Table of Contents
PAGE $16,000,000 SavingR for Taxpayers in Highway Unific.aLion Plan______1 Bv 001>C"'1.01" F1"C"'1c F. Me,.,.."", Blasting 1UU,000 Cubir. Yard of Rock per Mile ill Feather River Canyon .. 2
By iJe'Tli R. Lowden, A38'isfant Dis/del, CQn.t,.,wtiQ1, Engine",,' Illustrations of Feather River Canyon Highway Operations______3 Sa1ina~ Subway and Grade Sepnrations Shown by MolleL_ _ 4 By D. D. Stove,', DeailJnj"'lJ EnlJ'nee,· oj B"idIJCS Pictures of Salinas YIodel and Grade Crossing Condition::;____ 5 Survey Show::; 7,802,000,000 Vehicle Miles Traffic on State Highways in 1034 __ .. _ fi Bli c. n. Plweell, State Hi.ghW(ll! E"!Jin.eC1· Unification Road Plan Oartoon .______9 Automatic Radio Stream Gage Broadcasts Flood Warnings__ 12 Pictures of Radio Stream Gage Signal System and Inventor______13 States Offer 23,192 Road Projects for President's 'Work Fund__ 1'1 Distribut.ion Structure Plan for Oakland-Bay Bridge Approach 16-17 Bv Pa"Z O. Harclill!l. Sr., B,'idge Field Engineer 3,500,000 Acre Feet of Water in Storage in South Ooastal Basin______20 Justus F. Craemer New Assi. tant Director of Puhlic Works 21 Water Resources Report of State Enl:,>ineer 22-2:1 New Di. trict X Office Building at Stockton Formally Opened______24 Illustrations of ew District X Office and Officia. Group______~fi
CalifornialIighwayEngineer Find::; Germany Building 5000 Miles of Express 26
Bv Ernest Zube, J ...."'r Physical Testin.g Engi",eet· Illustrations of German Highway COllstmctiol1 OperatiollS______27 Commissioner P. A. Stanton Recovering From Severe Illness- Illustrated __ . .______29
Highway Bids and Awards for February______::12 $16,000,000 Saving for Caltfornia Taxpayers In Governor .LVIerriam's Highway Untfication Plan
By FRANK F. MERRIAM, Governor of California
y public undertaking that ca.l1'l for an able estimates, will effect a saving to Califor expenditure by the taxpayers of an nia taxpayers of approximately $16,000,000 .K amount in exce"s of $180,000 a day for during the next two yea("~. nineteen years surely must have a very im All are agreed that coordination and con portant bearing on the basic interests and solidation of governmental fnnctions is desir: welfare of the people. a. ie both in the interests of efficiency and In any event, snch economy. Proposals was the daily cost, are being earne tly from 1914 to 1933, advocated for the to State, co u n t y, consolidation of the and U1uuicipal tax State's 58 counties payers for the con into larger political struction a,ld maill subuivisions; some tenance of highways, advocating that not road and streets ill more than five coun California l' e p r e ties be organized, senting the huge while others believe total for the nine the number should teen-year period of be fifteen or sixteen. $1 ,26fi,OOO 000. The The exact manner mghway' roads anu of red u c i n g the streets called for an number of countie expenditure by the is important only as StatE' of $384,000, it has a bearing on 000; by the counties the results to be ob of $467,000,000, and tained, bllt it has by t b e cities 0 f been estimated that $414,000,000. a merging of the Some of the s e cOlmties, with the costs have been un subsequent elimina necessary, or have tion of manifold du been e x c e s s i v e, plications of effort, through a duplica services and ex tion of effort and penses, would save through the use of GOVERNOR FRANK F. MERRIAM the taxpayers $30, costly methods and 000,000 in two years. equipment by roan departments. And while I am not..seeking at this time to '1'0 remedy this cOlluition, and at the arne bring the problem of' county consolidation be time to provide fo1' a more effective and satis fore the Legislature-even though I appre factory development coordination of high ciate the advantages of uch an arrangement ways, roads and streets, I have submitted a -it is worthy of note that the highway unifi plan to the State Legislature calling for a cation program now before the Legislature unification of the State and county highway would save an amount eqnal to one-balf the systems and for doubling the amount of State total savings to be accomplished by reducing funds allotted to cities for street purposes. the number of counties. Adoption of this plan, on the basis of nvail- There is, of course, considerable opposition (Continued on page 8) 2 OALIIi'ORNIA. HIGHWAYS AND PUBLiO WORK Blasting 100,000 Cubic Yards of Solid Rock Per NIile on Feather River Job
By PERRY R. LOWDEN, Assistant District Construction Engineer
HE general public and t.he Division of of excavation. One contract for grading 2.5 Highways are watching with much in miles between Storrie and Rock Creek is due T terest alid anticipation, the progress of for completion in July. the highway grading projects in the Fp.ather The remainder of the grading is to be done River .Canyon. by the two convict camps which started the The Feathllr River Highway connect· Oro work in 1928. To date these camps have moved 4,328,000 cubic ya-rds in completing ville and Quincy, county /Seats of Butt.e and 43.3 nu1es. Plumas counties, and is Ii part of an inter state route connecting witl1 n. S. 40 at Reno, In addition, six bridge contracts have been NevaCta. It ·is 78 ·miles long', amI a prelimi completed, and Olie for a bridge across the ;uary estimate placed the cost of grading and Nortll Fork at Tobin is in progress. '1'wo
co.
- Gr"d,ngCompl"ted IIIIII!IIIII GradIng under W'>y I>y Contract ~ Grad '''9 under way by Co""ct Labor St.8.lUle Miles y ~ - 10 s 'r~ctllres Itt $7,075,000. At this time the other bridges across Ule North Fork, one at :Work is organized with the objective of com Storrie and one at Rock Cr ek, are yet to be pleting tq.e gradiug between Oroville and built by contract. Keddie, seven miles from Quiney, during the The present contract fur 2.5 miles between lJIIlmer of 1936. The apparenL final cost or Rock Creek and Storrie will permit access to gradiug. and structure for the 77.75 miles is bridge sites at Rock Creek and 'torrie at $6,900,000. either end. The construction of these bridges Work wa Iltarted on both the Oroville anu i' planned in 1935, to permit access to the Ked<1ie end' in the spring of 1928 and has adjacent sections which will be graded by .been prosecutcq 'steadily since that date. convict labor.
l>IX GR~I;NQ OONTR.:\CTS GRANITE nOM"ES ENCOUNTERED There have been six grading contracts cov All of the worlt done to date has been on ering a total length of 14.3 miles and involv the 70.75 miles between Oroville ann Keddie. ing the movement of 1,456,800 cubic yards There remain twelve miles to be con. trueted (Continued on page 151 • I <. ','.. "C··I:~.!: \~ '. ..._ 0 " >'./' ~::::=. .1:... ;I .. , .!?~O;; I, .1:<:.1: .l: 0" • } \ ;;:;0-:::; L" 0 ... 1 .&~Z'. "'i o~ _ .. , , ) < 0< c.. c·- ~..!:t;-: ... =E ... .! ~~E';~ .... GI .. '] ~~.!: c .. .I: "." .. .!J;·~:E .lI.lt .. ..0:: • ~2'£1:l:. '-...... 0 '0; .0""''''-t~·),"'; .<'ii.>.J; l: .. ll..a ~ ,0 9 ."", . l: ~ .. _,' ".- 0 CJ ...... 0 .. .1:': ;:.~., > ._ 0 .. ~'O~O 8 ..... "-a-; "C.l: .. .I: .. " ...... ; ...... --""".. 11... .. C ...... J 0 •, .. 'I c: '- .. J; 11);.:11 0 W·l:C:i ~ ...... ~ E,!! g.. .I:... ._ 1Il'~::il!
I--IlOO:l"" C ~2 x";i . a::·.:! .. t C..c:C°,.!O "';;;;~ll"i I- .. of.
DT H. D. STOVER, Dulgnlns Engineer. llrld..eoo
ODELS l~rop~rly CQllSttu~ted. are a the completed structure, dearlr bringing ~ut direct Hid 111 the d~lgnlllg of C('rtmn advantages to be gained and showlI1g M bridges, towers, buildinga, dums and property frnntllgt' t.hB.t will be affected. various structures. Also tht: populace or the city will be able l"rom the structural designer's standpoint, to visualize the advantage of hlWing the trallic ~n'e .separated from the prf\scnt ('.roR By C. H. PURCELL, State Highway }~n~lneer J:I 10: Di\"il;iOJl of HighwBY~ has jll~t com costs ill terms of traffic. To reach this goal, pleted an cxhau~ti"e traffic sUI'vey of six related studies were made. T the roads lind streets of Cfllifornilt mllr\(l Traffic counts were made on January 14 dudng the yt'llr 1934 which reveals that the alld 15, March 25 .md 26, and July] and 2, total annual motor travel in the Stille is 16, HI34, tit 2560 stations throughout California 600,000,000 vchicle miltS. of which 47 per CCllt upon aU e1as~f':S of roads, 1334: of which OCIJllrs on Rtate highways, 11.5 011 county statiOllS were locuted outside of cities and 1226 roads IInu 41.':; ou city 8trcets other than stations within 51 cities which repretlcnted State highways. 1;4 1)1.'1' cent. of t.he The report of this urbllll population or gune.r is Ole most the State. comprehensive collec 6,000,000 lieens e tion of State traffic numbers were l'C' ~tllti>;rjc~ Yl't com corded alld the resi piled. It rCI)Il.'Seuts dencc 01' OWllcrs a year',> work und the traced to chart the employruf'llt 01' 14,000 origin of traffie, ::\Iore clu."ekers :md statisti· tllan 100,000 antomo cians in field and bill'S were eheeki'd on office, KUIH:rvised by the make of car, its lIlo MHinlrnlmre De· age, and its gasolillC partlJltnt (,If lh~ Di\,j COIlf:illmption. sion of Highways. THUCK TRANSPORTA_ The l:Iurvt:r was TION CHECKED accomplished th~ough Trucking on high financial aid from the ways was thoroughly Federal Civil Works illvestigated, as were Allministration and expenditlll'cS and rev tilt State EllIergeucy CnJl{!S of Stat.e, coun ReI i c f Administra· ty, and municipal tion. govcrnments for the nEPOnT IN THREE period of 1914 to VOLUlUto;S 1933, especially in re The report of this lation to highways. work recently made Except for cities to Governor Frank F, and Mllnties where Merriam hy Directol' C. H. PURCELL suitable records wtl'e uf Public Work!:! Ead availnble, the entire l~ec Kclly is ill three volumes covering six road and street mileage of the State was related studies ineJuriing a series of county loggl.-d, Type Il.nd width of surface were {lnd major eity trnffic·tlow maps cunstituting recorded, together with pertinelll data on the Illost complete and up-to-date rand maps strueturCll and dl'ainage. This compilation of California. is the most accurate JlJileage reeord tllUS far 'rhe field covered by the survey ineludes the prepared fOl' Califorllia. amount and location of motor vehicle traffic An intensive study of truc1ling was made und its olltstanding characteristics, the extent between Mareb 15 and June 311, line! approxi of the public thoroughfllrflil anrl their classifi mately 32,400 drivers were que~tjolled u.s 10 cation upon the b!tliis of trllffic, the relation· their uperations. The movement of agricul ship between governmental costs for highways tural produets over the roads and railroads and those for other purposes, and highway of the State wall determined, particularly the C,tLIPQRNJA HIOJ/lVAVS AN/l PUBLIO WORKS 7 Streets and Roads Total 95,957 LVIiles (Continue! for the period 19]4 to 19:ia. embrltt:c8 Portland cement concrete, asphaltic concrete, oil mix and oil macadam pavements. Some of the high lights developed by the TRUCKS ON 1~CRLA8~ survey follow, California passenger vehides number 1,712, State highways outside of cities can'')' i of 000 and freight vehicles, 288,409. Vehicles in all traffic outside of cities. State highways California fNm other States in 1934 totaled inside cities carry i of aIL city traffic. 326,000. State highway within cities of California While registration of passenger ca.rs wa.s haye 1/18 of the milellgc within the cities and decreased by the depression, truck and carry! of the traffic. trailer registration is increasing. Of the total allnual yehicle mileage ill Cali The average motor vehicle in California IOl"lIill, 55.6 per cent occurs within cities. The In 1934 consumed 601 g-,l,llons of gasoline. remaining 44.4 pcr cent of California's traffic This is 68 gallons more per car than was flows oulsi(le of cities lind -i of this "turll.l consumed ten years ago. Passenger cars tralli.e mon!!! 011 roads of the State lJig-hwar averaged 15.2 miles per gallon of gasoline; System. trucks av.eraged 10.64 miles. EXPI!N'DITCRES COMPARED One fourth of the passenger cars and trucks '1'he aggregate expenditures for vehicle reg ulation and hig-hways since 1914 and since on the roads are more than seven years of age. 1929 are given for comparison as follows: The passenger cars average &I.lproximately 7250 miles a year, the trucks 9900 miles. 1914-1933 Per cent E....:penditures for all govermental units com State •••_...... $384,000.000 30.4 hined and for various purposes for the 20 Counti...... _ 467,000.000 36.9 Citie. _. _ 414,000,000 32.7 yeal" period, expressed liS a per~ntage of the total expenditures, are as folloVo'S, $1,265,000.000_ 100.0 Percent of total 1929-1933 Per unt State _ oxpenditure. $185,000.000 35.1 Vehicle Regulation and Highway••_._._. 15.8 Count•.,. • _ 147,000,000 27.9 Educ"tion ._•• 27.9 Citl... •• _ 195,000,000 37.0 Public Protection and BltnefiL • 35.9 Gen"r.l Government • . 8.8 $527,000,000 100.0 Debt Servic,, •• __ .___ _ • 11:6 Vehicle regulation and highway expendi 100.0 tures per vehicle mile in 1933 by the three gov SOURCES OF REVENUE a:~ ernmentalullits were follows: The sources of revenue for 1:111 three Stalll • ~_. • ~ $0.0046 Countin __ • ~__ .0126 branches of government-Stllte, county, and Citi... •• .______.0040 municipal-for the last 20 years are as fol Averalle .______.0053 lows: Per cent Source of tot.1 95,957 TOTAL ,MIU.:AG£ General T.x_. • __ ••_._. . ~_ 58.1 The total road lmd street mileage in Cali Mil'::"ll.neou. Revenue •••• •••_ 17.4 Vehicle Oper.tion Taxel_._._. __ 5..2 iornia is 95,957 miles, of which 13,605 miles Fedcr~1 Aid .______.~_O.8 are State highways, 65,130 miles tll'C county Other lubventlon. end gr.nt" (from gener.1 roads, alld J7,222 miles are city strcets other tax) .~ .______6.8 than those in the State highway system. S"lo of Bond. 12.7 The State Highway SY6tcm has 8,984 miles of higll and intermediate type of surfacing. 100.0 'I'he city system has 11,427 miles, and the CalHornia's nnnUo.lllgrieultural production counties, 11,116 mill'S. approximates 17,UtIO,OOO tons, all of which (Contlnu/ld on pSlre 11) 8 OALIFORNIA HIGIIWATS AND PUBLIO WORKS \' Unification Plan Eliminates Road Tax (ConUnued frol11 page 1) to the plan I have propo ed; and 1 entertain DOUBLES FUKDS TO CITlE~ no critici m of those who disagree with me. This plan calls for the same allotment of It is any olle' privilege to oppose, as it is funds and or 110 l'eOllction in the employ mine to favor this program. ment of workers nuw eng'allell in work on In this proposal appears the old obstacle county roadi:'!. that confront,,, every attempt to change exist ing procedure or to economize. ~'7hich is to Likewise, it is proposed to double the say, generally speaking, that we are opposed quarter-cent allocation of gasoline funds to to taxes which we are required to pay, and the cities. ai'e relucLant to favor economy in the admin Such an increase in street fund available istration of project:! in which we have a direct interest. to thfl citie. on the basis of theil' automobile registration will immediately provide for The mufication of highways a'3 proposed in needed imprOYemcllts and at the same time the burl~et I submitted to the State Senate will benefit the city taxpayer by reducing the As~embly and contemplates certain definite, amount be i required to pay for the exten pecific advantages-as I have said-both sion and upkeep of city tl·eets. from lie ·tandpoint of economy alld effi ciency. Furthermore, provision is contained in the Contrary to popular belief, the tate 'f; unification prog am for payment by the three-cent gasoline tax does not pay all the State, out of gasoline tax funds, of existing CORts of constructing, improving and main county highway bond interest and redemp tainin... highways. This t~"( is divided be tion, of special assessments and other obliga tWf:'pn the State, the counties and the cities, tions now representing such a heavy burden one cent being' allocated to the countie , a upon owners of real estate. quarter of 11 cent to the cities, and the balance to the tate. Count.if:'s of the State have heretofore issued highway bonds which will require principal ELIMINATES ROAD TA."{ES anll intere:>t payments this year of $6,731,675. From its share of the gasoline tax money, nder the plall submitted to the Legislature, the. tate payR thf' entire cost of the Califor county bonds for highway purposes not only nia hi lJwa,Y system over which flow the bulk will be unnecessary. but will be prohibited, of all traffic, outside the cities. For the con and as Soon as the countie. retire their present struction and maintenance of the lesser-no ed indebtedlle 5, county taxes now levied for the county highways, county supervisors aug retirement of such indebtedness will be elimi ment ga oline tax fnnds by levying taxes, nated. special assessments and by i 'suing bonds-all COUNTY CITIZENS EMPLOYED payable by <,.ommon property taxpayers. The special assessment evil in rural districts Such road charges against home, farms will be automatically abolished. and aJl real estate, as wen as personal prop Under the proposrd plan, rural road agen ertv, will be eliminated by adoption of the cies will be e ta.blisbed for road petitions and highway unification program. men will be employed from the eouuty in which road work is required. County road Careful study of the whole problenl has equipment and station.."!, wherever needed, convinced me that the present gasoline tax will be operated by the State. The duplica is adequate to pay highway costs in Cali tion of overhead and middleman costs in the fornia, provided the highways are consoli pre ent county system of road btlllding-now dated under one central administration. calling- for excesRivp. pxp nclitures-will ms Hence, I have cl:lu'3ed to be submitted to appear. the Legislature certain proposed mea ures declaring all county roads to be State high Unless the proposed plan is approved, the ways and calling for expenditure by the tate sums borrowed from the State by the COUD of the highway funds now allocated to the ties under the Relief Bond Act of 1933 must several counties. be repaid, beginning in 1938, thus necessitat- CAUFORNIA 1l1011IV.,JYS AYD PUUf,fO WORK8 o Where the Extra Load Should Be Shouldered! \-eooNTYCOSTSRoADs-I Rt{lril1t~d from the LOS A'\lGEI.ES THIES with p"rmiuion. ing either additional county taxes or a reduc. ity of State high WlIJS within cities were taken tion in county road work. Adoption of the over by lile State in 1933 and are now being unification plan will make such repayments hrOllght 11p to requisite standards. unnecessary and will a.asure uninterrupted work on roads now included in the county TUIRTY l'Ul. CENT SAVING POSSIBLE system. As sueh improvements are made iii hij.\"h· WR)'S traversing city territory the resultant Provision for doubling the amount of gaso· decrease in expenditure for this pnrpose will line tax money allocated to eities will add allow iucreasing funds for regular street $3,000,000 a year to be expended upon cit), improvement. streets other than Stote highwo;ys. Tho major. It is estimated that the Statc can maintain (COOl!nuod on pnllo 10) 10 O,1LIl<'ORA'!A. TIIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC WORKS IPlan Doubles Gas Tax Funds to Cities I (Continued from page 9) and improve county highways at a saving of STATE EAB FrNE RECORD approximately 30 per cent under present costs, The llighway program of the State of Cali and that increased efficiency in highway opera fornia oyer a long period of years has estab tions will represent further advantages. lished a record which the ~'edel'al govern An example of the improvements and added mellt autllOJ'ities and the offic~als of other benefits that may be expected from coordina States regard wit.h awniratioll. Our engi tion of aU our highways is afforded by the neer. and other department personnel have results that followed taking over by the State done fine work and earned Iluiversal respect highway department of more than 6600 miles for tb~ir efficiency and for the general econ of county roads in 1933. Investigation by omy of their construction and maintenance State fmgineers of these roads reve'11ed the operations. fact that more than 600 01 the 1935 bridges The services of this splrndid corps will be in the count;}' road system were in such condi made immediately available to the sevel'al tion as to necessitate immediate repairs and counties if the consolidation program is improvements for the protection of life and property. approved. This work was accomplished promptly under Broadly ~rpeaking, San Francisco County State management. will be unaffected ,,,itb respect to connty The Stllte Department of Public Works is roads. a!' Sltn Francisco is a consolidated city now completing a survey financed by the Fed a.nd county, but San Francisco would obtain eral government, and costing $500.000, which street. funol'! exactly double the amount nmv will g-ive California citizens an accurate and apportiollPd to the combined c·ty and county. valuable compilation of facts relative to all And in 1,os Angeles County, for instance, aspects of highway construction, maintenance where automobile registration is hellviest, the and costs. 43 incorporated cities ill that county would rpceive a b"pmendous addition to their avail maR COUNTY 'E.'(PENDITURES able street funds. Information already availa.ble from thi.s TAKES BURDEN FROM TAXPAYERS survev shows t,hat the counties, durin"! the period from 1914 to 1933, snent almost $100, Summed Ul), the unification plan provides 000.000 more on connt,y hip-hways than the fo< extensive savin~ in act.ua1 costs and, State spent on the State hiu:hwav system. h"Dc3, Il. resultant reduction in local taxation. The report likewise shows that the countY' Th':! Jll;l'l\ would shift to the State, without roads, wh'le costin~ so much more than the Imy fJdclitinnal cost to any p'roup of tax State hig-hways, actually carry onlY' a little pavers. a burden now borne bY' owners of more th'>n 11 per cent of the State's automo real e~tate fJud personal property. It would bile traffic. e-xtend neC\~p.d re1;ef in many special assess ment di.,tricts and would assume the obliga The bulk of the approximately half-billion tion for county road bond interest and dollars spent by the counties in the last 19 redemption payments. years for roads has come from the pockets of owners of real estate and per·sonal prop Objections to the plan arise mostly from erty. local bodies who, with understandable pride In virtually all of its aspects the road in their own accomplishments and communi measures proposed in the budget must be ties, prefet· to maintain p.xisting conditions. re::rarded as tax relief recommendations. If benefits are to be obtained, however, we And while adju~tments in other brackets of should approach this question from the stand 0,,1' sYstem of taxation IIave necessitated cer point of the greatest good for the gre!ltest tain additions or an effort to obtain revenue number. Close scrutiny of the program as from new sources, the highway unification now pending in the Legislature will df'mon program not only calls for 110 increase what strate the fact that snch benefits will be soever, but lJrovides for a substantial reduc assured if the plan is a.dopted without sub tion in local taxation. stantial modification. CAU/-'QRN/,t HIGHWAYS ANI> PUIJUC WORKS 11 U. Tesls I ndicale S. Tl CENTAURS Day Labor Cosllier By Tom T. Nen When .ncient leg.nd. w. absorb Than Conlracl .fobs We learn th"t Cyolops had one orb A baleful eye in mid·forehead, NDI;;n the regulatiolls prepal'!~d by the lnap,ring mo.t"l IIWO Ilnd d.ead. U. S. Bureau of Public RoadloJ goveru Anothe. bit of bntasy U ing l,'cderal emergency highway eon· Evolved the queer Acephali: struction, provided for by the .i\ational Indus A .ace of headlea. men, they were Devoid of brain.. one might infer. trial Recovery Act. one project in each State 011 which contractor's bids had heen taken And yet, today. within our ken, was to be selected at random to be dOlle b;l' There i, a breed of brainless men. fOl'ce account, or (lay Ilthor. The. purpose We ..1'0 know th••• i....0 de".th Of one·eyed ogres On our urth. was to provide a llllSill for cUIll[)ljrisou of tbe At ... ight the te.ro.-st.iking twain relative merits of contract and doy lobor con Haunt almo.t every auto lane. struction on public work When da.kness dims the moon and stars, 'fhil> test was arranged as a result of in~ist . Ride headtess men in one-eyed c•••. cnt demands from YllriollS sources that all l'-'ederal emergeney highway construction be dOlle by day labor Oll the claim that it could SURVEY SHOWS i ,802,000,000 VEHICLE he dOlJc cheaper by this mcthod than hy con MILES TRAFFIC ON STATE tl".'l.Ct. Results of the test, according to a llIGHWAYS 11 1934 RtJltement br 'I'hOllll\ll H. MarDOIulld, chif'f of (Conllnued [rom page 1) flJe Bureau uf Puhlie Ruatls, lestifyilllo;" at a recent hearing conducted by the Tlouse ronds moves over highwa)'s to II greater or leS'> eommiU.('(l, lIrc showing till average of 30 per extent. .l).pproximately 5,000,000 tOllS during cent in favor of the eontract method of cou the year were delivered from farm to railroad structing hillhwll.~·.'!. Ninety per ceut o[ all in the count)- of production and 12,000,000 projects reported, he stated, show fin adyau tons moved br truck t.o CAnneries, packers, tage in ravor of the eontnlct system. This market centers, or t.o renJOlt: rail sllipping bears out the result& o[ iuyestigations con point.'>. Jucted by the Associated General Contractors Approximately 1,500,000 tOllS moved to Los of f\m('rie-tl on specific projects tiS work pro Angeles and San PrancilSCO markets. Of the gressed, whi<.'h im1iclltcd the costs of dav lltbor total tonnage received at the Los Angeles were running high. - market, 83 per cent came by truck, and two, ]n the course of his testimony before flu,! tliirdg of that to &In F'rll..llcisco moved in by flouse roads committee )11'. l\,[acDonald makes truck. acknowledgement of the important lSenices rendered by contractors in carrying out the HIGHWAY BUILDING A emergency highwlly program. "T pay llillc('re tribute to the spirit of the Sttlte hillhwu.)' de "DYNAMIC RESPONSIBILITY" partments alld to the contractors all the whole, Only about 5 per (;ent of all American rural in the administration of, and cOlllplianee willi roads are well paved-Abemt 160,000 miles. the laws. It would be sllrprisillg to :rou, I Of the busiest roads, the main State highway believe, to know how few complnintll have systems which ClllTY Uj)Ward!,: of t.wo-thirds reached tlle bureau o[ unfair treatment of of all traffic, about olle-half are still mud or labor by contractors or by State highway de dust roads. partments, either as to wages or as to the Such :facts as these led the Committee on cla&!lificatioll of tile different groups." An Post Office alld Post HOIHls t.o make this state swering lin inqllil''y liS to eontrllctnl"S' Pl'Of'itf; :Mr. MacDonahI dt.'Clured "lhe ~untl"alllol"'s ment to Congress: "Highway construction is profit, 118 It llencl"ul proposition, hus been nl a dynamic and contiuuing" responsibility. most non.p,;dstl'nt ever since the depression Highways either grow worse or better. 'l'hey began, IImi (henl i::. a considerahle question in can lIot stand still with 25,000,000 "chicles my mind whether \\c have paid fair prices." in daily operation • .. • With o.er 60, -Sollfhu'eSf BlIl'lder and Ccmfractor. 000 deaths Rnd 7fil1,000 injuries each year from automobile aceiden\$, the elimination of So live thllt yrm won't ~hlldlle.r erety lime a t~ traffic llazards must receive not onl)" continu e.p dl'O!>8 ~'our ,rip. aUF! but better atWntion. "-Exchallge. 12 C,IL1"'OI~l"[A IIIGJllVAYS AND I'URL/(J WORKS Automatic Radio Invention of Engineer Ingersen Broadcasts Flood vVamings UE STATE OF CALIPQP",,'J[A is now rule SyslCUl of telephone, automobile, and ol>crating a series of antomatie radio other !acilities to obtain the important data T !Imam gage transmitterS in conneetion of lhe stream t1.ow in advance of the lime of with nuod eonlrol and watermaster senrice arril'al of the flood crests at critical points. activities of the Di'\""ision of Water Resources. Such mllnual dependence often breaks down The use of these radio !ltrt'sm gage indi during the coursr of major rainstorms and cators serves the public interests in California flood flows Hud Ihe desired information I\t best in a vcrv vital respect. During major flood is sketchy. conditiOl"is adnmce in.l'ormatiOIl all tIle rapid fluctlllltions of streams on which tIley are ",11)8 fRRIOA'rlON WORK iJlslalled make them of paran.ount importance Tile problem of effieiellU~r distributing irri· in the Baving of JiLc and propert~'. In the gation waters in the adjudicated stream ayK WlIIermRlllt'r I\r.tivitif'-'; the SIlving of water and terns in the Stale ill grea.tly aided with the use crops null tilt: proleetioll of individual water of the radio streliffi indicators.. Usually the righlS of major imptlrtanee. It is believed trlUlSmitters are installed on the stream abo\'c that no higher characRr of use of rAdio on di\Tcnlio.1S, at a point wh.ieh is relatively Ilind cftn be madE' than to protect the citizens remote or inaccessible, The watertll8ster, b~r of the Sillt.e from potential floo..l hnzards and listening in at Crequent intervals during the to assure all equitable distribution of water. d8)', e8.1J be informed of the fluctuations in the Follo"ing an actnal demonstration of the water flllpply to thp irrigated area, and his u.. ~ HIS message to the C'ongTeSS .Ia.nullry contract within a year, b33 projects, COIit $98,· 4, 1935. Presidelll HOO6e:vcll SlI.id; 700.000. I •'This new program of emergency California projects (or early construction public employment should be governed by a. are classified as folIows: U50 grade separa.. number of practical principle.: (a) AU work tions. $24,678.000; 4 highwa.y intersections, undertaken should be useful .... affords $1,100,000; lUi highway construction proj. permanent improvement. (b) Projects ects, $6,000,000; 11 routes through cities and shonld be undertaken on which a large per city by-panes. $2.000.000; 130 weak and nar centage of direct labor can be used. (c) row bridges be improved, $2,600.000. The projects undertaken should be selected to Projects reported by California available lUld pllUUlcd so o.a to compete as lit-tle as for contract within R. year are: 677 grade possible with private enterprise •• -. crossings, $72,000,000; 4 highway intersec "This work will cover a wide field, includ. tions, $1.,.100,000; 105 highwn.y const.ruction ing --- improving existing road systems projects. $20,000,000; 17 routes through and in constructing national highways de_ cities and city by-pauel, $3,000.000. signed to handle modern kame and in \he elimination of grade crouings - ...... CALIPORSIA kL."KiJ YIYfU HIT l'ROJECTS READY l'"'or immediate construction other wcstern Reports [rom St8te highway departmentll Slales ~1H)rt the totalnnmlJer of projects and to the Association of Stale Highway Officials Ch-timi\tcd coot /l,S follows: ~1i7.onlt, 66 proj ilJdicate that 9467 road pl'ojeets ou Federal eats. east $9.065,5I.XJ; Colorudo, 3RO. cost J:1, aid Ilnd Stale roao. ily,tems, e61 imated to OOilt 8.'l0.000; Idaho, 62. cost $3.517.000: Montana, a tOlal of $691,534,310, lire in a stage which 82, cost $7.22.5.000; Kcvadfl, 291. cost $1, wOllld perlllit Ihclli to be quickly put under 9-12,500: New Mexico, 6'1, cost $3,135.000; contlllct Dnd 1:.1,125 Mlditionol I'l'ojCCt3 total Ot·egon. 58. cost $9.000,000: Utah, 121. cost illg over $1,000,000,000 elln be !,ut under con $5. i3.:i,OOO; WlIshington, 160 cost t:12,402, struction within olle year. 000; '\froming, 39, cost $2,800.000. 'l'he fonner projects llxe classified 88 fol 'rh.. Illrgesl. vollln.f! of :1\'llilllbll' work 11'. low8; 1756 grade sepaJ'atioll project.., esti !Jul·h..'t! uy lilly Sllltl.\ is $61.350.000 rOI' 1008 mate CQ;ll, $184.314; 161 highway intcrsec pt'ojecls ill Pcnn.9.,·h'lmia. Xew Yol'l< is sec· liollS, $20,240.000; 4645 high wn.v eonstrudion ond, l'el>orting 4.:;a projects E'Stimated to cost projoots, $332.153,000; 621 routes thr'ough $51.700,000. Ohio is third witli $45.-1-00,000 citie... Ilnd f'ity bY-[HHl'lf'II, $72,!)30,OOO; 22R5 for 686 projeels, Wisconsin fOurth with $44. weak lind narrow ur·idgct; 10 lJc iUll,roved, 590,000 for 298 projects lind California. fifth $86,451,000. with $36,378,000 fOr 410 project~. AVAlLAUl,f; WITKIN A YEAR MEET l·R¥.:I')Jl)ENT'15 !)E)U.NDS Projcctfl that call be put under contract In pnbli~hing tIle l)l'ojeels listed by thl' th~ i\~ciRtiOIl within one yen I' arc reporl.e Three Feather River Tunnels UnderWay (Continued (rom pall'e 2) before through traffic can make use of allY of this road. or this, 5.6 miles are between Belden ami Storrie. Construction of these RIBBON OF WHITE relllainill~ ~ee\,iolls will require Ule excava At bruk of day we motored away tion of 1,377,000 cubic yn.rds or material. With a jest and a lilt of song. No thought gave we to that ribbon of white On the four mile section across Arch Rock Dividing the traffic from left to right, and Grizzly Dome, there are over 600,000 A, we morrily motorod along. cubic ya.rds of solid granite. The location of Through II bank of fog at eventide this section is nJong the south side of the Our atcpa wo rotraced that night. canyon on the opposite side of the river from With landmark, gone, and we alone, the Western Pacific Railroad. The bare, How thankful Ihen for Ihat ribbon of whit_ A light 10 guide Us home_ hard, granite surfaces extend from the water's edge on slopes ranging from S8° to At Lifo', glad ",orn, we, careless a>ld free, 60 0 and to heights of 1000 to 2000 feet. No 'thought for landmark" we; But when .hadows fall, ;It Dellth's drear Some vegoetHtiun hIlS fOllnl! a footllOlJ 111 >light, the crevices, llnd there nrc cCCIiSiCllUl o.rell8 cr Faith in our God is Ihe "ribbon Df white" That lead, 10 Eter>lliy. blocky granite whel'e trees of fair size are growing. Over n eOllsidcrflbl(! pOI'tion of -Mabol M'illar Freema>l, these areas men arc able to waUl uy following In California Federation New,. the crevices, and where thi~ i~ impossible, ropes must be used for support while Ii trail for the drillinF; crew is constructed. at this camp. Camp 28, located nellr Rich, 5:\ mili'.I\ e!l.~t of Orovine and 24.75 miles west CONSTRUCTISG 'l'nRE~, TUNNEI"S of Quiucy, wu;k~ 90 convicts, 45 free men Illcludl"d in the work on this section arc and two 1~ cubic yard Diesel shovels. Free three tunnels which arf' to be constructed to lubor superv~ thc work of the condcts, provide for a 24-foot roadway and II 2-foot operates al1d maintains equipment anrl doe... walk on each side. These tunneL~ Ilre to be other skilled work required. constructed at locations where heavy cuts are impracticable due to the llmount of exeuvfL DETOUR BliILT IN mVEI/; tion "equired and the difficult.)' of removing Onr! of the gre;ltest problems on the lower this IOas:; of material without filling- the river section which i~ beillg handled by Camp 30 channel. is thc diffh:ulty of access [or any La~e force: Tunnel No. 1 on Ule westerly end or the III order to provide for the operation of the Arch Rock section 33 miles cast of Oroville, several sho\'c1s, a pioneer trail must be cou is 26::1 feet in length. l'ullnel No.2, 0.7 of a strncled well in lldyallCC. The tuunels IJre mile farther east is to be driven for 165 feet sent a serious obstacle. To avoid waiting sey almost under that famolls Shib of granite eral months while the first tunnel was being known as Arch Rock. Tunntl :'-l"o. 3, 400 driven, a detour was cOnstructed by building feet long, will carry the highway through a flU entirely in the rivcr. GrizziJ' Dome, a huge dome-shaped mass of AlthOllgJ) this fill will be taken out by high bare granite which rises preeipitiously for waler, it has permitted the advance of the over a tltou6and feet above the river just cast drill crews and the head sbovel to TUllilel No. of the mouth of Grizzly Creek, 34.6 milcs cast 2, where II detour is being constructed in the of Oroville. same. manner. Tltnnel No. a, which is ap All of the work remaining, with the excell jJro:umatcJy olle mile ~yond 1'ulluel No.2, tion of the two bridgcs, is to be handled by prCSCIlt'l1l more seriou.~ pl·ohlem. A detour is the two convict cftmps now workil1g, one at im !ra.etiMhle Mld wI cquipment must pass each eud of this section. Camp 30. located throUf.:'h lite tunnel to reaeh the work beyond. near Cresta, 31 miles east of Orovilie, ""arks Comprellsors have been set np (J1l tiJe rll.il 150 convicts and emplo,Ys 85 free men. 'l'hl'cll roud right of way, the air is pipcd acroo.~ the It cubic J'urd Diesel po,"'cr shovels are used rivcr, llllrl work luts hecn stRrted on a 14'x14' (ContInued on Pltce 80) SAN fRANCISCO BAY "Nn_North twin structure. "5"- South twin structure. "A"-Southel'ly branch of East Shore Highway. approach. "AN"-Travel from "A" line to north structure. "SA"-Travel from south structure to "A" line. "SB' from north structure to "C" line. "CS"-Travel from "C" line to south structure. UN M"-Travel from north strllctl to mole approach. "MC"-Travel from mole approach to "C" line. Distribution Structure as Planned for Oal By P. O. HARDING, Senior Bridg FIeld Engineer The approache. to every major bridge serv 1 ing metropoli tan areas have presented indi ~ IDS will be taken, at an early date, lor vidual problems, the solution of ..,,,hich has a portion of the East Bay highway been influeuced by certain controlling factors B approach system of the San Fram:isco peculiar to that particular project. Oakland Bay Bridge, on what is commonly termed the "nj·tribution 8trudUl'e," the DIFFERENT APPROACH Pr{OBLEMS naDle implying the function of the structure, The San Franci.c:;co-Oakland Bay Bridge, for together with its connecting roadways. example pl'eseIltl; entirely different approach .1\.. plan view of the Distribution Structure problems at its two ends. Generally speaking, has the appearance of two octopi engaged i.n a the San Francisco downtown district is "jour. mortal combat, but its function in the distri ney's end" for the mass of users of the hridge, bution, and segregation of motor vehicle the San Francisco business district being a traffic to and from the East Bay area 'will be focal point of destination. Thc bridge ent.ers much simpler than a first glance at the struc Itlmo;:;t the heart of the city high in the air, ture would indicate. and the approach problem is one of getting IIhwa)', "B"-Cantral branch approach, "C"-Northuly branch of Eut Shore Highway. -M"-Mole or maIn line \I. ·SB"-Traval from aouth atructure to ';9" line. "SN"_Travel from "9" line to north .trueture. "NC"_Tr....el h .trueture to mol. approaoh, "MS"-Travel from mole approach to _uth .truelu••• "CM"-Trav.1 from "COO line Oakland Approach System of Bay Bridge I down into downtown San }o'rancisco, where sh'llction Finllncc Corporation, and later lilly lIlunber of city streets shortly lead the adopted by the J.Jegislatllre as officill! \ motorist to 1I1t.illllltc dC!~t.ination. approaches to the bl'idge, ill\'ohed h\o ruw.la' 'fhe East Bay apllroae!L problem is one of mental consideratiolls: distance, collection, and distribution. Here 1. TappinI' the East Bay area 10 as to thc bridge structure at its easterly end termi serve the thousands of daily ulen of the nates two miles from shore in the shallow bridge, who, through tolls, pa.y olf the mU· water and t.ine flats, and the approaehes lions of dollars invested in the project, assume the 1J1Iture or arterials functioning as a collcction system tapping a yast residential The guide in this phase of Lhe pl'oblcllI was area, yet connccting with and bteoming a part a detailed origin and destination traffic sUrYey, of the State highway system. mRde under the Ilupervision of Lester S. Re.ll.dy, commlting enginecr, by the California l'tJ~DA:IIEl\'TALoS INVOLVt:D Railroad Commission technical stall', and gen· The original problem of loell.ting the East erally reported in the Jlooycr.Young report Bay approach system required by the Recon- of August, 1930. 18 O.lL/PQIlNH nJOnIVA}'f,' AND PUBLJIJ II'OUKS Viaducts Make 16 Grade Separations (O>nllnued tn>'" pn<:edlnl' pa••) 2. 80 tocaUnr lJte approach arteri.ah: that highway traffic of the Redwood Highway from they would ultimately become portions of traffic serving elose-b~· Marin County towns. Stak! highway through routes. PROVIDES CUDE SEPARA1'IOSS A guide in this phase of the problem was The Distribution Structure for the Bas1 the public dt>mand for an East Shore indus Bay highway approach system to the bddge, trial highway utending lJct",~n San Jose and however, not only providea highway grade Richmond, compluable to the Bayshore High. separations for all ita crosl roadways of WI;" nol" nearing completion between San Jose highway tramc. but 1L15O provides grade sep Rnd San F'rllnl'.isco on tle "'est side or ihe 00.,. aration for the main line steam trains of both There was HIll() 11ubUe dtlJlRltd ror the 'West~rl)· the Southern Pacific e.nd Simla. Fe Railroads., extension of State highway Houte 5 d.MUgl. and tor the suburban electric lines of both Oakland. in the general vicinity (If )Ioss the Southern Pacl.ll.c Company and the Key Avenue, which had become a commont.'!' used System totaling in all 16 grade separations. roule DC tTavel-not because it. was originally planned M such, nor I eeause it was suited for The Key S.\·stem has. for manr rears past, heavy travtl, but heeIluse of Ille lack of any erossed tte Southern Pacifie am'! Santa Fe traffic artery through thili lOeClloll of Oakland. tracks in tlJis vicinity, by means uf a subway, which precluded from the start any serious LOCATIOS OFnCIALLY A.DOPTI:':l) consideration of all:'>' subway design (or the Distribution Strlll'tll!"C-. It also forced any After ~mprehen8ive eeonomic ShIdie;. had traffic eircle design u~erhcad. been made, the official approach syswm adopted in the East Bay urca was the exten Such a traffic circle design W41l considered, "..ith approximate inside radius of 200 feet, but sion easterly 88 far 88 3&th and 'Market St~t the economic time 1098 in 1940, compared to of the CHst and west main bridge approach 8S a part of State highway Iwute 5, alul the the }lreM>lIt 5t-ruclurt', c81,itltIi1.ed at 7 pc' cent" adoptiou for immediate construction of the amounted to more than t111'ee-fourths of a East Shore highway from Seventh and million dollars, biilled 011 an 8,verttge time vlllue Cypress Street in Oakland, to 1Illd conneeting of aile eent Ilel' ,'ehiclc minute, which is it \'81ue that used simi181" witil Ashby Avenuc ill Bl:l'keley. The Dis consh.hmlbly below in analys.:s elscwhere in the country. This figure tribution Structure is located at the intersec· did not include all~' cnpitlllized "chicle op!."r tion of these two impol'tant State Ilighway flt~ort.'d routes. nting costs, which further (he present Jesign. In these dllYs of lllltomntic telephones. nuto matic elevutOTl:! lind escailltors, automatic cafe CLQVI'U Ll'Al" RI'..JECT£D terias, and ever.. automatic traffic sig'nals, An A semi·elover lear desigll wo" 0$0 COIl Automatic separator, segrl!gator, director, lind sidrre(l, which showed capitnlized vehicle over dist.ributor of motor vehicle traffic has its Illace f1tinl! eoslJl, baS(>d on 1940 c!\timated trnffic, of in Uw mudern scheme of devc.1opmcnt of this more than one-half million dollars ill fa"or of country. the present Sinll'Tnre, this being e:tclusive of There have been a number of dcsigns lor any time clifferellees, which also favored the segregating traffic at intcl"!lP.l'.ting important design decided npon. er(l!l~ highways, those most eUlllllluul.r known The accompanying photograph of a model, bl!illg' the traffic circle where thc interiJecting eomtructed under fhl' 1l1lpe.r\,jsion of the City highways cross at grade, and the clovcrleaf, Engint"er of Oakland, ,\Ttlller Frickstad, shows wh~re they I'rlVl.~ at separated grades. tile design adopted, and clorifil'S at a glll.nce 'I.'he braided cr()!lSing in Marin County. a many of tile quertions lind answers to tile spI'('jal design in District IV, Division of numerOllS phases of this problem, Ric-hwaY8, deM:.riUed in Dece.mber, 1930, iSlUe It will be noted that there are twin .true- of "California Highways and Public Works," turea croning the numerous railroa.d tracks was one treatment of this subject meeting a in the vicinity, for convenience in analysis special ~ndition for segregating the main designated as "N" (North) and "8" (South). l ALIFORNlA. IIIOIHl'AYS AND PUBLJO yPORKS 19 Approach Planned to ESTIMATE OF TRAFFIC As uming a return to nonna! busine:s COn Accommodate 29,800 ditions by 1940, combined bridge and lo~al traffic is approximatel~' estimated on the DIS Cars per Day in 1940 tribution tructure as follow "0< (Continued from preceding page) lDlD "::r"'_. For similar convenience in designation, the n I .. southerly branch of the East Shore h;ghway Line To and From 0'" terminating under the official bridge "... approach system at Seventh and Cypress Streets in Oakland. has been called the "A" line. The Central Branch, terminating at "A" Downtown Oakland, 6 24,000 2,260 38th and Market Streets, of the legisla.tive Alameda "AN" and bridge approach system, has been designated ~~SA" 3 12,000 1,130 the "B" line. The northerly branch of the I'B" Residential Oaklar\d, 4 9,400 880 East Shore highway, officially terminating at Piedmont, East Oakland Ninth and Ashby in Berkeley, has been "SN" and 2 4,700 called the "C" line, and the main approach "SBH 440 to the west has been designated the "M" 'Ie" Emeryvile, Berkeley, 6 18,400 1.730 (mole or main) line. Albany, Richmond "NC" and COMBINATION UAnKING "cs" 3 5,500 520 For the various connecting roadways of the "CM" and 3 3,700 350 Distribution Structure itself. a combination HMC" of two letters indic::lti'lo; both thp. roaclway and "M" San Francisco-Oakland 10 29,800 2,800 the direction of te CAlJfORHIA I1J6I1WAYS A/I) ru8l.lc WORllS 3,500,000 Acre-feet O1lld.l Jocrnal of the Dina"" or .lJJa:h....7. or the lJIepu-tm.,t 0( PIIbUe WOfb, State of California; of Water Storage m pabl'-htod for the lnformaUoa ot the "'... m~" ot lbe depaflment and tIM dtheWl or Callfocnla. South Coastal Basin Edit",.. ot 111",,-,1)1" and 0:""'" an prlYlIea:ed to ... m..U"r c:onlalll.a. blreln. Cuu YIn "- IJladly kuI" ~o upon '*I.eal. HE release is announced or Bulletin . 45, "Oeology and Ground Water Stor. T Age Cllpacity of VllIley Fill," issued by Lhe Division or Water Resourl'eil. This bulletin is one of a scriCfl on the hydrology of South Addre.. communlcatlons to C.lllOrllla HJcnw..,.1 and C08.stalllasin and is the result of about three ....bU" Worb. P. O. 90:0: 141', S.en.n:."to. Calltornh•. )'ears field llnd laboratory work, the laboratory Vol. U MARCH, U35 No.3 being maintained at Pomona College through courtesy of that institution. The bulletin if; by Rollin Eckis under the general direction of Deputy Stale EngilJeer Harold Conklhlg. More Highways Needed II A major feature of the investigation has I[ been a determination of the drainable voida in the valley tilL III the bulletin is Ii map show· California, as often has been said, i. proud jng contours of equal voida in the entire a.rea of ita: State highway system, ~d ot those and a tabulation showing the estimated water other road. that have been Improved by in storage below the water table of January, counties and cities to meet the ever increas 1933. ing demands of motorists. Other progres sive states alao have reason to congratulate 'froH'l'Y·PIVE B.un...S STUDIED themselves because of their achievements. South Coutal Basin divides into 35 blisiDl:l, And yd, taking the conntry as a whole, whieh wcre separately atudied. It is estimated there are tour times as many C&I'1 per mile that in the next 50 feet below the before men· of good road u \here were in l{llfj, tioned water table there are 3,500,000 acre In other wor~ motor vehicles are increas reet of water. ing in nnmber more rapidly than the hard_ It is found that void lIpaee in alluvium as it surfaced highway program is going forward. acturs in South Coastal Basin is ~ma.ller than Today's improved roads are at leut six l{enerally ll1lpposed. In some bastWl the void times busier than they were 20 yean ago i spaee is only about 5 per cent, while the maxi for not only are there more can per mile, mum bnsin is about l~ per cent. Most basins but a.n average car is operated more miles run (I'om 7 per cent to 10 per cent. per day. Problems connected with water righm and Automobile ownership increased 1,000,000 water 8upply ill South Coastal Basin eneoullter difficulties in their solution lJecaulle a. great vehicles in 1934, in this country; but road deal of the information is underground. cOlUtruction lagged in most localities. • • • While the more advanced States have DI!I'E.....oe ON DRAINADLE voros given thoughtful attention to their chief arteries of trafflc, main highway systems the A "er)" importllnt matter is to detennine hoI\' rapidly are the wl1~r resources of the country over are only about one-half com various basins being depleted. The easiest plete. Instead of durable lurfacc there is method for sllch an estimllll' il< to caleulHte the found mud, or dust, or sand. Only about 5 clJallKe ill undergrotlud storage [rom year to per cent of America's rural roads are well year. This depends 011 the drainablc ,"aida paved. in the underground material Highway building, like highway main A change of five feet in the water table may tena.nce, is a continuous activity. Conven represent a much greater ehange in storage ience, comfort, economy demand the per. in one basin than in anod_er beeause the drain petuation of this policy; and there is another able '·oid spaee dilrers bt'tween the two ba.'lins. oonaidcration-traflle wety. Congested roads are subject to accidents. Moreover, one p1t.a.se of bonlevard making that must MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS INCREASE receive a large measure of attention hence A Hi per <"rill 111_ in cotor I"ehide (daliti_ forth is grade separation.-Pa.tadena Star the luren I:r. a ai.U&'le ,.ur in the hlllto,,. or t.he Stalk -~. f'e'llOrttd fOt' 10301 by thl': c.liroruia I:filh".,. Nuu. Patrol. CALIFORNIA HIGHWA.YS AND PUBLIC WORKS 21 J. F. Craemer Brings Wide Experience to New Office of Assistant Director .•.•::J ·•..·rJ u TS F. CRAE}[ER, recently named Assistant Director' of Public Works, with J headquarter at Los Angele, entered npon his new duties not only with an exten sive knowledge of the State highway system but "nth a rather impreRsive record of public service in general. As a newspaper man, with an intense inter est in public affairs, he had the opportunity, over many years, of contact 'with State offi iam and a close-up view of the problems of State government. From the inception of the State highway system, he was an active supporter of expan sion adequate to the needs of the State. RecoO'niziuO' the economic a d social impor tanc;of a :;Yi:ltem of good roads, he gradually became familiar with the engineering and administrative problems of the hig way department, so that when he came to occupy an official position in the organization e wa by no means strange to the duties of the office. BROAD RANGE OF AOTIVITIES His equipment for an administrative office was, bowever, considerably beyond anything suggested by a thorough study of highway problems. Public service had occupied a JUSTUS F. CRAEMER large part of his time and energ'y for many having been one of the organizers of the latter ears. A newspaper publisher and orange body. His activities contributed much toward grower of Orange, California, he neverthe bringing the .l: ational Editorial Convention less fOlmd time for a surprising range of to Caliiornia in 1926 and again in 1932. He other activities. has been vice president of the California As u former member of the board of direc Press Association for many years. tors of the State Agricultural Society, he was The State Chamber of Commerce also pro actively concerned with the management of vided him with it field of activity in which the State Fair for a period of year~. He is he served as a member of the board of direc credited with having conceived and promoted tors aud as chairman of the Southern Cali the Western States Exposition which fea fornia Council. tured the State Fail' at its diamond jubilee celebration in which five western States and RESIGNED AS ECRETARY the Republic of :M:exico participated. Lallt year, at the beginning of the cam paign for the governorship, he became private LEADER IN" EWSPAPER WORLD secretary to Governor Merriam and per In newspaper activities he has taken II formed the onerous duties of that position conspicuous part for many years. His during the primary and general election capacity for organization has won him fre campaigns. He resigned that po t in Decem quent recognition in pre s circle as a result ber of last year. He has been as i!med by of which be has served in the presidency of Director Earl TJee Kelly to .Los Angeles where the Jational Editorial Association and the he will be in clOse touch with the ever grow California New paper Publishers Association, ing needs of southern California. I 22 CAU/<'U/(.}JIA 1fJOlIlI'.41'S .4ND PUIJUC WORKS ~~~'IERRESOURCEs DfficiaYfReporb as Of March 1. 1935 F:OWAnn HTATT. 8".... £n'"..... ~ B)' mcans tit the large number of reliel clIann..l... Dnrill&" Ib ""rlod Jllnlulr,. 23d to .~ebru employment laool'enl assigned to irrigation al"J 16tb, a 101111 01 -46,1)7;; Ulaa-boo...... ""orted. E:r~pt in t .... 1'illdlllfo lind Suttet 8,.·PfIPUL where 110 clistrie~ nee~ry throughout the State. much ...ork "'11.3 done d"rlnl" tile \H"riod. the 'I'uther intft'- maintenance work, herelafo", deferred for fe,..d \'erl' little ..illl IlIf' "ork. The 1..1JI1 -lIou... lack of funds, has been done. :'hhi work hn of relief labor ..orh'll 10 111\1.. II~ U folio : ille1uded rebuilding of structures nnd enluge JlU...... ', ment or eanlll., and has put tile B)'stems gen I"lI(le...1 Tr.n.lnt fol,el'Ticot, Ur>"'" ll'nuer erally in excellent "hape for the ]935 season. BY""I_'" _.__ ••_. • _ Tnformation from all pam of the State "'edernl T"n~ell~ Servitt, 'NBdal.. B,,-pl" .'er!.. ral Treuiellt SIorv;coo. IA..... ijut'.". indicates tbat most districts which depwd for ny·V-.... .___ _ 16,.(00 irrigation upon direct din'J"!!ion of natural REHA J>roj~ ~I). ;i.-..UH-27. Amerie.. now from Jllrtams will be well supplied wiOl Uh'tt __ 59,'b!> tlll~ SF:T:A Projec:t ~o. :>S-UII-1G. Feathet water for 1935 seaMo, and that 11 fu.l n"'fer ncHh 9f Mnr,.." lIe. ~ __ .__ 00.3-17 season '. irrigation is BUlIl'fll. in those di!> SERA P~t No. 68·81~-3G, "'eatbero tri"h }>1I"inl!' s10rftgp r~n'oirs. River lIOUlh or )hry'1'lIle .______~.3G6 SER.~ rTO~ ....". l'i7·014~I, SRcralllelito lh·pa...... _ ~______9,472 8l:ICA PtQj~ No. 3{O-DN·22:, levelln; OlSTRICTS SECURITIES COMMISSION ~I"Q'I boon);. American Rh'''r • __ Sr.UA I'roj"1:t :1'0. 61,D·I!-IO, ]kilt Ri..er_ '.60S778 1'0000"m! 'I'mn,ienl Ser1'iee. 'teTlftl:'e ullld_ 6:JQ An O"lIff hAl .....en l"Jned b,. th", Corumlnion ..llIi SERA Project 1\0. 35-81<1-40, )lohlnnu," dAfillt: I"!'fnrldinl: bonds or tbe l'.I",da1~ Jnilt~t;on R"·.. r • __ • .• 1,376 Di"lr·~. 1'he J,tiuclp.l ....011"1 of the bond!!: validated III $2223"10 which bv ll.l"~m""t ..ith the bondhold~n Touli • • __ • __ 186.1811 ~ 10 be uebuu:ed for the enUre $4111,000 of <- G,'nflo1\' Cbllllllt! or the Renr m ....t. ud this 1. l{elluillont Irrlau10n DI~ttlct-Jo'or nn illlllle of O.vHoll i. cooperllllt'Ir III the ...tk to tll~ ulent of ",t"",tlnl:' hondll ill Iht "mount of 100.000 to 5tl:IIre fl[("ui~h;nlf .lll...... i~ion, tlllO;! of tools, and truck. The I. loan trom "1'"'0. With thi. 10011 the d;.trl~t Is to for",wllll and lruck dth'et ai'll £urniehed b... u., hot rftirc itll otlul"mllnJ,i l>v",l~ II.lRountil1llto $:::00,100. Mre fllIid b,. District No. lOOt. Thill "lV,k:ct llr"\i CA.LlPORNIA HJGHWA.l'S A1VD PUIJL.1O lVOUKIS New District X Office Building m City of Stockton is Formally Opened HE NEW highway office building of The heating is adequately cttrt:ti lor by a District X in Stockton was formally gas steam furnace, tbe B'mallllr rooms with T opened on Thursday, Pebrnary 28th, radiators, the larger rooms with radiatorllltnd and the occasion W!&i celebrated with a dinner foreed draft for better distribution of IJeai. gi\"en by District Engineer R. E. Pierce and For the hot \\-"eltther liellSOn there is a ..,'llter Shiff to official )Cuests at tbe notel Clark, fol cooled air ventilating system, reaching all lowed by t:l dedicatory meeting and reeeption parts of .the 1l1ructure. in the new building. The hnilding is OD a lot approximately 150 The dintier Vl'~ attended by Director of ft"Ct square. wh.ich is one quarler of a cit) Public Worb Earl Lee Kell)"; State High. block. way Engineer C. H. Purtell; Assistant State Tbe structure is ]2] feet by 8'2 (eet, leav. Highway Engineer G. T. McCoy; Chairman ing It parking area fOr eruployeilS' eflrs in the Harry A. Bopkin~ of the High.....ay Commis rear of the building, which will be gra"elcd sion and Comlnisisoners Timoth)' A. RP.ardou and surfaeed. l'lnd l<~rank A. Tetley; Deputy Dirl:ctor of Public Worb Edward J. Neron; State Archi ADEQUAT£(sV PU.K~-m fOTRUCTUIlE tect G. B. McOougall and a large delegatinn Since the district hcadquarters was moved of other members of headquarters' staff Ilt from Sacramento to Stockton, II year and a Slter.menlo as well 8.'1 District Engineers C. balI ago by Director Earl Lee Kelly, tempo H. Whitmore from l\..Iarynille. R. At. Gillis rar;" quarters havc been oetupied in n local from F'remo and TJ. H. Gibson of San Luis office building. Obispo. "This DO''\' building," said District )IF-nINO lIY.LD IX BASEltENT Engineer Pierce, "mahos 1110 fifth placc in Dl!Spite a "ery ind€'llif>nt night several bun· which District X 1ms done business since dre " ." 1 ~/J .'. . '.' \ ~ r ,. ., 1 NEW DiSTRICT HEADQUARTERS BUILDING in Stockton il a one Itory ninfOl'"ced concrete Itructure 121x S2 f.et located at C.ntu and Rosa Street.. It h.. 11 office rooml in addition to a public lobby, information room, Itoek room and basement. THE SPEAKER'S GROUP at thlll formal openinll of the new building included (left till right) Hillhway Commi..ion.r T. A. R.ardon; Auiltant State Highway Eng;neer, G. T. McCoy; Chairman H. A. Hopkin. of the Highway Commi..ion; St.te Highway Engin_r C. H. Purcell. Director of Pub lic Work. Earl L.e Kelly; John Blake of State Chamber of Commerce; Di.trict Enginoer R. E. Pierce, Con. J. !'"rank•• MayOf' of Stockton; S..netor O. M. Oiggar, Highway Commillion.r "rank A. Tetley and Oeputy Director of Public Workl Edward J. N.ron. - 26 CLtLfFOR~'A.l11allWAY8AND PURua 'WORKS California Engineer Finds Germany Building 5000 lV1iles Express lIighway Ernest Zube. Junior Physica.l Testing Engineer with the Materials and Research Department of the California Division of Highways, took a leave of absence duri1lg the summer of 1934 to visit bis aged parents in Germany. While on the trip, Mr. Zube took note of German road building llnd labora.tory practioe. The results of his observations are set forth in the following article. Special attention is cnlled to tho importance which the German road building agencies a.t~ch to laboratory studios and tests. I)y ERNEST ZUBE. JU:ltor PhYI8Ica.1 Te:ltlng Engineer IHLE 011 a ,-isit to Oermllll,Y during l1esh'ueti,'c distill1tt!on of coal, and therefore the past year, I was afforded the coal tar, It by-product, is widely used for pav. W opportunity of milking some illter ing purpQ.'les. Howevcr, duu to its tendency ~tjng observations regardiug the road build to become hard :llIG brittle with age, this ing and testing methods employed by that material is not eonsiuered as desirable as eonnlry. A n,mlbcl' of highway laborllloricll asplulit. Quite often the bituminous binder were dsited during the trip, With the !Lope comists of a mixture of tal' lind m;;plHl.lt. that these observatiOlls may be of interest Gasoline fl.m] tires arc still quite expensive to those who work or rido Oil California in Gel'man)', !l.ud ill order to stimulate further hiS'hwflY~, the foll()\vhlg brief outline of ihe automobile travel, the government now has llighwllr situation in Germany Iilld notes on under eonSll'Uctioll a S)'l'ltem of expresg high the var,ous laboratories i3 given. wars, whiell are to &!r\'e as the main arteries Gel'many, in area u little larger than Cali between the larger cities, All important part fOI nin, with a popuJatioll of :thout 65,000,000, of this pllllJ is Ule policy of IIvoiding the has fill proximately 140,000 miles of highways. c1ose·together, Mngested communi-tic:;;. TheSl.' higllll'ays in former rears consisted BtJlLOlNO EXPRt:l>S UlGlJWA)·S mostl)' or water-hound macadam 01' SOllie t,l'pe of stone pavement. Tho ever-illC-l'f!llSing Olltn At presellt, the building of these express mobile travel has made it imperative that highways (Autobahneu) is the most import these old roads be improved with .!iOme sort lint work in German highway construction. of smootl!, wear-resistant Sll1'fIlCI'. Conse The first unit (now under Wfl.y) consists of qu('ntJ;r, tho problem within the la_~t ff'w y El.ABORATE TEST TRACKS equipped for the testing of road materials under oonditions com parable to actual traffic Ilro used by German high way laboratories. The track is about 70 feet in diameter, permitting a test road of from 6 to 10 feet wide. A side movement of the apparatus permits the wheels to cover the entire surface. CALIF(Hl,\'IA 111(;11 WArS ASD PCiRf,fr, lVOUXS German Laboratories Using Test Tracks IC(;mtlnlle<.! (rum p&C(I:6) being sel('C.tei'l thM refl(>Ct light. readil:r from TRI':£·Lf~r:o RO.U>S the 8U108. The shrubbery 011 the center strip Almost, witllOut eICeptioD all existilll{ roads also tends to pro~t the drivcr from the glar are lined willI trees, and rou::hl)' split rocks, ing headljghts of cars traveling in the oppo painted white, about 16 inches high, are set sit;> direction, along the edges of the ,r;houlders for guidance. The Illt\'ement cunsists of either bit.uminous The chief muns or ttll.lIsr~rtation in Oer surfaces or Portlond c("ment conelete, Due to hlany is still the governlllcnt owned railroad, fr06t action in the winter, grelll care i!:l taken whieh in a spider web illshion COW'"" the with tIle construction of thu IJllbgl'fule. A entire eo.ttntrYi lind the railroad station illlhe crQij.'S,scction of onc of these concrete roads larger citicl> is RII illlportant and frC(IUcntly cOl1sistR of upproximately 3 10 4 inelH'1I of a pretcntious building. 'fhe resultillg numer gravel llpt'ell(l upon the lIubgradc, 5 inches or ous grade crossings and t.he large number of rather porous lehu concrete, a six·inch course rlaily trains make it IlcceSillry to have CI'Os..'! or a little bettel' grade of eoncrete, followed iugs protected by gates tended by S'8temen. by a 3-illCIt surface course, with It wire mesh While traveliug in Germany, aile is im· between the last two COllfl>l'S. The bituminous pressed with thc multitude of bieyc.les. whidl, 8urfaces are con~tructed ei1her all n lean Port riddoen by till types of people. frequently Ilrc· la.lId cement concrete bsse or on a Telford sent. a rather anmsing sight, at least to a o..'\se, and are designed according to the "oid stranger, The traffic offitPr in direeting tra!· theory, utlewpting to produce a n inimum of fie eonsiders bie)'clts on a Illir with automo voids (2% ':1.%). bile:.. Some highwll,Y~ include n separate strip The upren highways will be absolutely for bie~·cle lra,·eling. free from grade crossings a.nd intersections 'rEST TR \CKS FOil. XATEIUALS -viaducts or subways being provided to permit a continuous fast and uJe travel The material~ intended for r08d bnilding Elaborate systems are worked out for the purposes are investigated vcr)' thorou!{hly tlud croning of highwa.ys (braided intenections) subjected t.u a good lIlany tests. Quite often to permit the transfer of a machine from one the propOlied method and material is tried out highway to another. The roads will also in le5t tn.eks which duplil';ate actual condi· be illuminated, and experimenta are being tious. The slogan seems to be "Poresight it carried on at present with five different IYI_ better than aftersight." tems of lighting, Besides the Bovl'rnment testing laboratory at Berlin. there are at lellSt a d01.en Ulli· 'I·he IUl.\·roment ill the smaller citicg still COll· versity labomtorics, with hig.t1y trained per sists mostly or some type of stone pavement; sonnel, elltrU8lOO with the testing of road ill fact, II modCI-1I pavement within tliclle een building IIllllcrillls. Jn llddition to the routiue tury.old surrouudings might be somewhat te»ting of samples, exwlI5ivc research pro- incollgruous_ Tn the IUl";er citicli lind sub grlllllS are carried on by the IlIbol'8tories, lubs, ,,!Ll're a comiderablc amount of horse :My itinerary ill Oermany took me through drawn ,'ehicles are still encountered, qheet Bremen, with it.s old city hall, built almost ,....phalt or lUiphaltic concrete, with a maxi a hundred )'ellf'S belore the discovery of Amer· ilium ul{gregate up to iI', is constructed. .1.\ ica, up the historie Rhine to the University close, dcns~ W~tl.ring course is Il~esssry tl) of Karlsruhe. The laboratory, directed by prevent allY damage eau!lCd by the digging Professor Dr. Rasb, is equ.ippoo with quite action of the horses' hooCIi. till elaborate t~t track for thE' testing or road Several speeial p~ such a8 rolling materials under eonditions comparable to with torrug'llted roUers, etc., are used to pre aetual trll.ffie. The traelt is about 70 tef;t in vent slippery !'turraces 011 sheet asphalt. Stone diameter, permitting a test road of from 6 to pavE'me.nt. (."Onsi... tillg or smtlll hewn granite 10 feet wide; a side movement permits the blocks, 2 to 3 inches square, laid in a..rch wbeel.i to cover the entire surface.. shaped courses, is also used II. gr~lI.t dl!al This _ ext the university laborawry or Stuttgart, pr~nts a smooth, nonskid ann Sl:l.loi~ftlClorr which is unde.r the dire<\tiou of Professor Dr. ptl\'ellient for motor vehicle traffic. ~eumann, was vis.ited. The Stuttgart labora· (Contlnu-.cl or: pap U) CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC WOIU(S 29 Stanton Making Brave Fight for Recovery from Severe Illness Philip A. Stanton, m~m?er of the Cali fornia Hicrhway ComllllSslOn anel former Speaker otthe Assembly has been making a long, brave £ght again t a serio~,> .illness that afiticted him just before Thanksglvmg anel ha kept him c nfined to bed in his hOllie in Ana heim. He lIas passed through several critical perioils when the doctors feared hj heart woulel be unable to stand the great strain but hi indomitable will pulled him through on each occasion. .A he enter d the third month of his illness his condition improv d and recently he has been able to sit up and receiye short visits from his intimate friends who are hopeful of hi- ultimate recovery. ommissioner tanton has always taken a kl' 11 intf!rest in the tate highway sy tern and during his service in the Legislature gfl:ve valuable aid in the early efforts to orgamze a department that baR put California in the front rank of highway development in the PHILIP A. STANTON nation. He has taken a most a.ctive part in the Geological Survey four tra smitting channel work of the Highway Commission and until his illness rarely missed a meeting. have heen allocated to this nevi' type of service with the call letters of KIDD. In most instances installations have been made in AUTOMATIC RADIO BROADCASTS standar U. . G. S. gage houses at remote FLOOD WRINGS points where there i otherwise no medium of (ConUnued from page 12) satisfactory communication. District Engi neer H. D. McGlashan of the . S. G. S. in second intervals (easy to count), then a pause, San Francisco is cooperating with the State then four dashes then a pause, and then two Engineer's office. dashes. 'l'he call letters of the station are also automatically" keyed. " The keying de GRADE CROSSING FATA ES vice is operated by a weight-driven clock and by a float on the water sm'face in the gage SHOW A SLIGHT DECREASE well. This apparatus also is equipped with Eight fewer people were killed in crossing time witches which "turn on and off" the accidents in California in 1934 than in 1933, radio transmitter at any desired predeter the report of the Railroad Commi ion shows. mined intervals. But at that, 161 more people than should The radio transmitter is a imple quartz have been so killen were Ii ted as crossing crystal controlled oscillator using dry batteries fatality victims that figure being the 19-34 entirely f01' both the filament and plate cir total of such deaths. cuit. The signal is, in radio parlance, known The improved shm ing of last year, slight as an i.c.w. signal (interrupted continuous as it was, i credited. by the commission's wave) which can be received by any 0 cillat· transportation engineer to such increased ing receiver covering the particular transmis sa.fety measmc as separated grades, wig sion frequency. Signals have been received wag ::;ig'uals and gates. 'fhe howing is an satisfa toriJy at distances as great as 300 automatic argument in favor of further exten mile::;. sion of those measures, particularly grade Through cooperation with the United States separation.-Palo Alto Times. ao CAUJ.'ON.V/A E1GlllV,Il'S AND PDf1MO WnRKR Three Feather River SNOW FIGHTERS THANKED Bores Scheduled for FOR KEEPING ROADS OPEN Co",p....y 905 Completion by 1936 Ciyill.n Co rv.tio... Corp' C• ...,p Ri...co F·l30 (Continued rrom PO... Ii) Azu.., C.liforni•. heading. The men working on t.his job have J.... u.ry V, le35 Highw.y D.partment, to go to and from work along the railroad St.t...f C.lifor... i., tracks, crossing the nver in boats. It is plon Loa Angelea, Californi•• ned to hove this pioneer bore. which will be G....tl.m.n: large enollgh to Allow a ll.hoyel to be run Th. c..",,,,i.ai d per...nn.1 .nd the .n- through, comVlelt....l b)' tile time the lead shovel r..ll.d p...... n 1 of thi. c.....p.ny truly has worked it.! way to that point, or about 'PPl"e'Citt. the work th.t Forem.n Ch.rl.. l;@ptember 1 of this )'ear. W.rd h•• been doi"'l thi. w,nter in ....1lI.rd t.. k ..ping the S.n G.brl,1 H illhw.y open, PH"SESTS HUlCUL£AN TASK du";ng and .H,r th y r.ine which c.uaed numerous land·.lid, n the ro.d. All of this work Is Icbedll1ed for comple Because ..f Mr. W.rd'. ,fforl', thi, c ..mp....y tion in 1936. One and 1\ third million cubic ha, bee... abl. to g.t through ...d g.t ila ya.rds of lolid rock excavation, 86ti feet of .uppl'" with..ut int.,.,.uption Or d.lay and 28' tunnel, tORether with all the clearing, the ..vcr 20lI ",....b.... of thi. company do drainage strnctuns. mlLllonry retaining walls .ppreci.te hi. effort.. and finishing required on 12 miles of higb. You... truly, (SIgned) GEO. A. ANDERSON, way ja a fair-sized R.SlJignment to aUempt to lat Lt. A;r.R.... C..mm.nding. complete wi\hin the time being allowed. A brief 1I11mmar3' of the work donp Bnd the Tahoe City, Californi., costs for the first eighteen month!:; uf the pres J • .,uary 24, 1935. ent biennium might wrll be used to illustrate Mr. C. H. W ..ka, Maint.nanc. Sup't~ the .....ork which is being done br these campK. Oi ... i.i..n of Hillhw.ya, Since July 1, 1933, the convict forces havt~ Trucku, C.liforni•. lIlil~s movill~ buih 11} of road, 1,555,956 Dear Mr. Weake: cubic rllrds of nlllterial, or which 1.400.000 I wieh t.. th.nk ),ou fer your court••y ,... cubic yards were ;,olirl rock. 1<'ive hundred openi ... g the road 10 the echool. Th. P. T. A. forty Ions of explosivc!f WCI"l;! usd, or 0.77 h.ld a ti..11 tod.y, and the "',mb'rt all pounds per cubic ;rard; 115,250 lineal feet or upr d their .ppr.eietl..n. AI.o. not only d e .. joy tho co..v.ni.nca of b.ing .bl. over 7R miles of holes were drilled in rock at. 10 u •• c.r., but w. 1..1 lecu ,".,..,t firo the rate of 60 feet per day per jack-htllllJller, now th.t the hydr.nt il.bl••nd the for /1.11 average cost of 30l centf:l per root. fire apparatul acc.nibl•. For each foot of drilling, 3·~ (,mbic yards of With dup...t gratitud., I r,ma;... rock were lm'lken, the cost of drilling lllUount S,..car.ly you..., ing to D ccn!..s vt:r cubic ytlnl. (Signed) BLISS McGLASHAN HINKLE. 'I'he total eost of tlds (lx(lnation, including a proportiollate share of the camp setup and (oost of slIpcl'viijioll, has amounteu to $O.5:J I)cr in orde.r to Illaintain the scheduled rate of cubic yard. Considering the hnrdnes8 of the progreAA in these two COllyict C/itlq)i:! ill view rock and the Illllily obiltncJes encountered, of the harder ruck tmcountcJ'oo, there arc now among which the close proximity of railroad, ill opel·ation thirteen nil' COlllprellSOrs having hiJ{h voltage power lincs and lclegraph wires R total rated eapt:lcity of 4065 cubic feet of are llot the lCflst, this CORt is quite rensonable. air per millUU'. Thefle operate 35 jack-ham Tl'XNEI.I:-G TUROnO" OllAN1TR mers on the grade and four driftf'ril in the "Tork 111lfl on1)' roee.ntly been shlrlel.l 0/1 the tunnel headingll. Ot.her equipment in daily CIIIIII'"~ tunnels. A I.Cllding .1':h9 feet 118S been dri"CIl nse in these cUllsists of 24 four.yard at Tuunel No. I. Thi", work ....as e Pavement Experiments Made m Berlinl (Continued from pag-e 28) tory also has a circulin test track available extensive experiment on the breakdown value for testiug- purposes, and a number of of emulsions were being {'onducted. research iuYestigatious, such as influence of In Berlin three laboratories were vi ·ited. filler material, adsorptive qualities of aggre One, the laboratory of the University, directed gate. colloidal composition of asphalts, deter by Professor Dr. Schenk, 11a bee11 conducting minat.ion of friction between different types comprehensive ,experiments for determining of pavement, and many others, are conducted. the 1'e i tance offered to skidding by different Dr. Neumann visited our California State types of pavement; an invei;tigation of the Laboratory in 1930, and is a staunch advocate possibilities of impregnated wooden blocks of employing California constructioll meth for base courses was in progress. A circular ods in Germany. and a straight test track were part of the My next stop '"as Munich, where in con facilities of this laboratory. nection with the International Road Congress The laboratory of the city of Berlin, under of 1934 an exhibit, "The Street" ("Die the direction of Dr. Herrma n, has control Strasse ') \WIS held. 'l'he evolution of roads. of the city pavement design. Berlin's bitu beginniug with an excavated portiou of an minous surfaces consist mostl;}' of. heet asphalt old Germanic plank road built about 1000 or a fine aRphaltic concret.e mixture, similar to B. C., and examples of vario11s periods up to OLU' Type tt C" surface, and were in excellent the pI sent were shown in pictures, graphs condition. and models. A test being conducted on a sample of To me, one of the most inteJ~ ting parts asphaltic concrete, similar to onr Type" A," of the exhibit was thr one entitled: "'l'e ting containing 10 per cent filler, 5.1 per cent and Inyestigatlon of Roaa Building Mate asphalt, gave at room temperature a compres- rials. " .All types of apparatus for the chem ion value of 800 pounds and a tension of ical and physical testing of materiaL, together 350 pounds per square inch. The laborato 'Y with good and inferior samples of road sur makes extensive use of it samlblwst to prede faces were exhibited. termine the wearing qualities of bituminous TIRE FRICTION TESTED and cement concrete surfaces. Considerable equipment Ior determiuiIlg' the The State Soil Laboratory ill Berlin, with tire friction and slab vibrations of different Baurat Ehrenberg in charge, waS an excel pav,ements was shown, together with the test lently aquipped institution. Soil inve. tilTa results. A special section dealt with the tions, not only IOI' road building but also investigation of soils. A number of labora fol' bridges, dam,<,1, etc., are carried on. tories had exhibits of apparatus, and with the aid of pictures and charts demonstrated EXHAUSTIVE TESTS AT UNIVERSITY to the engineer and layman the importance The last place visited was the university of the subsoil in the construction of highways. laborator~r of my home town, the" Free City of Danzig," under the direction of Professor Also very interesting was an electrically Hoepfner, The testing of road building mate operated model showing the different pro rials is performed there for tlle castcrn sec posed lighting systems for the new express tion of Germany, which is separated from highways. By pressing a button, one can the rest of Germany by the Polish Corridor. view in sequence the illumination of the road by daylight, then in the slowly approach Here I familiariz.ed myself with the routine ing darkness the illumination by automobile testin"", which in addition to our methods headlights, followed by the various contem· includes special determinations such as brittle plated stationary lighting systems, point, stiffnes point and drip point. for bitu IOinous materials; also compression, tension A vi it was next made to the laboratory of and elongation, permeability, penetration, the University of Dre~den, which is under ilie sand blast and abrasion for the wearing direction of Professor Geissler. Here investi course, .An investigation l'elating to vi cos gation~ relating to the cohesive qualities of Hies of bituminous substance at different asphalt, fin ness of filler materials, and an temperatures had been carl'ied on. 32 ('1ll.IFORA'f,1 11/GJll'r.-U'S AND PUBLIC WONKS 916: Albelrt H. SJem.r ..nd John Carcano. $an An..,lrno, U4.H9; U. A. Howklns ... Co.. 83.n }-'ran FHANK F. MERRIAl\L OovcrIlOI" EARL LEE KELLY ------Director J US'l'US P. CRAEMEIc _ --- - A sistant Director EDWARD J. NERON , Deputy 'Director A. D. .EDMONSTON, Deputy In Charge Water DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS n11. W. \Y. UARUAM, Yreka H. M. S'1'AFFORD, Sacramento-San Joaquin Wnter C. R. PURCELL, Stnte Hi,;:hwny E"",in{"'r, flacramento SU1Jervisor JULIEN D. ROUSSEL, Secretary GORDON ZANDER, Adjudication, Water Distribution HEADQUARTERS STAFF, SACRAMENTO G. T. l\1<;COI', A,,.i,,tlll1t State 1111;'111'1'0.\' 1';''1;lneer DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE J. G, STANDLEY, Principal Assistanl Bnglneer n. H. WILSON, Office Engineer '1', E. ,tiTANTUN, .Materjal~ allli I:e".,arch Engineer GEO. B. McDOUGALL, State Architect. Chief "r Division '·'RED .T. GRUMM. Engineer of Surveys and Plans P. T. POAGE, Assistant Chlet C. ti. POPE. Construction Engineer T. H. DENNIS, Maintenance .!!lllgineer W. K. DANIELS. Administrative Assistant .[0'. W. PANHORST (Acting). Bridge Engineer HEADQUARTERS L. V. CAMPBELL, Euglll""" of City alld Cooperative Projects H. W. DnHAVEN. SuperVising Architectural Drafts R. .ff. STALNAKER, Equipment En~lneer man E. R. HIOOINS, Comptroller C. H. KROMER, Principal Structural En!:"lneer CARLETON PIERSON, Supervising SIJecilicalion DISTRICT ENGINEERS Writer J. W. VICKREY, District I, Eureka J. W. DUT~'ON. Principal Engineer, General Con F. W. HASJ!:LWOOD, District 11, Redding 5trucUCln CRAkLES H. WHITMORE. District rn, Marysville W. R. ROCICINGHAJ.I. Princlpat .hl"chanlcal and Electr-ical E11C'in~er .T. H. SKEGGS, District IV, San Francisco 1.. H. GIBSON, District V, san Luis Obispo n. M. GILLIS, District VI, Fresno DIVISION OF CONTRACTS AND S. V. CORTI£LYOU. llistrict VfI, Los Angeles E. Q. SULLIVAN, District VIII, San Bernardino RIGHTS OF WAY . W. LOWDEN (Acting). District IX. Bishop R. E. PIERCE. District X. Stocl,~on E. E. "VALLACE. Di"trict XI, San Diego C, C. CA nJ."'I'ON. Chief llenera] Headquarters, Publlc Works Building, CLARENCE W. MORRIS, Attorney, San Francisco Eleventh an CALIF'ORHIA STATe: ..RINTIH(; OFFICE HARRY HAM'~OND. sun PRINT!tft 19204 3-35 10,200 SAt.,;R~ MENTO. 193e STATE or CAUFORHIA DE..'"AItTMENT Off P'C8JC WOItI\S; "AI' ~HOwtN" STATE II1Gll\\~"Y SYSTEM LEGEND p,.,"'...... Aood. _ s-.J..y~.--'