DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao Other Caribbean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao Other Caribbean STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAÇAO AND OTHER CARIBBEAN ISLANDS: No. 142. The Anura of Jamaica: a progress report by Albert Schwartz (Miami-Dade JuniorCollege, Miami) and Danny C. Fowler (Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton) Contents page Introduction 51 Hyla brunnea Gosse 54 Hyla marianae Dunn 56 Hyla wilderi Dunn 57 Hyla crucialis Harlan 59 Eleutherodactylus jamaicensis Barbour 60 Eleutherodactylus johnstonei Barbour 65 Eleutherodactylus cundalli Dunn 67 — cundalli cundalli Dunn 69 — cundalli glaucoreius n. subsp 73 Eleutherodactylus cavernicola Lynn 77 Eleutherodactylus grabhami Dunn 79 Eleutherodactylus planirostris planirostris Cope 82 Eleutherodactylus gossei Dunn 86 — gossei gossei Dunn 91 — gossei oligaulax n. subsp 95 Eleutherodactylus junorii Dunn 99 Eleutherodactylus nubicola Dunn 103 Eleutherodactylus pantoni Dunn 103 — pantoni pantoni Dunn 106 amiantus — pantoni n. subsp 109 — pantoni pentasyringos n. subsp 114 Eleutherodactylus fuscus Lynn & Dent 119 Eleutherodactylus luteolus Gosse 122 Eleutherodactylus andrewsi Lynn 126 Eleutherodactylus orcutti Dunn 127 Discussion 128 Literature 136 Distribution maps 137 51 Abstract The Antillean island of Jamaica is inhabited by 17 native species of frogs and three introduced species. This anuran fauna has not been the date the reviewed since 1940, and present paper brings up to and in addition much nomenclature of the Jamaican frogs, gives new and 16 zoogeographic, altitudinal, ecological, reproductive data on native and two introduced species. New subspecies of Eleutherodac- E. and E. described. The total tylus cundalli, gossei, pantoni are native fauna of is both far its in- anuran Jamaica discussed, as as ternal (within Jamaica) and external (other Antillean islands) re- lationships are concerned, and a zoogeographic picture of differenti- ation from two major evolutionary centers in Jamaica is presented in reference to the frogs of that island. The frogs of Jamaica were last reviewed by Lynn (1940). At that Lynn 17 time, recognized species of anurans on the island of Ja- maica, of which three (Bufo marinus, Eleutherodactylus “martini- censis", E. “ricordi”) were consideredintroduced species. Taxonomic and distributional LYNN'S work few: these papers subsequent to are include LYNN & DENT (1942, 1943), LYNN (1954), GOIN & COOPER and GOIN in of three GOIN (1950), (1953). However, a series papers, (1950, 1954, 1960) discussed the genetics and evolution of several of insofar these of Jamaican species Eleutherodactylus; as aspects their biology are concerned, the Jamaican membersof the genus are consequently better known than are those of other Antilleanislands. Our interest in Jamaican frogs stems primarily from four col- lections made in Jamaica in the past decade: Schwartz (with David C. Leber and Ronald F. Klinikowski) collected on the and A second collection island between 9 June 7 August 1961. was made by Richard Thomas between 29 June and 10 September 1967. Schwartz, with James A. Rodgers, Jr., collected very briefly in Jamaica in 1969. Finally, we (in the company of Dale E. Becker and Michael T. Felix) collected in Jamaica between 1 and 25 August 1970. The result of these efforts is slightly over 2,000 freshly collected and carefully documentedand preserved specimens, all of which add of the her- materially to our knowledge Jamaican The of the is summarize petofauna. purpose present paper to new data and to bring the knowledge of Jamaican frogs closer to that of the frogs of other Greater Antillean islands. 52 the We acknowledge assistance offered the senior author on 1961 by C. Bernard Lewis of the Institute of and the of Jamaica, cooperation our companions, Messrs. Becker, Felix, Klinikowski, Leber, and Rodgers, in the field. We are especially Richard Thomas for grateful to allowing us to report on his Jamaican material. All specimens are in the Albert Schwartz Field Series (ASFS). We have made no effort borrow the of special to many specimens Jamaicanfrogs available in museum 155 the Museum of collections; however, we have borrowed selected frogs from Comparative Zoology (MCZ), the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan and the United States National when felt that these (UMMZ), Museum (USNM) we would add to of variation within We wish to specimens our concepts species. thank the curators of these collections for loans of often valuable specimens: Ernest E. Williams, Charles F. Walker, James A. Peters, and George R. Zug. In ad- dition to these collections, we have deposited paratypes of new taxa in the Carnegie Museum (CM). measurements All are in millimeters and color designations are from Maerz & In Paul (1950). the case of males, we have selected (where available) the 25 largest of and specimens for our computations. In the case of females, our usage "gravid adult" indicates calculations all specimens that we have based our upon specimens whose snout-vent length is above that of the minimally sized gravid female. We that all females above minimal size thereby assume this are potentially capable of Measurements of egg production. eye and tympanum are longitudinal measure- ments. taxa the of As several new have been proposed since publication Lynn's (1940) treatment of Jamaicanfrogs, we list below the species which we regard as inhabiting In addition the of since the nomenclature Jamaica. to proposal new species 1940, of has in 30 and thus the Jamaican frogs changed remarkably the ensuing years, list achieves record of some pertinence as a these changes: Bufonidae Bufo marinus Linnaeus (introduced) Hylidae Hyla brunnea Gosse Hyla crucialis Harlan Hyla marianae Dunn Hyla wilderi Dunn Leptodactylidae Eleutherodactylus alticola Lynn Eleutherodactylus andrewsi Lynn Eleutherodactylus cavernicola Lynn Eleutherodactylus cundalli Dunn Eleutherodactylus fuscus Lynn & Dent Eleutherodactylus gossei Dunn Eleutherodactylus grabhami Dunn Eleutherodactylus jamaicensis Barbour Eleutherodactylus johnstonei Barbour (introduced) Eleutherodactylus junori Dunn 53 Eleutherodactylus luteolus Gosse Eleutherodactylus nubicola Dunn Eleutherodactylus orcutti Dunn Eleutherodactylus pantoni Dunn Eleutherodactylus planirostris Cope (introduced) Note that of of the above differs from our usage some names (i.e., luteolus) that of Lynn (1940), and in other instances (johnstonei, planirostris) there have been nomenclatural changes. We are grateful to Ronald I. Crombie of the United States National Zoological Park for pointing out the priority of crucialis Harlan over lichenata Gosse for the giant Jamaican hylid. We have had no field experience with E. alticola, a species known only from high elevations in the Blue Mountains of extreme eastern marinus Jamaica, and, although we heard Bufo vocalizing and saw individuals on the roads collected many at night, we no specimens and thus have no new data to p~esent on this bufonid. But we do information all other have new on Jamaican anurans. These new data information distribution altitudinal include on variation, (both and and geographic), ecology, vocalization; especially pertinent are data in coloration and pattern in living specimens and measure- of both which in have ments sexes, most cases never been reported. Our intent is to summarize the existing published information on these topics and to supplement it with new data resulting from our collections. We make no pretense that our contributionis final, but data unless such are published as they are gathered, little new information animal reaches Definitive studies on any group print. are the but less exhaustive studies fill which epitome, existing gaps might otherwise remain empty were it not for the publication of information. The brief of new recent history Jamaican frogs, presented above, shows how little attention has been paid to these We of animals. herein attempt to remedy some this neglect. As is in far as possible a linear series, we have attempted to each arrange the species within genus in what seems to us a reason- able Our ideas based phylogenetic sequence. are primarily upon the work of Dunn on the hylids and Goin on the leptodactylids the but have (especially gossei group), we departed to some slight extent from Goin's suggested relationships. Our interpretations are noted in the text and are detailed in the discussion section of the present paper. 54 Our distribution the known of the maps attempt to present rangs various species and subspecies of Jamaican frogs. Hyla brunnea Gosse Hyla brunnea is the second largest of the Jamaican hylids, and the is distributed the both species widely throughout island, geo- graphically and altitudinally (Fig. 48). Our twenty-five largest males (all with nuptial pads) have the following measurements: snout-vent length 42.1-50.6 (45.6); head length 16.0-18.7 (17.4); head width 16.0-19.2 2.9-3.8 5.9-7.8 (17.6); tympanum (3.4); eye (6.7); naris to eye 5.2-6.8 (6.0); femur 17.6-22.8 (19.7); tibia 20.0- 25.8 (22.3); fourth toe from inner metatarsal tubercle 15.1-20.7 (17.9). The largest 25 females measure: snout-vent length 60.4-75.8 (65.7); head length 21.7-27.0 (23.7); head width 22.4-29.2 (24.8); tympanum 3.8-5.5 (4.5); eye 5.9-7.8 (6.7); naris to eye 7.3-10.5 (8.4); femur 26.2-34.3 (28.9); tibia 29.6-38.6 (32.3); fourth toe from inner metatarsal tubercle 24.1-32.8 Lynn (26.5). (1940: 20) gave 72.0 mm as the measurementof the largest frog (presumably female) which he had available, and our largest female slightly exceeds his in snout-vent length. Lynn (1940: 20 and pi. I) discussed and figured the variationin dorsal color and pattern in H. brunnea. The species is exceptionally variably in dorsal pattern, with some specimens unicolor and whereas others marked with patternless or virtually so, are large and dark The colors irregular blotches or mottling. primary involved in the dorsal pattern are browns, with the ground color usually a medium brown and the pattern, if present, some darker shade, in almost black. Usual dorsal colors some cases are in the vicinity of PI.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Office Attendants and Cleaners Certified
    OFFICE ATTENDANTS AND CLEANERS CERTIFIED For the first time in the history of “You can use the certificates the judiciary, office attendants and to get jobs elsewhere includ- cleaners have been certified after ing overseas because IWED they received training to improve is an accredited training or- their performance on the job in a ganization (ATO) by bid to make Jamaica’s judiciary NCTVET- Heart Trust/NTA the best in the Caribbean in three and HEART is a recognized years and among the best in the institution,” the Chief Justice world in six years. emphasized. The four-day training, which was One of the participants in the conducted by the Institute of training exercise Rosemarie The Hon. Mr. Justice Bryan Sykes OJ CD, Workforce Education and Devel- Chanteloupe from the Chief Justice, hands over certificate to Jennifer opment (IWED) at the Knutsford Manchester Parish Court said Bryan from the Traffic Court at the Award Court Hotel in Kingston “I learn a lot and I appreciate Ceremony for Office Attendants held at the everything that they did for (November 18-19, 2019) and Riu Terra Nova All-Suite Hotel in St. Andrew on Hotel in Montego Bay, St. James December 19, 2019. us. The training helped us to (November 21-22, 2019), covered learn more about our work ethic and to have better a range of topics such as: custom- and urged them to apply what they have customer relation skills.” er relations, proper sanitation, garnered from the training exercise to food handling practices and pro- their jobs. Another participant, Shaun cedures, occupational safety and Huggarth from the Hanover Chief Justice Sykes said the training is workplace professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • WHAT IS a FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, and PRODUCING LANDSCAPES in ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA by Gary R. Schnakenberg a DISSERTATION
    WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Geography – Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST. ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg This dissertation research examined the operation of discourses associated with contemporary globalization in producing the agricultural landscape of an area of rural Jamaica. Subject to European colonial domination from the time of Columbus until the 1960s and then as a small island state in an unevenly globalizing world, Jamaica has long been subject to operations of unequal power relationships. Its history as a sugar colony based upon chattel slavery shaped aspects of the society that emerged, and left imprints on the ethnic makeup of the population, orientation of its economy, and beliefs, values, and attitudes of Jamaican people. Many of these are smallholder agriculturalists, a livelihood strategy common in former colonial places. Often ideas, notions, and practices about how farms and farming ‘ought-to-be’ in such places results from the operations and workings of discourse. As advanced by Foucault, ‘discourse’ refers to meanings and knowledge circulated among people and results in practices that in turn produce and re-produce those meanings and knowledge. Discourses define what is right, correct, can be known, and produce ‘the world as it is.’ They also have material effects, in that what it means ‘to farm’ results in a landscape that emerges from those meanings. In Jamaica, meanings of ‘farms’ and ‘farming’ have been shaped by discursive elements of contemporary globalization such as modernity, competition, and individualism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seasoning of Enslaved Africans in Eighteenth
    DRAFT “[M]anaged at first as if they were beasts:” The Seasoning of Enslaved Africans in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica Nicholas Radburn1 In April 1754, Richard Beckford, the owner of almost a thousand enslaved people in Jamaica, penned a lengthy manuscript guide to plantation management. Beckford explained that the “Success of my plantations… chiefly depend[ed]” on “governing ye minds of my Slaves as Well as exercising their Bodies in a reasonable Manner.” Although Beckford urged the exercise of “Justice & Benevolence” to all enslaved people, he emphasized that particular care needed to be taken with recently arrived Africans. They should be “treated with a very gentle hand & must be inured to labour by degrees,” otherwise “despair” would “tak[e] possession of their Minds” and “all Medicine & future care will be to no purpose.”2 Beckford’s instructions illustrate an important distinction that British Caribbean enslavers made between newly arrived Africans and plantation-born slaves in their management regimes. Planters believed that Africans needed to be “seasoned” over a several-year period to habituate them to the new disease environment and to plantation labor. Enslavers developed numerous seasoning strategies, which they exchanged verbally and via manuscripts such as Beckford’s. By the late eighteenth century, plantation manuals also publicized seasoning techniques, and they typically followed Beckford in advocating a policy of mild treatment towards Africans for several years. Even so, some promoted a much harsher program for seasoning enslaved people.3 Writing twenty years after Beckford, planter-historian Edward Long claimed that Africans were “of so savage a 1 Nicholas Radburn is a lecturer in Atlantic history at Lancaster University.
    [Show full text]
  • Negril Property for Sale
    Negril Property For Sale secondly.Contractile Reconstructed Rad accredit some and majestic metropolitans Doug perpetratesand risks his her sissoo put-put so sparely!croakings Thermogenetic dinks and intimating Jerold conveniently.outbragging Search whole the cheapest hotel deal for Couples Negril in Negril. Drugs is known in jamaica, commercial real estate to venture to eat and mistake floating debris for sale for sale or. Larry must dwell at on there. Last month, JISCO decided to assure the stunt for two years. We query to see Jamaica in a resort I could have read anywhere along the world my lovely beach, pool, sun. Real estate listings Jamaica. It boasts a prestine beach with a rocky edge gear for snorkeling to implicit the spectacular underground rock ahead and tropical fish. This amazing site a only offers buyers a potentially comfortable, modern and spacious place to live oak is brew a fantastic investment in the holiday rental market, in murder the St. United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. You around negril property sale and pictures inside the sale negril property for snorkeling and representation is distance away and was people to buy and you are available to! Search is sometimes found. Early chapter is recommended to exercise lack of availability. Browse Cheap houses for via in Negril Jamaica and call rest whether the Caribbean. The hotel staff were being and arranged drivers to cause out in some countryside. Commercial paper for merit in Negril Jamaica can also probably found in popular nearby locations such as Whitehouse, Belmont, Savannalamar, Little London, Grange Hill, Seaford Town, Bethel Town and others.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter Post Compendium Jamaica
    Letter Post Compendium Jamaica Currency : Dollar Jamaïquain Basic services Mail classification system (Conv., art. 17.4; Regs., art. 17-101) 1 Based on speed of treatment of items (Regs., art. 17-101.2: Yes 1.1 Priority and non-priority items may weigh up to 5 kilogrammes. Whether admitted or not: Yes 2 Based on contents of items: Yes 2.1 Letters and small packets weighing up to 5 kilogrammes (Regs., art. 17-103.2.1). Whether admitted or not Yes (dispatch and receipt): 2.2 Printed papers weighing up to 5 kilogrammes (Regs., art. 17-103.2.2). Whether admitted or not for Yes dispatch (obligatory for receipt): 3 Classification of post items to the letters according to their size (Conv., art. 17,art. 17-102.2) - Optional supplementary services 4 Insured items (Conv., art. 18.2.1; Regs., 18-001.1) 4.1 Whether admitted or not (dispatch and receipt): No 4.2 Whether admitted or not (receipt only): No 4.3 Declaration of value. Maximum sum 4.3.1 surface routes: SDR 4.3.2 air routes: SDR 4.3.3 Labels. CN 06 label or two labels (CN 04 and pink "Valeur déclarée" (insured) label) used: - 4.4 Offices participating in the service: - 4.5 Services used: 4.5.1 air services (IATA airline code): 4.5.2 sea services (names of shipping companies): 4.6 Office of exchange to which a duplicate CN 24 formal report must be sent (Regs., art.17-138.11): Office Name : Office Code : Address : Phone : Fax : E-mail 1 : E-mail 2: 5 Cash-on-delivery (COD) items (Conv., art.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaica Ecoregional Planning Project Jamaica Freshwater Assessment
    Jamaica Ecoregional Planning Project Jamaica Freshwater Assessment Essential areas and strategies for conserving Jamaica’s freshwater biodiversity. Kimberly John Freshwater Conservation Specialist The Nature Conservancy Jamaica Programme June 2006 i Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………..... i List of Maps ………………………………………………………………. ii List of Tables ………………………………………………………………. ii List of Figures ………………………………………………………………. iii List of Boxes ………………………………………………………………. iii Glossary ………………………………………………………………. iii Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………. v Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………… vi 1. Introduction and Overview …………………………………………………………..... 1 1.1 Planning Objectives……………………………………... 1 1.2 Planning Context………………………………………... 2 1.2.1 Biophysical context……………………………….. 2 1.2.2 Socio-economic context…………………………... 5 1.3 Planning team…………………………………………… 7 2. Technical Approach ………………………………………………………………….…. 9 2.1 Information Gathering…………………………………... 9 2.2 Freshwater Classification Framework…………………... 10 2.3 Freshwater conservation targets………………………… 13 2.4 Freshwater conservation goals………………………….. 15 2.5 Threats and Opportunities Assessment…………………. 16 2.6 Ecological Integrity Assessment……………………... 19 2.7 Protected Area Gap Assessment………………………… 22 2.8 Freshwater Conservation Portfolio development……….. 24 2.9 Freshwater Conservation Strategies development…….. 30 2.10 Data and Process gaps…………………………………. 31 3. Vision for freshwater biodive rsity conservation …………………………………...…. 33 3.1 Conservation Areas …………………………………..
    [Show full text]
  • History of Portland
    History of Portland The Parish of Portland is located at the north eastern tip of Jamaica and is to the north of St. Thomas and to the east of St. Mary. Portland is approximately 814 square kilometres and apart from the beautiful scenery which Portland boasts, the parish also comprises mountains that are a huge fortress, rugged, steep, and densely forested. Port Antonio and town of Titchfield. (Portland) The Blue Mountain range, Jamaica highest mountain falls in this parish. What we know today as the parish of Portland is the amalgamation of the parishes of St. George and a portion of St. Thomas. Portland has a very intriguing history. The original parish of Portland was created in 1723 by order of the then Governor, Duke of Portland, and also named in his honour. Port Antonio Port Antonio, the capital of Portland is considered a very old name and has been rendered numerous times. On an early map by the Spaniards, it is referred to as Pto de Anton, while a later one refers to Puerto de San Antonio. As early as 1582, the Abot Francisco, Marquis de Villa Lobos, mentions it in a letter to Phillip II. It was, however, not until 1685 that the name, Port Antonio was mentioned. Earlier on Portland was not always as large as it is today. When the parish was formed in 1723, it did not include the Buff Bay area, which was then part of St. George. Long Bay or Manchioneal were also not included. For many years there were disagreements between St.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaica's Parishes and Civil Registration Districts
    Jamaican registration districts Jamaica’s parishes and civil registration districts [updated 2010 Aug 15] (adapted from a Wikimedia Commons image) Parishes were established as administrative districts at the English conquest of 1655. Though the boundaries have changed over the succeeding centuries, parishes remain Jamaica’s fundamental civil administrative unit. The three counties of Cornwall (green, on the map above), Middlesex (pink), and Surrey (yellow) have no administrative relevance. The present parishes were consolidated in 1866 with the re-division of eight now- extinct entities, none of which will have civil records. A good historical look at the parishes as they changed over time may be found on the privately compiled “Jamaican Parish Reference,” http://prestwidge.com/river/jamaicanparishes.html (cited 2010 Jul 1). Civil registration of vital records was mandated in 1878. For civil recording, parishes were subdivided into named registration districts. Districts record births, marriages (but not divorces), and deaths since the mandate. Actual recording might not have begun in a district until several years later after 1878. An important comment on Jamaican civil records may be found in the administrative history available on the Registrar General’s Department Website at http://apps.rgd.gov.jm/history/ (cited 2010 Jul 1). This list is split into halves: 1) a list of parishes with their districts organized alphabetically by code; and 2) an alphabetical index of district names as of the date below the title. As the Jamaican population grows and districts are added, the list of registration districts lengthens. The parish code lists are current to about 1995. Registration districts created after that date are followed by the parish name rather than their district code.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report on the Natural History of the Buff Bay Valley
    BUFF BAY AGROTOURISM PROJECT TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BUFF BAY VALLEY Prepared By: ANN M. HAYNES-SUTTON PH.D. ([email protected]) For: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR COOPERATION ON AGRICULTURE P.O. Box 349, Hope Gardens, Kingston 6, Jamaica W.I. ([email protected]) Date: 18 DECEMBER 2009 Table of Contents BACKGROUND: ................................................................................................................................. 4 METHODS: ......................................................................................................................................... 4 OBJECTIVES: ...................................................................................................................................... 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA: ...................................................................................................... 4 GEOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 SOILS ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 HISTORY ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 LAND USES .................................................................................................................................................... 8 NATURAL
    [Show full text]
  • List of Rivers of Jamaica
    Sl. No River Name Draining Into 1 South Negril River North Coast 2 Unnamed North Coast 3 Middle River North Coast 4 Unnamed North Coast 5 Unnamed North Coast 6 North Negril River North Coast 7 Orange River North Coast 8 Unnamed North Coast 9 New Found River North Coast 10 Cave River North Coast 11 Fish River North Coast 12 Green Island River North Coast 13 Lucea West River North Coast 14 Lucea East River North Coast 15 Flint River North Coast 16 Great River North Coast 17 Montego River North Coast 18 Martha Brae River North Coast 19 Rio Bueno North Coast 20 Cave River (underground connection) North Coast 21 Roaring River North Coast 22 Llandovery River North Coast 23 Dunn River North Coast 24 White River North Coast 25 Rio Nuevo North Coast 26 Oracabessa River North Coast 27 Port Maria River North Coast 28 Pagee North Coast 29 Wag Water River (Agua Alta) North Coast 30 Flint River North Coast 31 Annotto River North Coast 32 Dry River North Coast 33 Buff Bay River North Coast 34 Spanish River North Coast 35 Swift River North Coast 36 Rio Grande North Coast 37 Black River North Coast 38 Stony River North Coast 39 Guava River North Coast 40 Plantain Garden River North Coast 41 New Savannah River South Coast 42 Cabarita River South Coast 43 Thicket River South Coast 44 Morgans River South Coast 45 Sweet River South Coast 46 Black River South Coast 47 Broad River South Coast 48 Y.S. River South Coast 49 Smith River South Coast www.downloadexcelfiles.com 50 One Eye River (underground connection) South Coast 51 Hectors River (underground connection)
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaica Fao Country Report
    JAMAICA FAO COUNTRY REPORT 1.0 Introduction To The Country And Its Agricultural Sector: Size: Jamaica has a total land area of 10991 Sq.Km. making it the third largest Caribbean Island. The maximum length of the Island is 234.95 Km and the width varies from 35.4 – 82 Km. Geographical Location World Position: Jamaica enjoys a favourable location in relation to the western world. As demonstrated in Figure 1, the total landmass of the Americas, most of Europe and much of North and West Africa lie within a hemisphere centred on Jamaica, that is, within a 9 654 kilometres radius of the country. This hemisphere represents the major portion of the world’s economic activity and markets, although inhabited by less than half of the world’s population. Almost all of Jamaica’s cultural and economic associations are with countries in this hemisphere. Western Europe is within 9 654 kilometres, while Eastern Canada and the United States are well within 3 218 kilometres. A further advantage is provided because direct travel distance lines to those three areas are mostly over water which is the cheapest form of commercial transportation. The increasing use and improvement of aircraft make straight-line distance from Jamaica to other places in the world very pertinent. The closest link with North America is Miami, some 965 kilometres to the north. Such major cities as New York, Montreal, Toronto and Mexico City are from 2 414 kilometres to 3 218 kilometres flying distance; Rio de Janeiro in South America, Dakar in Africa and London and Madrid in Europe are 6 436 kilometres to 8 045 kilometres distant; Tokyo, Cape Town and New Delhi are 12 872 to 14 481 kilometres; Singapore and Sydney are 16 090 to 17 699 kilometres away.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Audited List of Youth Clubs
    Name of Club Parish Yeo Signature Yallahs Police Youth Club St. Thomas No Eleven Miles Youth in Action St. Thomas No Mt. Lebanus Youth Club St. Thomas No Cedar Valley Police Youth Club St. Thomas No Springville Youth Club St. Thomas No Carleva Bay Youth Club St. Thomas No Ramble Youth Club St. Thomas No St. Thomas Parish Youth Club St. Thomas No Moffat Citizens Association Youth Club St. Thomas No Heartease United Youth Club St. Thomas No Airy Castle Community Youth Club Police Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Seaforth Sports Club St. Thomas Yes Paul Bogle Youth Club St. Thomas Yes York Police Youth Club St. Thomas Yes United Vibes Youth, White Hall St. Thomas Yes Sunrise Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Uprising Youth and Community Club St. Thomas Yes Spring Rain Youth St. Thomas Yes Highburg Police Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Port Morant Police Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Bath Police Youth St. Thomas Yes Old Pere Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Sunning Hill Police Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Zion Foursquare Chrsitian Fellowship Youth Club, St. Thomas Yes Pear Tree River Police Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Beacon Hill Progressive Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Duckensfield Progressive Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Stokes Hall Dvelopment Group St. Thomas Yes Rose of Sharon Prayer House Youth Department St. Thomas Yes Hampton Court Police Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Dalvey Youth & Community Club St. Thomas Yes Golden Grove Community & Youth Club St. Thomas Yes Burke Road Heights Youth Club St. Catherine No Walkers Road United St. Catherine No Springvillage Development Foundation St.
    [Show full text]