Ultra Chemistry Vol. 8(1), 105-116 (2012).

Impact of Effluent of Carpet Industries Containing Municipal Sewage ( – Sant Ravidas Nagar , , ) On Germination and Seedling Growth of Barley and Gram-with special reference to Waste water Treatment Method

SAROJ GUPTA

Research Scholar Nehru Gram Bharati University, Kotwa-jamunipur, , Uttar Pradesh (INDIA) Administrative Office-12, Park Street, New Delhi Telefax: 011-23094091

(Acceptance Date 12th April, 2012)

Abstract

In the carpet industry synthetic dyes and washing chemicals are used in huge quantity above the permit limit. On one hand these chemicals improve the quality of carpet and if do not manage properly and poured in the water reservoir have cumulative effect because of its non-degradable properties.Ghosia is a Town city of district sant Ravidas nagar Bhadohi. It is situated in between Kashi and Prayag.In this town several carpet industries and dye houses are found which are international fame. In this area carpet industries are used much water and released in polluted forms because the dye house emits several chemicals and dyes during the manufacturering and colorization of woolen and cotton yarns.

In present work the impact of the effluent of dye house of carpet industries was taken to study, situated in Ghosia Town (Sant Ravidas Nagar, Bhadohi) for this study two test plants wheat (Triticum aestivum–var-343) and Barley (Hordeum Vulgare Var-Jyoti) were taken. It was observed that the toxic effect of lead on growth and metabolism of germinating wheat and Barley. In this paper the seed germination and seedling growth the seed were selected for uniformity in size and weight.

The surface of seed was sterilized with 0.1% aqueous solution of HgCl2. Further it explores the possibility of the treatment of waste dyeing water with the help of various methods. Key words: Carpet industry, synthetic dye, Cicer arietinum, municipal sewage, radical, Water treatment. Corresponding address: Professor’s Colony, , S.R.N. (Bhadohi) Pin-221304, Phone no. 09936895570. Email. Sarojgupta [email protected]:, [email protected]. 106 Saroj Gupta

Introduction adjacent to dye house at Khamaria town.

Rapid progress of industrialization has These factory effluents are dropped been of great advantage to mankind. However, out from factory without proper treatment to environmental pollution has also been its by- the river Ganga through a big Nala (Terhwa Nala). product. It is well established that effluents Some farmers use this polluted water for are non degradable. When these pollutants irrigation of their crops. Due to this practice, become accumulated in animals through food pollutants become accumulated in edible parts chain, they become biomagnified in their cells. of plants. Through the food chain pollutants Some pollutants of industrial effluent are toxic reach in human & cattle body & cause several and non-biodegradable. These pollutants diseases to consumers. damage protein molecules and inhibit several The municipal water of Khamaria is Bio-chemical enzymatic reactions. also a rich source of organic nutrients and toxic The factory effluent is also rich source chemicals. This water has got twin effect on of heavy metals and has created a major crisis. the plants i. e. enhanced growth due to organic This effluent in toxic level is deleterious on nutrients and accumulation of toxic substances plant and animal system usually by damaging in the edible parts of the plants. protein molecules and blocking enzymatic reactions. It is of interest to assess the impact of carpet industries effluents of Khamaria on In Khamaria town, District - Sant Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and Gram ( Cicer Ravidas Nagar ( Bhadohi ), there are several arietinum ) plants, because these belong to carpet industries of international fame. These energy food and body building food respectively. industries use several chemicals and dyes Poor farmers who have not irrigation facilities, during the manufacture of woollen and cotton usually grow barley for energy food, and also yarn and carpets. Thus these industrial wastes cultivate without irrigation. contain several pollutants. Some of them are Besides, the above crops do not require toxic for plants and animals. Effluents of these excessive use of fertilizer. Due to the above industrial wastes have polluted soil and water factors poor farmers grow the above crops.

Fig. 1 Impact of Effluent of Carpet---Waste water Treatment Method. 107

In Khamaria some farmers use and industrial effluent) for irrigation led to polluted water i.e. Dye house effluents and growth promotion of Carrot root (Doucus municipal sewage for irrigation of their above carota cv. P.K.) and Potato tuber (Solanum indicated crops. The municipal sewage mainly tuberosum cv. 2708) grown in field receiving contains urban commercial and domestic such irrigation showed higher amount of total wastes, industrial wastes, chemical fertilizers, N, protein N, Soluble N and total P. It was also biomedical wastes and pesticides. Since these reported that there was low amount of reducing waters contain toxic elements and there occurs sugar in Potato tuber and Carrot root. up-take of toxic substance by the above indicated Quenche et. al.4 have observed that plants. So the toxic elements reach the plants and become accumulated into the edible parts when heavy metal is added to soil, decreased of the plants. From these plants through food to leaf that dry weight of Corn, Soya been, chain the toxic elements reach in our body Gram and Wheat have been found with metals system and damage protein specially by blocking increasing concentration in soil or nutrient the enzymatic reactions. solution. Linmann et. al.5 reported Cadmium The present study was undertaken to up-take by wheat from sewage sludge used evaluate the effect of carpet industry effluent as plant nutrient sources. on seed germination and seedling growth. Based on dose response curve obtained from studies Mishra P. And Ambasht8 studied the three sites of carpet industry effluent are selected. impact of effluent of carpet industries (Bhadohi) One selected effluent was promotory and on seed germination of Triticum acstivam cv. others were inhibitory. Impact of these effluents R.R. 21. It was reported that effluent containing of three sites on growth and yield of some crop Chromium (Cr) was inhibitory for seed plants i. e. Hordeum vulgare cvs and Cicer germination of test plants. arietinum cvs are under taken. Mukharji and Ganguli9 shows that the Benerji and Kumar1 studied that the treatment of Rice seed with HgCl‚ (10-² m) use of polluted water (Containing municipal for 24 hours led to seedling growth.

Fig. 2 108 Saroj Gupta

Material and Methods The growth of test plant is increased by the municipal sewage water was containing To study the impact of carpet industries carpet industries effluent irrigation. This process effluent containing municipal sewage on growth is responsible for heavy metal accumulation of Hordeum vulgare and Cicer arietinum, in edible parts of plants which is hazardous. municipal sewage containing carpet industries effluent were collected from Khamaria town. Discussions To study the above polluted water on germination and growth of test plants, seeds were selected According to this observation the seed for their uniformity criteria being size and germination was promotory in Municipal shape. Selected seeds were sterilized with sewage containing carpet industries effluents 0.1% HgCl ‚ solution and thoroughly washed 2 in Hordeum vulgare in comparison of Cicer with distilled water. Two set of experiments arietinum. In case of seedling growth there were performed. In one set selected sterilized was the maximum promotion was recorded in and thoroughly washed seed of test plants Hordeum vulgare. (Hordeum vulgare and Cicer arietinum) was imbibed in distilled water for 12 hours. In My Observation of promontory of second set of experiments seeds were imbibed for their full imbibitions period in municipal seed germination under the influence of carpet sewage containing carpet industries effluents. industries effluent is comparable with earlier investigations on factory effluents treatment 2 Imbibed seeds were transferred on viz. Agarwal S. And Kumar A. , Singh M. And moistened filter paper in Petri plates. For first Singh D.7 and Chaney R.L.10. Seedling growth set of experiment (Control set) filter paper was in our finding indicate that it is promotory in moistened by polluted water containing polluted water in comparison to control set municipal sewage and carpet industries (Distilled water). effluents. Need of Waste Water Treatment : Result Waste Water is defined as water which The results will be carried on Hordeum vulgare in polluted water set (municipal carries wastes from homes, industries, businesses sewage containing carpet industries effluent) or any other sources. It is usually a mixture of the radical growth was enhanced 110% of water and dissolved or suspended solids. Since control and coleoptile growth was enhanced water is becoming a scarce commodity, hence 112% of control set. it is imperative to evolve technologies which treat them efficiently so that they can be reused. In case of Cicer arietinum in polluted water set, the radicle growth was enhanced Treatment is also necessary because it helps 112% of the control set and epicotyl growth was in the reduction of physical, physiological, 109% from the control set. radioactive, biological and chemical pollutants. Impact of Effluent of Carpet---Waste water Treatment Method. 109

Types of Waste Water Treatment Plants : Water Treatment Plant

Depending on the nature of the Waste Primary Treatment Water to be treated, Waste Water can be classified as: Primary treatment includes chlorination, sedimentation and sludge digestion. Sludge Sewage Treatment Plants digestion takes place in a sludge digester in Sludge Treatment Plant which the organic or inorganic wastes and solids Industrial Waste Water Treatment removed from sedimentation are subjected to Agricultural Waste Water Treatment Plant anaerobic fermentation. Since inorganic Radioactive Waste Water Treatment Plant suspended solids hinder the performance of Recycling Waste Water Treatment Plant the biological oxidation of organic matter hence their removal is necessary. Removal of organic Effluent Treatment Method : suspended solids present in the effluents Effluent treatment method consists of reduces the aeration tank volume requirement following process-Coagulation, Flocculation, which provides a primary clarification system Sedimentation, Filtration, Chlorination, Softening. prior to aerobic biological treatment process. For the best results these process should be followed in sequence. The water so treated Secondary Treatment : can be used again for any industrial or other process. In some effluent plants however, In a secondary treatment process bio sedimentation/settling units are used for solids are separated from the water. Here primary as well as for the secondary treatment soluble organic matter is biologically oxidized of solid liquid separation. These solids are in the presence or the absence of oxygen. The present in colloidal forms which are removed process mainly removes dissolved organic primary sedimentation/ setting tanks of matter and reduces biological oxygen demand. clarifier. Whole process takes place in a secondary treatment system. A good secondary system Wastewater Treatment Methods : has surface overflow rate of 16-80 meter cube/ Wastewater is treated in following stages: meter square of the clarification area per day.

Pre-Treatment : Tertiary Treatment :

Pre-Treatment is a process which Tertiary treatment is primarily used to involves the passing of the effluent through recycle water for industrial reuse. It may be the screen chambers to remove large floating also use if the effluent from a secondary solid particles which are settled in the primary treatment plant is not satisfactory. The process sedimentation tanks. In this process apart from used in tertiary treatment system is filtration, pre-chlorination, heavy suspended impurities demineralization and the reverse osmosis are also removed. process. 110 Saroj Gupta

Integrated Wastewater Treatment Plant in biological content of the sewage like human a Beach Area waste, food waste, soaps and detergent and dye waste. In this method bacteria and protozoa Stages of Sewage Treatment : convert the biodegradable soluble organic contaminants into flock. Sewage treatment is accomplished in three stages which are as follows: In Secondary treatment systems two methods viz. fixed film and suspended growth PrimaryTreatment : are used. In these methods sewage passes over the surface of the biomass which grows on In a primary treatment wastewater is the media. Of these two systems fixed film relieved from the contaminants like coarse system is preferred as it can easily cope with sands, pebbles, organic and inorganic wastes, drastic changes in the amount of biological fatty substances etc. The waste water consists material and can provide higher removal rates of large objects like rags, cans, tin etc which for organic material and suspended solids than are removed by screen. This is necessary suspended growth systems. because the presence of these objects can harm the sensitive parts of the plant. Followed For strong organic loads sometimes by the screen there is a grit chamber that are used roughing filters used. These filters usually for removing sand and other heavy inorganic. consist of tall, circular filters which are filled The materials so collected in the grit chamber with open synthetic filter media where sewage are collected and bagged for disposal. is applied at a relatively high rate. These filters are fabricated to for high hydraulic loading and The liquid being freed from grit is a high flow-through of air. passed to through the fixed or rotating screens in order to get rid of floating and larger materials. Secondary Sewage Treatment Process : Some plants use sedimentation stage in which the sewage is passed through large tanks which Activated sludge plants are also used are called as primary clarifiers or primary in secondary treatment that use dissolved sedimentation tanks. In these tanks floating oxygen to promote the growth of biological materials are removed and homogeneous liquid flock which aids in the removal of the organic is ready for the biological treatment whereas, material. It is also capable of trapping particulate the sludge is separated for the separate treatment. material and can, convert ammonia to nitrite Primary tanks consist of scrapers that drive and nitrate ultimately to nitrogen gas. If plant the sludge towards a hopper in the base of the is receiving more variable loads then trickling tank. From here the sludge is pumped out for filter beds can be used. treatment. In secondary treatment Biological Secondary Treatment : Aerated Filter (BAF) is also used which consist Secondary treatment method uses of reactor filled with a filter media. The media aerobic biological processes to degrade the supports highly active Biomass that is attached Impact of Effluent of Carpet---Waste water Treatment Method. 111 to it and filters suspended solids. Carbon is discharge from industrial facilities. Effluents reduced and ammonia is converted in aerobic are being produced in large amounts from a mode. In the final stage of secondary treatment number of industries, and it is posing a serious biological floc is settled and material is filtered. threat to our environment. Handling of such The sewage water so produced after this type of effluents is quite necessary to prevent treatment contains very low levels of organic our environment from being further threatened material and suspended matter. When the by such dangers11. sewage is passed through rotating biological contractors (RBCs) the microorganism which Effluent Treatment Plant : covered the surface of the RBCs reduce the BOD and further remove suspended matter The effluent treatment plant may from the waste water3. follow any of these processes available today, such as conventional method, modern technology. Tertiary treatment : Here we will concentrate on the conventional method used for the effluent treatment plant. Wastewater is given tertiary treatment The conventional method consists of three to further enhance its quality before they are main stages, which includes: discharged in the environment. The popular methods that are used in this stage are filtration,  Primary Treatment lagooning, removal of chemicals like nitrogen  Secondary Treatment and phosphorus etc. Different treatment  Tertiary Treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen is removed through the Primary Treatment : biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia to nitrate, followed by denitrification, the The primary treatment process consists reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas which is of three processes including, physical treatment, removed to the atmosphere. Phosphorus on chemical treatment, and biological treatment. the other hand can be removed by using two The physical treatment includes the separation processes that is by the use of specific bacteria, of solid and semi-solid materials from the called polyphosphate that accumulate large effluent. This phase use equipment, such as quantities of phosphorus within their cells they grit chamber and bar screen. After the physical are removed from the water ans are used as processing is over, the effluent is treated fertilizer. Chemical precipitation can also be chemical, which includes the processes like used to remove phosphorus. Wastewater is coagulation and flocculation. After the removal sometimes further disinfected by using of solid materials and chemical treatment, the chlorine, ozone gas and ultraviolet light. effluent is passed through a biological treatment Effluent is any substance that creates pollution, process. such as municipal sewage or industrial liquid waste that flows out of a treatment plant, septic Secondary Treatment : system, pipe, etc. Effluent can be the outflow from a sewage treatment facility or the wastewater The secondary treatment includes the 112 Saroj Gupta following processes in the entire treatment popular methods used in this stage are filtration, including, Activated Sludge Process, Aerobic/ lagooning, removal of chemicals like nitrogen Anaerobic Digestion, Sequence Batch Reactor, and phosphorus etc. Various treatment processes Tricking Filter, Oxidation Pond. These two are are used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. the major ones. The ammonia present in the wastewater is changed to nitrite and it is followed by Activated Sludge Process: This denitrification. Phosphorus can be removed by process uses dissolved oxygen to promote the using specific bacteria, called polyphosphate growth of biological floc which helps in that collects large quantities of phosphorus removing the organic material. It can convert within their cells. They are removed from the ammonia to nitrite and nitrate and ultimately water and are used as fertilizer. to nitrogen gas. This process is also capable of trapping particulate material. Waste Water Treatment Recycling

Aerobic/Anaerobic Digestion: Aerobic Conclusion biological processes are used to decompose the biological content of the sewage like food Above diagram has been prepared waste, soaps, detergent and human waste. based on the interpretation of the secondary Bacteria and protozoa are introduced to data sources. It is refered from the observational convert the biodegradable soluble organic result and analysis that there are different types contaminants into floc. of sewage and water treatment method which are useful for recycling of dyeing water. Different Tertiary Treatment : treatment of wastewater is essential to further enhance its quality. After the various filtration Tertiary treatment of wastewater is process water can be use for different purposes essential to further enhance its quality. Some and will be beneficial for the environment.

Fig. 3 3 These observations are comparable A. and Lawrence, C.G. , Singh Anoop, Agarwal with the earlier investigations like Cochran A. S.B. and Rai J.N.P.6, Pandey R.K. and Singh D.11 Impact of Effluent of Carpet---Waste water Treatment Method. 113

Effect of carpet industries effluent contain municipal sewage on seed germination and seedling Growth in dark grown seedling of Hordeum vulare cv. Pragati. Days after radicle emergence Parameter Site of Carpet Industries Effluent (C.I.E.) with Organ municipal sewage 3 5 7 Control Polluted Control Polluted Control Polluted water water water Germination 90% 92% - - - - Length (cm) Radicle 4.40 4.95 8.95 9.80 14.10 14.90 Coleoptile 3.20 3.70 8.30 8.90 16.20 17.10 Fresh weight (mg) Radicle 14.20 14.80 19.80 21.10 22.80 23.20 Coleoptile 51.00 52.20 68.80 70.20 94.60 96.50

Effect of carpet industries effluent contain municipal sewage on seed germination and seedling Days after radicle emergence Parameter Site of Carpet Industries Effluent (C.I.E.) with Organ municipal sewage 3 5 7 Control Polluted Control Polluted Control Polluted water water water Germination 90% 96% - - - - Length (cm) Radicle 3.90 4.40 5.90 6.80 9.30 10.20 Epicotyl 2.10 2.30 4.40 4.80 7.90 8.50 Fresh weight (mg) Radicle 58.30 62.90 90.40 98.80 141.20 152.50 Epicotyl 46.80 48.30 102.60 107.90 152.80 168.80

Growth in dark grown seedling of Cicer arietinum cv. P.G.110. 114 Saroj Gupta

RADICLE

14.9 9.8 14.1 15 4.95 8.95 10 4.4 CONTROL POLLUTED 5 CONTROL POLLUTED Length(cm) 0 3 5 7

Days

Fig. 4 Municipal sewage containing Carpet Industries Effluent vs. Length of Hordeum vulare cv. Pragati.

COLEOPTILE

17.1 16.2 20 8.9 15 3.7 8.3 CONTROL 10 3.2 POLLUTED 5 POLLUTED

Length(cm) CONTROL 0 3 5 7

Days

Fig. 4 Impact of Effluent of Carpet---Waste water Treatment Method. 115

Fig. 5 Municipal sewage containing Carpet Industries Effluent vs. Length of Cicer arietinum cv. P.G.110.

Fig. 6 116 Ultra Chemistry Vol.8(1), (2012).

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