DOCUMENT ED 283 946 CE 047 484 AUTHOR Misanchuk, Earl R. TITLE Desktop Publishing: Probajoie Effects on University Extengon. PUB DATE Jun V NOTE 34p.vPaper presented at tiChe Conference of the Canadian Association for Uljniversity Continuing Education (St. John's, Newoaofoundland, June 16-18, 1987), PUB TYPE Speechs/Conference Paperems (150) -- Reports- Gen _al (140) EDRS' PRICE MF01/K02 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS *Extension Education; Porign Countries; Higher Education; Influences; *Lawayout (Publications); *Microcomputers; *Publ caions IDENTIFIERS *Desktop Publishing ABSTRACT _DeskUppu101ishing (DTP) cr=ould potentially become a powerful, relatively hexpensive tool for use in extension activities. This paper_describes and explamins the characteristics of DTP and examines its effects on universitrwir extension. In addition, it outlines the kind_of hardware, software/ amand skills needed and_costc describes new activities and products relamated to DTP; and examines extension functions likaly to be impinged upon by DTP. Because DTP does not require usersto embed complicate=med commands in text to produce certain printing effects, it can Woe used by individuals who do not have extensivetnrining in word cwoiocessing or computing.. Not all of the effects ofDTP are positive, ho-awever. DTP brings with it the potential for good-loo:king, but poor-glguality orunnecessary publications. Althoughvisually attracti.ve_eA, justified textcan actually impair the legibility of many iwrztrumtional materials and ti-lreby reduce their effectiveness. On the other hand, the capabilitl of mixing graphics andtext easily_is -4-ly to be a boon to educators. Word processing, advertising, Czbe_publication of bulletin° and newsletters, the development and prodwaction of distance eduCation print materials, and the printing of signs :_are among the many university extension factions that will 1 _ikely be made easier by DTP. Besides empowering.university extensi- on, DTP will also challenge administrators and gralphic artists to deve:=:lop and maintaina consistent organizatimml visual image for their university extenslon programs. (Appendixesinclude sample DTP mxaterials and lists and descriptions of additiomrl_readings on DTP -, DTP software, and typical hardware required forDTP.) (MN)

*11*_**** ***_******************** Reproductions suplied by EDRS are home best that can be made from the original °document. lkir*A* ************ *==************ Desktop Publishing. Probable Effectson University Extension

Earl R MLsanchuk Division of actension wid Community Relation The University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon. Saskatchewan S7N MVO

ERMISSJON M NEPlit_3DUCETHIS U.S. DEPARTMENT On EDUCATION K,EATERIAL HAS Deice of EducehonnI Research end Improvement BEEN GMARANTED BY WUG11ONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (MC) This document has been reproduced es fecseeed from the person of organisation ornating .1 CI Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality TO THE EDUCATIONAL R SOURCES Podas of aew or opinions stated in Imam:cu . INORMATION CENTER merit po not necessarily represent official (RIC)." OEM position Of W.ey. ithstract The characteristics of desktop publishing (DTP) are described and explained, and its effects on university extension are examined, Ln uage that assumes absolutely no knowledge of either computers =ix printkg processes. The paper describes the characteristics of DTP: outlines the kind of hardware, software, and skills needed (and their costs): describes some new activities and products related to VIP; examines the 11x-tension functions that are likely to be impinged upon_ by DTP. and comments on whether the effects are positive or negative.

Paper presented at the Conference e Canadian Assoelathn for UnNersity Continuing SI John's. Newfoundland, June 18-18. 1987

2 BEST OM AVAJ LAKE Des Ictop Publishing (1711, a relattvimly What facilities are required for new k=vbenomenon stet:raring frorn thane DTP? marriage of the technologies of priri-ting What are and--oniputin,g. Makes available to e pheno e ated univrsity extension units a powerfal. to DTP? relattyely inexpensive tool, For a tilLimber What (=tension functions are likely of real.Nons outlined in tills paper. rYIN to be effected by DTP? coula have pronounced effects on eYelten- Are the effects of DTP positive or Sion i.ctivilies; most of them will be negative? positXve, but there could be n few rieative ones.,. too. An appendix contains a list of additional readings on DTP, a list of DTP software This awaper addresses thefollowirig products wid a brief description of what questions: they do, and a list of tyTical hEadware -What is desktop pliblishing? required. Some samples of DTP materi- "What is WYSIWYG? als are also appended.

Vat is Mesktop publishin

DTP ithe term that has emerged ovr the column of body text. The last eigzupk of years to desalbe the use of a gyaphics may be thie draw- microcomputer and a veqhigh quaKlity thgs, graphs, or digitized (laser] printer for the production ofi-int- photographs or organiza- ed covry that is "carnera-reacly", i.e., aweady tional logos; to be ent to the print shop, where itwill be either photographed and converteamd variety of typefaces avail- intosa-intIng plates or reproduced in able, in different sizes and styles (e.g.. bold, italic. some other way. DIP is characterizeundbY: outline. u_r_di erlined WALL CAPITL.S. etc.); multiple columns of text lines, rectarkgles, ovals, or Per Page. capable ofjust- other shapes to frame or Med right margin: separate text or graphic -0 ability to produce minor elements; miage pages quickly and areas Med with patterns, easily (e.g., create outside possibly with tcct overlaid; dge margins of adherent sfte than binding oiargins ability to rotae text and and maintain the rela- trophies on a page, or to tionship across even. and rotate an entire 7,age; odrl-numbered pages); high-quality printed out- put (at nnnimum. 300 lines irderrnixed graphics and text. with grapliicsor per inch vertically and headline tekt capable of horizontally; up to 2540 spanning more Than one lines per inch with some equipment): with text or graphics. It allows the-- user to "pour" text into spaces of a variety WYSIWYG ("wba you ,t.e of sizes [on the screen] is, whaut you and shapes, just as one might pour- a get") layout: liquid into containers of a varietyof se and shapes. Thus once the overall_ on-screen pos1t1n1ng structure of the document is laid oswat, the of elements (text text can be fitted into it. blocks, graphics_ headlines, phot Similarly with graphics: Areas orm. the graphs, borders, tc.) page can be left blank to accoramomclate a particular digitized picture, line "pouring' text trici or graph: the page can be arranged into a predefined areas._ so pleasing format, then the blank ar-eas can that when the (h-t be filled in by "pasting Lir the app-mropriate designated spaceLs graphics, adjusttig their sizes and shapes completely filledwi h as necessary to achieve the desireM effect. text, the tticcess tt=x1 "spills over into a Of course, both graphics and te5c1 be second designatemcl intermixed on a given page. As adk-ust- space merits to the page layout are requi=-ed by the quantity of tort and the size an_d shape instantaneous of gaphics, they can be made dyn.rnic- sizLng and/or re- ay, on the screen. shaping of text am-eas or graphics Horizontal and vertical lines of vs_rious thicess and textures can be inse-ted for instantaneous clwang- emphasis. Tod can be enclosed in(i.e.. ing of font, and sutyle surrounded by) "boxes" of various hapes or s17-e of text. lot- part and textures (patterns, such as cros- or all of a text blc=bck. hatchLrkg, horizontal or vertical "s-iad- The graphics can take the for-rn of graphs trig", brick, v&rious "shades of grey. etc). (line, bar, pie, area. etc.); line-- drawn-1gs of The 'boxes" themselves can be outMined various types: or artwork.. phsLotographs. (either with black or one of the tex-ures), or even 'We" television irnsgs that have filled with one or more of the textures, or been converted to digital fonm. They may both. be either object-oriented or tst-mapped Digitized comp&ny or institutionalli logos grapkicsi produced with a rnowouse, a can be included as graphic elnients graphics tablet, or as alreadyrioted, a digitized television signal. Atypical DI? I These rather technical terun are exp1aii in the program allows the user to blw="ck out ATTendM and WC not gerrnane to the unler- various m-eas of an electroni= "page". and grandam of What trre to subsequently fill the blockiond-out areas DTP amd Exteimlon

What Is WYSIWYG?

As noted earner,wysrwyostands for the computer operator had touse his or "What You See Is What You Get". In earlier her visuW imagination in order to esti- computer-aided layout programs (and mate the final effect of the commands. indeed, in many st.ffl in use today, es resultthg in an inordthate amount of trial 0..111y on large computers). various mid error for all but tile most expertuser. commands had to be embedded tn the text For example, the sequence shown below, to produce certain effects. In addition to, which is mythical, but typical. memorl2ing the often-cryptic commands.

.CE .FO=GE .FS=18 .B0 .IT A Title is Born .1.1144=20 .RM=55 .CE .FS=12 .NO In order to create a title over a paragraph, some careful attentionto detail is necessary. Ln addition, a person has to havevery good abffity to visualize the results. might produce the effect shown below, with suchan embedded-command system.

A Title is Born In order to create a title overa paragraph, some careful attention to detail is necessary.In addition, a person has to have very good ability to visualize the results.

The location of graphic elements might kinds of requirements, and allow you to have to be described Ln terms of coordi- see on the screen exactly what you will see nates on a page (e.g., number of inches on the pi-lilted page (for example. see from the page margins to the four pothts Figure 1). In other words, when you give defining the border of the graphic). the command to change a segment of text WYSIWYG programs do away with those to bold italics, the change is immediately visible.Similarly, the relative placement Eel? and Erez1iion 4

of words La obvious: there is no need to abYy proofreadirkg for typographicW guess how many words will fit on a errors will already have taken place, and paMcular line, or what the effect would the focus of attention is on placementon be of increasing the font size for a partic- the page of the text and gaphic elements. ular phrase. Thus, at this stage. the page designer is In a DTP progean, a whole page is reduced only concerned with moving blocks of to fit onto a computer screen (see Figure ext, or other elements, such as graphics, 2). so at times the screen images are so into a pleasing and effective arrangement small as to be umradable. But prestrin- on the page.

A Title is Born In order to create a title over a paragraph, some careful attention to detail is necessary. In addition, a person has to have very good abili_ty A° visualize the results.

FG of a

What facilities are recpthed for P?

The concept of DI? emerged with the The rapidly-expanding market for the availability of the Apple Macintosh high-quality results of DTP has led to the computer and the ATple LaserWriter recent av-ability of PageMaker for PC- printer. The first software to do DTP DOS (1T3M-compatible) machines, and PageMaker was prodvced by Aldus others will likely follow suit shortly. Corporation, and a couple of programs f.-om competing firms quiddy followed. Ai the same Mae, laser printers capable

6 DIP and Extension

of doing DTP2 are also becoming avail- effectively wasted. Also, there are other able from other firms (e.g.. Digital Equip- (very expensive $30.000- $60,000 U.S.) ment Canada DEC. Flewlitt-Packsu-d). in prhiting devices available that wkli order to capitalize on that market seg- produce approximately 2540 dots per in h ment that is already committed to PC- resoluUon from the swne computer/ DOS equipment. These laser prftiters. software combinations. Additionally, like the Apple LaserWriter. are capable of certain tricks can be used to circumvent printinl images with 300 dots per inch the limitation: The copy can be produced resolution.3 at twice normal size, then reduced photo- While this degree of resolution is not graphically as part of the printhag plate- sufficient to satisfy many prtnting maldng process (at no extra cost), effect- applications (e.g., magazLnes and mast tvely givinl double the resolution. (In- commercial prtnting requfrements are deed, that Is exactly the process that is for a minimum of about 700 dots per inch currently used to produce the CAUCE or more), it will easily satisfy most Journal.) university extension printing require- ments. For one thing. the resolution of 2 The prtncipal requlrerirnt Is that thelaser standard xerographic machines is also printer support the PostScript language. 3 The more dots (or lines)per inch of resolution. 300 dots pei° Lnch. so if material is going the Beller-looking the prOduct. AU the numnber of to be reproduced xerographically, any dots per thoh increase* the dots appesr to fuse higher resolution on the origthal together to form a continuous who e.

FIGURE 2. AIth.iugh tect is reduced to it is still possible vervlew of the layout of the pa This was produced on a word prosIng program. -a a true DTP progam, buttTl effect is similar. _

BEST COPYAVAILABLE 7 The auper-or ability of the Macintosh relatively small screen, can now be system to ffoduce high-definition screen circumvented by adding a separate full- images, cct=upled with the capability Muse page-sized monitor (avatlable from a mouse4 to manipulate elements on the sevend firms), albeit at considerable screen, girdwes that system the edge floral" additional cost. applicatiors. however, and appears tobo the choicecoralguration for most graphic 4 A mouse fa a tte- sized (the pouch pack) arts deparalt=ents and firms Moving Into box which ia rolled over the top of the (leak. DIP. Whazit is perhaps the Major thereby manipulating a pointer on thescreen. disadvantamkge of the Macintosh Waal, ito

Wliat are som ilienc,mena related to DTP?

The tritrodr-uction of UM has brouglt capability to produce professional- eong with _lt a series of phenomena,FNne looking print quickly, easily, and of which ar---e good, some of which ary;tnt relaUvely inexpensively, there has so good, srmd some of which are merely been a plethora of newsletters and amusing cm- irksome. Listed belOW are periodicals springthg on the scene. several I ih_-_----ought deserved special 1den Some of these are excellent, but some fleation ane=comment: they are not in of them are simply bad publications any particuetlar order, nor is the list that arc prtnted prettily. Until exhaustive recently, the print quality of a publi- cation was usually a reasonably good guide to its overall quality: Ifsome- one took the time and expense to have somethinig printed attractively, itwas usually an incbcation that the same In sta.titics, there 15 a rtico/dro Imam type of care had been lavished on the as the I--aw of the HamMen content of the publication. Unfor- siatets, t=zn essence, that if you give a tunately, that can no longer be four-yer-old a hammer, suddenly assumed. everytbatng in his or her environment Even if the quality of content is high, needs limannnertng. Origirally coaled there may be other reasons (usu to describe the proclivity of graduate, having to do with size of market) not stuclerit to suddenly begin perforating to publish a given work. As extension a partillar type of statistical amaly- units' clients come to believe in the as on eravvery set of data within reach, much touted "ease and low cost" of inumeclitely after learning the tech- DIP, they will either create their own nique, can equally be applied to little vanity presses, or apply pressure DTP In ducation and in business and to extension units to do so. A case in industry. With the availabtlity of the point is a recent highly insistent DTP and Extension 7

claim from a history professor that a or distorted just s easily to ach eve reprint and translation of an old the desired effeeLL_ French text on astxonomy could (and therefore, presumably, should) be Furthermore, ttire are cominercially pubilshed "at a very modest cost" available libraris of clip-art using the "new technology of desktop (copyright-free 'lame drawings publishing.' intended for use liEzor graphic artists who want to save = lime, or by those It will take us a while to learn how to without the skin required to produce use these powerful new tools appro- them). Digitized Rettnages ofa wide priately. variety of things cn simply be cut out of the library (elctronically) and pasted into place(again, electron- use for ically) in the &ornament being created. Electronic versiote of institutionalor One longer-term consequence of the company logos caa also be created, availability of DTP, in my estima- and simply paste into place in a doc- tion. is that people can and will begin ument to depend more heavily on the use of Graphs have hertofore been quite graphics for communication. Where- exPensive to procheruce. Now that little as it used to require either some more than typing z in the numbers and native ability or acquired skin, some makingaaelectionsn from a menu is more-or-less specialized drawing required to produ.rce professional- tools, and considerable time (or the quality graphs. eremnplete with labels economic equivalent of those thinls) and choice of sleitling. one can expect to produce even a simple graph or line to see more of ihein showing up in thawing, now almost anyone equip- even nora-technicl documents. ped with a microcomputer and suitable programs can quickly and JuStas the adeerit= of the word easily create high-quality graphics. processor Is havi=g a powerful effect on people's ablli1ls to write, so will Now almost anyone can be an artist the emergence of WrIT likely havea sod oft Computer programs such as streilar effect on ereeDeople's abilities to Mac Paint, Full Paint, Mac Draw. and employ various gree.phic devices to Mac Draft, among others (the List communicate raermire effectively. ...Thanges daily) give even those who are "an thumbs" the ability to draw simple graphics quickly, easily, and with a very short learning time. Dozens of shapes, lines, and patterns re available, each at the click of a yout and alieve use of white space button. Text can be intermixed with will begin to asset=rte increasing these graphic elements, and errors imeortanee as grarphic elements. "erased" with another click of a Eveiyone who writres will begin to button. Elements (either graphic or appreciate that th way elements text text) can be re-positioned on the page and graphics alike are arrangedon a sply by pointing at them with the Page cerealbutes t= or detracts from mouse, and dragging them into their effective coearnure=ation. Justas new positions. Elements can be writers now muse le avvere of the enlarged or reduced, rotated. flipped, syntax and grarnerex.ar of language, they wili have to becornme aware of the tlei and Extension

syn ax and grammw of visual sheets, and databases that documents elements. in Order to arrange their created on one type of system could messages for greatest effect. The not be transferred to another system. standard double-spaced typewritten Specifically. Macintosh documents text, with orgy capital letters or could not be moved onto PC-DOS (i.e.. underllning to add emphasis and MIM-compatible) computers and vice direct attention, will gradually give versa. Recently, however, there is a -way to more polZhed page design. strong move among software com- Headlines. mulUple columns, and panies to produce programs that will various graphic embellishments will pemWt such system to system trans- come into common use. hopefully fers. From the user's point of view. -with purpose and forethought. this move is to be welcomed, as it will -We can expect some lag time before provide increased flexibiTity and vage layout as a communication tool permit the exchange of documents creeps into the public consciousness, heretofore hnpossible. --but already there are signs of it doing o. Articles on the topic axe beginning --to appear in the popular press (e.g.. see The quality qfprint materials piegelman, 1987), and at least one In instruction tlagazine (Publish!) is devoted Recently, some research efforts have ientirely to that subject. been made to investigate various rules We can also mpect a lag before effi- of thumb of the printing hidustry as meient methods of using the technology they affect the quality of learrthig--- Moecome wide-spread habit. For and some surprises have emerged. _mample. it Ls interesting to note that One of the most interesting, tn my piegeLman (1987) recommends opinion, is that one of the character- warawing thumbnail sketches on istics of "professional-looking" print- Silracing paper in order to experiment ing the right justified margin is rith afferent page layouts prior to actually counter-productive. Right- =-omposing tire page on a DTP system. justified tort, by varytng the space hus she completely ignores the between words and requiring the Ilirmwer of the electronic medium in insertion of hyphens, actually iccomplishtng the task, and reverts to impairs legibility (Hartley & Bum- t.oing things the way she was frained hill. 1977; Hartley, 1978). Just as the on paper bringing the technology avaability of computers is becong :Lto play only at the last moment! more widespread, permitting right- hose of ui who have struggled justificaUon to be done convernently airough the process of learning to arid essay, we find out it's not a good tompose and eclit text on the scmen, 'Whig to do! It will be m uphlll battle t_lier than doing it on paper and to convthce educators, though. tibsequently transferring it to the Typically, novices to word processing ..creen. can no doubt identify with her and MT will insist on making right margins justified, even on their memos and letters, just because it 'looks more professional". System to system compatibility On the other hand, the abtlity to mix 1=1 the past, it has been as true in DTP graphics with text easily is likely to be amca it has in word processing, spread- a boon to educators. No longer need diagrams and graphs be omitted

1 0 DTP and 9

because they are too difficult or thete capabilitte. Some exTensive to include in a document. partiticularly apprcpriate Information Simflarly, bold face and italic print- can be found in Jonassen (1982). ing. in vaiying sizes, can easily he Hartaley & Burnhill 61977), and used to create headlines and section Haillitley (1978). SWailar guidesexist titles. Hopefully, educators will pay for traphics (Merrill & Bunderson, attention to the growing body of 198=; Jonassen, 1982; Levie &Lentz. literature on haw to use text elements 198=). effectively, rather than simply using

Vi Ilia extension function0elkely;to be affected byDTP?

It is not always the case that a product gets used in the way it was intended, and predictions about the uses of computers eon be wildly inaccurate. Nevertheless. would like to speculate on a few extension functions that seem likely to be affected itivrtishig brochures andcamera- by the proliferation of DTP. readr copy for newspaper and journal advrtisements and axmouneernents Word Processing will wao longer be either "quick and First, DTP wiE likely augment the typewriter jobs or those requir- now-widespread word-processing ing r=arofessional attention from a function. Instnictional materials, grapThic arts specialist.A third cate- reports, and publications of various gory brochures and advertisements types will likely begin to incorporate cresed by a programmer or asecre- more graphics, and will look less like tary =..isin4 DTP methods, wW evolve. they have been produced on a type- (Carful exarrliation of advertise- writer and more like they have been niesis in your local newspaper wid typeset, even while requiring less sorri magazines- notably computer intervention of specialists in the niagozines- will show that some of graphic arts and printing trades. thenli are currently being produced on tIle S..ime equipment as Is used in Overhead projection transpaxencies can be made quickly and easily (through xerography). in tYpe that 15 legible and large enough to be read klalnferins, Fart-sheet s. and easily from the screen- and again. i1ea=-47etteis graphics are easily incorporated with text. Bu)Jer-um, fact-sheets, and newsletters will 1).-egln to assimie a more profes- Forms of various Muds (including Warp:11-ml look while requiring less questionnaires) can be made to look atterwilion from specislly-trained professiongd, usimg fonts suitable for peoplw.e. Some editors are finding that the purpose at hand, rather than being thereare virtues in a dynamic constrained to one type awe and style, layoumt process, now that itcan be withnut the considerable cost of accoliplished without the editor typesetting. having to acquire skills previously

11 ion 10

found only I= layout artists and professional-looking ma erials tYPogniphert and without having to xerographically, the requirement of tolerate deat=qline-threatening delays large prtnt runs to keep unit costs while variott other production reasonable becomes less important, speciallsts clan, their Jobs. Journals. and press runs suitable to annual monogaphs., and even books which enrollment can be made, lessening might forinely have had prohibit- storage costs. ively expensEwe typesetting costs can now be contmcnplated as "in-housc" projects, Even something as mundane asa sign f.fizscation Print.1Materials placed on the door of the room wherea workshop is being held can be made to Distance eduadcation materiEds can be look impressive, at very little cost, by brought to oixnera-ready forni with printing l&rge type through a laser relatively fem,- graphic arts sidlls. printer. Wrge as 127 point Changes In cwziurse content or the (aPproximat 3/4") can be pro- change Oa twirtbook edition that duced as eisIIy as more typical sizes. inevitably rem4u1re the revision of The days o transfer letterimg course materals can be accommo- seem numbered. and "quick and dirty dated relativly painlessly, without hmld letterthg (with felt pen on news- the necessity of re-doing paste-ups print) will soon begin to look whenever a s.gment of text is Mserted unacceptably sloppy. or deleted, \Wath the ability to produce

kt the effects of DTPs tive or negative

Some of the effeents of DTP axe clearly for required =pensive, spcctal expertise. the good. others re likely to be construed The power to cause the preparation of as negative, at lest by some people, and such publications, then, was limited still others art a saixed blessing. to a relative few. DIP is chamtrig that. Although DTP is still not cheap. the relative cost of prepartng high EivoiDena=rat quality originals has dropped consid- One importarwt effect of DTP is that of erably over the past few years. givinga empowermen_ Just as the invention great many Welividuals and organiza- of moveable 43e brought the power to tions that capacity, and the prospects become educaed to a hither-to disen- seem good for still lower costs in the franchised poluoulace, so will ready future. availabilthi or MI" bring a simtlar Clem-ly, this empowerment is a good empowerinenl in terms of the ability thin,g for people. Just as the mass to produce grmisphics and high-quality availability of prtntLng with move- type. In other words. it used to be that able type was. As noted earlier, one of the preparaticwil of a publication ustng the consequences of empowerment is tYPeset print mulid (especially) graphics likely to be a growth in the general

12 D'IT, and Ex/ennion 11

level of ability to communicate professional lil-e. Much educating of graphically. At the same time, there the general populace in the principles was an allusion earlier to one poten- of graphic design and typography tial concorriltant effect that is some- needs to be done, and graphic destgn- what less than desirablethe like- ers are ha the best position to do it. lihood that during the time that the general population is le&rni_ng how to A similar negative reaction from use this new (more graphic) form of secretaries a few years ago, when word communication more effectively, lots processing was just betng introduced of ugly and ineffective print materials into the office environment, flared up. will be produced. then died a natural death, as secre- taries realized that it was indeed a boon not to have to re-type for the Effects on third thne those reports their bosses graphic were writing. Rather than replactng secretaries, technology has, by and DTP can be cimected to produce one of large. simply changed their roles, and two polar reactions amongst graphic the same outcome is likely for gaphic artists, designers, and editors: love or artists. hate. On the other hand, some gaphic Initialty, one might expeeL LO firid rtists and designers have taken to negative reactions to DTT:' ft-om the technology with alacrity and graphic artists. A twical reaction enthusiasm. The fact that a number mtght be the over-dramatation of of international graphic arts organ- the problems mated by ugly and izations (often associated with ineffective communications prepared newspaper syndicates) have adopted by laypeople unversed in the princi- DTP technology on a large scale ples of graphic communlcation. A indicates that some graphic artists common reaction of graphic artists Ls and deskgriers feel that the tncreased to note what the MT environment efficiency and reduced cost of DTP- cannot do, rather than focussing on produced graphics make its use what it permits the layperson to do worthwhile. that could not be done before. These are not unexpected reactions from a subgroup that feels threatened by technolow. Just as twesetters felt the pressure a couple of decades ago There is one aspect to the phenom- when computers began to infiAtrate enon that will challene adrnini- their craft, so graphic designers will strators and graphic artists together. begin to feel a loss of prestige and How does an organization go about opportunity, in a rammer little developing and maintaining a different from that of the buggy-whip consistent organizational visual manufacturers at the te of the image, now that empowerment is introduction of the automobile. widespread. In the "good old days" The wise ones, however, rather than (i.e., two or three years ago), artwork feeling threatened, will seize the prepared within the organization for opportunities created by the new public consumption was, by virtue of technology to become more productive its calling on specialized skills. Ifirely with little or no sacrifice in quality of to be done or at least coordinated by

13 DTP and Extepalon 12

an in-house graphic arts inclividual or range, but they are very expensive. department. which could, through its Still, if resolutions of that magnitude involvement, sustain a consistent are necezsaty, they are available. At visual image throughout its pmducts. the same Mne, the price of 300 dpi (This consistency riAght be as simple laser printers has fallen considerably as ensurtng that every newspaper since their introduction just a couple advertisement canles the organiza- of years ago, and now that several tion's logo, or that all reports or manufacturers are producing printers advertising brochures be of identical capable of interpreting the PostScript or at least visually consistent language. further price reductions can for mat.) be anticipated. This, of course, means Now that many. if not all, employees that they will become more wide- of an organization are becoming spread, and the average technical visually empowered, the situation is quality of printed materials will rise. chanang markedly, and a degener- ation of organUational visual image can be predicted to coincide with the Publichtng is not the rise of visual empowerment. Knee- jerk reactions placing graphic artists In a sense, the term 'desktop publish- into the role of gate-keeper. approving ing' Is a misnomer: the term 'desktop or rejecting all other employees' printkig' more accurately describes products that contain visual repre- the capability. The point is. there isa sentations. are likely to be as good deal more to publishing than ineffecttve as suggesting that every- printing the product in an attractive- thing employees write must be looking font with good technical subjected to the scrutiny of an editor. quality. As already noted, ecliting and More creative methods of admtn- visual design skills are required. Just istering a consistent visual image for as word processing has assisted an organization are goMg to have to editim, DTP processes are assisting be invented to cope with this problem. layout and page composition. The machines can speed the process by making revisions easier, but they cannot replace the human thought processes required for design. Bad There is no doubt that the teclmical editing or layout will still look bad quality of the printed word now even if done on D1:' processes available to the layperson has (although, perhaps, somewhat less so). kicreased manyfold from that of a few Quality conirol must continue to be a years ago. Stifi, for many applica- concern for publishers, whether they tions, the 300-dots-per-1nch (dpi) be the desktop variety or not. resolution that DTP systems are Inputtftig text, binding, distribution, capable of Ls simply not enough. and rnarkethag also lb= part o: The question of technical quality publishing. mei DTP technology does cannot be divorced entirely from that nothing to reduce costs associated of cost. As already noted, devices now with these functions. DTP really exist that cmi take stwidard DTP deals only with productng the original output and print it on photographic copy. paper with resolutions in the 2500 dpi It should also be recoØUzed that the

14 advent of DTP has essentially shifted because a job eon be done by computer the locus of responsibility (and thus, is not in itself sufficient reason that it cost) from the printer to the publisher, should be done. Each potential task in many cases. It is true that MT' must be examined in terms of both teclmology can lead to apparently possibility and necessity, because the reduced primting costs through the in- temptation offered by the "hammer'. is house production of camera-rea strong. copy, but the cost of preparing that camera-ready copy is still a real one, Administrators will have to use regardless of who does it. shrewd judgement to detemaine which combinallorm of employees and DTP capabilities will have the highest The learning clove and the potential payoff fcr their organizations: fur- or nt lication thermore, they will have to expect to have a few experknents fall, all in the Me any technology, requires a name of progress. certaffi amount of learning before it can be used efficiently and effectively. Some jobs are still best done 'the old Administrators are going to have to be way' cutting and pasting bits of vigilant to ensure that theh- employ- paper especially if they are one-time ees do not spend considerable efforts. Whenever there is likely to be amounts of time acquiring skills that repetition, changing content wldle they do not really need to do their jobs retainlAg format. however, DTP is well, but nevertheless want to acquire, likely to save time and money. just because they are cu_rrent and popular. At the same time, as already noted, computers do not ahvays get used orily for the purposes for which they were intended. You may already know that early in the history of computers a market forecast concluded that the United States "might's have need of as many as nine computers eventually (Axlams ee Haden. p. 42). We all klow how wrong that projection wasl The most important reason for the error was that the people makfrig the pro- jections could not foresee the variety of uses to which the computer is eventually being put. It may very well be that employees will find new.. unimagined applications within an organization for DTP processes, and this possibility argues in favor of investing employees' time and energy in learning them. By the same token, computers caret cure stupidity or bad judgement Just

15 MP rind Extension 14

References

Adams. J. M.. & Haden, D. H. (1976) Social effects of computeruse and misuse New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Men-ill, P. F.. & Bunderson, C. V_ (1981) Prelimluaiy guidelines foremploying graphics in tristruction. Journal of Instructional Development, 4(4). 2-9.

Levie, W. H., & Lentz. T (1982). Effects of text illustrations: Areview of reseaseh. Educational C.Jrnmunications and Technology Journal, 30(4), 195-232. Hartley, J. (1978). Designtng Instructional text London: Kogan Page.

Hartley, J., & Bun-an, P. (1977). Fifty guidelines for irnproringinstructio Programmed Learning and Educational Technology, 14, 65-73.

Jon-assen, D. H. (Ed.) (1982). The technology of te-vt: Principles forstructuring, designing. and displaying text. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Tech_nology Publications.

Speigelman, M. design for documents. PC World 5(2)EMarchl. 178-185.

16 15

Appe dix

Additional Readings on DTP The following articles should be useful for orienthlg ihenovice to the area of desktop publishing. Although most of these references are quite recent, thearea of desktop publishing-like computk-ig in general- is chnging daily; thus the olderthe article, the less credence should be gtven to descriptions of hardware and sofrwarecapabilities. The list below is not necessarily either comprehensiveor complete. It is tntended only as an entry point to the literature.

Alsop. S. (1987). Desktop publishing without hype. PCMagazine. 6(3 eharyl. 110- 115. Biedny. D.. & Bermm. I. S. (1988a). The business of desktop publishiAg.MacUser Special Supplement: Desktop Publishing on the Mac. 1(9) [June). 13-17. Biedny. D.. & Bennan. 1. S. (1986h). Desktop publishing directory.MacUser Special Supplement: Desktop Publishing on the Mac, 1(9) [June). 30-31. Bobker. S. (1988). 'Me ABC's of desktop publishing. Macuser SpecWSupplement: Desktop Publishing on the Mac, 1(9) [June). 2-5.

Bums. D.. & Venit, S. (1987a). Muscling in on the Mac. PC MagazIne.6(3) [Feb-al-A, 119-156. Burns. D.. & Venit, S. (198713). Stacking up to the Mac. PC Magc 8(3) EFebrnaryl. 159- 173. Colifiman. R (1988). The scoop on newsletters. MacUser SpectalSupplement: Desktop Publishing on the Mac. 1(9) (June). 7-10. R (1985). Proficient pagemaldn,g. Macworld, 3(9) (August), 116-119. Onosko. T. (1986a). On your Macs.... M ser. 1(7) [April). 69-73. Onasko. T. (1986b). You're my type. MacUser SpecLal Supplement Desktop Publishing on the Mac, 1(9) (June), 18-24. Robertson. B. (1985) Page making on your micro. PopularComputing. November. 60- 62, 134. 137. Russell. P. C. (1986). Bringing PageMaker to life. MacUser. 1( 4) November].74-78. Shapiro. E. (1t771171. Personally designed. MacUser. 3(6) (Julia 90-96. Simonsen. R (1985). Micro-based desktop publishing. PopularCompu her) 59. 129-130. Steinke. S. (1987). DTP comes to DOS. Computerland Magazi 2(3) (March/April). 50- 59. 67.

17 -n

DTP Software The following software list mid -"escriptionsare, like the references Listed previously. not necessarily comprehensive or complete. New productsemerge every week, and occasion,ally a product is withdrawn from the market. Noendorsement is implied of products listed, nor is disapproval intended by omission. The software below is all MacUltosh-basegl. As noted in the body ofthis paper, analogs to the products below are emerging very rapidly for the PC-DOS market. Prices, unless otherwise noted, are list prices, in U.S. dollars. Inmany cases, the prices available from U.S. software mail-order discountersare appreciably lower than list prices. Canadian prices may be considerably different: please contactyour local dealer.

Word Processors The now-famtliar functions of word processors have been augmentedin many cases. with spellirtg-checkers, grammar-checkers, outring, andother en_hancements. Some of these functions are available as "add-on"programs for misting word processors. Only those programs claimirig to be primarily wordprocessors are listed below.

Just Text $195. Knowledge Engireering. GPO Box 2139, New York, NY10116. Laser Authnr. $199.95. Firebird Licensees, PO Box 49. Ramsey, NJ 07446. MacWrile. $125 ($50 CDN Educational price). Apple Canada, 7495Birclunount Road. Markham. Ont. L3R 5G2. MtriclWrif e. $125. MkndWork Software, PO Box 222280, Carmel,CA 93922. Word. $195. Microsoft. 16011 NE 36th Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399. Ward 3.0. $393. Microsoft. 16011 NE 36th Way. Redmond, WA98052-6399. Word Handier. $79.95. Advanced Logic Systems, 1283 ReamwoodAve., Sunnyvale, CA 94089. WritelVow for the Macintosh. $175. T/Maker, 1973 LandingsDr., Mountain Vie

Graphics Graphics are of several types: (numericW) graphs: drafting emulators,general line- drawing programs. 3-D graphics. Progrmis are beginning to 'blend"together in terms of function, asund it is sometimes difficult to classifya given prog=, since it is capable of doing several kinds of graphics generation. Sometimes,a graphics component is added to a program which is intended primarily for anotherpurpose, as in the case where graphs can be drawn with spreadsheet prograrns. Furthermore, graphics programs can be describedas either bit-mapped or object- oriented. In bit-mapped graphics, a line drawn is 'remembered" by thecomputer as a collection of points forming the line. Thus elements drawn withbit-mapped graphics

18 progams can be eclited, point by p For =ample, a cu-cle cowld have a portion removed to produce a shape JIk f. the letter 'C'. usinga bit-mapped graphics program. In object-oriented graphics programs, by contrast, each elementLs composed of primitive shapes like lines, arcs, rectangles. circles. etc. While elementscan be made Jnrger or smaller, they cannot be edited M the same wayas bit-mapped graphics can. Each approach to graphics has its advantages and clisadvantages. whichis one reason that some programs ha (e recently been mak available that do both bit-mappedand object- oriented graphics in the same program-

Graphing Prorranis Chart. $125. Microsoft. 16011 NE 36th Way. Redmond, WA 98052-6399. Citcket Graph. $195. Cricket Software, 3508 Market St.,Philadelphia, PA 19104. Jazz. $595. Lotus, 55 Cambridge PwkAvay. Cambridge, MA 02142.(An integrated package capable of perfomning ftve different functions,one of which is graphs.) ExceL $395. Microsoft. 16011 NE 36th Way. Redmcnd. WA98052-6399. fPriniarily a spread-sheet program, but capable of producing graphs.)

Bit-Mapped Graphics Comic Works. $79. 5. Mindscape. 3444 Dundee Rd., Northbrook.IL 60062. FULLPatnt $99.95. Ann Azbor Softworks, 308 1/2 StateSt., Arm Arbor, NE 48104. GraphicWorks. $79.95. Mindscape. 3444 Dundee Rd.. NorthbroolL M60062. MacFaint. $125 ($50 CDN Educational price). Apple Canada 7495BLrchmoimt Road, Markham, Ont. L3R 5G2. SuperPatnL $99. Silicon Beach. 9580 Black Mountain Rd., PO Box261430, San Diego. CA 92126. (CombMes bit-mapped and object-oriented graphics.)

Object-Oriented Graphics Cricket Dram $295 Cricket Software. 3508 Market St.. PhiladelpIda,PA 19104. Marliraft. $239. Innovathre Data Design. 1975 WillowPass Rd.. Concord, CA 94520. MacDruw. $195 ($192 CDN Educational price). Apple Cmaada,7495 Birchmount Road. Markham, Ont. L3R 5G2. SuperPatnt. $99. Silicon Beach, 9580 Black Mountain Rd., POBox 261430, San Diego. CA 92126. (Combines bit-mapped and object-oriented graphics.)

313 Graphics Easy3D. $149. Enabling Technologies, 600 S. Dearborn. Chicago.IL 60605. Mai:ModEL $40. A_P.P.L.E. Co-op, 290 SW 43rd St., Renton, WA98055. Mac3D 2.0. $249.95. Challenger Software, 18350 KedzieAve., Homewood, M 40430.

13 18

PIIDeTEIX3D.$39.95. Dreams of the Phoenix, PO Box 10273, Jacksonville.FL 32247.

Page Composition (DTP) Programs Page composition programs are the "meat 'of DTP. They pennit the user to manipulate graphic elements on the screen in WYSIWYG fonn, as describedtn the body of ihe paper. MacPublisher IT. $195. Boston Saftwaie P-ublishers. 1260 BoylstonSt.. Boston, MA 02215. PageMaker. $495. kldus, 411 Fisrt Avenue South. Seattle, WA98104. Ragarne. $395. Or-_nge Micro. 1400 N. Lakeview. Anheim. CA92807. RecalySetGol 3. $195. Max-that:tan Graphics, 401 Columbus Ave.,Valhalla, NY 10013.

Typical Hardware Required for D LP The hardware configurations below are Macintosh-based Prices given are Canadian, educational prices. Computer Either a Macintosh 512E, a Macintosh Plus,or a Macintosh SE may be used for DTP_ Although the 512E can be used. its smaller mainmemory may make nrp processtig somexvhat slower than one might Me. The Plus or the SEis therefore preferable. The SE has the advantage of belng capable of housingan internal hard disk. which offers convenient, fast storage of files. Since DTP files tend to be quite large,the hard disk would be an advantage. Macintosh 512E $1693.00 MacUitosh Plus $2162.00 Macintosh SE (standard)$2976.00 Macintosh SE (hard disk) $3697.00

Printer The LaserWriter (or equivalent) printer isa necessity for DTP. A LaserWriter Plus offers a greater selection of fonts and gyeater speed than the LaserWriter, andis therefore desiyable, but not a necessity. It is useful to havea dot matrix printer (an ImageWriter II) for use with applicatioris other than DTP. including stndardword processing and for use with drafts of DTP articles. knageWriter II $597.00 LaserWriter$4928.00 LaserWriter Plus $5617.00

2 0 DTP and E.rtension 19

p e DTP Materials

Pages A-1 to A-6 are actual "first effort" products producedat the Uritversity of Saskatchewan with PageMaker on a Macintosh Plus, and printedon a LaserWriter Plus. The first two pages show the first and second page proofs ofpart of a document. Changes that were made include adjusfing the round-corneredrectangular borders on the top half of the page to fit better around the text fixing thetypographical error in the date at the lower left, and re-writing the segment = the rectan,gleat upper right. The time to chwile the first version Mto a finished second versionwas about 10-15 rcthmtes. with all work done by the eclitor, on the screen. The re-v.Titewas done right within the DTP program, so that the editor could immediately see the effect of changesin wording. Pages A-3 and A-4 show portions of a fact-sheet produced withthe same DTP system. Ln this instance, since the editor was still learning how touse the system, he chose to physically paste in the drawings, but they too could havebeen produced with the Mac- intosh. The rectangular outlines sumauncling the drawingswere created on the screen with PageMaker. The original wag pr=ted on the LaserWriterthen the drawings were simply pasted into place, and quantities of the documentwere printed. All text (with the exception of the masthead, which could have beenbeen done with PageMaker, but had already been prepared by the printer in this instance)was put into place right on the screen. Pages A-5 and A-6 are examples of some printed distanceeducation materials produced at the U of S. Page A-5 illustrates the ease with which vivalimages can be incorporated =to the text. Since the images are digitized, revisions to thetext surrounding the graphics can be revised as necessary without the need forpasting up the graphics. The visage of Karl Marx was tii.gltized from an illusta-ation Oaa textbook, then reduced; the folder and page graphic was drawn directlyon the Macintosh. Page A-6 fflustrates the use of icons (designed at the U of 5) to desigrute certain learner activities.The icons are inserted into the text as characters of a spectal font. Pages 1-7 and1-8 are samples of simple signs produced witha word processing program. It took approximately four minutes to produce the firstsign, Mcluding draw- ing the arrow from "scratch" a job that will not have to be re-done,since the =ow has now been saved as a graphic element, and can be pasted Into place whereverit is needed. (While I was at it I rotated the originalarrow to make three similar arrows, pointing in each of the other direceons, for future usea job that tookabout 60-70 seconds.) By amply substituting a new set of words for the old,using the now-familiar power of the word processor, the second si,gn took less than 30seconds to produce. Finally, the two drawings of automobileson pages 1-9 and 1-10 are Lncluded merely to illustrate the quality of graphics that can be producedon a Macintosh. They were not produced at the U of S. The triptych brochure distributed separatelywas prepared on PageMaker, using a template document. Whenever a new brochure withthe same format (but different content) is needed, the template is simply "filled" withnew words; the formatting is auto, Again, all work is done on the screen, and no pastingup of bits of paper is required.

21 A-1 "nift Changing,cont. en re ch ktop Publishing, cont. number of farmers are living on agents." In the future we will the knife edge these days, with have to use all our professional Pagemaker software to layout a very cloudy financial future. abilities as change agents inour the publicadon on thecomputer Many wonder if this is thefr last jobsandourprofessional screen.Finally, we ran the year on the farm.Extension organizationstobring in publication on our laser printer agentsalsofaceuncertain change smootl ly and correctly. and sent it "camera-ready"to mes. Most have faced re- Our abilityto communicate Ottawa for printing. organization, "downsaing," or withourclientsandour some change in their careers colleagues will become our The wonderofthis ew lately. biggest asset.We must use technology is that is al s us this skill wisely to help shapea to prepare pu ications Our organization, CSE, is better future. "camera-ready" ourselves, also in aansition.Over the whereas in the p ypesetting nexttwo years CSE may It is rime to begin creating and layout e done at the changesignificantly,along this future. We must step print shop a time- with AIC. The fur= holds a forward now and take consumin expensiveand great deal of uncertainty for our advantage of the opportunities often stratingprocedure. organization. We may relate to that may emerge. Please The nepagemaking software AIC in a much different way in express your opinions on AIC also es us mckp scope for two years' time. Our resuucturing and CSE's place crevity in our layouts, since membership may change in AIC to the board members. th design of the pagescan be drastically. Such chanses can We need ideas, opinions and ged easily and (Maly.* be unsettling and difficult to direction in order to determine al with. Extension workers the future.

EVALUATION: HAVE OURPROGRAMS AN IMPACT?

Glen Werner, P.Ag., District Aviculturist,S e Alberta question being asked is: "What Glen'sarticlegivesthe timeremainedforprogram is the impact or long-range evaluation. highlights of a presentation by effect of this specfflc activityor The times have Dr. William Rivera, Professor program?" changed. Now evaluation must of Adult Educationatthe be very much a part of the total University of Maryland.Dr. education programdevelop- Dr. W. M. Rivera remhids ment. Rivera was speaking ata usthat inthiscurrent Evaluation can have seminarin ntonin environment of reassessment three major purposes: November, 1 .tp242Called governments and institutions I) It can be useful to the "Program Evaluation in Adult have placed major emphasison program presenter by helping Education," the seminar "impact" studies. The pressure improve the presentation. was.sponsoredby Alberta is stronger than ever to "prove" Evaluation asks if knowledge Agriculture,the Faculty ofprogrameffectivenessand and attitude changes have taken Extension of the University of usefulnessbyperformAnce place.It Oso observes if there Alberta, and the Canadian testing and practice surveys, are changes in the skills and Society of Extension. and even more so by way of aspirations of the learners. direct studies of "impact,"or Adulteducation0pro- end result 2) Evaluation can grams are now under the sharp determineiftheprogram scrutiny of policy makers and Inthepast,extension objectives were met.Did a administrators.Program effi- educators have often been so practice change result from the ciency is being measured in involved in needs assessment, program, and has there been a hard economic terms such as program planning, and design long-range impact as a result of cost-benefit ratios. The current and implementation that little the pro ? 2 22 A-2 Times Chaneng,eont. ferred to as "change agents.' Desktop Publishing, cont. number of farmers are livingon In the future we will haveto the knife edge these days, with use all our professional abilities Pagemaker software to layout a very cloudy financial future. as change agents in our jobs the publication on thecomputer Many wonder if this is their last and ourprofessionalor- screen.Finally, we ran the year on the farm.Extension ganizations to bring in change publication on our laser printer agentsalsoface=certain smoothly and comedy. Ou and sent it "camera-ready"to times.Most have faced re- ability to communicate withour Ottawa for prinffng. organization, "downsizing," or clients and our colleagues will some change in theix careers become our biggest asset. We We invite you to sendus: lately. must use this skill wisely to articles about programs, activ- help shape a better future. ities and research; material for Our organization, CSE, our up-coming "People" also in transition.Over the columns, which will reporton nexttwoyears CSE may It is d.ne to begin creating the activities and achievements changesignificantly,along thisfuture. We must step of our members; andnotes on with AIC. The future holdsa forward now and take ad- new publications. Please sub- great deal of uncertainty for our vantage of the opportunities mit mated& for the Spring organization. We may relate to that may emerge. Please issue of EIB by May 15. AIC in a much differentway ki express your opinions on AIC Co-editors: BruceHobin two years' time.Our mem- restructuring and CSE's place (P.Ag) and Bert Wolfe, bership may change cliastically. in AIC to the baud members. Extension Specialists, Division Such changes can be unsettling We need ideas, opinions and of Extension, University of and difficultto de& with. direction in order to determine Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N Extension workers are oftenre- the future.

EVALUATION: HAVE OURPROGRAMS MADE AN IMPACT?

Glen Werner, P.Ag., District Aviculturist,Sten ler, quesdon being asked is: "What Glen'sarticlegivesthe time remainedforprogram is the impact or long-range evaluation. highlights of a presentation by effect of this specific activityor The times have Dr. William Rivera, Professor program?" changed. Now evaluationmust of Adult Educationatthe be very much a part of the total University of Maryland. Dr. education programdevelop- Rivera was speaking Dr. W. M. Rivera reminds rnent. at a usthatin thiscurrent Evaluation can have seminarin Edmonton in enviromment of reassessment major purposes: November,1986. Called 1) It can be useful "Program Evaluation in Adult governments and tnstitutions to the have placed major emphasison program presenter by helping Education," the seminar was improve sponsored "impact" studies. Thepressure the presentation. by Alberta Ag- is stronger than ever to "prove" Evaluation asks if knowledge riculture,theFacultyofprogram Extension of the University effectiveness &nd and attitude changes have taken o usefulnessbyperformance place. It also observes if there Alberta, and the Canadian testing and practicesurreys, are changes in the skills and Society of Extension. and even more so byway of aspirations of the learners. direct studies of "impact,"or Adulteducation&pre end restnt. 2) Evaluation can grams are now under the sharp determineiftheprogram scrutiny of policy makers &nd Inthepast,extension objectives were met.Did a administrators.Program effi- educators have often beenso practice change result from the ciency is being measured in involved in needs assessment, program, and has there been a hard economic terms suchas program planning, and design long-range impact as a result of cost-benefit ratios. The current and implementation that little the program?

3 KIBUSITED BY TIM orinstoN oF ceis APRIL I9F7. PUBL 553 PRUNING S. H. Nelson and C. Stu.shnoff Department of Horticulture Science

GENRAL CONSIDERATIONS task.For example, the of pruning a hedge is to maintain full foliageand encourage Timing bud breaks inlow thecut; therefore, heading cuts In the Prairie provinces pruning isbest done are recommended. At the otherextreme is the inlatewinter and earlyspring. Most pruning of a mature apple homeowners will have tree, where excessive very little pruang to do, growth has produced too muchshading and, as a so they can afford to wait fora mild, sunny result, the fruit has deteriorated spring day when it is in terms of size a pleasure to get outdoors. and numberin this case, removalcuts are In a few cases, pmning iscarried out at other recommended because the times; these situations will be discussed purpose of pruning is later. to remove a few branches. Thiswill allow more light to penetrate and produce Types of Cuts gooduality frAdt. There are 2 types of cuts thatcan be made Careful Cutting on any particular treeOne is known asa Remember to make thecuts flush with the heading cut (Hg la).It is made anywhereon trank so that no stubs rennin.If prurdng shears a twig between 2 nodes oron branches or limbs. are held the wrong way,a stub will always The second type ofcut is the removal cut lg . remain. It is importantto hold the flat p&rt of the lb); it is made toremove an entire twig, branch, pruning shears flush with thetrunk or branch or limb right back to its origin. where the cut is being made. The heading cut is madeto deliberate' Pruning often involvescutting relatively stimulate dormant buds belowthe cut to large, heawy branches. If and develop new branches. Thistype of cut is the saw cut is started made when shearinga hedge so that new buds on the upper side of the branch, thewood below below the shearing action will the saw cut will oftenbreak because of the develop and weight of the branch.The broken branch is produce a full, thick hedge effect.The purpose likely to pull off a long strip of the removal cut isto deliberately remove a of bark down the trunk. To avoid this, beginthe saw cut on the twig, such as a watersprout in an apple, without underside of the branch, and inducing further bud growthor bud break. Ln cut until the saw this case, the cut thMsout and allows the just starts to bind (Fig. 2a).Next make a saw cut nenadon of more light into the a little farther out &rid on theupperside of the tree or shrub. branch, a-nd saw downwarduntil the branch breaks off (Fig. 2b and 2c). In deciding which type ofcut to use, keep M Then a smooth, mind the overall purpose of the clean cut can be madeto remove the stub (Fig. 2d specific pruning and 2e). Note that there isa natural collar where

Figure 1 (a) Heading cut; (b) Removal cut. Figure 2 Pruning of a large branch.

24 A tree thinned with 3 major

large stubs that wiX produce many adventitious growth, and die-back will occur.If pruning is buds.The result will be a "witches' broom" not carried out, twigs and branches will die and gowth that will spoil the natural shape of the have to be removed.Because the die-back tree. occurs hi a random way, the natural shape of the tree might be distorted. If heading back is necessary, first examine It is advisable to the tree. There will be a number of ascending selectively head back or tl-Lintrees with injured branches that reach about the desh-ed height. roots to avoid random die-back of top growth. These branches can be left. Simplyremove the offending pornons of the tree at the point of origin. As shown in Fig. 6, this method retains the general shape of the tree. In Fig. 6a, 3cuts are made as indicated by the arrows.The branches removed we shown in Fig. 6b, and the nve after pruning appears in Fig. 6c. This selective pruning approach takes less ume and requires fewer pruning cuts than the "brush cut" method so o ten practiced.Even more knportant, there is no proliferation of adventitious buds; only a small number of branches axe cut, wd the remairdng branchesare Figure 6 Hearling buck of trees_ left to grow normally. Side Branches A similar approach can be taken tu prune side bnutches.Select a secondary branch growing roughly in thesum ditection as the offenditig branch.Then, as shown in Fig. 7, remove the offending portion back to the secondary branch. Pnining After Root Injury Treesare conunonlyprunedbecause branches interfere with telephone andpower lines or obstruct driveway mid sidewalktraffic. Pruning should also be considered when theroot system of the nve is disturbed or injured for example, by sidewalk, driveway or foundation construction or by moving activities. A wee with injured roots will not support its entiretop Figure 7 Heading bac the side. 4 25 procedures as their major tools in the service of existing bureaucracies and power oentras.

To me, the major task of social science is to abstract from the confused flow of events perspectives which clarify and which permit some judgment about a society in the light of moral principles.8

Conflict Tradition

"The materialist doctrine that men are products of cirrumstances and upbringing, and that, therefore changed men are products of other circumstances and changed upbringing, forgets that ft is men who change circumstances ... "The philosophers have only Interpreted the world in various ways; the point, however, is to change it."9

WORKSHEET VAL E NEUTRALITY VALUE COMMITMENT

Above is a treasure trove of opinions and arguments concerning these two concepts.

8Grayson, J. Paul, (ed.) (1983) introductionJo ioloot Toronto: Gage pg.31. 9Tucker, Robert C. (ed.) (1978) The MantErvels Reader New York: W.W. Norton andCo. Inc. pp.144-5.

26 DCCV 420.3: Processes in Condnuirig Education A-6

SECTION C: LEARNER D ECSION MAKING SectionObjectives: When you have completed this scction,you should= 1-6. K_now why people participate in educatio=events. 1-7. Know ways to deternane learnergo,_

Learning Activi ie

Learner Decision Makimgrourse Guide

Complete EXERCISE (17 (to be retained .rul used for the major assigrunent)

Complete EXERCISE and X1-9 in upon completion of this module)

Refer back to the SECTION OWE you can meet then

turner Decision LMaking People give a wide range of reasons for their particip.oadon in educational activities. Table1 lists the results of a survey that asked people whowre considering becoming involved in group educational activities how important the varioulrusreasons were; and asked people who were already participating why toy were.

The important thIng to note in disinformation isthat = not all people participate in learning because of the knowledge they vill gain. Youmay la=tave people attenohng your courses who are there to achieve social goalsor to escape ho=edont The list included Ln the table represents nine modvadonakfactors: desire to knovi..desire to reach a personal goal, desire to reach a social goal, desire to reach a religious goaLL,desire to escape, desire to take part in a social activity, desire to complyith formal requix=ments,desire for personal fulfillment and desire for cultural knowledge, Two generalreasepacms dominate: personal growth arid fulfillmentbecome better inforand, satisfy curiositw,be better parent; and practical concems---advance in job or getanew job, satisfye=mployer. Decisions about whether to learn something, thenwha.:at to learn, are made outside the teaching/learning situation- Theyarernade by theleamsner on his/her own or in consultation with an employer, a family men*,a counsellor. TI=ney axe made based on a combination of the leaxner's understanding of hislher goals,mad 01M the learner's knowledge of available educafionid opportunities and hcothey contributetoil:Lis/her goal achievement Information about educational opportunities provided in calendar,publicity, brochures arid advertisements released by educational insdtutionstia=lefore play a part in establishing the teaching/learnimg environment. Trora it, plus theleanclner's generai knowledge about the institution or orgmization offerg the educationalpi-1=1gram, the learner develops the expectations he/she brings to the program's firstsessiiion.

27 ntroLICIon

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29 ena ursin

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