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Biochemical Composition Properties of Kombucha SCOBY: Mini Reviews

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Biochemical Composition Properties of Kombucha SCOBY: Mini Reviews Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2020, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages: 99-104 J. Adv. Appl. NanoBio Tech. Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/1(4)104 Biochemical composition propertieshttps://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/ of Kombucha1(1)22 SCOBY: Mini Reviews 1* 1 S.Mazraedoost , N.Banaei 1 Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Received: 14/10/2020 Accepted: 27/10/2020 Published: 20/12/2020 Abstract Kombucha is a fermented tea drink prepared as a result of the symbiotic nature of bacterial cultures and yeast, the so-called SCOBY (Symbiotic Cultures of Bacteria and Yeast). Kombucha is characterized by a rich chemical content and stable properties. Kombucha is a beverage produced by the fermentation of sugared tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. Kombucha intake has been correlated with certain health benefits, such as: lowered cholesterol and blood pressure levels, decreased cancer spread, improved liver, immune system, and gastrointestinal functions. Keywords: Kombucha, SCOBY, Biochemical. 1 Introduction 2 Chemical composition Kombucha most often has black or green color and is a For more understanding of Kombucha's kinetics, we need to beverage created by fermentation of the tea and tea fungus. The have a definitive and comprehensive study on its composition and tea mushroom was brought to Europe from eastern Siberia and properties. Several essential factors such as fermentation time, the comes from the East Asia. Kombucha most commonly is also tea and sugar concentration, the used temperature, and the famous under other names, Japanese or Chinese mushroom. The inoculum supply may affect the composition and concentration of tea mushroom is a symbiotic culture of yeast and acidic acid the metabolites [3]. The fermentation conditions should be bacteria. This symbiosis is Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and controlled to get an excellent final product. However, Table 1 Yeast (SCOBY). It consists of aerobic microbial strains which are demonstrated some metabolites produced within the fermentation exist in the cellulose membrane[1]. process. Glucuronic acid is a sugar acid derived from aldohexose Kombucha has the ability to stimulate the detoxification of the in which the sixth atom oxidized to the carboxylic acid. The liver, to support the immune system and to reduce the recent interest within the metabolism of glucuronic acid has arisen concentration of cholesterol. Kombucha also has anti-diabetic, mainly as a result of the fact that the conjugation of glucuronic antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties. Kombucha drinks are acid is a vital step in the metabolism of steroid hormones and similar to other combinations that are created as the outcome of adrenalin and also following the reports, glucuronic acid could be multiple reactions occurring during the fermentation of the tea. helpful in arthritis disease. The mechanism of the glucuronides Kombucha drinks also have minerals emanating mainly from formation has been principally determined in studies of drug amino acids (especially theanine, a derivative of glutamine), metabolism and has been widely accepted as a detoxication vitamins (B, E, K), tea (fluoride ions, manganese, potassium), as method. Glucuronic acid is one of the components in Kombucha well as other compounds that are formed as the result of numerous that is extremely impactful because of its drug metabolism [4]. reactions occurring during the fermentation of the tea. During the oxidation of flavonoids, catechins, polyphenolic compounds, and Table 1. General chemical composition of Kombucha [5]. other compounds with health benefits for the organism are Average created[2]. Initial Fermentation Hence, the aim of this research was to analyse biochemical Compound composi composition properties of Kombucha SCOBY. sucrose time (days) tion Corresponding author: S. Mazraedoost, Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz, University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 99 Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2020, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages: 84-90 5.5 g/L Another component is ethanoic acid, which is a vital chemical and traditionally platform used as a food preservative [6]. It is a General Ethanol 3 100 g/L 20 transparent, colorless, corrosive acid with a bitter pungent smell. Ethanoic acid is synthetically created by microorganism composit Proteins mg/mL 100 g/L 12 fermentation. The increasing significance associated with the es Polyphenols 7.8 Mm 100 g/L 15 high demand for ethanoic acid has promoted an interest in medicinal usage of this acid [7]. Indeed, ethanoic acid is the main GAE product of Kombucha fermentation. Researchers reported the route to supply ethanoic acid from greenhouse emission, methyl Acetic acid 5.6 g/L 70 g/L 15 alcohol, and H2. The reaction is often efficiently catalyzed by Ru– Acetic acid 8.36 g/L Rh bimetallic catalyst using glyoxaline as the ligand and LiI as 100 g/L 18 the promoter in one, 3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) Acetic acid 11 g/L solvent. It is confirmed that methanol is hydrocarboxylation into 100 g/L 30 ethanoic acid by H2 and greenhouse emissions that account for the Organic Gluconic 39 g/L 100 g/L 60 noticeable reaction results. The reaction mechanism is supported acids acid 0.0160 by the control experiments. The strategy indicates a new approach 70 g/L 21 for ethanoic acid production and greenhouse emission Glucuronic g/L transformation and represents excellent progress in synthetic chemistry and drug metabolism [8]. In an exceptional work, the acid 100 g/L 18 researchers indicated the effectiveness of conversion of glacial Lactic acid 0.18 g/L ethanoic acid (GAA) to bloody ThinPrep (TP) cytosmear satisfactory and associated incomprehensible diagnoses and 0.1 to unsound HPV (hrHPV) genotypes (Figure 1) [9]. Cu, Fe, Mn, Minerals 0.4 70 g/L 15 Ni, Zn μg/mL 0.74 mg/mL 8 Vitamin B1 70 g/L 15 mg/100 Vitamin B2 70 g/L 10 mL Vitamins Vitamin B6 70 g/L 15 0.52 Vitamin B12 70 g/L 15 mg/mL Vitamin C 70 g/L 10 0.84 mg/mL 25 mg/L F−, CI−, Br 0.04 to Anions −, I−, NO3−, 3.20 100 g/L 7 Figure 1. Use of GAA to convert cervical smear tests with 4− 4− HPO SO mg/g unsatisfactory results. Left, cervical smear specimen with a gross amount of blood before GAA treatment. Right, cervical smear specimen with a minimal amount of blood after treatment with GAA [9]. 100 Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2020, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages: 84-90 Indeed the conversion of aldohexose to gluconic acid and laevulose into ethanoic acid unremarkably is done by the ethanoic acid microorganism. Gluconic acid, the reaction product of aldohexose, could be neither caustic nor corrosive, non-virulent, and promptly perishable organic acid of great interest for several applications. As multifunctional acid belongs to the majority chemicals and due to physiological and chemical characteristics gluconic acid itself and its salts (e.g., metallic element salts, in particular, metal gluconate) and the gluconolactone, have found broadly versatile usage within the biological, food, chemical, pharmaceutical, construction and alternative industries [10]. Promoting effects as noted earlier, GA and its primary metabolites are classified as "harmless to health" among agri-food products. Class metabolisms include purposeful mechanisms for the degradation of GA to water and oxygen that ultimately give the required energy for anabolic and catabolic reactions. However, GA and its metabolites have also been ascribed potential advantages in some way associated with health. Thus, GA and lactone have prebiotic properties with a favorable impact on a little variety of microorganism strains within the colon growth and/or metabolic activity. Entirely, enteral microbiota consists of helpful microorganisms and, to a lesser extent, toxic and/or harmful microorganisms participating in a mutualistic and Figure 2. Gluconic acid (GA) and its derivatives. (a) Chemical commensal relationship. Within the human colon, GA can inhibit equilibrium of GA and its lactones in aqueous solution. (b) eubacteria sp. and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, therefore the Chemical oxidation of GA by a strong oxidant [15]. final product (Lactate and acetate) possesses short-chain fatty acids by an acid-utilizing microorganism; these not solely In general, the carboxylic acid may be an essential chemical increase the acidity of the medium, but also are absorbed by the platform molecule for the synthesis of various chemicals, like massive enteral mucous membrane to deliver energy to animal pyruvic or carboxylic acid [16, 17]. For several years, this acid is tissue cells [11]. However, these bacteria are being more and more employed in many food and chemical industries with a wide replaced with prebiotic and probiotic agents. GA and its selection of applications [18-20]. Additionally, carboxylic acid derivatives could also be doubtless capable as viscus agents, has several applications within the medication manufacture as an inhibitors of viscus putrefaction, feculent deodorants, or even electrolyte in numerous parenteral/I.V. (intravenous) solutions anti-binding agents for each animal and humans [11]. As an that are prepared to supplement the bodily fluids or electrolytes. example, GA has been widely used as a dietary supplement in For instance, CAPD resolution (continuous ambulatory peritoneal animals for many years instead of ancient antibiotics [12, 13]. dialysis), and dialysis solution for the classical synthetic renal Recent analysis has focused on the inhibitor properties of D- machine [21]. Moreover, the carboxylic acid is applied in an gluconolactone and Na D-gluconate. On the idea of the present exceedingly wide diversity of metal preparations that involve results, each could be helpful as dietary supplements and/or surgical sutures, tablets, and controlled systems of drug delivery nutraceuticals for the interference of vessel disorders. Consistent [22-24]. with Saluk-Juszczak, the antioxidant activity of these aldohexose Lactic acid may be a valuable compound in biomaterials such as derivatives could result from reactions involving their hydroxyl resorbable interference screws, sutures, and medical devices [21].
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