive Summary

Development of an anchorage site at Mandaithivu is one of the activities identified by the Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP) to revive the fisheries sector. The Project includes dredging of an area in the seaward margin of Sand stone reefs and sandy beach with very limited faunal and floral diversity for deepening of the anchorage area and to facilitate boat movements and anchorage. In addition, an auction hall, net mending hall and community hall, public toilets and showers, water tank and pumps, engine storage and fuel dispensing area and dug well for washing are to be developed.

The project area includes an area to be dredged to a depth up to 2m and that area extends to a distance of about 160 m towards sea from the beach. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach and Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut are the main existing terrestrial habitat types observed in and around the proposed project area. The major existing terrestrial habitat types observed in the project area of influence were Sand stone reefs and sandy beach, scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut and homesteads.

A total number of 20 floral species were recorded including an endemic species; Cassine glauca (Neralu), a nationally near threatened species (NT); Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) and two invasive species; Antigonon leptopus, and Lantana camara. Most of the species recorded are trees (7) followed by herbaceous species (6) and shrubs (5) and climbers or creepers (2). Further, nearly 75 % of the recorded floral species are natives and 20 % of the species are exotic to the country.

Sand stone reefs and sandy beach habitat was predominated by creepers; Spinifex littoreus (Maha Ravana Revula). Beyond the carpet of creepers, a zone of low shrubs occurs on the more stabilized sandy area. Species like Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Cocos nucifera, Pongamia pinnata, Thespesia populnea, Acacia eburnea, Phoenix pusilla, Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Tephrosia purpurea, Cassine glauca (Neralu), Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana), Lantana camara and Antigonon leptopus were recorded in the scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut.

A total number of 07 faunal species including 01 critically endangered land snail species Trachia fallaciosa, a mammal, a bird and 04 butterflies.

Establishment of Green belts and green areas where possible and planting of suitable tree species within the project area will contribute towards improving the terrestrial biodiversity. Cocos nucifera (Coconut), Borassus flabellifer (Palmyra) and Thespesia populnea (Suriya) are the tree species most acceptable to the community for replanting/green belt development. Other species for the green belt can be selected from native species recorded from project and project area of influence with the consultation of a specialist in horticulture. An endemic

1 | Page

species Cassine glauca (Neralu) is the other species proposed for the inclusion in establishment of vegetation within the project site.

Adhering to green building concepts during planning and construction and addressing the pollution issues from main waste streams during the harbor operation are recommended to reduce adverse impacts on terrestrial ecosystems.

Designing and implementing a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to minimize and control adverse impacts, including monitoring of terrestrial biodiversity together with air quality and noise levels will contribute towards improving terrestrial biodiversity of the area. Awareness programs for all stakeholders on environmental protection, biodiversity and nature conservation is also suggested. These strategies will promote sustainable development goals and the targets of the current National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) of Sri Lanka while improving the terrestrial habitats.

2. 0. Introduction . The Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP) has identified Mandathivu anchorage site in Jaffna Fisheries District(Fig.1) to be upgraded. Mandaithivu is an island off the coast of Jaffna peninsula in northern Sri Lanka, located approximately 3km south of the city of Jaffna. The island has an area of 7.56 square kilometers. Biogeographically, the proposed project area lies in the Low Country Dry Zone. Floristically it lies in the Coastal and Marine Belt Floristic Zone. The soil and water resource of the area are both related to the lime stone geology of the land. The soils are formed on the marine deposits and sediments under the influence of sea waves and winds on lime stones. Climate The anchorage is located in the dry zone of Sri Lanka and the area receives average mean annual rainfall ranging from 696 mm to 1125 mm. The north east monsoon rain (October to January) accounts for more than 90% of the annual rainfall. The teperature rages fro ˚C to ˚C. Relative Huidity varies fro 0% durig the day to 90% at ight.

2 | Page

Fig. 1. A map indicating the locations of proposed Fishery harbors, Anchorages and Landing sites including Mandaithivu in the Northern Province.

2.1. Methodology

An investigation was conducted to identify major habitats/vegetation and fauna in and around the proposed project area and adjoining 100 m PAI. A rapid line transect method was used to assess the existing terrestrial floristic and faunal diversity. The rapid ecological survey was carried out during the day time to assess the biological environment, prepare a species inventory, identify existing environmental problems/issues, identify possible ecological impacts, and propose mitigation measures. In some case reliable evidence from villages and government officers of Departments of Fisheries, Environment and Wild life and Coast conservation also has been used to understand the species occurrence. Available information through previous investigations, published literature was verified through site visits. Distribution pattern of vegetation along the coastal area; List of trees with girth size of dominant plant species and the locations of those were marked in a Google map within the project area. Digital photos were taken for key biological features and global positioning system (GPS) coordinates were recorded for important locations. The list of government officers and personnel who were interviewed during the study is annexed (Annex 1).

3 | Page

Fig. 2. Google map indicating the major habitats observed in the project area and project area of influence (A - Sand stone reefs and sandy beach, B - Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut and C – Homesteads).

4 | Page

3.0. Detailed findings for project area and project area of influence

3.1. Project area and the major habitat types observed The project area includes an area to be dredged to a depth up to 2m and that area extends to a distance of about 160 m towards sea from the beach. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach (Fig.3.) and Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut (Fig.4.) are the major habitat types observed in the project area. A map showing different habitat types in PA and PAI are given in Fig.2.

Sand stone reefs and sandy beach

Beyond the direct impact of waves and tides, sand stone reefs and sandy beach occurs, comprising mainly of Spinifex littoreus (Maha Ravana Revula). In addition, species like Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Tephrosia purpurea, Cyperus stoloniferus, Solanum virginianum and Cyperus stoloniferus were observed. Further an invasive species; Lantana camara and a nearly threaten species; Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) were also found in this habitat.

Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut

In this habitat, Borassus flabellifer (Tal) was the predominantly found species. Cocos nucifera, Pongamia pinnata, Thespesia populnea, Acacia eburnea, Phoenix pusilla, Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Tephrosia purpurea, Cassia auriculate, Cassia tora, Cyperus stoloniferus, Cyperus stoloniferus, Azima tetracantha and Coccinia grandis species were also commonly observed in this particular habitat. In addition, a well-grown tree of endemic plant species; Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) which is a nationally near threatened species (NT) in conservation status were also recorded. Further, two-invasive species; Antigonon leptopus, and Lantana camara were also commonly found in this habitat.

5 | Page

Fig. 3. Sand stone reefs and sandy beach

Fig. 4. Scrubland with Palmyra palms

6 | Page

3.2. Project area of influence and the major habitat types observed Sand stone reefs and sandy beach, Scrubland with Palmyra palms and coconut and homesteads (Fig.5) are the habitat types observed in the PAI. In addition, there are areas with sands pileup in the PAI. These sand piles have been done by the security personal for security reasons. Homesteads Homesteads are dominated with species such as Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Cocos nucifera (Pol), Thespesia populnea (Suriya), Calotropis gigantean, Pongamia pinnata, Lantana camara and Antigonon leptopus.

Fig. 5. Homesteads are with well-grown Palmyrah trees

7 | Page

3.3 Vegetation. Floristic diversity of the proposed project area is very low. Total numbers of 20 plant species including one endemic, one nationally near threatened (NT) plant species and two invasive species were recorded during the field ecological survey within the study area (Table 1). Majority of the plant species recorded are trees (7) followed by herbaceous species (6), shrubs (5) and climbers or creepers (2) (Table 1). Further, about 75 % of the recorded flora species are natives and about 30% of the recoded flora species are exotic to the country. Plant species recorded during the field study are listed in Table 2 with necessary information. Table 1. Summary of the Floral Species Recorded during the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Type of Flora No of Conservation Status Endemic Native Exotic

Species CR EN VU NT

Tree 7 0 0 0 0 1 4 2

Shrub 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1

Herb 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0

Climbers or Creepers 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Total 20 0 0 0 1 1 15 4

% 5% 75% 20%

CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, NT - Near Threatened

An endemic plant species, Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) which is a nationally near threatened species (NT) in conservation status were also recorded within the proposed project site.

The big tree of species Cassine glauca (Neralu) (Fig.6) has been observed within the project area and its GPS location is given in Table.3. Since the GPS location is given, there is a possibility in preserving this well-grown plant in the detailed design of the infrastructure development. In addition, several previous studies confirmed the significant abundance of Cassine glauca (Neralu) in Mannar, Jaffna, Vavuniya, Kilinochhi, Anuradhapura, Pollonnaruwa, Hambantota and Trincomalee Districts (ADB, 2011; CEB, 2015, 2016 & 2017; Ekanayake, 2016; BOBLME, 2011; Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management, 2015; Sumithraarachchi, 2008;

8 | Page

Wadugodapitiya et al, 2013). Further, this species is one of the potential candidate to be considered for the green belt establishment.

The species Trianthema decandra (Fig.7), a nearly threatened species in IUCN national conservation status, was observed. These plants are loosely mat forming and are found interwoven. The GPS locations of this plant is given in the Table.3. Several previous studies confirmed the significant existence of these species in Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya, Kilinochhi and Batticaloa Districts (Asela et al, 2014; Joseph, 2003, Department of Wildlife Conservation, 2017; IUCN, 2012; IUCN, 2011; CEB, 2016; GOSL, 2017). Some of this plant can be removed during construction and be replanted in the areas marked for green belt establishment under the guidance of a horticulturist.

The invasive species; Antigonon leptopus and Lantana camara have been observed in several locations within the project area and their GPS locations are given in Table.4.

9 | Page

Fig. 6. A big tree of endemic plant species, Cassine glauca (Neralu)

Fig. 7. A nearly threaten species, Trianthema decandra (Maha Sarana)

10 | Page

Table 2. Details of Floral Species Recorded indicating in project area and project area of influence, Taxonomic Status and National Conservation Status. Family Flora Local name Habitat Ts PA PAI NCS GCS Aizoaceae Trianthema decandra Maha Sarana H N + + NT Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N + + LC Arecaceae Borassus flabellifer Tal T I + + Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Pol T I + + Arecaceae Phoenix pusilla Walindi T N + LC Celastraceae Cassine glauca Neralu T E + + LC Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Kowakka C N + + LC Cyperaceae Cyperus stoloniferus H N + + LC LC Fabaceae Acacia eburnea Kaludai S N + LC Fabaceae Cassia auriculata Ranawara T N + LC Fabaceae Cassia tora Pani Tora S N + + LC Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanda T N + + LC Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea Pila H N + + LC Malvaceae Thespesia populnea Suriya T N + + LC Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Ruha H N + + LC Poaceae Spinifex littoreus Ravans moustache H N + + LC Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus C I + + Salvadoraceae Azima tetracantha Katuniyanda S N + LC Solanaceae Solanum virginianum Katuwel-Batu H N + + LC Verbenaceae Lantana camara Gandapana S I + +

11 | Page

Table 3. The GPS locations of Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana)

Latitude Longitude Flora 9.602222 79.9955 Antigonon leptopus 9.60225 79.995417 Antigonon leptopus 9.602111 79.995556 Antigonon leptopus 9.601861 79.995056 Lantana camara 9.601833 79.995056 Lantana camara 9.602028 79.994889 Lantana camara 9.602083 79.994889 Lantana camara 9.602111 79.994917 Lantana camara 9.602139 79.994944 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.994806 Lantana camara 9.602167 79.994944 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.994639 Lantana camara 9.602389 79.994528 Lantana camara 9.602361 79.994972 Lantana camara 9.602167 79.995222 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.995306 Lantana camara 9.602194 79.995389 Lantana camara 9.602111 79.995556 Lantana camara 9.602139 79.995639 Lantana camara 9.602083 79.995722 Lantana camara 9.602611 79.996972 Lantana camara 9.602694 79.997056 Lantana camara 9.602611 79.99725 Lantana camara 9.602861 79.997306 Lantana camara 9.603083 79.997389 Lantana camara 9.602944 79.997611 Lantana camara

12 | Page

Table 5. The notable trees that are to be interfere with the construction

Type of Tree Number Girth Size (cm) Borassus flabellifer (Tal) 26 110 - 210 Cocos nucifera 4 70-110 Thespesia populnea 5 45-70 Cassine glauca 1 57

13 | Page

3.4. Fauna A total number of 7 faunal species including 1 critically endangered species were recorded during the field survey as indicated in Table 3. The land snail species Trachia fallaciosa recorded on trees in the project area, which is a nationally critically endangered (CR) species and restricted to dry northern parts of the country.

Critically endangered land snail Trachia fallaciosa was recorded within the project area and project area of influence. They were found in association with moist hollow areas inside trees and on the surface of the stem (Fig.8.) Since the GPS locations are given in Table.8, there is a possibility of relocating of these snails during the construction stage. This is a dry zone species and found in extreme dry areas such as Jaffna and Mannar. During very dry periods, individuals of this species aestivate under logs or rocks or in any moist places. This species is found only in Sri Lanka and south India, mainly restricted to drier areas. Due to the restriction of its distribution it is in CR category.

Fig. 8. Land snail species Trachia fallaciosa in trees.

No migratory bird species were recorded during the field ecological study. This was confirmed by the field interviews with fishermen and the community. No turtles were recorded during the field ecological study and the discussions with local coastal communities also revealed that turtles are not observed in the area.

14 | Page

Table 6. Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Total No of Conservation Status No of Taxonomic Number Endemic Exotic/Feral Group Of Species CR EN VU NT Species Species Birds 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Butterflies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dragonflies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mammals 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reptiles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Land Snails 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Total 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened The details of faunal species recorded in the proposed project area are given in Table 6.

15 | Page

Table 7. Details of Faunal Species Recorded in the Proposed Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Family Fauna Local name TS NCS GCS MAMMALS Bovidae Capra aegagrus hircus Goat Introduced BUTTERFLIES Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common grass yellow Native LC Pieridae Colotis amata Small salmon arab Native LC Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus Plain tiger Native LC Nymphalidae Parantica aglea Glassy tiger Native LC

BIRDS Corvidae Corvus splendens House crow Indigenous LC LC LAND SNAILS Camaenidae Trachia fallaciosa Indigenous CR

Table 8. The GPS locations of Trachia fallaciosa within the Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Latitude Longitude Flora 9.602111 79.994917 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602194 79.994639 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602361 79.994972 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602194 79.995306 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602222 79.996083 Trachia fallaciosa 9.602611 79.99725 Trachia fallaciosa

16 | Page

4.0. Impacts due to project activities during construction and operational stage

4.1. Construction period. The major construction work is in the seaward side of the proposed project area. Development activities include dredging of an area up to 2m depth to facilitate boat movements. Construction of a breakwater 290m in length is also proposed. Other developments are to be carried out in sandy beach area and in a land area with sandy soil (Fig.9).

Although detailed designs are not available the facilities proposed to develop are auction hall (15x 6m), net mending hall and community hall (two story 25x8m), public toilets and showers (6x5m), water tank and pumps, engine storage and fuel dispensing area (25x6m), dug well for washing. Administrative office (15x8 m) is also planned to house CFHC staff and FI. Land area available for the development is 84 perches. Noise and dust pollution are expected during construction activities. Dredged material has to be disposed in location where biodiversity is low.

The beach area does not include any significant vegetation or fauna. The substrate does not favor the establishment of vegetation. The PA includes an existing auction hall. The dominant vegetation in this area includes Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Cocos nucifera, Pongamia pinnata, Thespesia populnea, Acacia eburnea, Phoenix pusilla, Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Tephrosia purpurea and Spinifex littoreus (Maha Ravana Revula). The notable trees to be interfere with the design and construction phase are given in Table.5.

A well-grown Cassine glauca (Neralu) plant and Trianthema decandra were also recorded. Since the GPS locations are given, there is a possibility of preserving some of these plants during the detail design stage of the planning infrastructure development. Critically endangered land snail Trachia fallaciosa was recorded from PA as well as in PAI. The species found in the present study were found aestivating inside the spaces found between bases of dead leaves of Palmyra trees. There is a possibility of relocating snails in PA to similar habitats in PAI.

The project site is not situated within or adjacent to any buffer zones, buffer zones of protected areas, or special areas for protecting biodiversity. The main impacts on flora and Fauna due to the proposed construction is the removal of Cassine glauca (Neralu) and Trianthema decandra and destruction of the habitat of Critically endangered land snail Trachia fallaciosa.

17 | Page

Fig. 9. Proposed infrastructure facility to be developed in Mandaithivu anchorage site.

4.2. Operational period

The anchorage sites are considered as an interface between the harvesting of fish and its distribution and consumption. Fishery anchorages can be focal points of pollution of the surrounding terrestrial habitats and can affect the flora and fauna of the project area and the influencing area during operational period. Within the fish anchorage site there are many activities that can take place related to waste generation as indicated in Table 9. These wastes can cause several adverse impacts on the terrestrial coastal environment and biodiversity in and around anchorages, related to waste generation. Disposal of waste that is generated during operation, in the anchorage site or in the influencing area can affect the terrestrial environment and biodiversity.

18 | Page

Table 9. Typical potential waste streams identified in anchorage sites that can affect the terrestrial habitat and biodiversity in surrounding areas

Anchorage Source Area Type of Waste Generated Area

Public toilets and showers Sewage

Waste water from bathing & washing areas

Public areas Polythene

Plastic bottles

Damaged nets

Cans

Oil and grease Engine storage/

Net mending shed Torn nets and rope

Auction hall Fish waste

Blood water

Trash fish

Hose down water

Fuel dispensing facility Oil spills, accidental oil spills.

19 | Page

5.0. Mitigation measures

Solid waste pollution is an increasing threat to the biodiversity. It is recommended that solid waste management programme is established for the anchorage site. The programme should focus on minimizing waste generation, effective collection (separated into reusable, non- degradable, and biodegradable) and utilization of fish waste to produce fish silage. Developing Green Buffer Zones, wherever possible, should be encouraged in and around the harbor and within the spaces in the harbor area to minimize air pollution within the harbor. The proposed greenbelt development/plantation in the area will function primarily as a landscape feature. In addition, it acts as a pollution sink/noise barrier, reduces soil erosion and makes the ecosystem more diversified and functionally more stable and healthy. The proposed green belts should form an effective barrier between harbor and the surroundings. Other open spaces within the harbor should be converted to green areas in the form of lawns and shading areas. Thespesia populnea (Suriya) is widely accepted as a shading plant in the area. A specialist in horticulture may be consulted to identify other suitable species. Most acceptable species for the community are Cocos nucifera (Coconut), Borassus flabellifer (Palmyra) and Thespesia populnea (Suriya). Other species can be selected form the native plants listed in Table. 2 with the consultation of a horticulturalist. Table 2 lists Trees, Shrub, Herbaceous, Climber or Creepers recorded during the investigations. Preference should be given to native species and to species Cassina glauca which is an endemic species. Relocation of land snail Trachia fallaciosa in PA to similar habitats in PAI is suggested. Terrestrial biodiversity should be monitored. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) should include monitoring plan for biodiversity and factors that affect the terrestrial biodiversity in the fishery harbor.

20 | Page

6.0. Summary

Upgrading of the facility in the anchorage site in Mandaithivu is one of the activities identified by the Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP) to revive the fisheries sector. The Project includes dredging of an area in the seaward margin of Sand stone reefs and sandy beach with very limited faunal and floral diversity for deepening of the anchorage area and to facilitate boat movements and anchorage. In addition, an auction hall, net mending hall and community hall, public toilets and showers, water tank and pumps, engine storage and fuel dispensing area and dug well for washing are to be developed. Floristic diversity of the proposed project area is very low. Total numbers of 20 plant species including one endemic, one nationally near threatened (NT) plant species and two invasive species were recorded during the field ecological survey within the study area. The adverse impacts on terrestrial biodiversity will be very minimal in anchorage area development. Other developments are to be carried out in an area with some floral diversity. It is recommended to conserve Cassine glauca (Neralu) located in the PA due to its importance as an endemic species and it’s a well-grown tree. Relocation of land snail Trachia fallaciosa in PA to similar habitats in PAI will address the issue of adverse impacts on this species due to habitat destruction. Borassus flabellifer (Palmyra), Cocos nucifera and Thespesia populnea (Suriya) trees located in the PA can be considered to integrate as landscape feature in planning of infrastructure. Green Buffer Zones should be established. Open spaces within the harbor should be converted to green areas in the form of lawns and shading areas to enhance the terrestrial biodiversity. Incorporating monitoring of terrestrial biodiversity in designing and implementing the environmental Management Plan (EMP) will help to control and minimize the adverse impacts on terrestrial biodiversity of the anchorage site and will contribute towards the sustainable development goals and the targets of the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan of Sri Lanka.

21 | Page

7.0. Bibliography

• ADB (2009): Safeguard Policy Statement, 92pp (https://www.adb.org/documents/safeguard-olicystatement?ref=site/safeguards/main) • ADB (2011): Conflict-Affected Region Emergency Project Sri Lanka - Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER) for the Rehabilitation of Damaged Urban Council Roads in Northern Province , Sri Lanka. • ADB (2012): Environment Safeguards: A Good Practice Sourcebook (Draft Working Document), 76pp (https://www.adb.org/documents/environment-safeguards-good- practice-sourcebook) • Asela, M. D. C., Peiris, T. N., Kasige, A., & Weerakoon, D. K. (2014). Butterfly Diversity in the Jaffna Peninsula and the Surrounding Islets, Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, 2014-2: 65–76. (http://journals.dwc.gov.lk/index.php/wildlanka/article/view/27/14) • Ashton M.S., Gunatilleke, S., de Zoysa, N., Dassanayake, M.D., Gunatilleke, N. and Wijesundera, S. (1997): A field guide to the common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka. WHT Publications (http://www.wht.lk/ebooks/singlegallery/15475786) • Ashton, P.S. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. (1987): New Light on the Plant Geography of Ceylon. I. Historical Plant Geography. J Biogeog, 14 (3), 249-285 (http://sirismm.si.edu/ctfs/Ashton_Gunatilleke_1987_JoBiogeog.pdf). • BOBLME. (2011). Biodiversity and Socio-economic Information of Selected Areas of Sri Lankan Side of the Gulf of Mannar. BOBLME-2011-Socioec-03 • CEB. (2015). EIA for Trincomalee Thermal Power Project (2x250 MW) Trincomalee, Sri Lanka • CEB. (2016). IEE for Proposed 220 kV Transmission line from Polpitiya to Hambantota Draft Initial Environmental Examination, Sri Lanka • CEB. (2017). Terrestrial Ecology Survey Report, EIA Wind Power Generation Project, Sri Lanka • Central Environmental Agency & Disaster Management Centre of Sri Lanka Supported by UNDP & UNEP, 2014. Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka • Ceylon Electricity Board, (2016). Initial Environmental Examination report on Proposed 220kV Transmission Line Project from Nadukuda to Mannar (http://www.ceb.lk/index.php?aam_media=10220). • Dassanayake, M.D. (and others), Editors (1980-2005): A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Volumes 1-15. (Revisions of the original series by Trimen and Hooker, first published in 1893-1900) • de Silva, A. (2006): Marine Turtles of Sri Lanka: A Historical Account. In: Marine Turtles of the Indian Subcontinent (Eds: Shanker K and Choudhury BC), Universities Press, India, 324-353 • Dela, J.D. S. (2009): Fourth Country Report from Sri Lanka to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Government of Sri Lanka (https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/lk/lk-nr-04-en.pdf)

22 | Page

• Department of Wildlife Conservation, (2017). Wilpattu Protected Area Complex, Strategic Management Framework 2017-2021 (https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/LKA/Wilpattu%20Stragegic%20Manageme nt%20Framework%2018%2001%202017.pdf). • Ekanayake, L. (2016). Environmental status and issues of Puttalam Lagoon – A case study in six coastal villages. Sri Lanka Turtle Conservation Project. • GOSL. (2017). Sri Lanka: Jaffna And Kilinochchi Water Supply Project, Additional Financing - Seawater Desalination Plant and Potable Water Conveyance System, (July). (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/37378/37378-014-eia- en.pdf) • Government of Sri Lanka: National Environmental Act No 47 (1980) and amendments; and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (1993). • Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S (1990): Distribution of Floristic Richness and its Conservation in Sri Lanka. Conservation Biology, 4 (1) 21-32 (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00262.x/abstract) • Hewavisenthi, S. (1990): Exploitation of Marine Turtles in Sri Lanka: Historic Background and the Present Status. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 48, 14-19 (http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn48/mtn48p14.shtml) • IUCN (2011). An Appraisal of Mangrove Management in Micro-tidal Estuaries and Lagoons in Sri Lanka. IUCN Sri Lanka Country Office, Colombo. viii + 116pp (https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2011-112.pdf). • IUCN (2012). An Environmental and Fisheries Profile of the Puttalam Lagoon System. Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia (GCP/RAS/237/SPA) Field Project Document 2011/LKA/CM/06. xvii+237 pp (http://www.fao.org/3/a-ar443e.pdf). • IUCN (2016): The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland (http://www.iucnredlist.org/) • JICA. (2015). Environmental Checklist for Power Transmission and Distribution Lines / Roads 400 kV Sampoor – New Habarana T / L Project. • Joseph, L. (2003). National report of Sri Lanka on the Formulation of a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Plan for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Programme (http://www.boblme.org/documentRepository/Nat_Sri_Lanka.pdf). • Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management. (2015). Environmental Assessment for Rehabilitation of Padaviya Dam. Dam Safety and Water Resources Planning Project. (DSWRPPAF/CS/QCBS/0305A) • MOE (2012): The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, 476 pp (http://www.cea.lk/web/images/pdf/redlist2012.pdf) • Ratnayeke, S., & Manen, F. T. V. (2006). Assessing sloth bears as surrogates for carnivore conservation in Sri Lanka, 206–217. • Senaratne, L. K. (2001): A Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Sri Lanka. National Science Foundation Sri Lanka

23 | Page

• Silva E I L, Katupotha J, Amarasinghe H, Manthrithilake H and Ariyaratna R (2013): Lagoons of Sri Lanka: From the Origins to the Present. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, 122 pp (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/lagoons_of_sri_lankafrom_the_ori gins_to_the_present.pdf?galog=no) • Sumithraarachchi, D. B. (2008) North Central Province: Biodiversity Profile and Conservation Action Plan. Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. • Wadugodapitiya, A., Weeratunga, V., Goonatilake, S. de A., Chandranimal, D., Perera, N., and Asela, C. (2013) Insights into the biodiversity of the Sampur area in Trincomalee. Occ.pap.IUCN, SriLanka. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sri Lanka. viii+54pp. • Wijesundara, S. (2010): Invasive alien plants in Sri Lanka. In: Invasive Alien Species in Sri Lanka – Strengthening Capacity to Control Their Introduction and Spread (Eds: Marambe, B., Silva, P., Wijesundara, S. and Atapattu, N.), pp 27-38. Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka.

24 | Page

8.0. Appendices

Annex 1. The list of government officers and personnel were interviewed during the study

Name Position Contact Details Mr. Suthakaran Assistant Director for +94779072967 Fisheries, Jaffna District Mr. Susanthan High Sea Unit Operating +94772370272 Officer Mr. Antony Fernando President, Fisheries Society, Mandaithivu

25 | Page Annex 14- Marine Assesment Report Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP)

SRI: Loan-6011 – ADB (Project Development Assistance - PDA)

Marine Environmental Assessment for anchorage sites

Munai, Adikoviladi, Mandativu, Thalaithurai (Delft), Madagal and Sakkottai

(IEE – ADB and EIA – Sri Lankan Government)

Proposed Boat anchorage sites

Marine Ecology

Contents 1 Background ...... 4 2 The study area and sampling design ...... 4 3 Existing environment ...... 6 3.1 Description to the project site and area of influence ...... 6 3.2 General area usage ...... 8 3.3 Detail descriptions to sites...... 8 3.3.1 MT1: ...... 8 3.3.2 MT2...... 11 3.3.3 MT3: ...... 13 3.3.4 MTR ...... 15 3.4 Noteworthy fauna and flora within project impact area...... 18 3.5 Overview of the fishing practices of the study area ...... 20 3.6 Summary of the key findings ...... 22

List of tables Table 2-1: Site descriptions ...... 4 Table 3-1: Summery description on each of study site studied ...... 8 Table 3-2: Seaweeds recorded in Mandativu sites ...... 18 Table 3-3: Seagrasses recorded in all the Mandativu sites ...... 18 Table 3-4: Summery of the key species recorded in Manadive sites studied ...... 19 Table 3-5: Types of fishing vessels ...... 20 Table 3-6: Fishing gear and other infrastructure found in Mandativu ...... 21

List of figures Figure 2-1: Map of the sampling sites, MT1 to MT3 and MTR. In each location, two sampling sites were selected representing shallow waters (“S” , mid water (“M”) MT1 to MT3 and MTR are the land marks to identify the locations ...... 4 Figure 3-1: View of the site in Manadativu from the road ...... 6 Figure 3-2: Existing breakwaters ...... 6 Figure 3-3: Eroded coastline along the project site ...... 7 Figure 3-4: Sandy beach east of the project site: with large accumulation of seaweeds and 2 seagrasses washed ashore...... 7 Figure 3-5: Fine to course sand substrate was observed mostly in and around the project site 7 Figure 3-6: accumulation of dead shells on the shore...... 8 Figure 3-7 Mandativu is used mostly by FRP boats with outboard engine and smaller multiday boats...... 8 Figure 3-8: View of around the site MT1 from the marker pole...... 9 Figure 3-9: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-S along the transect. ... 10 Figure 3-10: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-M along the transect 11 Figure 3-11: View of the site MT2-S around the marker pole...... 11 Figure 3-12: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect.. 12 Figure 3-13: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect.. 13 Figure 3-14: View of the location MT3 around the marker pole...... 13 Figure 3-15: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota of the site MT3-S along the transect ...... 14 Figure 3-16: Habitat characteristics of the site MT3-S along the transect ...... 15 Figure 3-17: View of the site around the marker pole at MTR ...... 15 Figure 3-18: Habitat characteristics of the site MTR-S along the transect ...... 16 Figure 3-19: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota at the site MTR-M along the transect ...... 17

1 Background

2 The study area and sampling design

Considering the actual project area, breakwaters and potential impact area, three locations on the shore with a prominent lankmark were first selected as MT1 to MT3 another site MTR was selected close to the proposed interventions but outside the project area as a reference point (fig 2-1). In each location, two sampling sites were selected representing shallow waters (Intertidal) “S”, and another site covering the reef edge towards deeper end just outside the project area, which was named as mid wears (“M”). 50m transect was studied from each sampling site from (S to E in figure 1). Accordingly, altogether there were 8 sampling sites. Site codes used with GIS coordinates are given in table 2-1.

Figure 2-1: Map of the sampling sites, MT1 to MT3 and MTR. In each location, two sampling sites were selected representing shallow waters (“S” , mid water (“M”) MT1 to MT3 and MTR are the land marks to identify the locations .

Transects studied were towards the sea across the basin including shallow intertidal zone. MT1, to MT3 are within the project interventions and MTR is approximately 200m east from MT3.

Table 2-1: Site descriptions ID Site code latitude longitude 1 MT1 9.602314 79.99662 2 MT1M 9.601659 79.99752 3 MT1ME 9.601305 79.99803 4 MT1S 9.602098 79.99688 5 MT1SE 9.601831 79.99722 6 MT2 9.602622 79.99741 7 MT2M 9.601937 79.99826 4

8 MT2ME 9.601613 79.99876 9 MT2S 9.602384 79.99754 10 MT2SE 9.602123 79.99792 11 MT3 9.602814 79.99788 12 MT3M 9.602154 79.9987 13 MT3ME 9.601843 79.99921 14 MT3S 9.602548 79.9981 15 MT3SE 9.602266 79.99842 16 MTR 9.60321 79.99946 17 MTRM 9.602574 79.99994 18 MTRME 9.602244 80.00029 19 MTRS 9.602981 79.9996 20 MTRSE 9.602704 79.99986

3 Existing environment

3.1 Description to the project site and area of influence

Proposed project site and surrounding area is shallow, barely exceeding 2.5 m. Nearshore environment is extremely shallow and only light fishing craft can be observed (fig 3-1). Larger fishing crafts mooring in deeper waters approximately 300m away.

Figure 3-1: View of the site in Manadativu from the road

The proposed project site is in between existing groins constructed (fig 3-2). Along the coast of the mandativu area, sandy beaches are prominent. However, along the project site, there is no beach and retaining wall is mostly eroded due to the wave action (fig 3-3).

Figure 3-2: Existing breakwaters

Although, it is a common feature in the northern coast to have natural shelter from reefs running close and parallel to coast. However, there is no such reef formations in the project area in Mandathivu and are directly expose to the wave action. Further, there is no space between the road and the sea, limiting the construction of buildings for supporting services.

Figure 3-3: Eroded coastline along the project site

Wide sandy beaches are found east of the project site. These beaches were found with large accumulations of seagrasses and sea weeds washed ashore, indicating some rich seagrass beds nearby.

Figure 3-4: Sandy beach east of the project site: with large accumulation of seaweeds and seagrasses washed ashore.

The bottom is mostly fine to course sand with mud in some of the areas nearby. The visibility is poor due to fine particles.

Figure 3-5: Fine to course sand substrate was observed mostly in and around the project site

Some large accumulation of dead mollusk shells was observed in the coast. Mostly from the activities of the fisherman (fig 3-6).

Figure 3-6: accumulation of dead shells on the shore.

3.2 General area usage

The proposed development is within an existing fish landing site. Nevertheless, its limited area for boat anchorage and without any infrastructure facilities, the project area is exclusively inhabited and used by locals, mostly small-scale fishing operators (fig 3-7). Project area is mostly used for single day fishing operations conducted within shallow waters using gill nets, bottom-set gill nets, cast nets, and longlines, etc.

Figure 3-7 Mandativu is used mostly by FRP boats with outboard engine and smaller multiday boats.

Summery description on each of study site studied are given in Table 3-1. Table 3-1: Summery description on each of study site studied

Parameter MT1S MT1M MT2S MT2M MT3S MT3M MTRS MTRM

Depth (m) 0.5 to 1 1 to -2 0.6 to 1.2 1 to 2.3 0.6 - 1.5 1 to -2.5 0.5-1.4 1 to 2.5

Fine sand Fine sand Fine sand Fine sand Fine sand Fine sand Fine sand Fine sand Substrate with some with some with some with some with some with some with some with some course sand course sand course sand course sand course sand course sand course sand course sand Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Visibility

Salinity ppt 38.2 38.6 38.9 37.8 39.3 39.4 39.0 39.2

3.3 Detail descriptions to sites

3.3.1 MT1:

First site selected for study in Mandativu is close to the groin in western margin of the proposed project site (Fig 3-8). Two transects studied were to represent shallow basin towards the deeper area, and deeper area through the proposed breakwater.

Figure 3-8: View of around the site MT1 from the marker pole.

The substrate in all the sites in Mandativu were more or less similar. Mostly fine sand with intermittent course sand mainly due to large particles from shell breakoff. Substrate is mostly covered with either seagrass or seaweeds. All the sites studied were very similar in general substrate characteristics and only the differences were some differences in species composition. Due to fine sediments and prevailing wind conditions and resulting turbulence, as well as due to overcast during the survey, the visibility of the project site to the naked eye was poor. However, with appropriate adjustments in the camera to the low light conditions, it was managed to get some decent photographs for identification purposes.

3.3.1.1 MT1-S

Habitat characteristics of the site and noteworthy fauna and flora recorded along the transect is shown in (Fig 3-9). From the shore towards the proposed breakwater is a very shallow lagoon with fine to cause sand. Sandy substrate is covered with seaweeds such as Halimeda sp, Padina sp, and Caulerpa sp. The most prominent feature is extensive seagrass beds found within the project site and beyond. Cymodocea rotundata (Cr),

Enhalus acoroides (Ea), Halodule uninervis (Hu), Syringodium isoetifolium (Si), and Thalassia hemprichii (Th) were the seagrasses recorded in the project site. Among them, Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii were the common seagrasses found in site MT1-S. Approximately 15% of the bottom was covered with seagrasses. In addition, about 20 cm colony of stony coral Blastomussa sp was also recorded. Sea cucumber, Holothuria atra is another common species found scattered on sandy bottom. Maximum depth of the transect recorded was 1.4m. Visibility was poor in all the sites.

Figure 3-9: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-S along the transect.

3.3.1.2 MT1-M

The deeper segment of the site MT1 is very much similar to the shallow area. However, seagrass cover is approximately 20% of the substrate dominated by Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii. Habitat characteristics of the site and noteworthy fauna and flora recorded along the transect is shown in (Fig 3-10). Seaweeds also found mostly smothered from fine sediment.

Figure 3-10: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT1-M along the transect

3.3.2 MT2

The site is the middle area of the basin within the proposed development site (fig 3-11). Substrate character is tics are mostly similar with MT1.

Figure 3-11: View of the site MT2-S around the marker pole.

3.3.2.1 MT2-S

Substrate of the site towards the shore is mostly sandy bottom with fine sand and medium sand towards the deep (fig 3-12). Visibility of the site same with other sites was poor due to fine sediments and turbulence caused by relatively high wind conditions during the survey. Some algal growth was observed on the sandy substrate towards the shore dominated by Caulerpa sp and Halimeda sp. Large patches of seagrasses beds were observed with maximum cover of approximately 15%. Seagrasses were dominated by Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea rotundata. Another noteworthy feature is the record of cushion sea star in the seagrass bed.

Figure 3-12: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect

3.3.2.2 MT2-M

Habitat and species composition is very similar to MT2-S, however. approximately 22% of the substrate was covered with seagrass beds (Fig 3-13). More course sand was observed. Seagrasses were dominated by Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea rotundata. Cushion sea star was also recorded in the seagrass bed.

Figure 3-13: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota in site MT2-S along the transect

3.3.3 MT3:

Site MT3 is close to the groin east of the proposed project. View around the land mark in the beach is shown in fig 3-14.

Figure 3-14: View of the location MT3 around the marker pole.

3.3.3.1 MT3-S

Transect was laid from the shallow waters close to shore towards the deep. Substrate is fine sand towards the shore and more course sand towards the deep. Towards the shore, the substrate is bare sand and often covered with algae such as Padina sp, Halimeda sp grown on them (fig 3-15). Sea cucumber, Holothuria atra is a most common species encountered as with most of the other sites. Some patches of seagrass beds dominated by Cymodocea rotundata was found. Seagrass cover was approximately 8% of the substrate. Approximately 15 cm size isolated colony of Porites sp. massive coral was observed in the seagrass bed.

Figure 3-15: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota of the site MT3-S along the transect

3.3.3.2 MT3-M

Towards the deep denser seagrass beds were observed, dominated by Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii. Seagrass cover is approximately 30% the transect studied. There were less growth of algae such Caulerpa sp and Halimeda sp. Porites sp. Massive coral was also recorded.

Figure 3-16: Habitat characteristics of the site MT3-S along the transect

3.3.4 MTR

Site is close to the nearby Naval detachment just outside of the proposed project west to the MT3 and considered as a reference point (fig 3-17).

Figure 3-17: View of the site around the marker pole at MTR

3.3.4.1 MTR-S

The site studied was extremely shallow with maximum depth of 1.2m. Substrate is course sand (fig 3-18). The sandy substrate towards the shore is often covered with seaweeds such as Padina sp, Halimeda sp, Caulerpa sp and Turbinaria sp. Extremely turbid water and visibility was very poor. Substrate is mostly covered with calcareous algae often smothered with fine sediments. Cushion sea stars and sponges Monanchora arbuscula was also observed in the site.

Figure 3-18: Habitat characteristics of the site MTR-S along the transect

3.3.4.2 MTR-M

This transect is towards the deep. Substrate is mostly covered with coralline algae, Halimeda sp (fig 3-19). Towards the deep seagrass beds were observed dominated by Thalassia hemprichii followed by denser patches of tape seagrass, Enhalus acoroides which is locally names as “Vaattala” Live seagrass cover is approximately 15%. Same as shallow transect, cushion sea stars and sponges Monanchora arbuscula was also observed in the site.

Figure 3-19: Habitat characteristics and noteworthy biota at the site MTR-M along the transect

3.4 Noteworthy fauna and flora within project impact area.

Table 3-2: Seaweeds recorded in Mandativu sites

Seaweeds

Padina sp

Halimeda sp Caulerpa racemosa

Table 3-3: Seagrasses recorded in all the Mandativu sites

Seagrasses

Cymodocea rotundata (Cr) Enhalus acoroides (Ea)

Halodule uninervis (Hu) Thalassia hemprichii

Syringodium isoetifolium

Table 3-4: Summery of the key species recorded in Manadive sites studied

Family Species Common CS Site code name/ code MT1 MT2 MT3 MTR

Coral Mussidae Blastomussa LC + + sp.(merleti) Poritidae Porites sp. - + +

Marine sponge Crambeidae Monanchora NE + + arbuscula

Echinodermata Oreasteridae Pentaceraster sp Cushion NE + + + seastar

Seagrasses Cymodoceaceae Cymodocea Cr LC + + + rotundata Halodule Hu LC + uninervis Syringodium Si LC + isoetifolium Hydrocharitaceae Thalassia Th LC + + + hemprichii Turtle grass Enhalus Ea LC + acoroides Tape grass

3.5 Overview of the fishing practices of the study area

Coastal population around the project site is heavily depend on fisheries and farming for their livelihood. Fishing in the area is small-scale in nature. Small and large pelagic species, demersal fishes and prawns are targeted by fishers using multiple types of fishing gear. The fishing fleet in the area, consist mostly of smaller boats and, in spite of the potential for offshore fishing by larger boats, such boats are not in operation due to the absence of adequate facilities in the area. However, such boats have recently commenced operations and need development of appropriate fisheries infrastructure facilities. Same as the other fish landing and anchorage sites, Mandativu also lack even basic infrastructure for fishing operations and mooring. Therefore, fishers find it difficult to navigate during rough sea conditions prevailing along with monsoon reversals. Vessels used are dominated light crafts such as FRP boats with outboard engines (table 3-5) in addition, traditional crafts such as Theppam were also found to lesser extent. Fish processing, in the form of dried fish production is carried out in a very small scale, as a cottage industry, at many of the Landing Sites. The catch, in a deteriorated condition to be sold as fresh production and fish varieties of lesser commercial value are mainly used for this purpose.

Table 3-5: Types of fishing vessels

NTRB – Non mechanized traditional boats (Theppam)

OFRP – Outboard engine single day FRP boats

Major fishing gear used are gill nets, drift nets, crab nets and bottom set nets, etc (Fig 4-5). Some brush pile operations targeting schooling fish, squids and cuttlefish were also observed in Pesalai. In addition, around 160 multiday boats operate bottom trawling exclusively in Pesalai within Mannar (table 3-4).

Table 3-6: Fishing gear and other infrastructure found in Mandativu

 Gill nets 

 Bottom set gillnets mesh size 18-22” (Madu del)

3.6 Summary of the key findings

Summary of findings, impacts and mitigation measures – Mandativu Anchorage site.

S.No Sampling Presence of Site specific major impacts Proposed mitigation Remarks site/ Live Coral/ due to project measure Any Transect seagrass % MT1 1. MT1S Live corals Direct loss of live corals Only 1 live coral colony was only 1 colony found. Species recorded are of 20cm Overall impact is considered either LC of NE. minor and localized. Mitigating the impact is not viable and cost effective.

Strengthening of the seaward slope with the use of larger armor cement blocks designed to be eco- friendly. This would support recolonizing corals in long run.

Approximately Since the site is expected to No cost effective mechanism 15% of the dredge, seagrass community to mitigate the issue. All the substrate will be permanently lost. seagrasses found are NE or covered with LC and found elsewhere as seagrass well. Further, seagrass growth is cycling and they will recolonize after some time once the project completed. Adhere to the general mitigation measures suggested for minimizing impacts from dredging.

Also, consider supporting a program that would support the health of the corals and biodiversity in general found in the area nearest to the project as a offset plan.

2 MT1M No live corals - -

Seagrass Seagrasses will be Same as (1) above cover 20% the permanently loss due to transect. dredging and breakwater construction.

MT2 3 MT2S No live corals - -

Seagrass Seagrasses will be Same as (1) above cover 15% the permanently loss due to transect. dredging proposed in this site

Presence of Permanent loss due to Relocation of the species to Sea star dredging nearest area outside the impact area

4 MT2M No live corals - -

Seagrass Seagrasses will be Same as (1) above cover 22% the permanently loss due to transect. dredging proposed in this site

MT3 5 MT3S Isolated Direct loss of live corals found Same as (1) above for corals colonies of occasionally live coral Corals are unhealthy

Seagrass No dredging is proposed for No practical mean of cover 8% the this segment of the basin and mitigation other than transect. no direct loss of seagrasses minimizing sediment flume. however, there may be indirect losses by smothering Impacted seagrass will recolonize over time

6 MT3M Occasional Direct loss of live corals found Same as (1) above live coral with occasionally cover <1%) Corals are unhealthy

Seagrass Seagrasses will be Same as (1) above for cover 30% the permanently loss due to seagrasses transect. dredging of the access channel and breakwater construction.

MTR 7 MTR S No live corals Sites are outside the project Need to consider the area and no direct impacts general mitigation methods No seagrasses expected recommended to mitigate indirect impacts suggested 8 MTR M No live corals for Mandativu

Seagrass cover 15% of the transect

4 Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of Environmental Impacts

4.1 Proposed major interventions

Major interventions that would have negative bearing on marine environment are listed below  Deepening of approach channel (-1.5 to -2m)  Dredging of basin area maximum up to -1.5 m,  Construction of breakwaters (02 segments (140m + 150m)

Locations of the access channels, breakwaters and area to be dredged are indicated in the fig 4-1.

Proposed entrance channels

Figure 4-1: Major interventions proposed at the Mandativu anchorage site

Proposed dredging details are given in table 4.1.

Table 4-1: Proposed dredging details

Dredging up to -2.5 MSL Main BW

Contour Avg Depth to be Area Volume(m3) Depth Dredged (m2) 0 to (-1) -0.5 2.5 12900 32250 (-1) to (-2) -1.5 1.5 13800 20700 26700 52950

4.2 Marine ecological and fisheries impacts anticipated in proposed development

Major sources of adverse impacts can be categorized as, construction and operation impacts. Construction activities include, dredging, disposal of dredged materials, spills and leakage from construction equipment, handling equipment and some temporarily disturbances to fishing operations and boat movements. Operation impacts are limited and includes boat-related factors such as vessel traffic, discharges and emissions.

4.2.1 Construction impacts

4.2.1.1 Impacts caused by dredging

One of the major interventions in the Mandativu proposed anchor site is to dredge the basin area up to -1.2 m and access channel up to 2.5 m. It is expected to dredge approximately 53000 m3 of sediment from the basin and access channel. The basin and proposed access channel areas are mostly fine to medium sand bottom with seagrass meadows grown in patches within the shallow basin.

Dredging will involve the excavation and relocation of sediment from the basin. Since the main focus of dredging is to remove the submerged deposits, environmental impacts are also mainly cause by sediments. Dredging will re-suspend sediments, but the level of re-suspension and associated impacts depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, as well as type of equipment and dredging method. The impacts of dredging may strongly influenced by the local factors like water depth, rate of flow, tidal currents, wave action, amount of sediment, etc.

Short-term impacts include the increase of the turbidity due to excavation works and sediment disposal. Medium and long-term impacts include habitat removal and impacts due to changes in flow and sediment budgets especially affecting the tidal propagation and changes to the geometry of channels. The degree of the impacts of dredging depends on the extent of the areas dredged, the frequency and duration of dredging activities, the characteristics and the sensitivity of the areas dredged and their surroundings, the dredging techniques applied as well.

The major anticipated impacts are highlighted below.

Re-suspension of sediments and increase of turbidity.

The potential impacts include spreading of sediments and associated contaminants in the surroundings, remobilization of contaminants in the water and direct impact on organisms due to reduced transparency.

Dredging and construction activities potentially affect not only the site itself, but also surrounding areas, through a large number of impact vectors (e.g. turbid plumes, sedimentation, release of contaminants, bathymetric changes). Effects may be immediate or develop over a longer timeframe and may be temporary or permanent in nature, depending on a large number of factors.

Changes in water quality Indirect impacts on the fisheries resources would be associated with changes of water quality due to temporary reclamation, dredging, and site runoff from land-based construction works. The major water quality issue is elevation of suspended solids.

Elevation of Suspended Solids (SS) SS occur naturally in the marine environment by wave action and vertical flux of water current. Concentration of SS generated by dredging is expected to be higher in the immediate vicinity of the dredger. Dispersion would cause rapid decrease in SS level beyond active dredging area. Effects of SS on marine organisms could be lethal or sublethal through reduction in survivorship, growth rate and reproductive potential due to stress incurred by the need to constantly flush out deposited material. High SS level may negatively impact sensitive receptors such as seagrass beds and other marine biota which may clog gills and respiratory organs and hinder transfer of oxygen. Fish egg and larval fish (fry) are more susceptible to deleterious impacts from sedimentation through smothering and clogging of their respiratory systems. Adult organisms are more likely to move away when they detect certain SS level and therefore less sensitive to the effects from SS and some have evolved adaptation to tolerate changes in SS, i.e. flushing water through their gills or simply moving to less turbid waters. If SS levels exceed tolerance thresholds of aquatic fauna unable to move away from the area, corals for example, may become stressed or even die. The rate, timing and duration of SS elevations will influence the type and extent of impacts. For the determination of extent, a sediment plume modelling results is needed and changes with monsoon cycle has to be studied. However, the SS concentration is expected to decrease shortly after completion of dredging activities. Most sensitive receptor within the project impact area are seagrass beds. These are already under heavy accumulations of fine sediments and visibility observed was very poor. Seagrass beds might have adapted to some level of smothering by sediments. Further, seagrasses have short life span and even with the disturbances they are likely to re colonize within the basin within shorter period. The impact due to SS elevation is considered to be moderately significant and they are mostly localized and temporary in nature. Some mitigation methods are proposed to minimize the sedimentation. No important spawning or nursery grounds of commercial fish species were identified within and in the vicinity of the proposed marine works. In view of the temporary nature of such impact, only minor impact on capture fisheries is anticipated.

Release of contaminant from marine sediment Dredging activities can potentially cause the release of contaminants from marine sediments. Potential impacts on marine biota include the accumulation of contaminants in the tissues, resulting in sublethal effects which may alter behaviour, reproduction and increase susceptibility to disease. Eggs, larvae and juveniles are particularly susceptible to the sublethal effects of contaminants, and elevated levels may lead to increased mortality.

In the view that mobile subtidal fauna like fish and crab is likely to avoid the dredging area and recolonize after construction works and refuge habitats would be available in nearby coastal waters for the affected resources, adverse impact due to the release of contaminant on fisheries resources would be minimal.

Release of nutrients from marine sediment High nutrient levels in marine water can trigger rapid increase in phytoplankton, resulting in algal bloom. However, elevated nutrients would be beneficial for seagrass beds as well. Therefore, impacts from release of nutrient would be in significant or sometimes positive.

4.2.1.2 Impacts of dredged material disposal

Dredged material would be major source of pollution if not managed properly. These are preferably used for some land filling or beach nourishments. However, particle size and any containments to be investigated before disposal. Impacts from the dredged material would be significant and if disposed properly, after scientific investigations, impacts can be minimized.

4.2.1.3 Construction of breakwaters

Another key intervention is to build breakwaters for safe navigation of the vessels as well as stability. Apparently breakwaters is going to be somewhere through the seagrass beds which would again impact on them and need mitigation methods. Construction method and design would have direct impact on the marine environment and some mitigatory measures are proposed.

4.2.1.4 Direct loss of biota

Dredging in the basin, access channel and construction of breakwaters will permanently remove some sensitive species such as seagrasses and other associated fauna and flora. Direct loss of biota due to dredging and construction is significant and mitigation methods are proposed.

4.2.1.5 Alteration of hydrology

Dredging changes the natural flow of a body of water. While this is sometimes the specific purpose for a dredging operation, disturbing the natural water flow may have unintended and unknown effects. However, the depth to be dredged is very low and not expected to change the hydrology of the project site considerably.

4.2.1.6 Disposal of solid waste

Solid waste from the construction, temporary camps, as well as during operations would cause deleterious impact to marine environment if they are not disposed properly. Therefore, impacts results from solid waste disposal would be significant.

4.2.1.7 Impact on fisheries

The proposed marine works required under the Project might result in impacts to fisheries resources. The potential impacts to the fisheries resources within the assessment area may include:  Temporary loss of fishing ground;  Loss of fish stock;  Impact to livelihood of fishermen;  Indirect impact on fisheries resources due to change in water quality and sedimentation  Noise disturbance impact to fisheries resources.

Temporary loss of fishing grounds or access to fishing grounds and loss of livelyhood Construction works would limit the access of the vessels, causing loss of fishing ground. : However, the project area and in the vicinity is not a significant fishing ground and the area that would impact is very small and insignificant. However, the access to fishing grounds from the proposed site would be temporarily unavailable for fishing. In view of the low importance of the area as fishing ground and the temporary nature of the impact, the impact to fisheries resources is considered to be minor. Dredging and construction would affect the mobilization of fishing boats and fishing operations. In addition, any support vessels for the project will also interfere with fishing boat operations. This needs to be considered during construction phase. The impact on mobilization of fishing boats is localized but can be frequent during construction phase and impact will be low to moderate. Since the affected vessels could be move to nearby landing sites, the impact to livelihood of the fishermen would be temporary and minor.

Loss of fish stock It is not yet determined if the underwater blasting activities might be taken place at some locations along the project site to remove bedrock in the area proposed for dredging in the basin and navigation channel. If the project decided to conduct blasting, the shock waves generated from underwater blasting could kill the fish, mainly those with air bladders and other aquatic biota. Whilst, the quantity of fish and shellfish could be killed by the detonation of explosives is believed to be very low and would be insignificant (in terms of fisheries point) since the project area is not a fishing ground.

Noise disturbances Apart from shock waves, underwater dredging (and blasting in decided to carry out) would also generate noise. Many fishes are known to be sensitive to sounds. They would minimize the use of areas affected by underwater noise. However, after the noisy construction work, fishes are likely to recruit the affected area. Therefore, the impact would be short term and reversible in nature. Moreover, the fisheries habitat has been subject to noisy environment due to heavy marine traffic. Fishes have probably been adapted to the noisy environment. Since the area of fisheries habitat affected constitutes a small proportion of the total fisheries resources, the impact is considered to be minor and acceptable.

Operation Phase

Other discharges – oily; bilge water

Wash-down, oil, grease, and concrete curing waters are considered as potential contaminants arising from flooding and draining of the boats. To reduce or eliminate these potential contaminants, measures including settlement of washed waters and oil removal prior to discharge to the sea. With proper implementation of the above measures, the water quality impact and thus impact on biota due to the wash down, flooding and draining of the considered insignificant.

Other than these the direct or indirect impact to the fisheries would be expected during operation phase is positive.

5 Mitigation of anticipated impacts

It was observed that the entrance channel proposed to be deepen up to -2m. However, area to be dredged have some patches of seagrass beds which would directly loss by the interventions. Some direct loss of seagrass beds and associated communities is inevitable. However, considering the short life span of the seagrasses, and their cyclic nature, recolonization is expected within short period of time and mitigation measures are not proposed other than minimizing the sediment flume impact outside the project area.

5.1 Impacts from sediments

Ensuring that no or minimal adverse impacts are caused by dredging works requires a careful monitoring and assessment of the dredging works. It is important to use the right dredgers. For example, the hopper dredgers that suction out the deposits are considered to be a major cause for turbidity in the dredged waters. It has been recommended that those dredgers which present a chance for pollution and extensive contamination be avoided and replaced with other safer methodologies. Timing of the dredging to be carefully planned to avoid rainy season and least impact on small-scale fishing operations. Construction site runoff and drainage should be prevented or minimized in accordance with international best practices and standards. Sand/silt retaining facilities such as traps and sediment basins should be provided to limit the runoff. Exposed slope/soil surface, dredged material in particular, should be covered to reduce the potential runoff. Arrangements should always be in place to ensure that adequate surface protection measures can be safely carried out well before the arrival of a rain. Proactive and informed management of the dredging programme as it is executed can often significantly reduce the risk of or minimize the negative impacts. Through modelling and monitoring during execution, impacts may be predicted before being realized, and the dredging programme may be optimized to achieve the environmental objectives. A combination of monitoring, both of the dredge plume and at receptor sites, and dredge plume modeling to guide the dredging works need to be conducted before the beginning of dredging operations. Potential impacts on sensitive receptors would also be minimized by conducting dredging works in phases in order to minimize the long term smothering.

5.2 Disposal of dredged material

The adverse effects of disposal of dredged material or other wastes from construction activities could be offset by using them for other purposes. Other possible uses would for coastal nourishment, construction material, construction or reclamation of coastal wetlands, land reclamation/filling, etc. In case they are not usable, disposal site for the dredge matter to be well identified and mapped and should be dump in such designated sites only. Selecting a suitable site with least sensitive habitat is an integral part of the disposal.

5.3 Impacts on coastal ecology

Adverse effects on marine and coastal ecology usually result from, deterioration of water quality; current pattern changes; bottom contamination mainly from sediments, smothering from suspended particles; physical loss of vegetations and land area; and changes in natural habitats and these activities to be monitored and managed properly. Any crushing and physical damages to fauna and flora due to dredging and construction cannot be mitigated and will be recovered over time.

5.4 Disposal of solid waste

In order to proper manage the solid waste disposal to sea, various waste reception facilities to be developed. Which may include facilities for utilization of fish waste (for fish meal, silage etc.) or disposal, debris collection facility (mainly for plastic waste from fishing operations (Plastic bottles, bouy, damaged nets and ropes, fiberglass waste from boat building and repair etc).

5.5 Impacts to fishing and fishing operations

The general policy for alleviating fisheries impacts in order of priority are avoidance, minimization and compensation. Construction or dredging timing and equipment handling to be properly planned to be least impact on small-scale fishing operations. Alternative sites to be identified and provided temporarily for fish landing and other operations.

5.6 Impact during operational phase

Stringent control on boat discharges and provision of reception facilities are indispensable for proper control of emissions and effluent from the boats. Detection of spills is also important for regulating boat discharges. Since accidental spills are unavoidable, recovery facilities, oil fences, and treatment chemicals should be prepared with a view to minimizing dispersal.

Harbours are requested to provide sufficient reception facilities to receive residues and oily mixtures generated from boat operations according to provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).

5.7 Sound strategic planning

Impacts can be minimized by planning ahead. An initial risk assessment based on available secondary data, initial field surveys, preliminary numerical modelling and an understanding of local and regional coastal processes should be conducted in conjunction with Coral Reef and impact assessment specialists. A key issue in the planning phase is an assessment of alternative locations and layouts that minimize the “direct” impact of a project’s footprint on Coral Reefs.

5.8 Use of international best practices for dredging

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and PIANC EnviCom Working Group 15 have developed guidelines for the implementation of best practice methodology in environmental assessment and environmental management for dredging and port construction activities around Coral Reefs and their associated communities. These guidelines to be followed to the best considering the sensitivity of the project area.

5.8.1 Green harbour concept

The interventions to be carried out in line with initiatives such as Green Harbour Project (GHP) in the view of all the developments in the Fishery Harbours and anchorages. The environment sets the limits for sustainable development and coastal stewardship. Coastal development projects can adapt with nature and flourish environmentally, economically and culturally in harmony. There is a great tendency around the globe for promoting green harbors. All harbors and their surrounding coasts and peoples are unique, with their own ecosystems embracing the coastline. The GHP approaches are mainly to maintain ecology and ecosystem health to best possible level while gaining the economic returns. GHP would support both the needs of the people and ecosystem so that they can be better integrated with one another. This would then lead to long-term sustainable relationship within the carrying capacity of coastal systems. After all, the goal of sustainable growth and development is to not only support the needs of the present, but also the needs of future generations of all species, not just humans.

5.8.2 Eco-designs for breakwaters

The most suitable engineering design and implementation techniques to minimise the impacts on coral reefs, to be considered. In particular, assessing the feasibility of different options of breakwater construction to be considered, concerning the ecology, technical feasibility and economic considerations.

Image source: https://www.xbloc.com/

Figure 5-1: Effective wave protection: eco designed for breakwaters.

Construction method statement (CMS) Since the major impacts to the marine environment is stem from dredging and construction, a CMS to be prepared by the PP together with contractor and get the approval from the PAA.

Recommendations

 Considering the ecological sensitivity of ecosystem, proper dredging methods to be applied to minimize the dredging related impacts  Dredged material should be used for beneﬁcial use such as coastal nourishment, land reclamation or wetland creation, etc.  Bathymetry survey need to be carried out before any dredging and historical changes in bathymetry.  Dumping license to be obtained from MEPA if any discharges to open sea.  Contractor should take special care in selecting dredging equipment to be environmental friendly as possible, and training and guidelines to be given for operators.

 Proper operation of dredging equipment with minimum disturbances to fine particles in the bottom which will raise the turbidity substantially.  Monitoring should be conducted in the sensitive ecosystems for turbidity and possible impacts, rather than the site of the plume or hopper.

References

Davis et al (1990). Environmental Considerations for Port and Harbor Developments, WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 126 TRANSPORT AND THE ENVIRONMENT SERIES, The World Bank Washington, D.C; 131p.

Annex 15- Consultation Meeting Minutes Commu nity Consul tation

Annex 16- Terms of Reference Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) for Anchorages Terms of Reference Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) for Anchorages

- The Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) will have a degree in environmental science/ management/ engineering and have 5 years experiences in environmental management associated with donor partner projects which 2 years experience associated with marine infrastructure work including coastal protection, breakwater construction and dredging activities, harbor works and building construction.

- Prior experience in working with ADB and /or World Bank funded projects is considered an advantage.

- The ESO will report to the Resident Engineer of the construction contractor

- ESO will be responsible for interpreting the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in preparing a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) in consultation with the construction engineers and any changes or additional engineering information available shall be taken into account in the CEMP.

- Obtaining approval for the CEMP from the SC (as the Supervising Engineer) upon advice from the Environmental Officer within the PMU and ADB, before any physical works are undertaken.

- Ensuring the proper implementation of the CEMP.

- Conduct necessary training and capacity development to all employees on all environmental health and safety requirements and monitoring for compliance..

- ESO will coordinate all environmental and safety matters with PMU and PIU, the EO and/or SC.

- Ensuring that the contractor engages a suitable organization to undertake STI/HIV/AIDS briefings and awareness raising amongst the Contractor‟s employees.

- Ensuring that the Contractor complies with the clauses in the contract and bidding documents in respect of the environment and OH&S issues;

- Coordinating with PMU and/or PIU in respect of continued community consultations

- Participating in monitoring and coordinating with PMU and PIU and the SC to ensure that environmental management activities are reported as required;

- Maintaining a log of all grievances received and action taken to address these issues. Annex 17- List of IEE preparers Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned

Eng. P C Fernando EML Assessing impacts of Team Leader/ o Lead the study team interventions on coastal Coastal Engineer o Ensure the quality of the report

processes, Identification of o Review report and improve report where areas of accretion, erosion etc. necessary and recommending/ o Coordinate with the environmental implementing suitable costal specialist for identifying and analyzing protection measures, environmental issues. Numerical Modelling, Harbour o Data collection and analysis of coastal Engineering, Hydraulic processes and relevant studies of the Engineering, Environmental project area. Hydraulics, Modelling and Fluid o Providing necessary project details and Mechanics, Coastal Zone construction methodologies Management and Coastal & o Recommend preferred equipment and Estuary Engineering, Designing, construction methods Marine Environmental o Coordinate with the other team members. Engineering, Hydrology o Identification of the environmental impacts and suggesting mitigation methods to incorporate for the designs. o Work in close consultation with the Coast Conservation Department in finalizing the alternative options for coastal impact mitigation

Mr. Stephen Lindsay MFARDREA/ Marine Ecology, Environmental International o Review of Marine and Terrestrial Ecological ADB Assessment, Environmental reports prepared by the Domestic Specialist Consultants and suggest for improvement. o Provide input for the ecological part of the report o Identify potential impacts and propose suitable mitigation measures for the ecological section of the report.

Page 1 of 8

Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned o In association with the Domestic Environmental Consultant the International Environmental Specialist perform the compilation of reports, editing and finalize the report.

A Rajaratnam EML Conducting IEE, EIA, EA, SEA Environmental o Assess potential impacts including project Assessments, Natural Resource Specialist site, borrow sites, quarry sites and disposal Management, Solid Waste sites considering the short and long term Management, Project impact on the environment. Coordination, Pollution o Control, Environmental Liaise with the coastal engineer to Safeguard, Monitoring & understand the impact of the coastal Evaluation structures on the near show region. o Assess the pollution that may occur due to increase of the facilities to the fisher community and propose preventing measures. o Coordinate with the team members. o In association with the International Environmental Specialist compile and finalize the report.

Dr R R M K P EML Marine Biology, Marine debris Marine ecologist o Conduct marine ecological survey Ranatunge survey, underwater survey, o Identify marine habitats such as coral reef, Side-Scan sonar survey, IEEs, sand stone reef/lime stone rocks, sea grass EIAs, Biodiversity survey using beds, fishing grounds, breeding grounds, underwater visual census, fishing activities and interaction with coastal Fisheries survey, terrestrial and protection structures. aquatic Fauna and flora, o Classification and mapping of all habitats Oceanography, Coral Reef

Page 2 of 8

Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned Ecology and Mgt , o Identify potential impacts due to project activities. o Propose mitigation methods for the identified negative impacts

Prof. J.M.P.K EML Aquaculture, Marine biology, , Terrestrial o Document review, Jayasinghe coastal environment Ecologist o Design and conducting the Ecological survey management, Fisheries post- on flora. harvest management, shrimp o Identify the floral species and preparation farming, , fish quality of Preparation flora check list or inventory management, development of to the project area. fishery products, post-harvest o Identify the anticipated impact on flora by losses , sanitation, the implementation of the project and suggesting the migratory measures to reduce the impacts. o Participating to the meetings and presentations and submit the ecological report to the team leader.

A. Amurtharaj EML Social Impact Assessment, Sociologist o Document review, Resettlement, Implementation o Design and conducting the sociological supervision, Institutional survey and conducting the study. Development, Sociology, Socio o Organize the consultation and community economics, Monitoring & meetings and conducting the meeting. Evaluation, Social Surveys, o Identify the anticipated sociological impacts Data Collection & Analysis, of the project and suggesting the migratory Report writing on social o Liaise with the surrounding community, aspects related to irrigation societies, community leaders and hold rehabilitation, Research, discussion with them. Livelihood Development, social o Identify the social issued that may arise aspects related to irrigation from the community due to the

Page 3 of 8

Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned rehabilitation, water implementation of the proposed project management, livelihood activities improvement. o Identify the mitigation measures to overcome these social issues.

Page 4 of 8

Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned

Eng. P C Fernando EML Assessing impacts of Team Leader/ o Lead the study team interventions on coastal Coastal Engineer o Review report and improve report where

processes, Identification of necessary areas of accretion, erosion etc. o Coordinate with the environmental and recommending/ specialist for identifying and analyzing implementing suitable costal environmental issues. protection measures, o Providing necessary project details and Numerical Modelling, Harbour construction methodologies Engineering, Hydraulic o Recommend preferred equipment and Engineering, Environmental construction methods Hydraulics, Modelling and Fluid o Coordinate with the other team members. Mechanics, Coastal Zone o Data collection and analysis of coastal Management and Coastal & processes and relevant studies of the Estuary Engineering, Designing, project area. Marine Environmental o Identification of the environmental impacts Engineering, Hydrology and suggesting mitigation methods to incorporate for the designs. o Work in close consultation with the Coast Conservation Department in finalizing the alternative options for coastal impact mitigation

Mr. Stephen Lindsay MFARDREA/ Marine Ecology, Environmental International o Provide input for the marine and ecological ADB Assessment, Environmental part of the report for existing environment. Specialist o Identify potential impacts and propose suitable mitigation measures for the marine ecological section of the report.

Page 5 of 8

Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned

A Rajaratnam EML Conducting IEE, EIA, EA, SEA Environmental o Compilation of report with the input from Assessments, Natural Resource Specialist the other consultants involved in the Management, Solid Waste assessment Management, Project o Assess potential impacts including project Coordination, Pollution Control, Environmental site, borrow sites, quarry sites and disposal Safeguard, Monitoring & sites considering the short and long term Evaluation impact on the environment. o Liaise with the coastal engineer to understand the impact of the coastal structures on the near show region. o Assess the pollution that may occur due to increase of the facilities to the fisher community and propose preventing measures. o Coordinate with the team members.

o Propose mitigation methods for the identified negative impacts

Prof. J.M.P.K EML Aquaculture, Marine biology, , Terrestrial o Document review,

Page 6 of 8

Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned Jayasinghe coastal environment Ecologist o Design and conducting the Ecological survey management, Fisheries post- on flora. harvest management, shrimp o Identify the floral species and preparation farming, , fish quality of Preparation flora check list or inventory management, development of to the project area. fishery products, post-harvest o Identify the anticipated impact on flora by losses , sanitation, the implementation of the project and suggesting the migratory measures to reduce the impacts. o Participating to the meetings and presentations and submit the ecological report to the team leader.

B. Amurtharaj EML Social Impact Assessment, Sociologist o Document review, Resettlement, Implementation o Design and conducting the sociological supervision, Institutional survey and conducting the study. Development, Sociology, Socio o Organize the consultation and community economics, Monitoring & meetings and conducting the meeting. Evaluation, Social Surveys, o Identify the anticipated sociological impacts Data Collection & Analysis, of the project and suggesting the migratory Report writing on social o Liaise with the surrounding community, aspects related to irrigation societies, community leaders and hold rehabilitation, Research, discussion with them. Livelihood Development, social o Identify the social issued that may arise aspects related to irrigation from the community due to the rehabilitation, water implementation of the proposed project management, livelihood activities improvement. o Identify the mitigation measures to overcome these social issues.

Page 7 of 8