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Les Distributions Les distributions Par son mode de diffusion particulier, Linux est parfois déroutant. En effet, on ne se procure jamais le système Linux mais un système Linux. Chacun est libre d’assembler son propre système Linux et de le distribuer, gratuitement ou non. Il est même possible de prendre une distribution existante, d’en changer le nom, et de la redistribuer ainsi… Exemple de distributions disponibles: AbulÉdu, Adamantix, ADIOS, Admelix, Archie, ALT, Amber, AnNyung, ANTEMIUM, APODIO, Arabian, Arch, Ark, AsianLinux, Asianux, ASLinux, ASPLinux, Astaro, Asterisk@Home, Athene, ATmission, Auditor, Aurora, Aurox, AUSTRUMI, Hubworx, B2D, Bayanihan, BeatrIX, Berry, BIG LINUX, BioBrew, Bioknoppix, blackPanther, BLAG, Blin, Buffalo, Caixa Mágica, cAos, Càtix, CCux, CDlinux, Censornet, CentOS, ClarkConnect, Clusterix, clusterKNOPPIX, Condorux, Conectiva, Cosix, CRUX, Damn Small, Danix, DARKSTAR, DeadCD, Debian, Deep-Water, Defender, DeLi, AGNULA, DesktopBSD, Devil, Dizinha, DNALinux, DragonFly, P!tux, dyne:bolic, Eadem, Edubuntu, eduKnoppix, EduLinux, Ehad, eLearnix, Elive, ELX, EnGarde, ERPOSS, SME Server, ESware, Evinux, EzPlanet One, FAMELIX, Feather, Featherweight, Fedora, Fermi, Flash, Flonix, Foresight, FoRK, FoX Desktop, FreeBSD, Freedows, Freeduc, Freeduc-Sup, FreeSBIE, Frenzy, Frugalware, FTOSX, GeeXboX, Gelecek, Gentoo, GentooTH, Gentoox, GEOLivre, Gibraltar, GNIX, Gnoppix, gNOX, GNUstep, GobLinX, GoboLinux, grml, Guadalinex, GuLIC-BSD, h3knix, Haansoft, Hancom, Helix, Hikarunix, Hiweed, HKLPG, Holon, Honeywall, iBox, IDMS, Ignalum, Impi, IndLinux, INSERT, IPCop, ISlack, JoLinux, Julex, K12LTSP, Kaella, Kalango, KANOTIX, Kate OS, K-DEMar, Kinneret, Klax, kmLinux, knopILS, Knoppel, Knopperdisk, KNOPPIX, Knoppix 64, KnoppiXMAME, Knoppix STD, KnoppMyth, KnoSciences, Kororaa, Kubuntu, Kurumin, LAMPPIX, L.A.S, LFS, Libranet, LIIS, Linare, Linspire, Lineox, LinEspa, gnuLinEx, LinnexOS, Linpus, LinuxConsole, Linux-EduCD, LINUXO, Linux+ Live, LinuxTLE, Litrix, LiveCD Router, LiVux, LLGP, LliureX, LNX-BBC, Loco, Lormalinux, Luit, Lunar, Magic, Mandriva, MAX, Mayix, MCNLive, Media Lab, Mediainlinux, MEPIS, Zenwalk, Miracle, MirOS, Mockup, MoLinux, Momonga, Monoppix, m0n0wall, Morphix, MoviX, Munjoy, Muriqui, Murix, Musix, Mutagenix, myLinux, Nasgaïa, Nature's, Navyn OS, NetBSD, Netwosix, Niigata, Nitix, Novell, NST, NuxOne, Hedinux, Omoikane, Onebase, O-Net, OpenBSD, Co-Create, OpenLab, OpenLX, OpenNA, Annvix, Openwall, Oralux, Overclockix, PaiPix, ParallelKnoppix, Pardus, Parsix, PC-BSD, PCLinuxOS, Peachtree, aLinux, Penguin Sleuth, Pentoo, Pequelin, pfSense, Phaeronix, Phayoune, PHLAK, Pie Box, Pilot, Pingo, Pingwinek, Plamo, PLD, pocketlinux, Progeny, Project dEv, PUD, Puppy, QiLinux, Quantian, Rays, Red Flag, Red Hat, redWall, Resala, RIP, ROCK, Rocks Cluster, ROOT, ROSLIMS, Linux4all, Rubix, Heretix, RUNT, Salvare, SAM, Santa Fe, Scientific, Securepoint, Sentry Firewall, Shabdix, Skolelinux, Slackintosh, Slackware, Slamd64, SLAX, Slix, Slo-Tech, SLYNUX, SmoothWall, SNAPPIX, Snøfrix, SoL, Solaris, Sorcerer, Source Mage, rPath, StartCom, stresslinux, STUX, STX, SuliX, SUSE, Symphony, SystemRescue, T2, TA, Tablix, Tao, Taprobane, TPM, Thinstation, Tilix, tinysofa, Trustix, TumiX, TupiServer, Turbolinux, Turkix, Ubuntu, Ufficio Zero, UHU-Linux, Ultima, Underground, Ututo, Vector, VLOS, Vine, VNLinux, Voltalinux, White Box, WHAX, Wolvix, WOMP!, WOW, Xandros, Xarnoppix, X-evian, Xfld, X/OS, Xteam, Yellow Dog, Yoper, YES, Zen, ZerahStar, ZoneCD Les distributions Pythagore F.D. Page 15 (c) Pythagore F.D. 2011 Distributions Une distribution peut être caractérisée par son système d'installation de logiciels (paquets). Ce système permet aussi de désinstaller, consulter les paquets logiciels et de garantir les cohérences entre les versions et les dépendances. Plusieurs formats de paquets existent : • tgz : archive tar comprimée incluant des fichiers de contrôle, utilisé notamment par Slackware . Une archive tar (tarball) comporte juste chaque fichier et le nom du répertoire où il doit être placé : pas de gestion de l'existant (versions) ni des installations prérequises. • deb : paquets de Debian et dérivées. • RPM : système de gestion de paquets inventé par Red Hat et utilisé par SuSE, Mandriva et quelques autres. • ebuild : système de Gentoo. Les distributions Pythagore F.D. Page 16 (c) Pythagore F.D. 2011 Les distributions majeures Ces distributions disposent d'une communauté étendue Mandriva Linux Distribution française, facile à installer. Dispose souvent des tout derniers noyaux et patchs. Elle dispose de fonctionnalités intéressantes : installation très rapide de logiciels avec urpmi, utilitaires efficaces (drakdisk, drakfirewall). Fedora Core Projet sponsorisé par RedHat. Fedora Core est la partie gratuite de la RedHat. C'est une distribution très populaire. SUSE LINUX La SuSE est surtout populaire dans les pays germaniques. Elle est souvent utilisée pour des environnements de serveurs d'entreprise. Dispose d'un outil d'installation particulièrement efficace : yast. Les distributions Pythagore F.D. Page 17 (c) Pythagore F.D. 2011 Les distributions majeures Debian GNU/Linux il s’agit de la principale distribution 100% non-commerciale. Elle est à peine moins facile à configurer que la RedHat, tout en offrant le système d’évolution le plus évolué et une communauté extrêmement soudée. Elle est souvent utilisée pour des environnements de serveurs d'entreprise. Elle dispose d'un utilitaire d'installation très rapide: dpkg/apt-get RedHat RedHat distribue les versions « Enterprise », fondées sur la Fedora Core. Elle dispose de nombreux outils complémentaires et d'applications comme JOnAS. Elle est prévue pour les entreprises et s'exécute sur 386, ia64, ppc, s390, s390x et x86-64. Knoppix Utilisée principalement pour des démonstrations, cette distribution peut s'exécuter directement depuis le CD. Elle dispose d'un très bon détecteur de matériel. Elle est basée sur une Debian. Les distributions Pythagore F.D. Page 18 (c) Pythagore F.D. 2011 Autres distributions MEPIS Linux Distribution jeune (2003). Elle contient de nombreux programmes non libres: NVIDIA, Flash, Java, codecs multimédias. Elle dispose d'un très bon détecteur de matériel. Gentoo Linux La distribution où l'on doit tout recompiler. Longue à installer, elle permet par la suite de faciliter la recompilation d'applications. Slackware Linux Elle est assez appréciée par les curieux, qui aiment comprendre le fonctionnement intime du système. « Si vous avez un problème sur une distribution Linux, demandez de l'aide à un utilisateur Slackware » Xandros Desktop C'est l'ancienne distribution de Corel. L'une des plus facile à installer. Recommandée pour les débutants. Ubuntu Linux Fondée sur la Debian en branche sid (branche instable). Distribution active et souvent plus à jour que la version Debian elle-même, mais pas forcément cohérente avec la communauté. Les distributions Pythagore F.D. Page 19 (c) Pythagore F.D. 2011 Autres distributions Freesco microdistribution permettant de remplacer de petits routeurs par des machines de faible puissance (386sx16 par exemple) Ipcop microdistribution permettant d'installer très rapidement un pare-feu sur une machine de faible puissance (386sx16 par exemple) MontaVista Linux Professional Edition Distribution commerciale, permettant de créer des applications embarquées: téléphonie, échanges de données, traitements spécifiques. RTLinux Distribution pour l'automatique industrielle, le contrôle de processus et le temps réel. Tomsrtbt La distribution qui tient sur une disquette et permet les dépannages. Les distributions Pythagore F.D. Page 20 (c) Pythagore F.D. 2011 Distributions Devant l'accroissement du nombre de distributions, le standard LSB (Linux Standard Base) a été créé. Le LSB réunit les distributions respectant ses normes: Mandriva, RedHat, Suse Les distributions Pythagore F.D. Page 21 (c) Pythagore F.D. 2011.
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