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Journal Volume 18, Oct.-Nov. 2017 Journal Volume 18, Oct.-Nov. 2017 INDEX Sr. Page Name of the Research Paper Author No. No. 1. Industrial Disaster : A Case Study of Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Neeru Sharma 1-2 Food Status in Drought Prone Areas of Rajasthan : Dr. Vinod Kumar 2. 3-8 A Study based on Agro-Climatic Regions Somvir Bhoria 3. Stone Tools, Technology in Ancient India Parveen Kumar 9-12 Impact Assessment Study of Rural Road Connectivity Under Ravin Kumar, 4. 13-18 PMGSY - A Case Study Suman Bajiya 5. Declining Sex Ratio in Haryana Dr. Urmila Sabharwal 19-21 An Analysis of Growth Rate and Sex Ratio of Haryana, Priyanka, 6. 22-25 2001-2011 Poonam Rani, Sachin Land Use/Land Cover Change in the Buffer Zone of Nimbahera 7. Satyapal Jiterwal 26-29 Cement Industries Region, Chittorgargh, Rajasthan Need and Perspectives of Sustainable Development in Indian 8. Rahul Choudhary 30-33 Scenario THE KOKAN GEOGRAPHER Mrs. Mamta Nandal 9. Employment Pattern in Rural Haryana : An Analysis 34-37 Mrs. Kavita Vpo Rukhi Recent Trend, Pattern and Characteristics of Crime against Naveen Kumar 10. 38-42 Women in India : 2004-14 Dr. Naresh Malik Subhi Gaur 11. Sustainable Urban Waste Management in India Dr. Anil Kumar 43-47 12. Crop Diversification Pattern in Haryana Neelam Garg and Savita 48-51 13. Environment and Landuse of Rasikbeel Complex Subhashis Biswas 52-57 Water Table Fluctuation in Rewari District, Haryana : Vinay Kumar, 14. 58-62 A Geographical Analysis Pardeep Kumar Evolution of Party System in India and Alliance Performance in 15. Sunil 63-66 Parliamentary Election, 2009 16. Water Insufficiency and Its Management: A Challenge for India Neetu Singh 67-70 Identification of Backwardness in Mewat: A Study Based on Socio- Shiv Kumar, 17. 71-77 Economic Aspects of Development Babita 18. Climate Change Strategies and Development Dr. Sushma Redhu 78-80 The Need of Hour: 19. Sanjeev Kumar Chaudhary 81-85 Balance Between Development and Environment 20. Farmers Suicide in India: Causes and Remedies Sajjan Kumar 86-91 21. Development and Environment Poonam 92-94 22. Sustainable Development: Need of the hour Dr. Manisha 95-96 Irrigation Expansion and Change in Cropping Pattern in 23. Partibha and Salesh Kalkal 97-104 Panipat District 24. Regional Disparity in Availability of Electricity in India Praveen Kumar 105-110 25. Depleting Natural Resources-A Threat To Sustainability Dr. Pardeep Malik & Dr. Anju 111-112 Urban Sprawl: A Critique For Sustainable Development of National 26. Anil Malik 113-116 Capital Region (NCR Delhi) 1 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 18 THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 18, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858 Industrial Disaster : A Case Study of Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Neeru sharma Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography, P.T.N.R.S. Govt. College, Rohtak Abstract With globalization and rapid industrialization, there emerged a quantum jump in chemical production, handling and transportation of hazardous chemical across the globe, which is associated with a non- speculative risk of fire, explosion, toxicity, environmental pollution etc. occurrence of chemical accidents and probability of their manifesting in a chemical disaster remains a cause of concern. Such emergencies/ disasters pose a great threat to human life, flora and fauna. Many such disasters which occurred in past worldwide are eye openers. Chemical disasters are always man- made. Unlike emergencies caused due to natural disasters which are difficult to prevent, chemical accidents can be prevented and their impact minimized by better planning, preparedness and response. As we do not learn from our mistake, history repeats. Government of India and state governments have imposed many acts rules to ensure avoidance of chemical disasters, effective control of such disasters if they occur and post disaster mitigation and rehabilitation measures. This paper discuss a case study on Bhopal Gas Disaster which is a citation of the above mentioned chemical disaster. Keywords : disaster, mitigation, hazardous, volatile, indicator. Introduction One of the most disastrous events since the history of chemical industry occurred in BHOPAL, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, on the night of December 02,1984 ,in the factory of Union Carbide of India Ltd. [UCIL]due to leakage THE KOKAN GEOGRAPHER of Methyl Iso Cynate [MIC] gas. UCIL, a subsidiary of multi national company Union Carbide Corporation [USA] was in the business of manufacturing agricultural pesticides among other things. MIC was required in these manufacturing activities and was therefore, manufactured and stored at the UCIL plant in Bhopal. Characteristics of MIC MIC has very special characteristics which make the chemical very hazardous. Some of the properties of the MIC are : 1. It is extremely volatile and vaporizes very easily. 2. It can boil at a temperature of 38 degrees C, so it is very important to be kept cool. 3. It is chemically very active and reacts violently with water. 4. It is highly toxic ,it is about 100 times lethal than cyanide gas. 5. It is heavier than atmospheric air, it stays near the ground after release. The Disaster During the night of December 2-3, 1984, about 45 tonnes of MIC [ Methyl Iso Cynate] gas leaked form the UCIL[Union carbide of India Ltd]plant at Bhopal. MIC was stored in the underground tanks; which became contaminated with water. The contamination produced chemical reaction, followed by a rise in gas pressure and a subsequent leak. The chronology of the events leading to one of the most disastrous events in the history of chemical industry is as follows: Chronology of the Event December 2, 1984, was a routine day at the UCIL factory in Bhopal. MIC was stored in an underground tank. The pipeline washing stared at 9:30p.m. As a routine maintenance operation Between 10:30-11:00 PM : workers engaged in pipeline washing became aware of a leak. Little attention was however paid considering it a normal leak. A casual attempt was made to trace the source of leak age, but of no use. The leak continued. Around 12:15 -12:3 a.m.: The pressure in the MIC tank about up to 55 pounds per square inch [which was the maximum the gauge could read]. The temperature had also shot up to 200 degree celcius and was increasing. An operator saw that the concrete above the tank was cracking. About 12:30 a.m., the relief valve of the tank gave away and large quantities of MIC gas leaked into the atmosphere. 1 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 18 The workers at the factory realized the risk of a massive disaster. They tried to activate the safety systems available at the factory at about 12:30 a.m. The three safety systems available within the factory and their condition at that time were as under : Turning on the flare tower to burn off toxic gas. This system was not in working condition as a piece of pipeline leading to the tower had been removed for maintenance. Using the vent gas scrubber, which was considered the main line of defence. It was also not in an operational condition. Transferring the MIC form the tank into a-hear by spare tank. The gauge of the spare tank indicated that the tank already contained something. This gauge indicator was found defective, later on. After failure in all the three safety systems, the workers attempted to douse the leaking gas with water spray. The water spray reached a height of 100 ft from the ground, while the leak was at 120 ft. above the ground. At 1.00 a.m., realizing that nothing could be done to stop the leak, the workers at the plant fled. 1. At about 1.00 a.m. thousands of people living around the plant were awakened by the suffocating, burning effect of the gas. As one three sides the UCIL plant was surround by slums and other poor settlements, the people living in these colonies were the worst sufferers. 2. There was no warning or guidance to the general public around this time. There were two type of alarms in the factory, one mild siren for workers and one loud public siren was started only at about 2:30a.m. 3. About 2.00, a large number of people were rushing out of the town through the highways leaving Bhopal. The mad rush on the main roads of the city resulted in stampedes. About two lakh people were rushing out of town through the highways leaving Bhopal. The mad rush on the main roads of the city resulted in stampedes. About two lakh people had fled the city by 3:30 AM.. 4. By 4:00 a.m. hospitals were crowded with suffering people. In the wake of the tragic disaster, a large number of people lost their lives and received injuries, many their lungs and eyes. According to the government reports, 1754 persons had died and 200,000 were injured. Removal of dead bodies of livestock THE KOKAN GEOGRAPHER The real problem was the removal of dead bodies of livestock, which was still littered on the streets and houses of the affected areas. About 20 dumpers and six cranes were pressed into service to remove 790 buffaloes, 270 cows, 483 goats, 90 dogs and 23 horses. During the burying operation of dead bodies, adequate care was taken to check the spread of epidemic. Emergency Response And Relief Operations : The preparation for coping with a major accident of unprecedented dimensions affecting the surrounding communities like this one was minimal. After the event the immediate response was chaotic and inadequate. Information regarding the gas release was late and incomplete. The police and medical service were unaware initially that there had been a release of MIC gas.
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