Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2020, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages: 99-104

J. Adv. Appl. NanoBio Tech.

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/1(4)104

Biochemical composition propertieshttps://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/ of Kombucha1(1)22

SCOBY: Mini Reviews 1* 1 S.Mazraedoost , N.Banaei

1 Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Received: 14/10/2020 Accepted: 27/10/2020 Published: 20/12/2020

Abstract is a fermented tea drink prepared as a result of the symbiotic nature of bacterial cultures and , the so-called SCOBY (Symbiotic Cultures of and Yeast). Kombucha is characterized by a rich chemical content and stable properties. Kombucha is a beverage produced by the of sugared tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and . Kombucha intake has been correlated with certain health benefits, such as: lowered cholesterol and blood pressure levels, decreased cancer spread, improved liver, immune system, and gastrointestinal functions.

Keywords: Kombucha, SCOBY, Biochemical.

1 Introduction 2 Chemical composition Kombucha most often has black or green color and is a For more understanding of Kombucha's kinetics, we need to beverage created by fermentation of the tea and tea fungus. The have a definitive and comprehensive study on its composition and tea mushroom was brought to Europe from eastern Siberia and properties. Several essential factors such as fermentation time, the comes from the East Asia. Kombucha most commonly is also tea and sugar concentration, the used temperature, and the famous under other names, Japanese or Chinese mushroom. The inoculum supply may affect the composition and concentration of tea mushroom is a symbiotic culture of yeast and acidic acid the metabolites [3]. The fermentation conditions should be bacteria. This symbiosis is Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and controlled to get an excellent final product. However, Table 1 Yeast (SCOBY). It consists of aerobic microbial strains which are demonstrated some metabolites produced within the fermentation exist in the cellulose membrane[1]. process. Glucuronic acid is a sugar acid derived from aldohexose Kombucha has the ability to stimulate the detoxification of the in which the sixth atom oxidized to the carboxylic acid. The liver, to support the immune system and to reduce the recent interest within the metabolism of glucuronic acid has arisen concentration of cholesterol. Kombucha also has anti-diabetic, mainly as a result of the fact that the conjugation of glucuronic antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties. Kombucha drinks are acid is a vital step in the metabolism of steroid hormones and similar to other combinations that are created as the outcome of adrenalin and also following the reports, glucuronic acid could be multiple reactions occurring during the fermentation of the tea. helpful in arthritis disease. The mechanism of the glucuronides Kombucha drinks also have minerals emanating mainly from formation has been principally determined in studies of drug amino acids (especially theanine, a derivative of glutamine), metabolism and has been widely accepted as a detoxication vitamins (B, E, K), tea (fluoride ions, manganese, potassium), as method. Glucuronic acid is one of the components in Kombucha well as other compounds that are formed as the result of numerous that is extremely impactful because of its drug metabolism [4]. reactions occurring during the fermentation of the tea. During the oxidation of flavonoids, catechins, polyphenolic compounds, and Table 1. General chemical composition of Kombucha [5]. other compounds with health benefits for the organism are Average created[2]. Initial Fermentation Hence, the aim of this research was to analyse biochemical Compound composi composition properties of Kombucha SCOBY. sucrose time (days) tion

Corresponding author: S. Mazraedoost, Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz, University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

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Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2020, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages: 84-90

5.5 g/L Another component is ethanoic acid, which is a vital chemical and traditionally platform used as a food preservative [6]. It is a General Ethanol 3 100 g/L 20 transparent, colorless, corrosive acid with a bitter pungent smell. Ethanoic acid is synthetically created by microorganism composit Proteins mg/mL 100 g/L 12 fermentation. The increasing significance associated with the es Polyphenols 7.8 Mm 100 g/L 15 high demand for ethanoic acid has promoted an interest in medicinal usage of this acid [7]. Indeed, ethanoic acid is the main GAE product of Kombucha fermentation. Researchers reported the route to supply ethanoic acid from greenhouse emission, methyl Acetic acid 5.6 g/L 70 g/L 15 alcohol, and H2. The reaction is often efficiently catalyzed by Ru– Acetic acid 8.36 g/L Rh bimetallic catalyst using glyoxaline as the ligand and LiI as 100 g/L 18 the promoter in one, 3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) Acetic acid 11 g/L solvent. It is confirmed that methanol is hydrocarboxylation into 100 g/L 30 ethanoic acid by H2 and greenhouse emissions that account for the Organic Gluconic 39 g/L 100 g/L 60 noticeable reaction results. The reaction mechanism is supported acids acid 0.0160 by the control experiments. The strategy indicates a new approach 70 g/L 21 for ethanoic acid production and greenhouse emission Glucuronic g/L transformation and represents excellent progress in synthetic

chemistry and drug metabolism [8]. In an exceptional work, the acid 100 g/L 18 researchers indicated the effectiveness of conversion of glacial Lactic acid 0.18 g/L ethanoic acid (GAA) to bloody ThinPrep (TP) cytosmear satisfactory and associated incomprehensible diagnoses and 0.1 to unsound HPV (hrHPV) genotypes (Figure 1) [9]. Cu, Fe, Mn, Minerals 0.4 70 g/L 15 Ni, Zn μg/mL

0.74

mg/mL

8 Vitamin B1 70 g/L 15 mg/100 Vitamin B2 70 g/L 10 mL Vitamins Vitamin B6 70 g/L 15 0.52 Vitamin B12 70 g/L 15 mg/mL Vitamin C 70 g/L 10 0.84

mg/mL

25 mg/L

F−, CI−, Br 0.04 to

Anions −, I−, NO3−, 3.20 100 g/L 7 Figure 1. Use of GAA to convert cervical smear tests with 4− 4− HPO SO mg/g unsatisfactory results. Left, cervical smear specimen with a gross amount of blood before GAA treatment. Right, cervical smear specimen with a minimal amount of blood after treatment with GAA [9]. 100

Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2020, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages: 84-90

Indeed the conversion of aldohexose to gluconic acid and laevulose into ethanoic acid unremarkably is done by the ethanoic acid microorganism. Gluconic acid, the reaction product of aldohexose, could be neither caustic nor corrosive, non-virulent, and promptly perishable organic acid of great interest for several applications. As multifunctional acid belongs to the majority chemicals and due to physiological and chemical characteristics gluconic acid itself and its salts (e.g., metallic element salts, in particular, metal gluconate) and the gluconolactone, have found broadly versatile usage within the biological, food, chemical, pharmaceutical, construction and alternative industries [10]. Promoting effects as noted earlier, GA and its primary metabolites are classified as "harmless to health" among agri-food products. Class metabolisms include purposeful mechanisms for the degradation of GA to water and oxygen that ultimately give the required energy for anabolic and catabolic reactions. However, GA and its metabolites have also been ascribed potential advantages in some way associated with health. Thus, GA and lactone have prebiotic properties with a favorable impact on a little variety of microorganism strains within the colon growth and/or metabolic activity. Entirely, enteral microbiota consists of helpful microorganisms and, to a lesser extent, toxic and/or harmful microorganisms participating in a mutualistic and Figure 2. Gluconic acid (GA) and its derivatives. (a) Chemical commensal relationship. Within the human colon, GA can inhibit equilibrium of GA and its lactones in aqueous solution. (b) eubacteria sp. and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, therefore the Chemical oxidation of GA by a strong oxidant [15]. final product (Lactate and acetate) possesses short-chain fatty acids by an acid-utilizing microorganism; these not solely In general, the carboxylic acid may be an essential chemical increase the acidity of the medium, but also are absorbed by the platform molecule for the synthesis of various chemicals, like massive enteral mucous membrane to deliver energy to animal pyruvic or carboxylic acid [16, 17]. For several years, this acid is tissue cells [11]. However, these bacteria are being more and more employed in many food and chemical industries with a wide replaced with prebiotic and probiotic agents. GA and its selection of applications [18-20]. Additionally, carboxylic acid derivatives could also be doubtless capable as viscus agents, has several applications within the medication manufacture as an inhibitors of viscus putrefaction, feculent deodorants, or even electrolyte in numerous parenteral/I.V. (intravenous) solutions anti-binding agents for each animal and humans [11]. As an that are prepared to supplement the bodily fluids or electrolytes. example, GA has been widely used as a dietary supplement in For instance, CAPD resolution (continuous ambulatory peritoneal animals for many years instead of ancient antibiotics [12, 13]. dialysis), and dialysis solution for the classical synthetic renal Recent analysis has focused on the inhibitor properties of D- machine [21]. Moreover, the carboxylic acid is applied in an gluconolactone and Na D-gluconate. On the idea of the present exceedingly wide diversity of metal preparations that involve results, each could be helpful as dietary supplements and/or surgical sutures, tablets, and controlled systems of drug delivery nutraceuticals for the interference of vessel disorders. Consistent [22-24]. with Saluk-Juszczak, the antioxidant activity of these aldohexose Lactic acid may be a valuable compound in biomaterials such as derivatives could result from reactions involving their hydroxyl resorbable interference screws, sutures, and medical devices [21]. radicals, as could their ability to sequester metal cofactors Carboxylic acid became one of the main components in several concerned in living substance aggregation. During this process, medicinal solutions like Lactated Ringer's or Hartmann's excessive living substance activation, resulting in blood vessel solutions, and chemical analysis solutions for typical disorders is avoided. In vivo study of the antioxidant activity in hemodialyzer machines. A second possibility for nephropathy, D-gluconoic acid lactone and sodium D-gluconate within the mobile serous membrane chemical analysis of CAPD Ambulatory plasma disclosed their ability to shield proteins and lipids against Peritoneal, uses the internal organs residing within the cavum due robust oxidants like the peroxynitrite ion. Figure 2 illustrates to the "dialysis membrane" CAPD works quite well for agency Gluconic acid (GA) and its derivatives [14]. patients who tolerate it. Recently, metal acetate was used due to the dialysate fluid. It was infused into the patient through a permanent tubing inserted through the navel; stuff empties into an avoidance bag. Several researchers well documented that lactic 101

Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2020, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages: 84-90

acid, a standard constituent of the blood, is employed rather than For implantable drug delivery [44], the preferred materials are acetate because of lower incidence effects [25]. It is accepted that lactide-glycolide copolymers, which are dissolved and absorbed the Lactate can be produced via glycolysis, and also it can be the within the skin (figure 4). Further, polylactic acid (PLA) is conversion form of pyruvate using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). regarded as a potential candidate as a drug-releasing matrix in Regarding the production process of Lactate, it can be stated that distinctive new drug formulations. This polymer is considered as Lactate is formed under aerobic circumstances. The primary one of the maximum biocompatible biopolymers. While PLA is feature of the aforementioned compounds is to operate as a critical carried out in the human body, it may hydrolyze to its hydroxyl factor of hepatic gluconeogenesis, additionally as an essential acid monomer, which may be without difficulty metabolized energy substrate for aerobic oxidation tricarboxylic acid cycle through the TCA cycle [31]. Similarly, PLA confirmed over other (TCA cycle) in many peripheral tissues [26, 27]. inclusive biocompatible polymers of poly hydroxyl alkanoates The researchers tried to have a look at lactate metabolism in (PHAs), Polyethylene glycol (PEG), and poly e-caprolactone cultured human myotubes [28] and to investigate the (PCL) based on its better thermal processing ability [32, 33]. consequences of lactate production on the metabolism of oleic Also, recent researchers have confirmed that the development of acid and glucose [29]. Pyruvate and palmitic acid inhibited lactic PLA nanostructured membranes as a drug delivery device can be acid oxidation, at the same time as glucose and α-cyano-four- useful for releasing progesterone in animal surveys [34, 35]. hydroxycinnamic acid inhibited lactic acid uptake. The critical Considering that lactic acid is one of the significant components addition of lactic acid could inhibit glucose and oleic acid of Kombucha, the referred to expressions may be related to oxidation, while the uptake process of oleic acid was improved. Kombucha properties. Pretreatment with lactic acid for 24 h did no longer affect glucose The final concentrations of sugar in each fermentation process can or oleic acid metabolism. Through replacing glucose with lactic vary, which indicates that various factors can regulate the effects, acid for the duration of the entire culturing period, glucose uptake so the metabolism pathway is not usually equal [36]. Researchers and its oxidation were enhanced with the aid of 2.8-fold and 3- have gotten many new records for the duration of the fermentation fold, respectively, and oleic acid oxidation became elevated by process, for example, Jayabalan et al. have been gained the 1.4-fold. Hence, lactic acid has an acute performance in the growing quantity of acetic acid for the period of the maximum energy metabolism of human myotubes. fermentation attention of approximately 9.5 g/L after two weeks Extracellularly added Lactate has to be transported into muscle [37]. Preliminary sugar concentration and many different factors cells to act as an electricity substrate. Expression tiers of the two ought to without difficulty affect the concentration of each primary lactic acid transporters in skeletal muscle mass, proton- metabolite produced in Kombucha as well as the chemical linked monocarboxylate transporters (MCT1 and MCT4), were composition. studied in fully differential myotubes grown in differentiation preferred medium (5.5 mM glucose) at each mRNA (Figure 3a) and protein (Figure 3b,c). Another monocarboxylate transporters (MCT2 and MCT3) had been studied at expression levels (Figure 3b,c). the mRNA expression level of MCT4 was reduced in cells treated with four mM lactic acid (Figure 3a), while protein levels of other MCTs had been unaffected after 24 h of lactic acid pretreatment, except for MCT2, which was reduced in cells treated with ten mM lactic acid (Figure 3b,c) [30].

Figure 3. Gene expression profile of monocarboxylate transporters for transporting lactic acid at mRNA level (A) and Figure 4. Photoirradiation after targeting and on-demand drug protein level using Western blotting analysis (B) and PierceTM release by photoirradiation achieve spatiotemporal-controlled BCA Protein Assay Kit (C) [30]. drug release. 102

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3 Conclusion 9. Risley C, Geisinger KR, Robinson JC, Stewart MW, Zhang L, The chemical composition of Kombucha tea depends on the type Alexander R, et al. Precancerous cervical lesions and HPV genotypes identified in previously unsatisfactory cervical smear tests after of tea leaf variety, the sugar content, and the fermentation and inexpensive glacial acetic acid processing. International Journal of composition of the tea fungus. Kombucha, a fermented tea, has Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2019;144(1):85-9. strong antioxidant properties associated with a high content of 10. Huang J, Zhuang W, Ge L, Wang K, Wang Z, Niu H, et al. Improving biocatalytic microenvironment with biocompatible ε-poly-l-lysine for one polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. Therefore, it should be step gluconic acid production in low ph enzymatic systems. Process consumed by individuals particularly exposed to oxidative stress. Biochemistry. 2019;76:118-27. 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