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Wairau Plain Groundwater & Wairau River Interaction

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Wairau Plain Groundwater & Wairau River Interaction Wairau Plain Groundwater & Wairau River Interaction MDC Technical Report No: 11-009 March 2011 Wairau Plain Groundwater & Wairau River Interaction MDC Technical Report No: 11-009 ISBN 978-0-9864664-6-5 File Reference/Record No: G045-01/1112623 March 2011 Report Prepared by: Scott Wilson (formerly of MDC) & Peter Davidson Environmental Scientist - Groundwater Environmental Science & Monitoring Group Marlborough District Council Seymour Square PO Box 443 Blenheim 7240 Phone: 520 7400 Website: www.marlborough.govt.nz Acknowledgements: Contents 1. Introduction ...............................................................................1 2. Hydrological setting .....................................................................1 3. Regulatory framework ..................................................................3 3.1. Wairau River low flows ............................................................................ 4 4. Stream depletion principles ...........................................................4 4.1. Direct effects ........................................................................................ 5 4.2. Regional drawdown effect ........................................................................ 5 4.3. Methods of determining stream depletion rates ............................................. 5 4.3.1. Direct measurement ......................................................................... 5 4.3.2. Analytical equations ......................................................................... 5 4.3.3. Numerical modelling......................................................................... 7 4.4. Assessment considerations........................................................................ 7 5. Effects of groundwater abstraction on Wairau River flow.......................9 5.1. South-bank stream depletion effects ......................................................... 11 5.1.1. Individual effects............................................................................11 5.1.2. Cumulative effects..........................................................................11 5.2. North-bank stream depletion effects ......................................................... 12 5.2.1. Individual effects............................................................................12 5.2.2. Cumulative effects..........................................................................13 6. Sensitivity of Wairau River flows to pumping and recovery .................. 14 7. Wairau River low flow management ............................................... 15 8. Conclusions.............................................................................. 16 9. References .............................................................................. 17 MDC Technical Report No: 11-009 iii Wairau Plain Groundwater & Wairau River Interaction 1. Introduction Surfacewater-groundwater interaction has become an important issue over the last decade in New Zealand as water resources have come under increasing pressure for the summer irrigation of crops. Recognition of the linkage between groundwater and surface water flows is reflected in the number of recent reports that deal with different aspects of the issue (PDP and Environment Canterbury, 2000; White et al., 2001; New Zealand Hydrological Society, 2004). The purpose of this report is to provide background material for decisions on groundwater allocation as part of the 2011 review of the freshwater components of the district plan by Marlborough District Council. The report focuses on the effect of groundwater pumping from the Wairau Aquifer on the Wairau River. In particular the reach of the Wairau River where it interacts most directly with the Wairau Aquifer which is from the Waihopai River confluence to the Tuamarina River confluence (Figure 1). Figure 1. Wairau Aquifer Recharge Sector This report has been updated from the original prepared in 2005 by Scott Wilson, a former Marlborough District Council hydrogeologist. 2. Hydrological setting There are many examples of groundwater interaction with rivers or springs throughout Marlborough province. The most studied are the links between the mid Wairau Plain groundwater fed springs and pumping from the Wairau Aquifer (SKM 2006 & 2008). Of potentially greater import is the effect of pumping from the Wairau Aquifer underlying the north- western Wairau Plain on Wairau River flows. Natural losses of water from the Wairau River channel provide most of the recharge for the Wairau Aquifer. This hydraulic connection is demonstrated by the rise in groundwater levels following Wairau River floods (Figure 2). MDC Technical Report No: 11-009 1 Wairau Plain Groundwater & Wairau River Interaction 38.0 1600 37.5 1400 37.0 1200 /second) Well Elevation 3 Wairau River Flow 36.5 1000 36.0 800 sealevel) 35.5 600 35.0 400 WAIRAU RIVER FLOW AT TUAMARINA (m TUAMARINA AT RIVERWAIRAU FLOW GROUNDWATER ELEVATION (metres above mean mean above (metres ELEVATION GROUNDWATER 34.5 200 34.0 0 Sep-06 Dec-06 Mar-07 Jul-07 Oct-07 Jan-08 May-08 Aug-08 DATE Figure 2. Wairau Aquifer Response To River Flows The record in Figure 2 is from well 3821 located around 1.5 kilometres south-east of the Wairau River near the intersection of SH6 and Conders Bend Road. The response to floods at other MDC groundwater monitoring wells is just as compelling, but varies depending on the way in which local aquifer properties transmit the flood wave through the gravels. This is illustrated by Figure 3 showing four wells representing varying degrees of aquifer confinement, versus the Wairau River flood peak in grey, measured at Barnetts Bank upstream of Tuamarina. The blue line represents the same site (3821) as in Figure 2, where groundwater levels rise slowly due to the large storage of the unconfined aquifer west of Renwick that has to be filled by the water forming the river flood wave as it propagates inland. The response at well 4577 in Selmes Road in red is far more rapid and reflects the lower storage of local gravels and the semi-confined nature of the aquifer. A quick rise also occurs at the coastal confined aquifer well (3667) shown in black. Groundwater levels at this site exhibit the trademark tidal variation. 20 5.5 R 19.5 5 3 day delay at well 3821 19 4.5 Instantaneous response at well 4577 Semi-confined Selmes Road well 18.5 4 Unconfined Conders well minus 17.2m. confined Hinepango Drive well ELEVATION (msl) Wairau River stage STAGE IN METRES 18 3.5 CONDERS AND AND SELMESCONDERS GROUNDWATER ROAD 17.5 7 hour delay at 3 well 3667 COASTAL WAIRAU AQUIFER ELEVATION AND WAIRAU RIVE 17 2.5 27-Sep-10 2-Oct-10 7-Oct-10 DATE Figure 3. Wairau Aquifer Well Responses To A Wairau River Flood The Wairau River is the dominant recharge source for the Wairau Aquifer. The direction of groundwater flow away from the river is shown by the straight black lines on the peizometric map in Figure 4. 2 MDC Technical Report No: 11-009 Wairau Plain Groundwater & Wairau River Interaction The dashed lines represent contours of groundwater elevation in metres above mean sea-level based on field observations made by the Marlborough Catchment and Regional Water Board during a survey in March 1978. Figure 4. Wairau Aquifer Recharge Flow Direction The interaction between Wairau River flow and groundwater along its south bank, in the reach between the Waihopai confluence and Tuamarina, is different to elsewhere in the Wairau catchment. With the exception of small, localised losses of Wairau River flow to groundwater on the north-bank, the Wairau Plain south-bank is the only area of the catchment where a significant proportion of channel flow is lost to groundwater (Botting - 2010). Elsewhere the Wairau River generally gains flow, mostly from surface runoff. This includes the Kaituna area on the north-bank of the Wairau River, where both groundwater and surface runoff is supplied from the Richmond Ranges and its tributary valleys (Taylor, 2004). Wairau River low flows normally occur during the months of February to March, and coincide with the period of peak irrigation demand for water. At this time the Wairau River loses approximately 3-4 m3/second between Rock Ferry and the SH6 Bridge north of Renwick (Figure 1). An additional 3-4 m3/second of channel flow is lost between the SH6 Bridge and about opposite Selmes Road. Relatively speaking the lowest channel flows are observed opposite Selmes Road, and downstream to Tuamarina, flows of 0.5-2 m3/s return to the river from groundwater. This reflects the appearance of the confining layer which forces groundwater to the surface and returns it to the Wairau River. During higher flows the amount of recharge from the Wairau River into the aquifer is likely to be significantly greater than 7-8 m3/second. This is because river stage increases with flow, thereby increasing the wetted area of the riverbed. An increase in the wetted area allows a greater volume of river water to flow into the Wairau Aquifer. In addition, an increase in the relative difference between aquifer level and river stage increases the driving force for water to enter the aquifer. 3. Regulatory framework The Wairau/Awatere Resource Management Plan (WARMP) specifies an 8 m3/second minimum flow below which surfacewater consents within the Wairau River catchment have to stop pumping. The aim of the 8 m3/second limit is to protect instream ecological or natural character values, and maintain a minimum rate of recharge to the Wairau Aquifer from the Wairau River. The allocation
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