Uamh an Ard Achadh (High Pasture Cave) & Environs Project, Strath, Isle of Skye 2006 (NGR NG 5943 1971)

The Preliminary Assessment and Analysis of Late Prehistoric Cultural Deposits from a Limestone Cave and Associated Surface Features

Data Structure Report - HPC003

West Coast Archaeological Services Archaeological & Ancient Landscape Survey Broadford Environmental Group

West Coast Archaeological Services Archaeological and Ancient Landscape Survey Broadford Environmental Group

AprilJuly 2007 2007

Grant aided by: Historic Scotland The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Highland Council Highland 2007 Fund Western Isles, Skye & Lochalsh LEADER+

Uamh an Ard Achadh (High Pasture Cave)

Strath, Isle of Skye 2006 (NGR NG 5943 1971)

The Preliminary Assessment and Analysis of Late Prehistoric Cultural Deposits from a Limestone Cave and Associated Surface Features

Data Structure Report - HPC003

Authors:

S Birch M Wildgoose G Kozikowski

Contributors:

Fraser Hunter National Museums of Scotland Dawn MacLaren National Museums of Scotland Carrie Drew University of Durham Emma Horton University of Durham Mandy Jay University of Durham Gerry McDonnell University of Bradford Ann MacSween Ceramics Dave Hodgson Geophysical Survey Susan Moore Geophysical Survey Ian Simpson University of Stirling Jo MacKenzie University of Stirling Janet Montgomery University of Bradford Jane Evans NERC – Isotope Geosciences Laboratory Carolyn Chenery NERC – Isotope Geosciences Laboratory Kathleen McSweeney University of Edinburgh Sheena Fraser University of Edinburgh Mike Cressey CFA Archaeology Ltd Marion O’Neill Illustrations Antonia Craster AOC Archaeology Conservation Department

West Coast Archaeological Services Sealladh Alainn 4 Upper Breakish Isle of Skye IV42 8PY Tel: 01471 822124 Email: [email protected]

2 Contents Page

List of Figures 6 List of Plates 7 List of Tables 7

1. Summary 9

2. Introduction 14

2.1 General 14 2.2 Background 14 2.3 Objectives 15 2.4 Layout of this Report 17 2.5 Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 17 2.6 Wider Publication 17 2.7 Archiving and Finds Disposal 18 2.8 Acknowledgements 18

3. Methods 19

3.1 General 19 3.2 Assessment of Desk-Based Sources 19 3.3 Field Survey 22 3.4 Excavation and Sample Processing 22 3.5 Archaeological Data Analysis 24

4. Fieldwork Results 25

4.1 Geophysical Survey Results 25 4.2 Excavation Results 40

4.2.3 Trench 2 Extensions (Stairwell) 42 4.2.4 Trench 6 47 4.2.5 Trench 1 48 4.2.6 Trench 5 54 4.2.7 Trench 9 54 4.2.8 Trench 7 57 4.2.9 Trench 10 58 4.2.10 Trench 11 61 4.2.11 Trench 8 62 4.2.12 Trench 12 63 4.2.13 Trench 13 64 4.2.14 Trench 14 65

4.3 Discussion 66

3 5. Small Finds Assessment 69

5.1 General 69 5.2 High Pasture Cave: Assessment Report on Small Finds 70 5.3 Report on the Pottery 80 5.4 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking 81 5.5 Fire-Cracked Stone and Preliminary Analysis of Stone Tools 82

6. Environmental Analysis 82

6.1 General 82 6.2 Analysis of Ecofacts 82

7. Palaeoenvironmental Assessment of the Ecofacts and Isotope Analysis 83

7.1 Analysis of the Animal Bone 83 7.2 Analysis of Charred Plant remains 92 7.3 Analysis of Burnt Bone 93 7.4 Isotope Analysis – Human and Animal Bone 101 7.5 Micromorphology Analysis 113 7.6 Speleothem Analysis 114

8. Radiocarbon Dating Programme and Preliminary Site Phasing 115

8.1 Radiocarbon Dating Programme and Results 115 8.2 Preliminary Site Phasing 117

9. Discussion 123

10. Recommendations for Further Work 130

10.1 Introduction 130 10.2 Cave Morphology Survey 131 10.3 Field Survey 131 10.4 Programme of Excavation 133 10.5 Programme of Post-Excavation Analysis 133 10.6 Publication and Dissemination of Information 135

11. References 136

4 Appendix 1: Context Lists by Trench 140

Appendix 2: List of Features by Trench 158

Appendix 3: Digital Images Register 168

Appendix 4: Field Drawing Register 186

Appendix 5: Finds Register by Trench 191

Appendix 6: Samples Register by Trench 218

Appendix 7: Catalogue and Spreadsheet Catalogue of Pottery 224

Appendix 8: Burnt Bone – Age Estimates from Bone Fragments Identified to Species; Bone Fragments Identified to Species, Bone Type and Body Element 230227

Appendix 9: Small Finds Conservation Report 230311

Appendix 10: Radiocarbon Dating Results 240321

Appendix 11 Names and Addresses of Contributors 242323

5 List of Figures

1 - Location maps for High Pasture Cave 13 2 - Core area plan of High Pasture’s site (2005) 21 3 - Surveyed features in relation to Geophysical Survey Grid 26 4 - Geophysics: 0.5m and 1m resolution Earth Resistance Survey Results 28 5 - Geophysics: 0.5m resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Results (Area A) 32 6 - Geophysics: 0.5m resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Results (Area B) 35 7 - Plot of Inverted Pseudo-section data using Wenner Array 37 8 - Plot of Inverted Pseudo-section data using Equidistant Double Dipole Array 37 9 - Plan of excavated trenches: 2006 41 10 - Section through stairwell entrance and Bone Passage showing contexts 43 230 11 - Section through stairwell entrance and Bone Passage showing contextual relationships between archaeological 311 deposits 44 12 - Plan and NW section through stairwell 46 321 13 - Relationship of stairwell to Bone Passage (natural cave) 49 14 - Plan of Bone Passage showing excavated sections 49 323 15 - Trench 6, base of context C606, showing paved floor F602 and distribution of small finds 52 16 - Trench 6, base of context C604, showing distribution of small finds 53 17 - Section drawing through Trench 5 showing relationships of built features and the underlying burnt mound deposits 55 18 - Section drawing through Trenches 5 and 9 showing relationships of built features and the underlying burnt mound deposits 55 19 - Plan of Trenches 7 and 10 showing excavated features 58 20 - Plan of Trench 11 showing revetment walls and burnt mound deposits 62 21 - Section drawings through boulder wall F801 and turf and stone dyke F12.01 63 22 - East section through ditch feature F13.01, Trench 13 65 23 - Plan of shieling number 1, Trench 14 66 24 - Graph showing Strontium Isotope results 105 25 - Graph showing Oxygen Isotope results 107 26 - Oxygen Isotope values for modern UK drinking water 109 27 - Graph showing Lead Isotope Ratios 110 28 - Radiocarbon Plots (Group 1) 117 29 - Radiocarbon Plots (Group 2) 123 30 - Trenches 6 and 1, Bone Passage, contexts C609 and C109 (lower floor) 125 31 - Bone Passage: Distribution of small finds by context 126 32 - Distribution of burnt mound material in surface trenches 129 33 - Distribution of small finds within core of site 131

6 List of Plates

1 - Pupils and teachers from Struan Primary School visiting the site during 2006 20 2 - David Hodgson carrying out the geophysical survey at High Pasture’s 20 3 - Cup-marked stone (granite) located during the geophysical survey 40 4 - Excavation of the stairwell during 2006 45 5 - Images showing excavations in Trench 6, Bone Passage 51 6 - Cache of seven tuning pegs from a lyre 52 7 - Trench 1, context C108a 53 8 - Images showing Trenches 5 and 9 56 9 - Images from Trench 7 showing negative features excavated into natural clay 59 10 - Images from Trenches 7, 10 and 11 60 11 - Turf and stone dyke F12.01 and standing stone F12.02 63 12 - Excavated Trench 12 through turf and stone dyke F12.01, showing relationship of standing stone F12.02 to bank 63 13 - West section of ditch feature F13.01, Trench 13 65 14 - Images showing shieling number 1, Trench 14, after excavation 68 15 - Grooved whetstone F6482 recovered from context C608, Trench 6 69 16 - Cache’s of antler objects from F602, context C606, Bone Passage 73 17 - Stone objects recovered from Bone Passage 74 18 - Granite saddle quern F6150 recovered from the base of the stairwell within context C603 78 19 - A selection of functional and decorative items recovered from the High Pasture’s site 79 20 - Decorated and combed-finish pottery shards from Trench 6, Bone Passage 81 21 - Pig tusk recovered from the High Pasture’s site 89 22 - The stairwell entrance and Bone Passage at High Pasture’s 124

List of Tables

1 - Summary of small finds assemblage 70 2 - Composition of worked bone/antler assemblage 71 3 - Summary of coarse stone assemblage 72 4 - Range of vitrified material types present 75 5 - Objects requiring conservation 77 6 - Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 2, 2005 85 7 - Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 2 extension, 2005 86 8 - Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 3, 2005 87 9 - Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 6, 2005 87 10 - Bone identification and species represented by trench 90 11 - Burnt Bone: Table of areas and contexts sampled 93 12 - Species represented by distribution and weight 94 12a - Percentage distribution of main animal species by fragments 94

7 List of Tables (continued)

12b - Percentage distribution of main animal species by weight 95 13 - Body element distribution by main species 95 13a - Ovis/Capra fragments 95 13b - Bos taurus fragments 96 13c - Sus scrofa fragments 96 13d - Cervus elaphus fragments 96 14 - Burnt bone fragments greater than 10g by species 97 15 - Body element distribution by large mammal 98 16 - Modified burnt bone 99 17 - Isotopes: Samples analysed from the female adult 103 18 - Isotope results: High Pasture Cave Female Adult 112

8 1. SUMMARY

1.1 Background

1.1.1 This report presents the results of field survey, excavation and preliminary analysis undertaken at Uamh an Ard Achadh (High Pasture Cave), in the Parish of Strath, Isle of Skye (NGR NG 5943 1971), carried out between March 2006 and April 2007 by West Coast Archaeological Services and Archaeological & Ancient Landscape Survey.

1.1.2 Fieldwork was undertaken as a result of preliminary rescue work and evaluation at the site between 2002 and 2004 (Birch et al, 2003; Birch et al, 2005), which included the removal of archaeological deposits from the cave that had been disturbed by speleologists visiting the site during 1997.

1.1.3 Preliminary analysis of the recovered material from the cave suggested the use of the site during the later Prehistoric period, while a single radiocarbon determination on a juvenile pig lower mandible produced a date of 390BC – 160BC at 95.4% probability (SUERC-2435: 2195+/-40 BP).

1.1.4 Additional fieldwork carried out during the 2005 season revealed a complex sequence of archaeological deposits containing large quantities of ecofactual material and a well preserved faunal assemblage (Birch et al, 2006). A wide range of small finds was also recovered from the excavation including stone, iron and bone tools, ceramics and evidence of metal and antler working. Excavations at the surface, which focused on the investigation of a former, blocked entrance to the cave, uncovered a deep sequence of archaeological deposits containing significant quantities of artefacts and ecofacts.

1.1.5 In Trench 2 these well stratified deposits exceed 3 metres in depth and were found to contain lenses of organic-rich sediments interspersed with peat ash layers, associated with a succession of massive hearths. With depth the finds from the trench became more numerous, while organic material displayed enhanced preservation due to the deep stratigraphy and high ph values from the adjacent limestone bedrock. Stone tools including hammers, grinders and saddle querns dominate the small finds assemblage from this area. Investigation of stonework within the trench was found to be associated with a formalised entrance, which appeared to be leading via a stone stairwell down into the cave (Bone Passage). This feature comprises a narrow stone-built passage, complete with a collapsed corbelled roof. The passage had been deliberately blocked with boulders and midden-rich sediments, into the top of which had been deposited human remains comprising elements from three individuals, along with skeletal elements from a foetal pig.

1.1.6 Evaluation trenches opened within other targeted areas of the site uncovered the remains of stone-built structures, deep imported sediments and spreads of fire-cracked pebbles and stone. These trenches produced fewer small finds than the excavations within Bone Passage and Trench 2, but a wide range of

9 stone objects was recovered including pebble hammers and grinders, saddle and rotary quern fragments, and possible loom weights.

1.1.7 The 2005 fieldwork season revealed a site of later prehistoric date, focused on areas lying both outside and within a natural cave. The discovery of a formalised entrance to the natural cave, once connected with the underlying cave system, provides direct access to an underground stream that flows through over 300 metres of subterranean passages. The activities at the site display distinct ritual aspects including the burial of whole animal carcasses after butchery and consumption of their flesh, the deposition of artefacts utilised in everyday life, human inhumations including infant and foetal burials combined with the bones of a foetal pig, and evidence of feasting.

1.2 Objectives

1.2.1 The aim of the fieldwork undertaken during 2006 was to further evaluate the extent and preservation of the remaining archaeological deposits in the cave passages (Trenches 1 and 6), while excavations at the surface focused on the excavation of the stairwell entrance into the cave used during prehistory (Trench 2 extension).

1.2.2 Excavation of additional trenches at the surface was based on the results of fieldwork carried out in 2005 (Birch et al, 2006), and geophysical surveys undertaken at the site in December 2004 (Carpenter, 2004) and April/May 2006 (Hodgson & Moore, 2006). Trenches 7 and 10 were set out to investigate what appeared to be a large circular stone-built structure, a possible roundhouse, immediately to the west of the stairwell entrance to the cave.

1.2.3 Trench 5, which was started in 2005, and Trenches 9 and 11, were laid out over the stone and grass-covered bank of the large u-shaped structure that dominates the core of the High Pastures site. The preliminary excavation of Trench 5 indicated that the bank overlies deep spreads of fire-cracked pebbles and stone that may be related to a former burnt mound on the site.

1.2.4 Trenches 8, 12, 13 and 14, were laid out to undertake the preliminary evaluation of a number of features on site identified from surface and geophysical anomalies. These comprised a stone-built wall (Trench 8), a possible standing stone incorporated within a later turf and stone boundary dyke (Trench 12), a possible ditch or pit feature (Trench 13) and a rectilinear stone-built structure (Trench 14).

1.2.5 Archaeological material recovered from the cave and surface trenches was submitted to specialists for post-excavation analysis, for which preliminary results have been included in this report where available. Twenty charcoal samples were also prepared by Mike Cressey of CFA Archaeology Ltd. for radiocarbon dating at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre at East Kilbride (for the resulting dates see Section 8.1 of this report, while their wider significance will be discussed in Section 9).

10 1.3 Results

1.3.1 Excavation of the stone-built stairwell commenced with removal of the boulder, stone and sediment blocking fill below the human and animal inhumations, which were excavated in 2005 (Birch et al, 2005: 33-38). The fill of the stairwell appeared to comprise material from a single blocking event, which overlay organic-rich sediments containing numerous small finds. The excavation of Trench 6 in the cave (Bone Passage) revealed a complex sequence of archaeological deposits, which pre-date the blocking material of the stairwell. At least three ‘floor’ horizons were identified within Trench 6 including compact spreads of fire-cracked pebbles, stone and bone, while a lower floor comprised a single course of paving slabs flanked on each side by small boulders. A wide range of ecofacts and a diverse small finds assemblage was recovered from the cave (Trenches 6 and 1). In particular, the distribution of small finds recovered from the various contexts within the cave, indicate discrete modes of structured deposition and potential changes in use of the cave through time.

1.3.2 The excavations at the surface uncovered a wide range of structural elements and associated features, relating to activities taking place outside the formalised entrance to the cave. Excavations within Trenches 7 and 10 revealed little evidence for the proposed roundhouse structure, any wall structure appearing slight and late within the chronological sequence at the site. However, additional burnt spreads including fire-cracked pebbles and stone were uncovered under the stone and turf bank of this feature, which sealed a wide range of features cut into the underlying natural karstic clay. These comprised post and stake holes, stone-lined pits and a number of scoops and pit features. The few small finds recovered from these trenches included sherds of abraded pottery, flint and quartz flakes, and stone tools.

1.3.3 The excavation of Trenches 5, 9 and 11 uncovered deposits of fire-cracked stone and pebbles that appear to relate to a large burnt mound that covers the core area of the site, arcing around the entrance to Bone Passage. The remains of revetment walls and pit features have been identified within this material, while the remains of stone-built structures and activity areas have been built directly overlying the burnt mound. The surface of the burnt mound is covered by spreads of granite and limestone boulders that have enhanced the surface features within the core of the site including the u-shaped enclosure and possible roundhouse. Charcoal, burnt and un-burnt bone deposits have been recovered from some areas of the burnt mound, although small finds were sparse. These included stone tools, abraded sherds of pottery and metalworking residues.

1.3.4 Trial trenches undertaken to evaluate geophysical anomalies and visible surface features provided valuable information relating to the overall extent of the site and in guiding future excavation strategies. Results relating to the individual trenches can be found under Section 4.

1.3.5 Preliminary analysis of finds and ecofacts indicate a wide range of activities were taking place in the vicinity of the High Pastures site during the later

11 prehistoric period, while a diverse assemblage of cultural material has been deposited within the cave (Bone Passage), within the formalised entrance to the cave (stairwell) and in the natural depression immediately outside the cave. Deposition of material including organic midden, human and animal remains, and a wide range of ‘domestic’ artefacts is particularly structured within Bone Passage, while residues from metalworking and antler working have also been recovered from contexts within the cave and from the natural in-filled hollow immediately outside the cave entrance. Preservation of organic material was excellent from these deposits.

1.3.6 The fieldwork and preliminary analysis undertaken during 2006/07 has demonstrated the potential importance of the High Pastures site with regards to understanding domestic and ritual life, and death during the later prehistoric period in the Hebrides, at a time when significant environmentaenvironmentall changeand social was changetaking place was takingon a national place on scale. a national scale.

1.4 Further Work

1.4.1 Recommendations are made for further fieldwork and analysis at the High Pastures site including survey, excavation and post-excavation analysis, to fulfil the objectives of the project (see Section 10).

12 Fig.1 – Location maps for High Pasture Cave. The highlighted area within the red box shows the position where the surface stream sinks on the granite/limestone contact (Maps reproduced under License No. AL 100035903 from OS originals by permission of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office. Crown Copyright. All rights reserved).

13 2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 General

2.1.1 This report presents the results of survey, excavation and preliminary analysis undertaken at Uamh an Ard Achadh (High Pasture Cave) in the Parish of Strath, Isle of Skye (see Fig.1). The work was carried out between March 2006 and April 2007.

2.2 Background

2.2.1 In March 2006, a Data Structure Report was published covering fieldwork and post-excavation analysis completed in relation to the High Pasture Cave and Environs excavations in 2005 (Birch et al, 2006). The information presented in the DSR built on previous archaeological evaluations carried out at the site in 2004 (Birch et al, 2004). The 2005 Data Structure Report provided a detailed background to the cave and its environs including the identification of stone- built structures and other features in close proximity to the cave entrance. Initial interpretations based on the discovery of these structures and material recovered from within the high-level passages of the cave suggested occupation and use of the site during the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age periods. A radiocarbon determination taken on a juvenile pig lower mandible, representing the final phase of use of the cave, provided a date of 390-160BC (SUERC-2435 [GU-11874] at 95.4% probability.

2.2.2 Analysis of the archaeological material recovered from the High Pasture Cave excavations between 2002 and 2005 indicated a typically domestic assemblage including stone, iron and bone tools, ceramics, and metalworking residues. The latter included slag deposits, hammer scale and iron sphericules, while small deposits of melted copper-alloy were also found. A well preserved faunal assemblage including animal and fish bone was also recovered, along with shellfish and charred plant remains.

2.2.3 Analysis of the mammal bone indicates the ‘special’ nature of the assemblage recovered so far from the excavations in Bone Passage, which includes a high percentage of domesticated pig from two specific contexts (Drew, 2005). The report also highlights unusual butchery practices identified on the pig bone assemblage for which we presently have no parallels in the United Kingdom, although similar practices have been reported from northern Europe (idem: 70- 81). The report also provides details of age, representation and butchery on the bones of two cows recovered from the site, which had been deliberately placed in the cave passages (idem: 52-62). Initial interpretations of these deposits suggest that feasting may have been taking place at the High Pasture Cave Complex, possibly within the months of November or December

2.2.4 However, more ‘usual’ domestic forms of bone deposition have also been inferred in the report, suggesting that midden material was deposited in Bone Passage within the time frame in which it was utilised. Unlike the ‘special’ pig deposits mentioned above, the bone comprising the two cows and the more

14 general midden material had been intensively processed, including splintering of bone elements to extract marrow. The balance of species present also changed significantly during the time the site was utilised (idem:67). The high incidence of pig bones in the assemblage recovered from the deposits in the cave also contrasts considerably with other excavated archaeological sites in Scotland and within the wider context of the United Kingdom (Smith, 2000; Drew, 2005).

2.2.5 Excavations at the site above the cave have uncovered deep archaeological deposits comprising fire-cracked pebbles and stone, charcoal and ash, which have been interpreted as burnt spreads or a burnt mound. Built structural elements have also been identified within these deposits. Towards the end of the 2005 fieldwork season the remains of a stone-built stairwell was uncovered immediately above the south end of Bone Passage. The structure had been back-filled during prehistory with stone and sediments, while ‘closing’ deposits included the inhumations of an adult woman, a perinatal infant and a pre-natal foetus. The remains of the infant and foetus had been mixed with the skeletal elements of a foetal pig. Inhumations from the Iron Age in Scotland are particularly rare, while the use of animals in these contexts is mirrored at other contemporary sites such as Hornish Point (Barber, 2003) and Sollas (Campbell, 1991).

2.2.6 The archaeological deposits discovered in High Pasture Cave, combined with the possible associated structures on the surface, constitute a site of considerable importance. The organic remains from the cave are extremely well preserved and the bone assemblage in particular is unusual in several respects. Archaeological investigations and analysis of material recovered from the site is providing evidence to suggest that the cave and the surrounding structures were an important part of the wider prehistoric landscape in Skye during the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age periods. The entrance to the cave may have provided access to the ‘underworld’ or ‘Otherworld’ (Armit, 2003: 108-111), a liminal place in the landscape where people from the surrounding settlements held feasts, made special offerings and undertook the manufacture of metals.

2.2.7 Finally, the report discussed the continuing threat to the archaeological deposits within the cave and the need for further fieldwork at the site, to enable informed recommendations to be made regarding its future management. In this report recent developments carried out during the 2006 fieldwork season are discussed in detail.

2.3 Objectives

2.3.1 The High Pasture Cave Project was initially instigated as a survey and rescue excavation, to remove archaeological deposits at risk from the use of the underground cave passages by visiting cavers. The cave is the most popular in the region and is easily accessed. However, the fieldwork conducted between 2003 and 2005 has revealed a complex sequence of archaeological deposits in the cave including the excellent preservation of organic materials, material often absent on prehistoric sites in Skye and the Scottish west coast due to the

15 acidity of the soils. Therefore, it was decided that the investigation of deposits in Bone Passage should be carried forward in parallel with survey and trial excavation of the stone-built structures and features identified at the surface. Such a course of fieldwork, guided by research criteria, would allow more informed interpretations to be made regarding the function of the site and to enable recommendations to be made regarding its future management.

2.3.2 A detailed Project Design was submitted to Historic Scotland in 2005 presenting a project appraisal, method statements and organisational information in support of the High Pasture Cave Project. The document included details relating to archaeological fieldwork, post excavation analyses, data collection and dissemination of information, and put forward a provisional timetable of work including cost projections covering the years 2006 to 2009.

2.3.3 The Project’s aims are set out below:

2.3.3.1 To upgrade the level of archaeological knowledge of settlement and use of the ‘natural’ landscape in the region during the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age periods.

2.3.3.2 To investigate the settlement dynamics of the region and how the High Pasture Cave site fits in with this model.

2.3.3.3 Evaluate the extent and preservation of the archaeological deposits in Bone Passage and to investigate their relationship to the structures and features identified on the surface.

2.3.3.4 To carry out a detailed cave morphology survey of the site, to provide evidence for the formation and development of High Pasture Cave. The results of this survey will form an important aspect in helping us to understand the formation of the archaeological deposits in Bone Passage and interpret any post-depositional activity that may have affected these deposits.

2.3.3.5 To investigate the relationship of the deposition of material and artefacts at the High Pastures site, including the chronology of such deposits and the character of deposition.

2.3.3.6 Investigate the relationships between metalworking, death, feasting and the use of underground spaces in the landscape during the Iron Age. There is a potential for integrating the project work at the High Pasture’s site with existing archaeological research projects funded by Historic Scotland and other agencies, such as the Mine Howe Environs Projects.

2.3.3.7 Provide a showcase project for wider public consumption, both at the level of the local community and at the level of national and international interest. Opportunities also exist for integrating aspects of the project with related non- archaeological research, especially with the location of the site within a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

16 2.3.3.8 The possibilities for future research are covered in Section 10. However, additional opportunities exist for research on the varied assemblage of archaeological material recovered from the site, relating to a period of prehistory for which we have little dateable evidence in Scotland. In particular, the wide range of coarse pebble tools, antler and bone artefacts and their residues, for which function is primarily unknown, provide important lines of enquiry. There are also numerous opportunities for experimental work with these materials.

2.4 Layout of this Report

2.4.1 This report is the Data Structure Report. It summarises the fieldwork undertaken, the interim results achieved and the interim conclusions drawn from these results. Location maps and illustrations are included to support the textual descriptions. Recommendations for further work are presented in Section 10. Provisional stratigraphic relationships, lists of finds, drawings, samples and photographs are supplied as appendices. These appendices provide full lists of artefacts and samples recovered during the 2006 fieldwork season.

2.5 Discovery and Excavation in Scotland

2.5.1 A summary of the archaeological results of the 2006 fieldwork has been submitted for publication in Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 2006.

2.6 Wider Publication

2.6.1 Preliminary reports outlining the fieldwork undertaken at High Pasture Cave during 2002 and 2003 and Data Structure Reports covering the 2004 and 2005 fieldwork seasons have been prepared and submitted to the Highland Council Archaeology Unit in Inverness, Dualchas (Skye & Lochalsh Museums Service), Historic Scotland, the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Scotland. Interim reports detailing the fieldwork carried out at High Pastures have also been submitted to the bulletin of the Grampian Speleological Group in Edinburgh (Birch et al, 2004), British Archaeology (2005, Issue 84: 35 ; 2005, Issue 85: 9) and Current Archaeology (2005, Issue 201: 456).

2.6.2 During the 2006 fieldwork season, five successful Open Days were held at High Pasture Cave. Included were guided tours of the archaeological site and surrounding landscape, the processing of archaeological deposits and a small display of finds. Display boards and a Power Point presentation provided additional information regarding the archaeological fieldwork undertaken at the site, while newly installed CCTV camera equipment and lighting in Bone Passage allowed the visiting public to view archaeological work in progress underground. In particular, visits from local schools have formed a high priority in our outreach programme and these activities will increase during the Highland 2007 Year of Culture, during 2007.

17 2.6.3 Public reports have been submitted to a variety of local newspapers and journals, while a feature was also reported in the autumn 2004 edition of Historic Scotland, the magazine for the Friends of Historic Scotland. A series of lectures have been delivered during 2006 and 2007 reporting on the High Pasture Cave Project including presentations to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in Edinburgh and Aberdeen, and at the Highland Archaeology Fortnight Seminar in Inverness.

2.6.4 A content-managed website covering work at the site was launched in March 2005 and can be found at www.high-pasture-cave.org. The website, funded by Skye & Lochalsh Enterprise Leader+ and Highland Council, will provide details of the ongoing fieldwork and analysis at the site, disseminating information to a wide audience. The site has now received over 150,000 hits.

2.7 Archiving and Finds Disposal

2.7.1 A full archive of publications and digital images relating to work at the High Pasture Cave site between 2002 and 2006 have been deposited with the National Monuments Record of Scotland, at the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Copies of the reproducible elements will be deposited with the Highland Council Sites and Monuments Record. Finds disposal will be conducted according to Historic Scotland Policy.

2.8 Acknowledgements

2.8.1 The directors of the Project would like to thank the following organisations and people for their help during the 2005 field season. We are particularly indebted to Fraser Hunter, Dawn McLaren and Alan Saville of the National Museums of Scotland; Peter Rowley-Conwy, Carrie Drew, Emma Horton and Amanda Jay of the University of Durham; Ruby Ceron-Carrasco, Anthony Newton, Laura Sinfield, Sandra Pratt, Julia Gerken, Kath McSweeney and Sheena Fraser of the University of Edinburgh; Janet Montgomery and Gerry McDonnell of the University of Bradford; Jane Evans of the Isotope Geosciences Laboratory; David Mattey of the Royal Holloway University of London; Noel Fojut and Rod McCullagh of Historic Scotland; Claire Pannell of the University of Glasgow; Chris Gleed-Owen of the Herpeotological Conservation Trust; Ann MacSween (ceramics analysis); Tim Lawson and Ivan Young (cave morphology survey); Mike Cressey of CFA Archaeology Ltd (charcoal analysis); Fiona McGibbon (geological samples); Dave Hodgson and Susan Moore (geophysical survey); Ian Simpson and Jo McKenzie of the University of Stirling; Marion O’Neil (illustrations of artefacts); Frederic Van de Wille of AOC Archaeology Conservation Department, Kirsty Cameron of the Highland Council Archaeology Unit in Inverness; Steven Varwell and Karen Phillips of Scottish Natural Heritage; and the landowners Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department. Ruby Ceron-Carrasco would like to acknowledge Historic Scotland for support of the MaRES Database Project.

18 2.8.2 We would like to acknowledge the assistance of our sponsors Historic Scotland, the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Highland Council, Western Isles, Skye and Lochalsh LEADER+, Highland 2007 Fund and Dualchas (Skye & Lochalsh Museums Service). Our sincere thanks also go out to the site volunteers who have assisted with all aspects of fieldwork during 2006. Finally, we wish to thank Norman and Biddy Stoddart of Kilbride House for allowing us to undertake the project on the land that they farm, and for their support throughout the project.

3. METHODS

3.1 General

3.1.1 The objectives of the project were achieved using a variety of both invasive and non-invasive archaeological methods. All work was conducted with regard to the IFA Standards.

3.2 Assessment of Desk-Based Sources

3.2.1 An assessment was made of the available vertical aerial photographic record held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) to investigate the presence of hitherto unidentified sites in the landscape around the High Pasture Cave site, including any potential sites with low relief not readily visible on the ground.

3.2.2 An assessment of the records held by the National Monuments Record of Scotland (NMRS) was undertaken. These records consist of a computer database and card index of all known archaeological sites in Scotland and associated oblique aerial photographs where appropriate. This search was also conducted to assess the potential range of monuments present within the general vicinity of the High Pastures site. A check has been made to establish whether the Highland Sites and Monuments Record in Inverness holds additional information on known archaeological remains in the area.

3.2.3 An examination of the Ordnance Survey First Edition 6” map coverage was made, together with any other readily available cartographic information on pre-recent land use in the area. Accessible documentary sources and other early maps and charts pertaining to the survey area, or any known sites within, were examined.

19 Plate 1 – Pupils and teachers from Struan Primary School visiting the site during 2006

Plate 2 – David Hodgson carrying out the geophysical survey at High Pasture’s

20 Figure 2 – Site plan of core area of High Pasture’s site, with the underlying passages of the cave system shown in red.

21 3.3 Field Survey

3.3.1 Sites identified from desk-based sources were inspected to determine their likely relationship with the High Pastures site and therefore their potential to inform the overall project.

3.3.2 Survey work has been conducted in the cave passages containing archaeological deposits, while a wider landscape survey of surface features relative to the cave has been conducted. Additional field survey includes the detailed planning of the surface structures and associated features, mainly in the core area of the site. This aspect of the survey will be extended as fieldwork progresses at the site.

3.3.3 In December 2004, Stratascan Ltd conducted a geophysical survey in relation to the core of the archaeological site, to answer specific research questions (Birch et al, 2005: 28-32). A range of geophysical techniques was employed including:

• Resistivity Survey • Magnetometer Survey • Ground Penetrating Radar Survey

In particular, the surveys were carried out to investigate the potential for a former, and now buried, entrance into High Pasture Cave that may have been utilised in prehistory. Unfortunately, the ground conductivity survey could not be carried out due to severe weather conditions experienced at the site in December.

3.3.4 A more extensive geophysical survey was conducted at the site between 29th April and 5th May 2006, by David Hodgson and Susan Moore. The survey focused on two well-defined areas at High Pasture’s; to assess the potential for metalworking and archaeological features associated with the cave entrance, and to investigate the potential of a feature provisionally interpreted as a hut circle (see Section 4.1).

3.3.5 A cave morphology survey was initiated during May 2004 to investigate the development of High Pasture Cave through time, and to analyse the formation and structure of sediments that have been deposited within the complex of passages. This aspect of fieldwork at the site is crucial in providing a framework for the deposition of sediments into the cave, including those containing archaeological material. The survey will also investigate the geomorphology of the landscape in which the High Pastures site is set. The survey will be completed during 2006.

3.4 Excavation and Sample Processing

3.4.1 Trial and open area excavation was conducted at the High Pasture Cave site during 2006, focusing on archaeological features and targets identified through field and geophysical survey on the surface. All excavation proceeded according to standard stratigraphic principles, all artefactual material was

22 collected, and appropriate samples of ecofacts and soils taken. Recording on site followed standard archaeological methods and included record taking, drawing and photography. All work was conducted with regard to the Code of Conduct and Standards established by the Institute of Field Archaeologists.

3.4.2 The excavations were undertaken by hand and the context record for the trench was created using the standard context recording method. Individual features were photographed both prior to, and following, excavation and recording included a series of overall plans and section drawings. In addition to the photography and illustration, the principal site records consisted of context sheets augmented by separate registers of finds and samples. Trenches were backfilled where possible after recording. The open trenches were covered with a framework of galvanised scaffold poles and heavy gauge tarpaulin sheets at the end of fieldwork, to protect them from the winter weather.

3.4.3 Excavation proceeded with the removal of arbitrary spits 10cm deep until a well-defined stratigraphic sequence was identified. All finds and samples were recorded by trench number, context/spit, feature, and by a grid reference number. Deposits of natural stone removed from the trench were examined for modification of any form. Excavation was terminated when the natural limestone bedrock or sterile subsoil deposits were reached A 10% sampling strategy was adopted for all trenches except 1 and 6, which were 100% sampled and wet-sieved, due to the presence of significant quantities of ecofacts and artefacts.

3.4.4 Artefacts, faunal and floral macrofossils were recovered manually during excavation and through sieving and flotation separation. The material was processed through a stack of three sieves: mesh sizes of 8mm, 3mm and 1.5mm. Flots from the sieving were captured in a 1mm mesh. The environmental indices trapped from each of these mesh sizes was air dried and retained for sorting. Any visible artefacts remaining in the bulk samples at this stage were removed and placed in finds trays. Where possible, artefacts and faunal remains were recorded within a 3D grid system and assigned appropriate identification. Samples were retained from selected contexts and labelled accordingly. Volumetric samples for the total recovery of artefact and palaeoenvironmental data were retained from all contexts or definable context groups.

3.4.5 Samples were then sorted into type. Animal and fish bone were separated. Charcoal, charred plant remains, worked stone and metalworking debris were also removed from the fractions at this stage. Natural stone residues were also retained and quantified.

3.4.6 Soil micromorphology and sediment analysis was applied to selected deposit groups, representative of the sites pedology, to assist in analysis of site formation processes and characterisation of taphonomic palaeoenvironments generally. In 2006, this aspect of work included Kubiena Tin sampling of sediments within the deep archaeological deposits associated with the multiple

23 hearth settings outside the cave entrance and within Bone Passage. This work was carried out by Ian Simpson and Jo McKenzie at the University of Stirling.

3.4.7 To conform to current Health & Safety guidelines, shoring of trenches was undertaken where necessary and the relevant safety measures established. Such measures ran in accordance with valid Risk Assessments, which were modified as the excavations proceeded.

3.5 Archaeological Data Analysis

3.5.1 The project consists of a collection of identifiable tasks, each of which informs the others. Post-fieldwork analysis will therefore be undertaken year by year to ensure that information can be incorporated into the following field season and allow any specific research questions to be addressed. Tasks include: stratigraphic analysis; specialist assessment and appropriate conservation of any artefacts collected; processing and assessment of environmental samples; preparation and submission of radiocarbon samples; cataloguing of all finds, samples, drawings, photographs and other site records; and preparation of illustrations.

3.5.2 The nature and preservation of the archaeological deposits from the cave means that the post-fieldwork analysis will represent a substantial part of the project. However, we are concerned to ensure that returns from this material are maximised and thus a range of techniques will be employed. The specialists assisting the project have been chosen for their research expertise and relative fields of experience pertaining to these tasks.

3.5.3 The post-excavation work will include economic analysis and reconstruction. This should contribute significantly to the archaeological interpretation in response to the main research issues described above.

24 4. FIELDWORK RESULTS

4.1 Geophysical Survey Results

4.1.1 The geophysical survey conducted in April and May 2006 covered an area of approximately 0.56 hectares (Hodgson and Moore, 2006). The work included earth resistance and gradiometer survey. Each of these techniques uses different principles for the detection of sub-surface features. Earth resistance measures the resistance to the passage of a current and can therefore be interpreted as a measure of the moisture content, porosity and conductivity of the ground. A gradiometer responds to variations in the earth’s magnetic field, which is caused by the presence of magnetic bodies buried beneath the surface. Each technique was chosen on the grounds that it would detect or provide different information about the anticipated features and history of the site.

The earth resistance metre was also used to create a vertical section (pseudosection) through the circular feature identified at the surface to the west of the cave entrance and was designed to provide information on the depth of deposits likely to be encountered during excavation as well as to identify possible internal features.

4.1.2 Survey Objectives

4.1.2.1 The geophysical surveys were designed to inform the field investigation strategy for the 2006 excavation season. The survey aimed to address two key questions:

• Does evidence of activity at High Pasture’s extend beyond the core area of the site? • Is there any evidence to suggest that metalworking or other industrial activities were being conducted at the site?

4.1.2.2 The surveys focused on two areas, a 60 by 60 metres area around the enhanced cave entrance. This extended over a circular feature visible on the surface immediately to the west of the cave entrance, as well as across a number of other possible structures and cleared areas. The second survey area measuring 40 by 40 metres was located approximately 45 metres to the west. This focused on a second circular surface feature. The total area surveyed was 0.56 hectares.

25 Figure 3 – Surveyed features in relation to Geophysical Survey Grid

26 4.1.3 Earth Resistance Survey Results – Description and Interpretation

Survey Area A

It had already been noted that earth resistance survey in this area was problematic due to the high levels of resistance caused by thin layers of soil and surface outcropping. The survey was included here as a means of identifying the presence or absence of rock below the surface and to facilitate the interpretation of the gradiometer data. On all counts the survey was a success, data on several natural features were recorded and data on a number of features not clearly identified by the gradiometer was also retrieved.

Anomaly A – can be seen as a large area of high resistance and is easily interpreted as a large rock outcrop measuring approximately 4 metres wide and running 50 metres to the south east where it leaves the survey area.

Anomaly B – is represented as a broken area of very high resistance readings in a general area of higher resistance. These features are interpreted as rock outcrops that have been enhanced as field clearance. Low resistance readings amongst these features represent false readings where the current has shorted across the surface of the feature; a result of the challenging terrain.

Anomaly C – presents a broad low resistance anomaly running south west to north east across the survey area. This anomaly represents a silted feature cut into the underlying geology. The feature cuts the line of rock outcrop noted as Anomaly A and was therefore formed by high levels of labour or by the natural process of erosion. In the context of this site a broad low resistance feature could be interpreted as either a ditch or a sunken way. The feature aligns with a small stone structure provisionally interpreted as being post medieval in date, which would support the latter interpretation (see Section 4.2.14). The feature also forms a line between the stream sink and the waterfall feature where the stream once emerged from the cave system. Therefore, the anomaly may represent an abandoned stream course.

Anomaly D – comprises a network of linear very low resistance responses that trend north to south and lie in close proximity to rock outcrops noted as anomalies A and B. This signal is suggestive as water-logging at these points and given the lower levels of the ground here it is likely that surface water is collecting in these areas as it runs off the rocky ground. It is possible to make out weak low resistance anomalies extending to the north of these features and it might be suggested that these areas also represent the courses of older natural drainage channels that ran across the area.

Anomaly E – can be seen as a circular feature defined by two weak resistant banks, noted as the rubble remains of stone walls on the surface. The weak nature of this anomaly suggests that it does not represent a significant feature and it is likely that the walls have little by the way of significant foundations or depth. Very low resistance readings from inside the feature are again indicative of water-logging, which has prevented the resolution of any internal features.

27 H C Survey Outline Obstructions High Resistance Low Resistance B Key to Features D F I G A B Metres 40

E B ± 20 0 L K N J M S.Ward, S.J.Moore & D.E.Hodgson 17 High Pasture Cave Figure 2 Interpretation Plan of Earth Resistance Survey 0.5m & 1m Resolution Earth Resistance Survey May 2006 550 ohm 200 -3 St. Dev 3

Figure 4 - Geophysics: 0.5m and 1m resolution Earth Resistance Survey Results Figure 4 - Geophysics: 0.5m and 1m resolution Earth Resistance Survey Results

28 28 Anomaly F – is represented by a spread of high resistance readings. These correlate well with the surface remains of a small structure approximately 2 metres square across collapsed rubble walls. The form of this feature is reminiscent of a small bothy-type structure of post-medieval date associated with pastoralism, and might be seen in the same context as the sunken way and some of the other structures that are located to the south west of the survey area.

Anomaly G – and possible a second anomaly to the south are represented by short sections of linear, weak, high resistance readings. The anomalies indicate features between 1.5 metres and 2 metres wide, and are similar in nature to those noted as Anomaly E. It is possible that these are the remains of walls linking the rock outcrop with the enhanced cave entrance, although this is far from certain.

Anomaly H – can be seen as an area of low resistance readings that could correspond to wither a pit or a silted natural depression. The feature represented is approximately 7 metres long and 2 metres wide. This feature is located on the south eastern edge of the survey area to the side of a cleared platform. Aside from a small trial trench there is no indication of any further feature in this area.

Anomaly I – is an area of low resistance readings, again indicative of an area of water-logging. The anomaly lies adjacent to the excavated entrance to the cave passage and a few metres from the place where the stream sinks. During periods of heavy rain this area still floods and it is likely that this flooding and the associated movement of silts are responsible for this anomaly.

Survey Area B

This survey area was designed to examine a circular feature visible on the surface and provisionally interpreted as a hut circle. A post-medieval interpretation is also possible given the site context and it was hoped that the survey would identify areas of rock below the surface and to assist with the interpretation of the gradiometer data. The survey resolution was reduced in this area due to time constraints on the survey and the nature of the area, which included a number of obstacles.

Anomaly J – represents a field wall visible on the surface. The nature of the wall made it difficult to log readings and as it was felt that they would in any case be of limited value to the overall survey, dummy logs were recorded instead.

Anomaly K – comprises a circular response of high resistance readings. These correspond well with the walls of the circular feature from which they are derived. There is no indication of internal features, although the low resolution used would make it difficult to detect small features such as post-holes or small pits.

29 Anomaly L – is a series of high resistance anomalies that appear to reflect a series of rock outcrops visible on the surface.

Anomaly M – can be seen as an area of low resistance readings in the western corner of the survey grid. The area is approximately 7 metres across and 10 metres long. This area corresponds on the surface with the area of a small limestone quarry. Along the south western edge of this anomaly it broadens out and reaches down hill towards the wall line. It is likely that this is an area of hill-wash relating to the continuing erosion of ground here.

Anomaly N – represents an extensive area of low resistance readings that reaches right across the survey area. The most likely explanation for this anomaly is again water-logging or collected hill-wash. This interpretation however is speculative the extensive nature of the anomaly does however favour a geological explanation.

4.1.4 Gradiometer Survey Results – Description and Interpretation

Survey Area A

The survey in area A focused on features associated with the enhanced cave entrance currently being excavated. The survey expanded the area initially surveyed in 2004, doubling the area investigated and provides information on features and apparently cleared areas to the north east as well as improving on the definition of features in the initial survey area.

A total of 10 interpretable anomalies can be identified from the survey data, in addition to a number of broad areas of jumbled signals. A concentrated area of disturbance can be seen around the enhanced cave entrance. This comprises a series of positive peaks and negative troughs in no specific arrangement. Values generally range between -15 and 30nT. These signals can be attributed to the stone structures visible on the surface. A large quantity of fire-cracked stone has been recovered from excavations on site and it is likely that the enclosure walls are made up of a mixture of this material and igneous rock from the numerous intrusions in the area. As has been discussed, the area has a complex geology and many of the anomalies are related to this. Several can also be identified as surface features.

Anomaly A – has a large negative signal boarded by weaker positive signals with an overall range from -3000 to 100nT. This indicates a significant thermo-remanent feature. The anmaly is linear and aligned northwest to south east; 11 metres wide in full it runs 50 metres into the south eastern extent of the survey area. The anomaly coincides at one point, near to the centre of the survey area, with a large outcrop; this is the cause of the anomaly. The outcrop represents the end of an igneous dyke approximately 4 metres wide.

A second igneous dyke can be seen as a linear negative anomaly crossing the survey area to the north east. This second dyke is broken in a number of locations. Comparison with the cave survey, undertaken in 1993, indicates that the northern break lies on the same alignment as the cave passage. The cave

30 morphology survey conducted by Lawson and Young (2004) notes that two igneous intrusions are cut by the passage in this area and it is likely that the anomalies detected in the geophysical data relate to the same dyke features.

Anomaly B – presents itself as two weakly positive linear signals of between 4 and 15nT. These anomalies lie at the northern corner of the survey grid and run in a south easterly direction to a point where they converge at a break in the second igneous dyke mentioned above. The weak positive signal indicated a cut feature with a silted fill. That the two anomalies meet at a break in a dyke suggests that they represent palaeo-channels, the silted up channels of former water courses. This agrees with the coincidence of the cave passage and the northern break in the second dyke and suggests that the breaks are the result of erosion from underground streams.

Anomaly C – is another linear positive anomaly this time aligned roughly east to west, the positive range values being between 15 and 27nT. The anomaly is broad and indicates a cut feature approximately 3 metres across. The strength of the anomaly suggests a magnetic enhancement of the fill material, which could be caused by the spread of occupation debris or through phases of reduction and oxidisation as would occur as a result of seasonal inundation. The location of the anomaly downhill of the main site makes either of these explanations possible. The response was detected in a sunken area of the site and lines up with one of the cellular structures noted on the surface. It is possible therefore that the anomaly represents a sunken way used to access the site. The line of the anomaly also joins the stream sink for the cave with the original waterfall resurgence downstream and it is possible that the sunken feature represents a flood channel, or even the former course of the stream. There is no reason why the feature does not represent all three explanations. The stream following the course of the channel before it sank into the cave, leaving its former channel to silt up and be used as the easiest route to the sit in its later history.

Anomaly D – is represented by two arms of positive and negative signals, ranging from -30 to 25nT. The responses create two arms aligned northwest to south east, curving in on the western side but not quite meeting. The predominantly positive anomaly on the northern edge is again reminiscent of a cut feature, there is however a close relationship between the anomaly and an apparently circular setting of stones. It is extremely likely that this structure is the source of the anomaly, which would require the stones to have burnt or igneous origins. The bipolar nature and spiked profile of the signals in the trace plot is in keeping with this.

It should be noted that this circular structure was one of the prime focuses of the survey. One of the survey objectives was to identify whether the structure had been a defined metalworking area. It was suspected that a quantity of metalworking debris excavated from a trench nearby originated from it. Despite the magnetic response from the walls of the structure, there is no evidence to suggest that it was used at any point in the metalworking process.

31 I Survey Outline Obstructions Positive Anomaly Negative Anomaly Key to Features C

Meters

20 J E ± F 10 H B A 0 G A D S.Ward, S.J.Moore & D.E.Hodgson 21 High Pasture Cave 0.5m Resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Figure 3 Interpretation Plan of Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Area A May 2006 nT 25 -15

Figure 5 - 0.5m resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Results (Area A) -3 St. Dev 3

Figure 5 - 0.5m resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Results (Area A)

32 Anomaly E – also corresponds to a stone-built feature on the surface. The stone setting is approximately 4 metres by 4 metres over rubble walls, and could be interpreted as a small bothy, probably of post-medieval date. The anomaly produced by this feature is again made up of a series of positive signals up to 50nT, whose negative signal has combined to reduce the positive effect but are not visible as a negative spike. A range of negative signals have been recorded in the southern part of the feature and are visible components of a bipolar response. The scale of the responses linked to the shape of the traces indicates that the stones are again burnt or igneous in origin. It is possible that the responses at the northern end of the anomaly have combined with responses generated from a continuation of the palaeo-channel recorded as Anomaly C, although excavation would be required to confirm this.

Anomaly F – can be seen to the west of Anomaly E and is to the south of a circular arrangement of stones forming a small cell. The anomaly comprises a strong positive and negative signal with a range of -100 to 60nT. The scale and shape of the anomaly is suggestive of a geological origin, in all likelihood a detached igneous stone possibly linked to the large negative anomaly to the west that is seen to centre on the entrance to the cave passage excavated by cavers in the seventies.

Anomaly G – has a strong positive signal that ranges from 26 to 62nT. The response trace is broken with no clear form, although a number of broad peaks can be made out. This area is close to the excavated trench that produced metalworking debris and it is likely that more of this material is present in the unexcavated area. The disruption and noise in the plot makes it unlikely that any such features remain intact and it is possible that the material is incorporated in the backfill.

Anomaly H – is a complex anomaly with a range of positive and negative signals, for the most part values range between -5 and 20nT although there are a number of stronger positive and negative spikes. The anomaly sits between the large igneous dyke and the enclosure surrounding the enhanced cave entrance. It appears almost square with edges north – south and east – west, although any eastern edge is masked by the signal from the dyke. A weakly positive centre is bordered by a negative trough and a positive response. The nature of the source of the feature is not certain, although it is potentially structural. The positive centre comprises a series of combined peaks, these are too weak to suggest a geological source and it is possible that it may represent material enhanced by occupation, whilst the negative signal is more angular in nature. It is likely that combined they represent a shallow, flattish feature.

Anomaly I – lies against the south eastern edge of the survey area, on the edge of a cleared platform. The response is that of a broad and elongated peak with an average value of 15nT. The response is similar to that expected from a pit and it is probable that it represents an accumulation of magnetically enhanced material. It is possible that the feature is a pit; however, a silted natural depression would produce a similar anomaly. The anomaly suggests a dimension for the feature of approximately 2 metres by 3 metres, which would make for a rather large pit and so probably favours a natural origin.

33 Survey Area B

This area was designed to investigate the remains of a circular structure 60 metres to the west of the main core area of the site. The feature is provisionally being interpreted as a hut circle, although there are a number of post-medieval remains in this area and the possibility that it represents a kale yard or other associated feature should not be discounted. The feature is located on a raised platform next to a natural outcrop of rock, and is approximately 15 metres in diameter across the outer walls.

Anomaly A – is made up of a weakly positive circular anomaly broken on the south side. This is clearly derived from the surface feature noted above. There is on the northern side of the feature a positive signal that projects into the feature. This could be interpreted as an internal pit, the value range is around 17nT and the trace shows it to be a broad anomaly, given the positive response from the wall. However, it is also possible that it represents an element of collapse relating to the walling. There are no further anomalies visible in the remainder of the area, which is for the most part obscured by the large negative response from Anomaly D.

Anomaly B – shows as a linear anomaly of mixed positive and negative responses. The jumble of peaks and troughs visible on the trace plots indicate that the feature consists of a series of discrete thermally remanent blocks. The feature is also visible on the surface as a relatively modern field wall that cuts the centre of the circular feature and has an entrance break at its northern end. The magnetic responses indicate that the stone has been sourced from one of the nearby igneous intrusions and is not derived from the small limestone quarry at the western corner of the survey area.

Anomaly C – can be seen as a weak positive linear anomaly that runs from south west to north east across the survey area. This anomaly and the feature that it represents is analogous with Anomaly B from survey area A. The response is generated by the silted channel of a former water course that can be seen to cut large areas of strong negative signals.

Anomaly D – presents as a large area of strong positive signals surrounded by a large area of strong negative signals that mask at least half of the interior of Anomaly A. This feature is further outcropping of the igneous dykes seen to cut across the area. Large negative signals across the remainder of the survey area show the course of dykes as they continue below the surface.

Anomaly E – is a discrete area of positive magnetic response. Given the large amount of igneous rock in this area and the incidence of surface outcrops, it is likely that these anomalies represent a natural rock feature.

34 D E Survey Outline Obstructions Positive Anomaly Negative Anomaly Key to Features Metres 20

A ± 10 C 0 B S. Ward, S.J.Moore & D.E.Hodgson 23 High Pasture Cave 0.5m Resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Figure 4 interpretation Plan of Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Area B May 2006 20 nT -15 -3 St. Dev 3 Figure 6 - 0.5m resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Results (Area B) Figure 6 - 0.5m resolution Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey Results (Area B)

35 35 4.1.5 Pseudosection Results – Description and Interpretation

4.1.5.1 Method

In addition to investigating the electrical properties of an area to create a horizontal plan, it is also possible to use electrical resistance surveys to create a vertical section through a feature. In a similar way to area resistance surveys, a current is passed between two electrodes and the potential difference or resistance to the current is measured between two additional electrodes. By using different arrangements of these electrodes it is possible to relate the values to different areas of the current flow and provide information on different parts of a feature.

By increasing the distance between the electrodes, the current is passed deeper into the ground. This allows the depth and profile of buried features to be estimated. Resistance is however related to the volume of material through which the current is being passed. As such, the values will decrease with depth as the current is passed through a greater volume of earth. If recorded resistance values are converted to a volume specific measurement (in this case Apparent Resistivity) the effect of this can be overcome.

A line of electrodes 30 metres long was laid out, from east by north east, to west by south west, across the centre of the circular feature adjacent to the enhanced cave entrance. The electrodes were spaced 0.5 metres apart and readings were taken from east to west. Two readings were taken at each position, the first using a Wenner array, the second using the equidistant double dipole. Resistance values were logged automatically using a Geoscan Research RM15 resistance meter and stored in its internal data logger. An MPX15 Multiplexer was used to switch between electrode arrangements, which had been pre-programmed. The data were downloaded into Geoplot version 3 and exported to Res2DInv version 3.55 for processing.

4.1.5.2 Results

Anomaly A – can be seen as a compact oval area of high resistivity readings, the anomaly represents a feature approximately 1.25 metres wide located with its centre 6.25 metres from the eastern end of the section. A second area of high resistivity can be seen at the base of the plot approximately 11.75 metres from the eastern end of the section. This anomaly appears to link to the first area described and may represent an overall feature of approximately 6 metres in length. The anomaly appears to be dipping to the west and is around 0.9 metres thick, with the depth to the top of the feature being approximately 1 metre from the surface. The depth to the full extent of the area of high resistivity appears to be approximately 2.5 metres from the surface.

The overall feature appears to be approximately 6 metres long and between 0.5 and 0.9 metres thick. The anomaly dips east to west from a depth of 1 metre to 2.5 metres from the surface. The location of the centre of the anomaly, at 6.25 metres from the east end of the section, indicated that the anomaly is most likely to represent an element of the cave passage as it runs below.

36 Pseudosection Using Wenner Array High Pasture Cave 64 Pseudosection Using Wenner Array High Pasture Cave 63 64 62 63

Height [OD] 61 62 60

Height [OD] 61 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 00 .75 7 75 .75 7 .7 7 7 7 7 7 .7 7 0. 0.75 1.75 2 3. 4.75 5.75 6. 7.75 8.75 9 6. 3. 10. 11.75 12 13. 14.75 15.7 1 17.75 18.75 19.7 20. 21.75 22.7 2 24. 25.75 26 27. 28.75 29.7 60 Distance [m] 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 00 .75 7 75 .75 7 .7 7 7 7 7 7 .7 7 0. 0.75 1.75 2 3. 4.75 5.75 6. 7.75 8.75 9 6. 3. 10. 11.75 12 13. 14.75 15.7 1 17.75 18.75 19.7 20. 21.75 22.7 2 24. 25.75 26 27. 28.75 29.7 Distance [m]

B A

B C A

Figure 5 Plot of Inverted Pseudosection Data Using Wenner Array

Figure 7 - Plot of Inverted Pseudosection26 data using Wenner Array

Figure 7 - Plot of InvertedPseudosection Pseudosection Using data Double using Dipole Wenner Array Array High Pasture Cave

Height[OD] 61

0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 0.0 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.7 4 5 6.7 7.7 8.7 9.7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 20.75 21.75 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Distance [m]

A B

Figure 8 - Plot of Inverted Pseudosection data using Equidistant Double Dipole Array

Figure 6 Plot of Inverted Pseudosection Data Using Equidistant Double Dipole Array 37 Figure 8 - Plot of Inverted Pseudosection data using Equidistant Double Dipole Array

37 Anomaly B – The profile of this anomaly has two segments; a core of high apparent resistivity values, which is surrounded by a layer of lower values. The central core is approximately 1 metre long and lies between 9.25 and 10.25 metres from the eastern end of the section. The surrounding layer extends from 7.25 metres to 11.75 metres from the east section end and is approximately 4.25 metres long. The central core of the feature is shown with a depth of 0.25 metres from the surface to its top, with an overall thickness no greater than 0.5 metres. The total depth of the surrounding deposits appears to be about 1.6 metres from the surface.

This anomaly appears to correspond well with the rubble wall of the circular feature being investigated. The wall appears to be shallow with little in the way of foundations.

Anomaly C – This anomaly occurs between 13.25 metres and 15.25 metres from the eastern end of the section. The anomaly is approximately 2 metres long and appears as an area of moderately high resistivity. This area is located between two adjoining areas of much higher apparent resistivity and appears to be sealed by a further layer also of moderate apparent resistivity. This layer links to the depression noted above. The depth to the top of the anomaly is approximately 3.5 metres from the surface and it extends beyond the depth limit of the investigation, and so no estimate of its thickness can be made. The anomaly dips from east to west, similar to Anomaly A.

In addition to commenting on the anomalies noted above a statement is also required about the nature of the soils in this area of the site. From the data available, it looks as though there are only very thin areas of subsoil above the natural karstic clay deposits. The maximum observed depth is approximately 0.25 metres across the section investigated and in many areas it is less. This contrasts sharply with the depth of deposit observed in the excavation of Trench 2. The implications of this are not clear, although it would seem to suggest that the enhanced cave entrance and stairwell were constructed in a deep and narrow gully.

Due to the approximate nature of the calculations used to compile these data plots and the complex nature of the underlying geology, it is difficult to be confident of these interpretations. They are, at least in part, based on the surveyors’ understanding of the archaeological and geological context of the site, as well as on the empirical evidence.

4.1.5.3 Conclusion

The data collected during this survey has proved to be of high quality and despite the challenges offered by the geology and terrain, confidence in the interpretation of the area surveys can be high. Activity in the wider area appears to be limited to the clearance of cultivation plots. This is supported by the occurrence of loose rock piles around a number of natural rocky outcrops. And it would appear that the land to the north east of the core of the site was given over to a series of small scale garden plots. It is impossible to estimate a

38 date for the use of these features, or to comment on whether they are contemporary with any of the other features on the site.

A number of post-medieval structures have been identified on the surface and the geophysical survey confirms their presence but provides little in the way of additional data to aid their interpretation. Detailed survey and intrusive investigation would be required to improve on this position.

In terms of evidence on the site for intact metalworking areas, there are no results in the geophysical data to support this. The site is made up of a series of banked walls, surrounded by igneous outcrops. Excavations to date have shown that many of the deposits in the core area of the site contain fire- cracked stones, which can also be seen mixed with natural limestone and granite clasts in the enclosure walls. The magnetic responses generated from all such features are clearly visible in the data as areas of concentrated bipolar anomalies. It is possible that these anomalies mask those of further industrial debris, or that the actual surface might be identifiable at a depth greater than that which can be detected by the gradiometer (which has a maximum limit of between 1m and 1.5m).

Investigation of the possible hut circle to the west of the enhanced cave entrance has provided no clear evidence for internal features, although the pseudo section data has provided an indication of the depth of deposits. These are not likely to exceed 0.25 metres in depth. However, there do appear to be a number of undulations in the underlying natural that might extend this to 0.75 metres as a maximum within natural depressions.

Results from the survey of the second potential hut circle approximately 60 metres to the south west of the core of the site were hampered by a large igneous outcrop, which effectively masked the magnetic readings in the interior of the structure although there was a possible indication of a pit on its eastern side. Further intrusive work would be required to confirm this.

4.1.5.4 Recommendations

It is recommended that a number of the features identified in the survey results be tested by excavation. In particular, anomalies G, H and I, as identified in the gradiometer data from survey area A, show the greatest potential for remains of archaeological interest. Anomaly G represents a continuation of Trench 2 across a spread of positive magnetic readings. It is likely that this area contains more of the metalworking debris noted in earlier excavations. Anomaly H represents a possible made-up surface to the north of the u-shaped enclosure. Confidence in this interpretation is not high however the scale of response makes it worthy of further investigation. Anomaly I indicates the presence of a pit or natural depression and will provide an opportunity to investigate the nature of activity on the cleared platform area through the retrieval of environmental samples.

39 In addition to the above, further work will be required to assess the second circular feature to confirm the possible pit and to fully assess the nature of the structure, following the problems encountered by the gradiometer survey.

4.2 Excavation Results

4.2.1 A total of eight new trenches were opened up at the High Pasture’s site during the 2006 fieldwork season, which was in progress between March and October. With the exception of Trenches 1 and 6, located in Bone Passage, and the resumption of work in the Trench 2 Extension (Stairwell), the new trenches were positioned in relation to features identified by geophysical survey in April and May 2006 (Hodgson & Moore, 2006).

4.2.2 In particular, excavations at the surface focused on the investigation of a former, blocked entrance to the cave, which may have provided the original access to Bone Passage during prehistory (Birch et al, 2005:28-33); the evaluation of a potential hut circle or roundhouse located to the west of the stairwell; and a number of trial trenches investigating the burnt spreads and potential associated structures. Details pertaining to the trenches excavated on site can be found below.

Plate 3 - Cup-marked stone (granite) located during the geophysical survey

40 Figure 9 - Plan of excavated trenches: 2006

41 4.2.3 Trench 2 Extension (Stairwell)

4.2.3.1 The final weeks of excavation at the High Pasture Cave site in 2005 revealed the presence of a stone-built stairwell leading down into a natural cave entrance, which in turn provided access to Bone Passage. The stairwell had been completely back-filled during prehistory and final closing deposits included the inhumation of an adult woman, a 9 to 10 months old perinate, a 3 to 6 months old foetus and a foetal pig (Birch et al, 2005: 35-38). Time and safety constraints did not permit excavation of the blocked stairwell into Bone Passage during 2005, but this feature formed our initial phase of fieldwork at the site in 2006.

4.2.3.2 Excavation of the stairwell commenced in April 2006, with removal of the boulder and sediment blocking material. This task was complex in nature due to the restricted and steep nature of the stairwell and primarily with regards to removal of some fairly large boulder clasts of granite and limestone. The archaeological deposits immediately below the level of the inhumations comprised a homogenous boulder and sediment fill, with up to 75% stone content. The deposits were removed in spits of 25 to 30cm, due to the nature of these deposits including the size of the individual stone clasts that had to be removed. The fill of the stairwell most likely relates to a single episode centring on the closure of the structure. The brown and gritty sediment forming the matrix between the stone clasts contained some heat fractured pebbles, fragments of animal bone and teeth, charcoal and burnt plant remains and abraded sherds of pottery. Several fragments of human bone had also percolated down into these deposits from the inhumations placed at the top of the blocked stairwell. As each individual stone tread of the staircase was uncovered, this was found to be overlain by a thin charcoal-rich deposit; a possible residue from the use of the stairwell and access into Bone Passage while the structure was still in use.

4.2.3.3 With depth, the stone content of the blocking fill of the stairwell increased, with a limited matrix and increasing number of air-filled voids. Towards the base of the structure dressed granite slabs, including three large lintel-type slabs, most likely represents the collapsed corbelled roof of the stairwell. Archaeological deposits recovered from these lower contexts continued to produce animal bone and teeth, small elements of human bone, shellfish and fish bone, heat-fractured pebbles, charcoal and burnt plant remains, abraded sherds of pottery, iron slag and hammer scale, and a flake of worked quartz

4.2.3.4 The final context to be removed from the base of the stairwell (context C252) was found to be the same context as C601 to C604 in Bone Passage, an organic-rich deposit containing a significant amount of charcoal and a wide range of small finds. These included artefacts manufactured from bone, antler, stone, glass, pottery and copper-alloy, while associated materials included iron slag, animal bone, shellfish and fish bone, charcoal and burnt plant remains. Many of the small finds were recovered from the liminal or threshold area where the stone-built stairwell meets the natural limestone cave. Most notable among the small finds was a vitrified stone crucible fragment (F2355), two perforated antler plates (F2351 and F2352), a decorated stone palette (F2356),

42 a fragmented copper-alloy pin (F2384) and half of a plain blue glass bead (F2358).

Figure 10 - Section through stairwell entrance and Bone Passage showing contexts

4.2.3.5 The stairwell appears to have been constructed in two main phases, although this requires further clarification through excavation. In plan, the stairwell forms a keyhole shape, with the circular section of the key located above the deepest part of the stairs, adjacent to the cave entrance. The structure abuts mixed midden-type deposits on the south and west sides, while to the north and east the structure adjoins the natural limestone bedrock forming the cave entrance. The east-facing wall of the stairwell is built of large granite and limestone boulders that have been revetted into the deep midden deposits and still stands to around 4 metres in height. The individual courses of walling abut the natural limestone of the cave entrance and are gradually corbelled outwards in this area, where they would have formed a possible domed roof above the deepest part of the structure.

4.2.3.6 The west-facing wall of the stairwell is not so well-preserved. On this aspect, granite lintels and slabs have been used to bridge natural voids in the vertical and at times overhanging limestone forming the side-wall of the cave entrance. One of the thin slabs utilised in this area has broken in two causing a large granite lintel to rotate within its sockets, which has resulted in the courses of walling above to collapse. The lower courses of stonework on this side of the stairwell are also more randomly built, filling natural voids in the natural

43 limestone of the cave entrance. This is in stark contrast to the well-built east- facing wall of the structure.

4.2.3.7 The stair treads appear to have suffered from subsidence into the underlying midden material, although they may also have been damaged during the backfilling process. The seventeen individual steps are narrow heel-type treads and descend steeply underground. Some of the treads have been revetted into the side walls of the structure, although many of the lower steps have become dislodged due to the subsidence. We have not carried out complete excavation at the base of the stairwell to investigate the chaotic-nature of the steps here (in order to limit de-stabilisation of the upper stairwell and to retain access to Bone Passage), although we plan to carry out further work in this area during 2009. It is possible that structural evidence and phasing may be uncovered connected with the earlier access arrangements into Bone Passage.

Figure 11 - Section through stairwell entrance and Bone Passage showing contextual relationships between archaeological deposits

44 Plate 4 – Excavation of the stairwell during 2006 showing the emerging stone steps (above left); roof lintel within the blocking fill (above right); the initial breakthrough into Bone Passage (left and below). Scales = 1m and 0.25m.

45 Figure 12 – Plan and NW section through stairwell (above and below), and view looking down the stairs to the restricted access into Bone Passage

46 4.2.4 Trench 6

4.2.4.1 Excavation in Trench 6 also continued in April 2006, to coincide with the removal of the archaeological deposits filling the stairwell (see 4.2.3 above). In particular, we were interested in investigating the relationship between the deposits in Bone Passage and the base of the stairwell, to allow us to understand the complex sequence of events surrounding the deposition of archaeological material and the closing of the stairwell at the end of use.

4.2.4.2 Trench 6, excavation of which started during the 2005 fieldwork season (Birch et al, 2005:41-43), extended from the base of the stairwell in a north easterly direction to the junction with Trench 1, which was partially excavated in 2004 (Birch et al, 2004: 35-41). The trench, measuring a maximum of 3.2 metres long and 2.5 metres wide, was excavated down to the natural limestone bedrock of the cave. The deposits were excavated in 1 metre grid squares by context, which allowed finer control of finds retrieval, especially with regards to the amount of artefacts and ecofacts recovered through wet-sieving (this included 100% wet-sieving of archaeological deposits from Bone Passage). Individual finds were plotted within the overall site grid system to allow distribution plans to be formatted by individual contexts and zones within the passage.

4.2.4.3 The upper context in Trench 6 (C601) had been over-run at the base of the stairwell by the lower contexts of the blocking fill (C251), which contained a significant amount of granite and limestone boulders. However, the upper contexts within Trench 6 (C601 to C604) ran up over the bottom steps of the stairwell (see 4.2.3.4 above), these deposits relating to the last deposition event to take place in Bone Passage before the stairwell was finally closed.

4.2.4.4 The archaeological deposits excavated in Trench 6 appear to relate closely to those identified through fieldwork in 2004 (Birch et al, 2004) and within the excavations conducted in Trench 1 in 2004 and 2006 (see 4.2.5). These deposits represent a long sequence of depositional events in Bone Passage, which includes the importation of midden-rich materials containing a well- preserved and varied faunal assemblage, environmental ecofacts, and a wide range of small finds (see Appendix 5). In particular, the excavation results from Trench 6 along with evidence recovered from Trench 1, indicates that structured deposits, possibly representing votive offerings, have been placed in Bone Passage throughout its use. These include single items and groups of objects, the latter including spindle whorls, bone pins and points, and a group of seven tuning pegs from a lyre (see section 5.2).

4.2.4.5 The distribution of small finds relating to structured deposition appears to change through time. During the earlier use of Bone Passage prior to the construction of the stairwell, the deposition of small finds takes place within the liminal area formed where one enters the arch of the cave entrance and around two stone steps. One notable find from this area was a complete granite saddle quern that had been placed immediately to the side of the steps at the base of the stairwell. Further deposits have been recovered along the course of a paved walkway leading through the passage. And, while the entrance area to

47 Bone Passage and the base of the stairwell continued to receive these potential votive deposits during later periods of use, there is also a more general spread of small finds throughout Bone Passage.

4.2.4.6 Three distinct floors and their associated deposits have been identified within Trench 6. A crude stone-paved floor (F601) was uncovered within context C604, comprising granite slabs interspersed with fire-cracked pebbles and smaller stone clasts. A thin lens of sediment overlying the floor contained significant amount of charcoal, while the same deposit was identified in the gaps between the individual paving slabs. This layer was also rich in burnt cereal grains (primarily barley), fish bone and hammer scale. Large sherds of pottery, antler, stone and bone objects were also recovered from the surface of the floor (see Appendix 5).

4.2.4.7 The second floor (F602), comprising a single course of paving stones edged at both sides by rows of medium-sized boulders, was found to start around 0.5 metres from the steps at the base of the stairwell and continued down the length of Trench 6. The surface of the walkway, which lies below context C606 and overlies/cuts C607, was covered by gritty sediments with a clay matrix, containing variable amounts of charcoal and fragments of fire-cracked pebbles. The context above the floor also contained a spread of semi- articulated un-burnt bone, heavily processed un-burnt bone, burnt bone and shellfish remains. Small finds of stone, bone, antler and iron were also recovered. In particular, several caches of objects relating to this floor layer indicate that structured deposition was taking place at this stage in the use of the cave. These items included a group of soapstone spindle whorls and a cache of 7 antler pins that had been placed at the base of the steps leading into Bone Passage; and a cache of 7 antler tuning pegs from a lyre that had been placed in a narrow gap between two of the paving slabs forming the walkway in Bone Passage.

4.2.4.8 Below floor F602, similar deposits were excavated and identified including butchered un-burnt bone, burnt bone, shellfish, charcoal and fire-cracked stone. Fragments of bone pins and points, and additional soapstone objects, were also found in this context along with a fine grooved whetstone. The lower contexts in the trench contained increasing amounts of water-worn stone and grits, while the un-burnt bone was found to be more degraded in nature. The natural limestone floor at the base of the trench was found to be quite friable in some areas and also contained natural water-worn channels and pot- holes, some of which contained elements of the lower contexts identified in the Trench. Two sherds of pottery were recovered from these deposits that may be Neolithic or Early Bronze Age in date.

4.2.5 Trench 1

4.2.5.1 The excavation of Trench 1 was started during the 2004 fieldwork season at the site (Birch et al, 2004: 35-38) to investigate the nature of the archaeological deposits within Bone Passage including their composition and preservation, and to ascertain the character and date of activity within the

48 cave. Due to time restraints and the complexity of the archaeological deposits uncovered in 2004, the trench was not completely excavated.

Figure 13 (above) – Relationship of stairwell to Bone Passage (natural cave) and Figure 14 (below) – Plan of Bone Passage showing excavated sections

4.2.5.2 During the excavation of the remaining archaeological deposits in the trench during 2006 we identified three floor surfaces. The upper-most floor comprised a surface of rough granite slabs interspersed with fire-cracked stone fragments, which was located between contexts C003 and C004. Finds from the deposits overlying this floor included large quantities of un-burnt animal bone including domesticated pig, fish bone, shellfish remains, burnt plant

49 remains, fire-cracked stone and charcoal; while the small finds included stone tools, worked antler and pottery sherds.

4.2.5.3 Contexts C004, C005 and C006 contained a more chaotic mix of boulders and midden-rich sediments containing less animal bone, but more shellfish remains. Small finds from these contexts included stone tools including coarse pebble tools and a fragment from a granite quern stone, worked antler and bone, worked pumice, lithics, iron slag, copper-alloy fragments, pottery sherds and a vitrified crucible/tuyere fragment.

4.2.5.4 Context C006 overlay a paved walkway (F102), which comprised a single course of granite and limestone slabs bordered by small to medium sized boulders. The walkway, which measures approximately 0.7 metres wide, corresponds to feature F602 in Trench 6 – a continuation of the walkway to the base of the stairwell.

4.2.5.5 Context C007, which was located immediately below the paved walkway, comprised an orange to brown sediment containing larger grits and significant amounts of un-burnt animal bone. The context contains up to 40% stone content (mainly limestone clasts), while the small finds included lithics, a single sherd of pottery, worked antler and bone including pins and awls, and a perforated limestone pendant.

4.2.5.6 A brown and silt-rich cave earth (C008) lay below C007 and was found to contain significant amounts of fire-cracked pebbles (30-40%). A setting of fire-cracked stones at the interface with C009 (feature F101) may have been a hearth or a deposit of hearth material, interspersed with numerous fragments of charcoal, burnt and un-burnt bone, and several small finds. The latter included a pebble tool, a bone needle and bone pin fragments.

4.2.5.7 The deposit described above (see 4.2.5.6) was located on a slightly compacted bed of decayed limestone breccia, most likely derived from the walls and roof of the natural cave passage. However, the deposit also contained numerous fire-cracked pebble fragments, fragmented animal bone, some charcoal and increased amounts of burnt bone. Several sherds of coarse but well fired pottery were recovered from this context along with a bone awl and a bone needle fragment.

4.2.5.8 Context C010 comprised a loose and washed gravel deposit comprising at least 90% stone content of limestone clasts and black, river-type cobbles. The gritty matrix between the stone clasts also contained small fragments of fire- cracked stone and pebbles, fragmented un-burnt bone and burnt bone. A fragment of a bone needle was recovered from this context, which was found to overlie the natural limestone floor of the cave passage.

50 Plate 5 – Images showing excavations in Trench 6, Bone Passage including paved walkway F602 (above left); bone and charcoal deposits in C607 (above) and animal bone deposits in section - context C607 (scales = 1m and 0.25m)

51 LyreLyre Tuning Tuning Pegs Pegs

FigureFigure1515–– Trench Trench 6, 6, base base of of context context C606, C606, showing showing paved paved floor floor F602 F602 and and distributiondistribution of of small small finds finds

PlatePlate66–– Cache Cache of of seven seven tuning tuning pegs pegs from from a a lyre, lyre, deposited deposited between between pav pavinging slabs slabs in in featurefeature F602, F602, context context C606 C606 (scale (scale = = 15cm) 15cm)

5252 Figure 16 – Trench 6, base of context C604, showing distribution of small finds

Plate 7 – Trench 1, context C109, showing deposits of fire-cracked pebbles, animal bone, pottery shards and bone points (scale = 0.25m)

53 4.2.6 Trench 5

4.2.6.1 The excavation of Trench 5 was initiated in 2005, but due to time constraints was not completed. During work on the trench at this time, several stone-built features were identified and recorded including a low retaining wall, a small cellular structure, an area of granite paving and associated hearth setting (see Birch et al, 2005: 39-41). The features excavated in Trench 5 during the 2005 fieldwork season post-dated the formation of the underlying burnt mound deposits. Therefore, during 2006 our focus transferred to the deposits associated with the burnt mound/spreads.

4.2.6.2 Below the layer of coarse granite paving (F502) and hearth setting (F503), and retained to the northwest by a low revetment wall (F209), we uncovered a compact layer of fire-cracked pebbles and stone (C507). The deposit, which comprised a black, organic-rich sediment with high ash content, contained up to 90% fire-cracked stone and pebbles. Small fragments of charcoal, bone, animal teeth and several pottery sherds were also recovered from the context. The context was found to overlie C509, while the context is cut by F209 and C508.

4.2.6.3 The results of the excavation in this trench suggest that retaining wall F209 was cut through the layers comprising the burnt mound/spreads. A black sediment containing ash and less than 5% stone content is located within a back-filled construction trench for the revetment wall, which supports feature F503 (hearth setting). No clear stratigraphic horizons were evident during excavation of the burnt mound material, although the angular relationship between some stones within the context indicates potential tip-lines.

4.2.6.4 The burnt mound material had been deposited directly onto the underlying karstic clay (C509), suggesting that the original turf and topsoil had been removed prior to deposition. A shallow pit or ditch feature was identified at the southeast end of Trench 5, with the junction with Trench 9 (F504), which had been cut into the natural karstic clay. The feature runs under the southwest section of the trench and was filled by context C507. No small finds were recovered from the feature, although un-burnt and burnt animal bone and small lumps of charcoal were retained.

4.2.7 Trench 9

4.2.7.1 Trench 9 was in effect an extension of Trench 5, running in a south westerly direction towards the shieling structures. The burnt mound/spreads appeared to dip sharply here towards the southwest, so the trench was positioned to investigate the nature and composition of the archaeological deposits in this area of the site. The excavation of the trench also allowed a more complete investigation of feature F903 (see feature F504 in Trench 5 above).

4.2.7.2 Removal of the bracken-infested turf revealed a chaotic spread of granite and limestone boulders (C902), which covered the complete area of the trench. A stone-lined pit or post-hole was uncovered within the surface of this material

54 (at the northeast end of the trench) and was filled with brown topsoil. No finds were recovered from the feature, although a fragment of furnace-lining was found lying on the context. Excavation of C902 produced several abraded sherds of prehistoric pottery.

4.2.7.3 Context C903, which directly underlies the spread of granite and limestone boulders, comprises the burnt mound/spreads. The deposit contains at least 80% fire-cracked stone and pebbles, while the matrix is black, fine and ash- laden sediment. Finds from the context include burnt and un-burnt bone, charcoal and metalworking residues; the latter including what appears to be a hearth base. As in Trench 5 (see 4.2.6.4), the burnt mound material had been deposited directly onto the underlying karstic clay.

Figure 17 – Section drawing through Trench 5 showing relationships of built features and the underlying burnt mound deposits

Figure 18 – Section drawing through Trenches 5 and 9 showing relationships of built features and the underlying burnt mound deposits

55 Plate 8 – Images showing Trenches 5 and 9, including revetment wall F209 holding back burnt mound material (above left and right – scales = o.25m and 1m); SW facing section of Trench 5 after excavation to natural karstic clay (left – scales = 2m and 1m); Trench 9 after turf removal (lower left – scale = 1m); and looking into Trench 9 from the NE showing revetment wall F902 and pit or gully feature F903 (below – scales = 1m and 0.5m)

56 4.2.7.4 A low rubble wall of granite and limestone medium-sized boulders was found within the burnt mound material, running across the trench in a SW – NE direction (F902). The wall had been built directly onto the natural karstic clay (C904). It appears that the burnt mound/spread material has over-run the wall that was possibly built to retain the mound. The only other feature identified in Trench 9 was the shallow ditch or pit feature F903 (see feature F504 in Trench 5 above).

4.2.8 Trench 7

4.2.8.1 Trench 7 was excavated to investigate the possibility of a prehistoric roundhouse immediately to the west of the stairwell entrance into Bone Passage. Before excavation, the feature appeared as a roughly circular mound of granite boulders, partially hidden by turf, approximately 10.0 metres in diameter over the spread walls. The geophysical survey of this feature, which included a pseudo-section (see 4.1.5 above), indicated no clear structural evidence for a buried building however, we decided to test the geophysics results through partial excavation of the feature.

4.2.8.2 We started by excavating half of the interior of the feature. After removal of the turf we encountered homogenous sediments comprising a brown friable loam containing bracken roots and the occasional fleck of charcoal. The lower layer within the context (C703) also contained fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebbles. The context directly overlies the natural karstic clay (C717), through which protruded small outcrops of limestone bedrock. During the excavation of the interior of the feature no substantial structural elements were uncovered to indicate the presence of a roundhouse, although a single course of granite and limestone blocks were noted in the northeast sector of the feature.

4.2.8.3 A small assemblage of small finds was recovered from the contexts overlying the natural karstic clay. These included abraded sherds of prehistoric pottery, a pebble hammer, a pebble chopping tool, a pebble anvil, a small collection of lithics and two fragments of iron slag.

4.2.8.4 During excavation of the lower context overlying the natural karstic clay (C703) we uncovered a number of charcoal-rich stains, which on further cleaning proved to be features including post-holes, stake-holes, pits and scoops, and two stone-lined features. The three larger post-holes (F701, F703 and F709) contained in-situ packing stones, although the average post-hole diameter was only around 0.20 metres. The remaining post and stake-holes were smaller in size. Most of these features contained charcoal lumps suitable for identification of species and radiocarbon dating.

4.2.8.5 Feature F710 comprised an irregular shaped scoop within the natural clay measuring 1.56m N-S x 1.18m E-W. The scoop, which extends under the southeast baulk of the trench, was filled by a compact layer of fire-cracked pebbles. No small finds were found within the feature.

57 4.2.8.6 Feature F712 was sectioned by the east baulk of Trench 7 and comprises a semicircular stone-lined pit, filled with medium-size stone and charcoal flecked sediment. Feature F713 was also sectioned by the east baulk of the trench and is an oval shaped pit that has been lined with flat stones. A grey- coloured clay deposit was noted filling the gaps between these stones, which may be some form of luting. The features produced no small finds.

4.2.8.7 A pit feature (F717) had been cut by post-hole F701, while a larger scoop feature (F710) was found to extend under the northeast baulk of the trench. A worked piece of quartz and charcoal samples were recovered from pit feature F717. Due to the complexity of features uncovered in this area of the site, and in order to investigate the stone and turf bank comprising the circular feature indicated at the surface, we extended the trench in a north easterly direction (see 4.2.9 below).

Figure 19 – Plan of Trenches 7 and 10 showing excavated features

4.2.9 Trench 10

4.2.9.1 The excavation of Trench 10, the extension to Trench 7 (see 4.2.8 above), proceeded with the removal of the turf and bracken root matt (C10.01). Below this context we uncovered a shallow bank of rubble comprising granite and limestone boulders, with a matrix of dark brown to black sediments containing a few charcoal flecks (C10.02). Underlying context C10.02 we uncovered a compact layer of fire-cracked pebbles and stone (C10.03), which contained small lumps of charcoal but no small finds. The layer of fire-cracked material directly overlay the natural karstic clay (C10.11), into which had been cut several features including pits and scoops, and a single post-hole.

4.2.9.2 The pits and scoops were irregular in shape and varied significantly in depth. Only feature F10.04 produced a find, a small sherd of decorated pottery that has been tentatively identified as a fragment of a Bronze Age Food Vessel (see 5.3).

58 Plate 9 – Images from Trench 7 showing negative features excavated into natural clay (above – scale = 2m); closer view of excavated features clustering around feature F706 (below – scales = 2m and 1m); post-hole F703 after section excavation (top right – scale = 0.25m); post-hole F701 (right – scale = 0.25m); and stone-lined pit feature F7.13 (bottom right – scale = 0.5m).

59 Plate 10 – Images from Trenches 7, 10 and 11 showing features excavated within Trench 7 and burnt mound deposits in Trench 10 (above – scales = 2m and 1m); surface of burnt mound deposits in Trench 10 (left – scales = 2m and 1m); pit feature F7.17 (above left – scale = 0.25m); view of Trench 11 from the NE with granite boulders overlying compacted burnt mound deposits (lower left – scale = 1m); and general view over Trenches 9, 5 and 11 from the S (below).

60 4.2.9.3 The excavation of Trenches 7 and 10 posed several interesting questions including why the compact layer of fire-cracked stone uncovered in the trench only appeared to survive under the stone and turf bank of the surface feature. It is possible that later activity on site, possibly related to the construction and use of the shielings, removed the archaeological contexts relating to prehistoric activity here, replacing them with the homogenous sediments uncovered within the interior of the feature.

4.2.10 Trench 11

4.2.10.1 Trench 11 was located to investigate a section through the u-shaped enclosure within the core area of the site. The trench took in the area contained within the stone-covered bank, the bank of the enclosure and the area outside to the northeast.

4.2.10.2 Removal of the turf and bracken matt (C11.02) within the area enclosed by the stone-covered bank revealed black organic-rich sediments (C11.05) containing numerous charcoal flecks and fragments of fire-cracked stone. A single sherd of prehistoric pottery was recovered from this context. Excavation also revealed medium to large granite boulders covering the enclosure mound, which have also collapsed to the S-SW and N-NE aspects of the enclosure. To the N-NE of the enclosure mound, removal of a shallow turf revealed a compact layer of fire-cracked stone and pebbles (C11.06). 4.2.10.3 Removal of the collapsed boulder clasts to the N-NE (C11.04) and S-SE (C11.03), uncovered the remains of a low orthostat wall comprising two to three courses of stonework on the inner S-SW face and a single course of boulders on the N-NE face (F11.01). The core of the wall (C11.07) is mix of small to medium-sized boulders and fine brown sediment. The context also contains some fire-cracked stone and pebble fragments, small charcoal flecks, burnt bone and degraded teeth fragments. Part of a broken quern rubber was recovered from the context.

4.2.10.4 Further excavation in the trench revealed a lower revetment wall feature (F11.02) underlying the upper wall F11.01. The second wall comprises granite boulders surviving to between one and two courses high, while the core of the wall (C11.08) is mix of small to medium-sized boulders and fine brown sediment containing some fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebble. The core of the wall also contains some small charcoal flecks and fragments of burnt bone. The outer faces of the lower wall, which measures around 1.2 metres across faces, were abutted by compact layers of fire-cracked stone and pebbles.

4.2.10.5 Archaeological deposits abutting the inner face (S-SW) of the lower wall F11.02 comprised a black and organic-rich sediment (C11.09) containing small fragments of charcoal and burnt bone, and some fragments of fire- cracked stone and pebble. This context directly overlies the natural karstic clay C11.11. The deposits abutting the N-NE face of wall F11.02 comprise grey ashy sediments with up to 10% stone content (C11.10). Context contains

61 numerous charcoal flecks, a little burnt bone and degraded animal teeth, and fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebble.

4.2.10.6 Time constraints did not permit the full excavation of Trench 11 during the 2006 fieldwork season. However, this will be completed in 2007.

Figure 20 – Plan of Trench 11 showing revetment walls and burnt mound deposits

4.2.11 Trench 8

4.2.11.1 Trench 8 was located over the width of a massive wall that projects around a flat grass platform in the eastern sector of the site (SE of Trench 2 and stairwell entrance to cave). The wall, which is indistinct towards the southeast, curves around the grass platform and ends at a splayed terminal adjacent to the course of a former hollow-way, that most likely provided the main access to the site. The wall survives to a maximum of 1.2 metres in height at the terminal, while intermittent single large orthostats indicate the position of the inner and outer wall faces. Trench 8 was located over a portion of the wall where the orthostats are present, to investigate the overall construction of the feature (F801) and to attempt recovery of dating material for the feature.

4.2.11.2 Removal of the turf revealed dense bracken matt and mid-brown to black friable sediment (C801). Excavation also revealed feature F801 comprising the inner and outer face stones (around 1.5 metres wide over faces) and the remains of a rubble core. The wall had been cut through the underlying subsoil (C802), a mid-brown to orange sediment with grit texture. Below the subsoil and wall foundations we uncovered the natural karstic clay C803. No small finds or charcoal were recovered during the excavation of Trench 8, so the dating of the feature remains problematical. However, the sheer size and construction of the wall would suggest a prehistoric date.

62 Figure 21 – Section drawings through boulder wall F801 and turf and stone dyke F12.01; the latter including upright standing stone F12.02 (above left).

Plate 11 – Turf and stone dyke F12.01 and standing stone F12.02 (upper right – scale = 1m).

Plate 12 – Excavated Trench 12 through turf and stone dyke F12.01, showing relationship of standing stone F12.02 to bank (lower right – scales = 2m and 1m).

4.2.12 Trench 12

4.2.12.1 During the earlier phases of fieldwork around the High Pasture Cave site, a large granite standing stone was observed (F12.02), which appeared to have been incorporated into a later turf and stone dyke of possible post-medieval date (F12.01). Trench 12 was established to investigate the stone to see if it was of potential prehistoric age and if so, to investigate how it may relate to the other features identified on site.

4.2.12.2 A one metre wide section was excavated through the turf and stone dyke adjacent to the upright stone exposing the side of the feature and allowing a study of this in relation to the surrounding contexts. The turf and stone field dyke (F12.01) is constructed from clay, turf and stone. The dyke stands to a maximum height of 1.4m and is 1.5m wide at the base, with some visible facing stone on the inner (W) face. The foundations of the dyke comprise a re-

63 deposited clay core (C12.03) built directly onto the natural karstic clay (C12.04). The final construction of the dyke is re-deposited clay and turf, with elements of a stone revetment wall on the inside face.

4.2.12.3 The orthostat or ‘standing stone’ is set against the inner (W) face of the field dyke, feature F12.01. Excavation revealed that the orthostat is most likely contemporary with the field dyke and rests against the face of this feature. No setting or socket hole was found relating to the erected stone, but was found to sit directly on the natural karstic clay (C12.04). No dating material was recovered during the excavation of the trench. However, future investigations of this feature will attempt to recover soil samples from the base of the turf and stone dyke in an attempt to recover pollen date.

4.2.13 Trench 13

4.2.13.1 Trench 13 was located on a potential pit or naturally silted feature identified through the geophysics survey in 2006, to the southeast of the level grass- covered platform. The anomaly (see Section 4.1.3; Anomaly H), detected using Earth Resistance Survey, was estimated to be around 7 metres long by up to 2 metres wide.

4.2.13.2 A one metres square trial trench was excavated to investigate the anomaly. After removal of the turf and bracken matt (C13.01), a shallow hollow overlying the feature was uncovered that was filled with dark brown silt with up to 20% stone content (C13.02). After removal of this context, a v-shaped section ditch was excavated (F13.01), which had been cut into the natural karstic clay (C13.05). The ditch has been back-filled with angular stones and dark brown sediment (C13.03).

4.2.13.3 A thin lens of yellow, fine silty clay is located against the E side of the ditch (C13.04), at the south end of the trench. The ditch measures approximately 0.75 metres wide and 0.6 metres deep, the bottom of the ditch having a slightly rounded profile. No finds were recovered from the feature to provide a potential date, but additional excavations will be carried out in this sector of the site during 2007.

64 Figure 22 (left) – East section through ditch feature F13.01, Trench 13

Plate 13 (right) – West section of ditch feature F13.01, Trench 13

4.2.14 Trench 14

4.2.14.1 The larger and more prominent of the two shieling-type structures identified in the southeast of the site was targeted for trial excavation during the 2006 fieldwork season. After initial cleaning of the structure, including removal of surface vegetation and turf, Trench 14 was laid out to investigate the northern half of the structure including a potential blocked doorway in the western wall.

4.2.14.2 Removal of loose stone deposits, a dense bracken matt and fine brown to black sediment, revealed the wall of a well-built structure of granite and limestone boulders (F14.03). Comprising a double-faced wall with a rubble core measuring 0.6 metres wide, the structure survives to a maximum of three courses high (approx. 0.6m). The walls of the structure are slightly curved or bowed, and the corners of the building are rounded. The doorway, measuring around 0.4 metres wide, is located in the W – SW side.

4.2.14.3 Excavations within the interior of the structure revealed a compacted earth floor, with no evidence for paving or any fire setting. However, a small post- hole was uncovered (F14.02) excavated into the underlying context (C14.02), which comprises a brown to light orange-coloured sediment. Two re-fitting segments of a clay pipe stem were recovered from the interface between contexts C14.01 and C14.02, within the interior of the structure. The stem carried the maker’s mark of ‘Christie – Glasgow’, which provided a manufacture date for the pipe of around 1850 AD. The structure most likely related to transhumance activities at High Pastures associated with animal husbandry during the 19th Century AD. Such bothies, or shieling structures are a common feature in the archaeological landscapes of Skye and the western seaboard of Scotland.

65 4.2.14.4 Additional excavation will be carried out in Trench 14 during 2007. This will include the excavation of shieling structure number 2 and the investigation of possible earlier archaeological deposits below the two structures.

Figure 23 – Plan of shieling number 1, Trench 14

4.3 Discussion

4.3.1 Excavations undertaken at the High Pastures site during the 2006 fieldwork season have achieved the aims and objectives set out in the Research Design and have produced results relating to the composition, complexity and chronological phasing of the archaeological deposits. These results complement data recovered from the site during the 2004 and 2005 fieldwork seasons, and have also produced a wide range of materials to take forward for post-excavation analysis.

66 4.3.2 The completion of the excavations in the Trench 2 extension has revealed a virtually complete subterranean structure, a stone-built stairwell that leads down into a natural cave entrance and the passage beyond (Bone Passage). This in turn provides access to 320 metres of natural cave passages comprising an active stream-way and short sections of abandoned fossilised passages although from the preliminary investigations, it appears that the people who used the site during prehistory only explored and utilised around 120 metres of the available cave.

4.3.3 Excavations within the cave (Trenches 6 and 1 in Bone Passage) continue to provide overwhelming evidence for the structured deposition of midden deposits, animal remains and a wide variety of small finds. The discovery of a sequence of floors within the archaeological deposits within Bone Passage also testifies to the continued access to the cave through a protracted period of time. The excavation of the archaeological deposits within the back-filled stairwell and Bone Passage has allowed us to investigate in some detail the sequence of depositional events leading to the closure of the site.

4.3.4 The excavation of trenches on the surface above the cave system, combined with results from the extensive geophysical survey carried out during 2006, is enabling the Project Team to investigate the extent, composition and chronology of the archaeological deposits at High Pastures. Preliminary interpretations of the evidence so far recovered indicates an absence of ‘domestic’ dwellings and a site of some significance that appears to have been used on a periodic basis (see Section 9). Evidence from the surface trenches is overwhelmingly biased towards the use of fire in differing forms, whether for domestic or industrial purposes. The excavations continue to produce evidence for on-site metalworking in both iron and copper-alloy (see Section 5.2 and 5.4), while archaeological deposits retrieved from the surface trenches is dominated by significant amounts of fire-cracked stone and pebbles.

4.3.5 The burnt mound and spreads of material uncovered so far at the High Pastures site rival in size some of the larger burnt mound features identified in Orkney and Shetland. Few sites of this type are so far known in the west of Scotland including the island of Skye, and the investigation of this feature will form an important aspect of work at the site during 2007.

67 Plate 14 – Images showing shieling number 1, Trench 14, after initial cleaning (right) and on completion of section excavation (below); viewed from the south, the scales = 2m and 1m.

The image at base of page shows the WSW facing entrance to the structure (scale = 2m).

68 5. SMALL FINDS ASSESSMENT

5.1 General 5.1.1 A wide range of small finds were recovered from the excavations at the High Pasture’s site during 2006 (see Section 5.2). In particular, small finds recovered from Bone Passage (Trenches 6 and 1) continue to represent a variety of craft industries such as the working of bone and antler, leather working, the manufacture of textiles and metalworking (metalworking residues have also been recovered from several contexts on the surface above the cave, including contexts within the burnt mound/spreads). A wide range of stone tools, including fragments of rotary and saddle querns, have also been recovered from the site. Several iron objects and concretions were also recovered from Trenches 1, 2 and 6, which are presently receiving conservation through the Historic Scotland contract with AOC Archaeology Group (see Appendix 9). 5.1.2 Trenches 6 and 1 have also continued to produce a wide range of objects, both singular and in groups, which appear to be indicative of structured deposition within the cave. These objects include caches of bone points and pins, stone tools, soapstone spindle whorls and an increasing number of potential high status items such as the cache of tuning pegs from a lyre and a sword or dagger pommel manufactured from marine ivory. An assessment report of the small finds recovered from the site in 2006 is included below, which was undertaken by the National Museums of Scotland. For details of all small finds recovered from the site during the 2006 fieldwork season see the small find lists by trench, which are located in Appendix 5.

Plate 15 – Grooved whetstone F6482 recovered from context C608, Trench 6

69 5.2 High Pasture Cave & Environs Project: Assessment Report on Small Finds (Fraser Hunter and Dawn McLaren, with a contribution by Alan Saville – National Museums of Scotland)

5.2.1 DESCRIPTION

The 310 objects from the 2006 excavations comprise coarse stone, worked bone and antler objects, lithics, iron and copper alloy objects. The assemblage is summarised in table 1, with an assessment of its nature and potential given below. 17 further objects were listed but not seen (see attached list).

Category Quantity Notes Bone/antler 66 objects, 9 Pins, points, needles, handles, mounts; manufacturing debris pieces of debris

Coarse stone 40 + 8 Mainly cobble tools, spindle whorls and saddle querns. Some decorative items e.g. stone bead and decorated palette. Pumice 4 2 worked; possible perforated line-float, grooved wear. Ceramics 115 Includes a small number of decorated sherds and 2 fragments of modern clay pipe. Glass 3 two small blue beads, 1 red bead Lithics 33 2 diagnostic fragments; a short end scraper and a broken blade fragment. Copper alloy 3 Pin and sheet fragments Iron 4 Pin or wire fragment and unidentified fragments Vitrified 25 Tuyere fragment, possible ironworking debris and possible ore material

Table 1: Summary of the assemblage

5.2.1.1 Bone/antler 80 fragments of bone and antler were submitted, comprising 66 objects, 9 fragments of antler working debris and 5 un-worked fragments (table 2). A further 3 fragments were listed but not identified amongst the assemblage. The majority is typical of Iron Age domestic assemblages, and the types are mostly ones which have been found in previous years: points, pins, needles, handles and fittings. There are also nine fragments of antler working debris, comprising rough-outs, off-cuts, blanks and waste material. This adds to the significant quantity recovered in previous seasons; detailed study will provide valuable insights into the craft process.

A number of unusual finds merit more detailed comment. Foremost is a cache of seven bone/antler points, their tips showing polish and fine circumferential wear. The wear pattern is an unusual one, and the only comparanda known to the writers are tuning pegs for lyres, the wear arising from the movement of the wire. These are a highly unusual find, but there is a similar example from Cnip, Lewis (Hunter 2006, 147-8, fig 3.24a). If the identification is accepted, the discovery of seven pegs together suggests we may be dealing with the deposition of a complete lyre, perhaps with seven strings; this intriguing possibility will be tested during detailed study.

70 There is other evidence of caches of material, in a deposit of 7 pin/points from context 605. This suggests the deliberate deposition of a kit of bone/antler tools.

Apart from pins and points, the tools include an awl and a socketed gouge or spear, produced from a metapodial with the end cut off and shaped into a point. Both types are well attested on Hebridean Iron Age sites.

This season’s work also produced two unusual personal ornaments, an antler bead and, most strikingly, a polished, well-finished biconical bead probably made of the tooth or tusk of a sea mammal. Osteological identification is required to confirm that this is indeed ivory, but there are rare parallels from the Atlantic areas of Scotland for decorative items made from ivory.

Function Description Quantity Tools awl 1 double ended bone point 1 gouge/spear 1 handle 1 needle 5 point 15 pin/point 16 Fittings pegs 2 point/peg 1 mount 3 Decorative, personal decorated burnt fragment 1 & leisure pin 10 bead 2 lyre pegs 7 Working debris working debris: incl. off-cuts and blanks 8 unfinished pin or pin/point 1 Unworked unworked 5

Table 2: Composition of worked bone/antler assemblage

5.2.1.2 Coarse Stone Of the 94 coarse stone items submitted for analysis, 40 were worked, 8 were possibly worked and 39 are natural water-worn pebbles (table 3). A further 7 objects were listed on initial small finds records but were not within the material submitted. This assemblage contains a wide range of tools. Most are cobble tools, often showing multifunctional wear including evidence of use as grinders, pounders, hammerstones, smoothers and whetstones. There is also a small assemblage of spindle whorls produced from steatite, and a limited number of food processing tools such as a saddle quern and three rubber fragments. Although most of the objects appear to be prosaic, everyday tools, there are also some more unusual items, such as a whetstone/palette, a decorated palette and a stone bead. There is also a worked haematite pebble that appears to have been ground down for use as pigment.

71 This assemblage is typical of Iron Age sites in being dominated by cobble tools, often showing signs of significant use. These can only be characterised as general purpose tools; without experimental work, it is not possible to confirm their detailed function.

Amongst the assemblage were also decorative or personal items; a highly polished stone bead, a decorated and stained palette and fragments of a flat soapstone disc. The disc along with all seven spindle whorls, were manufactured from steatite, probably from the Glenelg source, one of the few steatite sources outside Shetland. Although most of the cobbles utilised as tools at the site are likely to have been derived from a local source, the use of steatite whorls suggests that regional contacts were in existence.

Four fragments of pumice were recovered, probably beach finds. Two show signs of working; one has been roughly shaped with a circular central hour- glass perforation, perhaps used as a line-float, the second has grooved wear from the finishing of bone/wood/metal points.

Type Function Quantity Worked Cobble tools Grinder 5 Grinder/pounder 4 Grinder/smoother 1 Hammerstone 1 Multifunction tool 3 Polisher 3 Pounder 1 Strike-a-light 1 Whetstone 3 Food processing Saddle quern 1 Rubbing stone 3 Textile production Whorl 7 Decorated Cup-marked stone 1 Decorated palette 1 Personal & Leisure Bead 1 Soapstone disc 2 fragments Miscellaneous Haematite (worked) 1 Fire-cracked stone 1 Possibly worked 8 Natural 39 Missing 7

Table 3: Summary of coarse stone assemblage

72 Plate 16 – Cache’s of antler objects from F602, context C606, Bone Passage. The image above shows the cache of 7 antler tuning pegs from a lyre, plus a strip of cut antler, that had been placed as a group between paving slabs in the floor. The image at right shows the circumferential use wear on three of the pegs. The image below shows a second group of antler pins recovered from the context. (Images at top and right reproduced with permission from the Trustees of the Museums of Scotland).

73 Plate 17 - Stone objects recovered from Bone Passage including a cache of soapstone spindle whorls from context C606, F602 (above); stone pendant F6190 from context C605 (right) and decorated stone palette F2356 recovered from context C252 at the base of the stairwell (below). Images at top and below reproduced with permission from the Trustees of the Museums of Scotland.

74 5.2.1.3 Lithics (Alan Saville) A small lithic artefact assemblage (approx. 33 pieces, including tiny chips from wet sieving) was recovered. One fragment was listed but not identified amongst the assemblage. The artefacts are mostly flint, but there are also two bloodstone flake fragments (F6222 & HP0293) and a quartz flake (F6338).

There are only two diagnostic pieces. One is a Late Mesolithic scalene triangle microlith (F5012), the other a short end scraper (F6233) which is a post- Mesolithic type. A broken blade fragment (F6136) is almost certainly also Late Mesolithic, but there are no other chronological indicators.

The assemblage is most likely to be a chronologically mixed residue from various episodes of prehistoric activity at or near the location, none of which have resulted in any intensity of lithic artefact deposition. It should also be considered that some of the pieces in this assemblage could have arrived on site incidentally within imported turves or peat.

5.2.1.4 Metal As in previous seasons, only a few metal items were recovered, all in a fragmentary state. Of the three copper alloy finds, two fragmentary sheet objects cannot be identified without further conservation, and even then may remain elusive. The third comprises fragments of a pin shank, unfortunately lacking the diagnostic head. There were only three iron finds; one is a large piece of post-medieval cast iron, and another is unidentifiable without conservation work. However the third is a pin shank; the head is missing, but a kink at this end identifies it as a projecting ring-headed pin. Given the rarity of such items from datable contexts, the dating of this will be of considerable value.

5.2.1.5 Vitrified Material

Process Type Quantity Hearth bottom (PCHB) 2 Diagnostic ironworking slag Hammerscale (HS) 4 (smithing) Hammerscale/slag spheres (HS/SS) 3 Slag spheres (SS) 1 Unclassified slag 4 Tuyère 1 1 Undiagnostic material Burnt clay Fe conglomerate 1 Magnetic residues (sorting required) 5 Possible ore 1 Missing 1

Table 4: Range of vitrified material types present

24 fragments of vitrified material (table 4) were recovered from the 2006 excavation; this excludes a possible crucible fragment which may be associated with non-ferrous metalworking but will require XRF analysis to confirm. There is a small quantity of diagnostic ironworking slag amongst the material, suggesting smithing activities, and a possible tuyère fragment. In

75 addition to the small quantity of diagnostic metalworking debris are several fragments of vitrified material that could have been formed during any high- temperature pyrotechnic process and are not necessarily related to metalworking activities. All the diagnostic material recovered, apart from the possible crucible fragment, is related to iron working activities.

In addition to the diagnostic bulk samples (e.g. plano-convex hearth bottoms) there are also small quantities of magnetic residues which include magnetic flakes and possible hammerscale. Contextual analysis is required to understand whether this represents in situ ironworking activity or secondary, residual deposits.

Despite the limited size and range of the ironworking debris recovered from this season’s excavations, the recovery of similar material from previous years all points to blacksmithing at the site. Although ironworking on later prehistoric sites is not uncommon, it is still little understood and rarely studied in detail. The recovery of a further possible crucible fragment also adds to the existing assemblage of non-ferrous metalworking from the site. In contrast to iron-working, evidence of non-ferrous metalworking is exceedingly rare; analysis of this will afford the opportunity to understand the processes involved and the role of this activity at High Pasture Cave.

5.2.1.6 Glass Three small glass beads, the first from the site, were recovered in 2006. Two are small blue ones, a common Iron Age and later type. The third is a small opaque red annular bead, a much more unusual colour, and it is valuable to have a stratified example; the dating will be of considerable value.

5.2.1.7 Other Amongst the assemblage is a small quantity of miscellaneous items that will require analysis by the appropriate specialist: two coprolite samples and one pine resin fragment. There is also a modern plastic cartridge case which requires no further analysis.

5.2.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

The NMS team will undertake the preparation of a full catalogue of the small finds, integrating the results with the rest of the assemblage and producing a discussion of its significance. XRF analysis of the copper alloys and the possible crucible fragment will be undertaken.

Other aspects of the finds work should be undertaken by other specialists. Conservation of a range of material is required (table 5), and this is already in hand. Other work which will augment the finds reports are as follows:

• The bone and antler tools and working debris should be examined by an osteologist to identify the species and anatomical element where possible.

• Geological identification of the worked stone assemblage, including the pumice and possible ore fragment, is recommended.

76 • Some of the finds will require illustration (see annotated finds list).

• Residues have been observed on a small number of the coarse stone tools, perhaps relating to their function. XRD analysis of these deposits is recommended.

• The coprolite and resin will need to be passed to an appropriate specialist for study.

Sf No Context Material Short decription 6314 605 Stone Soapstone disc fragment. Joins with SF 6366. 6366 606 Stone Soapstone disc fragment. Joins with SF 6314 Corroded amorphous lump - magnetic. X-ray required to confirm HP0261 104 Fe morphology 7006 702 Fe Corroded iron object. X-ray required to clarify, possibly with cleaning 6441 607 Bone Tip of burnt bone pin. Broken into two main fragments. To be rejoined Four fragments of a circular sectioned copper alloy pin. Requires 2384 252 Cu Alloy consolidation and re-joining Multiple copper alloy sheet fragments. Requires consolidation and re- HP0259 104 Cu Alloy joining 6377 607 Fe Fragment of iron wire/pin. X-ray required to clarify. 2385 216 Cu Alloy Small copper alloy fragment. Cleaning required. Decorated burnt bone fragments. Two conjoining fragments with incised diagnonal lines. (have been advised by conservator that it is not 2383 252 Bone possible to rejoin) 9001 901 Fe Large, thick curved fragment of iron. X-ray required 6268 605 Bone 1 from cache of 7 bone points (Lyre pegs) is broken. Needs rejoining. 6221 604 Glass 1 red glass bead; fractured. To be rejoined.

Table 5: Objects requiring conservation

5.2.3 DISCUSSION

The 2006 assemblage augments the previous finds recovered from the site in several significant ways. The limited quantity of diagnostic material is consistent with the middle Iron Age date; there is no sign of later material, although there is a background of much earlier lithic material.

Although the assemblage is dominated by prosaic, everyday items, there are several more significant objects. With detailed study the stone and bone/antler tools should cast much light on the activities taking place around the site, but they suffer from a persistent problem of our limited understanding of their function. Studies of wear patterns may assist, but the problem will remain until more extensive experimental research is conducted. The large collection of stratified bone and antler pins, needles and other worked bone items provides a valuable opportunity to understand these common types of personal objects through study of associated objects and chronology.

Two of the bone/antler finds give hints of the importance of the site. One is a bead made of sea mammal ivory – a rare material in the Atlantic area which saw occasional use for what were presumably high-status ornaments and

77 fittings. The other is the cache of points which are suggested to represent the tuning pegs of a lyre. This requires detailed study, but again points to a site of significance; the lyre seems to have been a much-valued instrument in the Iron Age, but evidence for it is exceedingly sparse, with only the peg from Cnip and perhaps the rather dubious wrest plank from Dun an Fheurain, Argyll attesting to it. In this instance, the association of seven pegs suggests these were the fittings from a single lyre; this is potentially a very significant find.

The lyre pegs are one of two caches of bone items, the other comprising a series of points. These are two of several examples of multiple deposits on the site; previous seasons have found a cache of pebble tools and of shells, while the deposition of querns and perhaps an iron adze may be linked. This points to a series of structured deposits, probably some form of votive offerings; detailed contextual analysis will be of value in trying to understand their possible significance.

Most of the material would have been readily available locally, but slightly wider contacts are indicated by the steatite spindle whorls and disc, which probably originated from the Glenelg source. These and similar finds from earlier seasons provide valuable evidence of local exchange networks; a full study of steatite objects on Skye and the neighbouring mainland as part of the post-excavation should cast light on this. A small assemblage of glass beads, a first for the site, is important also in our understanding of wider contacts.

In conclusion, the 2006 assemblage provides several intriguing finds and represents a significant addition to the assemblage from the site with the potential to augment substantially our understanding of the later prehistoric period in western Atlantic Scotland.

Plate 18 – Granite saddle quern F6150 recovered from the base of the stairwell within context C603

78 Plate 19 –Plate A selection19 – A ofselection functional of functional and decorative and decorative items recovered items recovered from the Highfrom the High Pasture’sPlate 19 – Pasture’ssite A selection including site of includingpins, functional needles pins, and and needles decorative a possible and itemsa ring-hea possible recoveredded ring-hea shroud fromded or the shrouddress High or dress fastenerPasture’s of fastenersite antler including F2245,of antler pins, context F2245, needles C223 context and (above); a C223 possiblea (above); bi-conical ring-hea dedivory shroud sword or or dress dagger fastenerpommel ofF6254, antler context F2245, C605; context and C223 a soapstone (above); bead (Images reproduced with permission from the Trustees of the Museums of Scotland).

79 79 79 5.3 High Pasture: Report on the Pottery (Ann MacSween)

5.3.1 109 sherds representing an estimated 61 vessels were recovered during the 2006 excavations at High Pasture. The sherds are catalogued as a spreadsheet and the diagnostic sherds are also described in full.

5.3.1.1 The majority of sherds are undiagnostic body sherds and there are a number of small rim sherds for which rim type could not be determined. A number of rim sherds are large enough to give an indication of profile – V117 (context 252) is from a vessel with a slightly everted rim (it has incised vertical decoration around the neck and chevron style decoration around the shoulder); V122 (context 109), a flat rim from a straight-sided vessel, V149 (context 601), a plain rim, slightly tapered, again from a straight-sided vessel, and V159 (context 604), a plain rim.

5.3.1.2 As well as on V117, decoration was noted on several other vessels – finger- impressed dimpling on two flat bases (V156, context 602; V136, context 252); possible combing on V149 (context 601); faint incised decoration on V164 (context 610), and incised, possible multiple chevron on a body sherd (V165, context 610).

5.3.1.3 All the fabrics are fairly similar – sandy or fine sandy clays with a low percentage of rock fragments, some with an organic component (evidenced by voids). Most of the vessels have sooting and/or residue on one or both surfaces, indicating their use as cooking vessels.

5.3.1.4 One rim fragment (V173, context 1008) – part of a flat rim – has a higher percentage of angular rock fragments (c60%) and is decorated with impressed comb decoration on the flat part of the rim and along its edge.

5.3.2 Discussion a bi-conical ivory sword or dagger 5.3.2.1 This should be regarded as a first analysis and the following comments are pommel F6254, context C605; and a soapstone bead (Images reproduced with general observations. There is very little variation in terms of fabric across the permission from the Trustees of the Museums of Scotland). assemblage and a broad mid Iron Age date (second half of the first millennium BC) is suggested. The chevron decorated vessel with the everted rim (V117), for example, is part of the repertoire of Iron Age decorated vessels of this date and could be of a similar age to the vessels from 2005 (V108, context 302) and V109, context 205) which have been C14 dated to the final four centuries BC.

5.3.2.2 It is possible that some of the straight-sided vessels are slightly earlier. Analysis of the assemblage from Cnip, Lewis, seemed to confirm the place of flat rims in the earlier part of the Iron Age sequence, but with their use extending as late as the first century BC, and possibly even into the first century AD (MacSween 2006, 101). So the flat rims in the High Pasture assemblage could be contemporary with, or earlier than, the everted rim pottery, or both. More detailed contextual analysis and further C14 dates will help to determine this.

80 5.3.2.3 The comb-impressed fragment is, from the shape of the rim and its decoration and fabric, from an earlier vessel, possibly a Bronze Age food vessel.

Plate 20 – Decorated and combed-finish pottery shards from Trench 6, Bone Passage

5.4 Ferrous and non-ferrous metalworking

5.4.1 Material relating to metalworking activity at the High Pastures site was found within the excavated contexts in Trenches 5, 6, 7 and 11. This included metalworking residues including slag deposits, hearth bases, hammer scale and small iron sphericules. Metalworking residues relating to the manufacture and working of copper-alloy have also been recovered including slag deposits, hammer scale, stone crucible fragments and a possible ceramic tuyere.

5.4.2 These materials have been submitted for analysis to the National Museums of Scotland and to Dr. Gerry McDonnell at the University of Bradford. The ongoing analysis at the National Museums of Scotland (see Section 5.2 in this report) indicates the potential importance of the assemblage with regards to metalworking during the Iron Age in Scotland.

5.4.3 Preliminary results from the University of Bradford have highlighted the presence of iron ores and complex copper/iron ores within the metalworking residues, while XRF analysis of the copper ores show high zinc content. The evidence for hot working of copper alloys results from the presence of hammer scale, while analysis suggests the alloys include tin bronze (Cu – Sn) and minor elements including Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As) and Antimony (Sb).

5.4.4 Analysis of metalworking residues also suggests that iron working including iron smelting and iron smithing are taking place at the High Pastures site. The residues include iron slag (Iron Oxide rich) and hammer scale. Results of this work will be included in the 2007 DSR.

81 5.5 Fire-cracked stone and preliminary analysis of stone tools

5.5.1 Large quantities of fire-cracked stone and pebbles have been recovered from Trenches 2 (stairwell), 5, 6, 7, 10 and 11 during the 2006 excavations. These are currently being analysed by Fiona McGibbon at the University of Edinburgh, along with the stone tool assemblage. Although granite cobbles and larger boulders have been affected by the use of heat, much of the fire- cracked stone is derived from beach deposits. Comprising sandstone, granite and basaltic water-worn pebbles, it is possible that the stone was transported to the High Pastures site from the beach at Camas Malag, which is situated around 1.25km to the south.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

6.1 General

6.1.1 Environmental analyses conducted at the site fall into two main categories and include preliminary work on the morphology of High Pasture Cave (Birch et al, 2004: 20-27) and the surrounding landscape, and the analysis of the environmental data recovered from the excavations on site. The final report relating to the cave morphology survey will be included in the 2007 Data Structure Report. Analysis of the environmental data builds on the preliminary work undertaken during 2004 and 2005 and includes materials recovered from the site in 2006.

6.2 Analysis of Ecofacts

6.2.1 Large samples of ecofacts were recovered from the excavations during 2006, while the overall assemblage also includes material recovered from the site between 2003 and 2005. The earlier material comprises disturbed archaeological deposits from Bone Passage, material deriving from the excavations in Bone Passage in 2004 and 2005, and materials recovered from the surface excavations during 2005. The results of the analyses are discussed in the following section, although additional work is required on some aspects of the assemblage.

82 7. PALAEOENVIRONMNTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOFACTS (Animal Bone, Charred Plant Remains, Burnt Bone and Speleothem Analysis)

7.1 Analysis of the Animal Bone (Carrie Drew – University of Durham)

High Pasture Cave Bone analysis- Report on Faunal Remains from the 2005 excavations- Trench 2, Trench 3 and Trench 6.

7.1.1 Introduction

7.1.1.1 In 2005 an analysis was undertaken on faunal remains collected between 2002 and 2004 from the High-Level Bone passage at High Pasture Cave Skye, as the basis for a MA dissertation by the author (Drew, 2005, summary accessible at www.high-pasture-cave.org/index.php/the_work), This study quantified earlier observations which highlighted the unusual composition of the assemblage, in particular its predominance of pig remains (Rowley- Conwy, 2003), and also provided further evidence for unusual butchery practices at the High Pasture Cave complex (Drew, 2005). The study identified potential feasting activity at the site and confirmed that the faunal assemblage represents a deposition unlike any other identified from Iron Age Scotland. These observations, combined with other archaeological findings at High Pasture Cave such as the evidence for metalworking, a deposit of human remains in the blocked entrance and other artefact deposition has helped to emphasise the importance and unique nature of the site (Birch, 2005).

7.1.1.2 In 2005 excavations to investigate the relationship between the surface features and the high-level bone passage began at High Pasture Cave (Trenches 2 and 3), with a focus on examining the stone-built passage believed to link the two, together with further excavations within the Bone Passage itself (Trench 6). This report focuses on the faunal remains collected from these 2005 excavations and also considers how these faunal remains compare to those from Context 1 and Trench 1 (both within High Pasture Cave) examined previously as part of the authors MA dissertation (Drew, 2005).

7.1.2 Methodology

7.1.2.1 The methodology used were identical to those used in the earlier examination of the faunal remains from Context 1 and Trench 1 in the Bone Passage (see Drew, 2005) in order to ensure that findings are comparable with the previous faunal examination and to enable as accurate an interpretation as possible.

7.1.2.2 Each bone was first identified to element, element side and species before working and pathology were examined. Accurate identification to element, element side and species was aided by consulting the large zooarchaeological reference collection at Durham University. Reference books were also consulted, in particular Von Den Driesch (1976), Hillson (1996) and Amorosi

83 (1989). Diagrams from Amorosi (1989) were used as the basis for recording instances of working, pathology, burning or gnawing.

7.1.2.3 The level of weathering of each bone was recorded, using the Behrensmeyer scale (O’Connor, 2000:44), as a way of simplifying the condition of the bone and identifiying preservation variation between different contexts, as well as giving an overall impression of the condition of the bone.

7.1.2.4 All bone fragments were counted and recorded. “Large mammal” was used throughout to describe bones and bone fragments of cow or red deer size which could not be identified to species. “Medium mammal” was used throughout to describe bones/ bone fragments of pig/ sheep/goat size which were not identifiable to species, following the methodology of Dobney et al. (1995). Ribs and vertebrae were, unless otherwise specified, recorded as “large mammal” or “medium mammal” as these elements can not be readily identified to species (Levin, 1999:258). In recognition of the difficulty in the morphological separation of sheep and goat (O’Connor, 2000:42) these bones were identified to a single sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) category, although it is likely at this time and location that they would represent sheep (McCormick, not dated:13).

7.1.2.5 Bones were measured with 150mm span Dial callipers of a ± 0.1 industry- standard measure of accuracy, using Von Den Driesch’s published series of standardised measurements (Von Den Driesch, 1976) with modifications as recommended by Davis (1992). Results quoted are in millimeters unless otherwise stated. No readings were recorded where complete measurements were not possible (due to breakage or extreme wear) or on immature bones, as animal bones are continually growing and developing until maturation (Davis, 1996:599). The bones were also studied visually for evidence of working, gnawing and pathology and notes were made to record this information, allowing a consideration of the working strategies used.

84 7.1.3 Results

7.1.3.1 Trench 2 (U-Shaped surface structure):

Number of Identifiable species from Context fragments % burnt context Summary Notes 201 72 100 None Very small fragments, Weathering: 3-4 202 0 N/A N/A N/A Very fragmentary, Within pit bone is far more burnt than that from near NE Wall (only 1/18 here burnt). 203 312 93.9 Sheep/Goat, Pig Weathering 3-4 204 0 N/A N/A N/A Weathering: 0-1, 1 shaft fragment burnt inside, not outside. Evidence of large mammals only. Mostly very 205 147 43.5 Cow fragmentary 206-209 0 N/A N/A N/A Weathering: 0-1, 1 shaft fragment burnt inside, not 210 129 29.5 Sheep/Goat, Pig, Cow outside. Only identifiable to species pieces are cranial 211-214 0 N/A N/A N/A Weathering: 2-3, Burnt bone includes both Cow and 215 709 67.7 Sheep/Goat, Pig, Cow Pig. Shaft fragment burnt inside not outside

Weathering: 2-3, 1 fragment has evidence of gnawing. 1 Sheep/Goat, Pig, Cow, Dog, Red Medium-sized Dog canine found. Evidence of working 216 815 38.7 Deer on Cow and Sheep/Goat Bones Weathering: 3-4, Mostly small fragments an 217 134 11.2 Sheep/Goat, Pig, Cow unidentifiable 218-224 0 N/A N/A N/A Weathering: 0-1, Burnt bone includes Cow/Goat nasal 225 107 15 Sheep/Goat, Pig, Cow, Red Deer bone 226 106 7.5 Sheep/Goat, Pig, Cow, Red Deer Weathering: 2 to 3. Cow predominates 227 46 30.4 Pig, Cow Weathering: 2 to 3. Cow predominates 228-233 0 N/A N/A N/A 234 32 15.6 Sheep/Goat, Cow, Red Deer Weathering: 4 to 5 235 0 N/A N/A N/A 236 12 8.3 Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig TOTAL 2621

Table 6: Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 2, 2005

7.1.3.2 Trench 2 produced a total of 2621 Bone fragments. The only significant pattern between contexts in this trench is the unusually heavy burning in contexts 201 (100%) and 203 (93.9%), both of which represent post-holes, which is not reflected throughout the rest of the trench contexts (see Table 6). The unusually heavy burning can be seen to be further defined in specific features, as within Context 203 it is the fragments collected from the pit (Feature 204) which exhibit heavy burning, whereas the bones collected from near the North East Wall are only lightly burnt. 7.1.3.3 Throughout all of the contexts of this trench the post-cranial elements have been heavily broken, causing a high level of fragments to be unidentifiable to species within all of the contexts (see Table 10). Teeth, or more easily identified cranial elements dominated the examples where identification to species was possible. Throughout the trench cow/large mammal dominates, followed to a much lesser extent by sheep/goat, and a very little pig (see Table

85 10). This represents a normal domestic assemblage for Iron Age Scotland at this time (for example Dun Vulan (Pearson, 1999), Buckquoy (Ritchie, 1976), and is corroborated by the highly fragmentary nature of the assemblage which suggests intensive processing of the bones, probably to access the highly nutritious marrow. Bone fragments from Contexts 205, 210 and 215 exhibit evidence of direct burning inside of the marrow cavity greater than to the outside of the bone, indicating exposure to direct heat such as fire after the bone was broken, supporting the hypothesis breaking of the bones to access marrow and indicating a processing strategy very different to that seen occurring in Context 001 of the cave deposits, where very few of the pig- bones were broken or exhibited any evidence of burning.

7.1.4 Trench 2 Extension:

Number of Identifiable species from Context fragments % burnt context Summary Notes 201-2 0 0 N/A N/A 203 12 50 Pig, Cow Very fragmentary. Weathering 0-1 204 5 20 Cow Only species identified is Cow- tooth fragments and phalange 205 84 44 Sheep/Goat, Cow Very fragmentary, 1 Sheep/Goat femur contains metal cutmarks 206-214 0 N/A N/A N/A 215 386 94.3 Sheep/Goat, Cow Very fragmentary- most under 1cm. Weathering: 2-3 216 590 69.8 Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig Weathering: 2-3, 1 scapula is from a very young Pig 217-221 0 N/A N/A N/A 222 29 75.8 Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig Weathering: 3-4 Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig, Red 223 61 21.3 Deer Weathering: 2-3, 1 fragment exhibits cumark. 224 6 16.6 Sheep/Goat Weathering: 1-2 225-226 0 N/A N/A N/A Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig, Red 227 455 14.3 Deer N/A 228 10 20 Cow Weathering: 0-1, 1 very young Cow Metacarpal 229 0 N/A N/A N/A Cow, Red Deer, Weathering: 1-2, Mostly loose teeth- only 1 post-cranial element 230 27 37 Sheep/Goat (Sheep/Goat Femur proximal epiphysis) Weathering: 0-1, Very young Sheep/Goat (Scapula), Mostly loose 231 68 26.4 Cow, Sheep/Goat teeth. 2 cutmarks evident on a shaft fragment 232 157 58.6 Cow, Sheep/Goat, Pig Weathering: 1-2 233 0 N/A N/A N/A 234 375 74.1 Cow, Sheep/Goat, Pig N/A TOTAL 2265

Table 7: Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 2 Extension, 2005

7.1.4.1 This extension trench produced a total of 2265 Bone fragments. The faunal remains correlate well with the patterns within Trench 2, although the high- level of burning (93.9%) seen in Context 203 in Trench 2 is somewhat decreased (to 50%) in the corresponding context in this extension, although the overall levels of burning in all contexts are somewhat greater. All post- cranial elements were heavily broken from within all contexts of this extension trench and examples of cut marks were evident on bone fragments from Contexts 205,223, 231 indicating processing. Identification to species was

86 again most successful on tooth fragments or cranial elements. The Trench 2 extension is very similar to Trench 2, with most predominant species being Cow/ Large Mammal, with particularly high levels in Contexts 204 and 230 (albeit these contexts contain very few bone remains, see Table 7), and the vast majority of the remains being highly fragmentary, again suggestive of heavy processing and a typical domestic refuse Iron-Age assemblage.

7.1.5 Trench 3:

% Identifiable species from Context Number of fragments burnt context Summary Notes 301 4 0 Cow Weathering:2-3 302 50 4 Cow Weathering: 4-5 Weathering: 2-3, Localised burning on 1 303 20 0 Cow, Sheep/Goat bone fragment TOTAL 74

Table 8: Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 3, 2005

7.1.5.1 Only 74 bone fragments were recovered from Trench 3, and of these there was little evidence of burning, in contrast to the other surface trenches (2 and 2 Extension). Similarly to Trench 2 (see ) the predominant identifiable species was cow, although heavy fragmentation, as well as poor preservation, again meant many of the bone fragments were unidentifiable. Localised burning on one bone fragment from Context 303 suggested direct heating and exposure to flame.

7.1.6 Trench 6 (within cave):

Context Number of fragments % burnt Identifiable species from context Summary Notes 601 108 22.2 Sheep/Goat, Pig Weathering: 0-1 Weathering: 0-1, Evidence of heavy 602 251 11.1 Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig, Red Deer burning, Cutmarks on shaft fragments Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig, Red Deer, Dog: Ulna, Very Young Pig Skull 6 603 391 12.8 Dog refitting fragments), Cutmarks Weathering: 0-1, Evidence of deep chop 604 206 9.2 Sheep/Goat, Cow, Pig to one bone fragment TOTAL 956 Table 9: Table summarising the faunal remains from Trench 6, 2005 7.1.6.1 956 bone fragments were recovered from this excavation, and reflect a mixture of species similar to those in Trench 1 (see Table 10), also within the cave. The Trench 6 excavation appears to support the Trench 1 observations (Drew, 2005), although slightly higher levels of pig remains are identifiable in Trench 6. Context 006 in Trench 1 was noted as having a particular concentration of pigs, and although the patterns in Trench 6 are of a more generally heightened concentration throughout all contexts, it is possible that there is some unclear significance. Individual variation between contexts in Trench 6 appears to be of little significance, and the nature of the assemblage appears to be usual expected domestic refuse for an Iron Age site.

7.1.6.2 Both trenches from within High Pasture-Cave exhibit a higher presence of medium mammals (of sheep/goat or pig size) in comparison to large mammals

87 (of cow or red deer size) than the surface trenches, and this may suggest some difference in deposition between the two locations.

7.1.7 Discussion

7.1.7.1 It was immediately clear on examination of these faunal assemblages that the surface trenches (Trenches 2 and 3) differed significantly in nature from those in Context 1 of the High Pasture Cave faunal assemblage (the pig-rich “unusual” layer), with greater breakage and burning and no apparent focus on one species as seen in Context 1, where pig comprised 89.2% of the assemblage (Drew, 2005). There was no evidence of unusual butchery techniques as seen in Context 1; instead a high level of fragmentation likely to be related to marrow-cavity access for nutrients is apparent.

7.1.7.2 The preservation of the bone remains in all 2005 trenches was uniformly poorer than that of Context 1, unsurprising given the more open and poorer preservation conditions of their contexts. Dramatically fewer of the remains could be identified to species or in many cases even to element, than the Context 1 deposit. However, the preservation between and within contexts varied with the average being 2-3 in the Behrensmeyer scale (see O’Connor, 2000:44), and ranging from 0-5. The levels of preservation while notably poorer than Context 1 (where the average preservation was excellent (0-1) did not preclude identification, the difference largely relating to the exceptional preservation conditions within the cave of context 1. The major factor preventing identification to species or element of many of the bone pieces was the highly fragmentary nature of many of the bone remains rather than an artefact of preservation. The vast majority of fragments, including both medium and large mammals, were of a size so small as to prevent any further interpretation; by comparison the Context 1 bones were almost all complete and unbroken.

7.1.7.3 The greater fragmentation of the bones within surface Trenches 2-3, and cave Trench 6 suggests a deliberate and more intensive processing to access the marrow stored within the bone cavity. This suggestion is corroborated by the finding that several of the fragments (see Table 6) contained charcoaled marrow cavities but had no exterior burning, indicating breakage before meeting direct heat. This hypothesised breaking of bones to utilise all nutrients is much more typical of the pattern of consumption that we would expect to find on Iron Age Sites in areas such as Skye (for example Dun Ardtreck (Mackie, 2000) and provides further evidence to suggest that the deposits in both the In-Cave trench 6 and the surface trenches 2 and 3 represent more usual domestic refuse than the deposits found in Context 1.

7.1.7.4 The range of bone remains represents all skeletal elements, from skull pieces to all post-cranial bones, with little evidence of gnawing. This suggests that primary processing for food and consumption was on-site, with both waste elements and meat-bearing parts of the skeleton being deposited rapidly in the same locations. (Levitan, 1993:259; O’Connor, 2000).

88 7.1.7.5 All trenches examined here appear to reflect a typical domestic assemblage of faunal remains a collected from the processing of animals for meat in Iron Age Scotland. The only difference between trenches appears to be that the predominant identifiable bones in the surface trenches are from Large Mammals, whereas there is a greater Medium Mammal focus within the contexts of both Trench 1 and 6 in the cave. Within Trenches there appears to be little significant variation between contexts, although the upper levels of both Trench 2 and the Trench 2 extension do appear to show unusually high levels of burning.

7.1.7.6 It is difficult to provide firm conclusions due to the fragmentary nature of much of this material however it is clear that the deposits differ significantly from those found within the highly-unusual Context 001. This difference is exhibited both in the mix of animals, where no particular species appears dominant (albeit the fragmentary nature makes it difficult to be sure), and most clearly in the way which they were processed. The remains are noticeably more fragmentary and contain greater evidence of direct burning than those found in Context 001.

Plate 21 – Pig tusk recovered from the High Pasture’s site

89 Within Cave Trenches Surface Trenches 6 n 2 3 2 Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench context context context Species Species Species Species Species Trench 1 Trench 2 Trench 6 Trench 2 Trench 3 1 context Identified Identified Identified Identified Identified Extensio Extensio 001 601 201 301

002 602 203 203 302

003 603 204 303

004 604 205 205

006 210

007 215 215

008 216 216

009 217

222

223

224

225

226

227 227

228 Key to Diagrams 230 Sheep/Goat

Pig 231 Cow

Red Deer

90 232 Medium Mammal

Large Mammal 234 234 (Only Unidentifiable to species contexts with Dog 236 Mammal remains included)

Table 10: Bone Identification and Species Represented by Trench

7.1.8 Future Work

7.1.8.1 It is inevitable that future investigation and excavations at the cave will add to the interpretation of the faunal remains at this intriguing site. The remaining deposits from the cave entrance shaft (Trench 2), to be excavated in 2006, will be particularly important to analyse, providing the bridging evidence between the clearly different deposits of the cave and the surface contexts. It will be especially interesting to discover if there is any evidence of unusual faunal remains at the base of the entrance-way which might suggest ritual deposition when the entrance was sealed. Indicators that this may be present can be seen in the recent discovery of a human skeleton and pig foetus within the Trench 2 entranceway excavations (Birch, 2005). The neonatal pig foetus has not yet been examined but its deposition, particularly related to the suggested ritual internment of human remains, does suggests a ritual event associated with the sealing of the cave (Birch, 2005). The rest of the faunal assemblage from the cave entranceway excavation does not however reflect any ritual element, instead appearing to represent normal domestic refuse. It is possible that this may change closer to the boundary with the cave and it will be important to see if changes in deposition are apparent along the whole deposit. Similarly, any future identification of the relationships between the Trenches, in particular the links between the deposits within High Pasture Cave and those at the surface will be useful, and may aid further explanation of the differences between deposits in these two locations.

7.1.8.2 Further investigation proposed as a continuation of the authors research is also to examine the microwear on pig (Sus Scrofa) tooth samples from both Context 1 and the Surface trenches, to consider the husbandry techniques required to produce the large number of pigs found in the Context 1 deposit where the difficult climatic and environmental conditions on Skye at this time suggests that a significant human input and “expensive” resources would have been necessary to keep such a large number of these animals (Halliday, 1993:67). A comparison of whether similar techniques were used with pigs from the more “usual” deposits of the surface/ entranceway will provide crucial information as to whether a change in strategy is visible between the two situations.

91 7.2 Analysis of the Charred Plant Remains (Emma Horton – University of Durham)

Preliminary Analysis

7.2.1 Just as a brief addendum, as well as the animal bones Durham University has also examined the carbonised seed remains from the site and these have also shown some intriguing patterns. Apart from a very small percentage of oat (presumably wild), the entire assemblage, of several thousand seeds, consisted of 6-row hulled barley grains (at around 95%). The grains were carbonised, and contained remarkably low levels of chaff or weed contaminants indicating that the grain was deposited at a very late stage in the grain processing sequence, after it had been hand sorted to remove impurities. While this species would be expected to be common at the site, it would not be expected to be exclusive and cannot really be accounted for by cooking or similar accidents alone.

7.2.2 There are a number of possible explanations for this deposition of grain including storage in pits or similar, deposition of feasting waste and ritual offerings or similar activity. The explanation of deposition of feasting waste would encompass both the grain deposits and the animal bones recovered from the trench and as such, the composition of the deposits recovered may be seen as a further line of evidence for this activity.

7.2.3 One of the main questions that arose though was the charred grain deposits themselves. The animal bones could easily be seen to represent a deposition of feasting ‘waste’ as they are never themselves eaten by humans. However, in the case of the grain recovered it is less easy to see how the deposits can be defined as ‘waste’. Waste products from the use of barley are precisely what are missing from these samples; it is only the useful components that are represented. Maybe the barley was accidentally burned during the preparations for a feasting event; however, it is in such large quantities that this seems unlikely. Or maybe the barley was not consumed during the feast, and so was deposited alongside the bones and other feasting debris. This explanation is also unsatisfactory however, as it leaves a question as to why it is uncooked and un-ground grain that is being deposited – surely uneaten food from the feast would still have been cooked?

7.2.4 The second explanation from a ritual point of view is that the grain represents some kind of offering or votive deposit without consumption alongside the pig bones where consumption of a limited nature has occurred.

92 7.3 Analysis of Burnt Bone

(Kathleen McSweeney & Sheena Fraser – University of Edinburgh

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.1.1 This is an interim report of the findings from the examination of burnt bone from High Pasture Cave, Skye.

7.3.1.2 The material, contained in small sample bags and cardboard boxes, had been received in three batches, two posted directly from Skye, and a third received from Carrie Drew of Durham University on 19.6.07.

7.3.1.3 The bone material is very fragmentary and consists mostly of tiny fragments that have been burnt to varying degrees, ranging from charred to fully calcined. A few large pieces and some unburnt bone fragments are also present.

7.3.1.4 Most of the material came from Trenches 1 and 6 of Bone Passage. A list of the contexts from which the examined remains originated is as follows:

Area Context Trench 1 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, Collapse Stairwell 252 Trench 6 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609 Burnt Spread 507, 903

Table 11 – Burnt Bone: Table of areas and contexts sampled

7.3.1.5 The aim of the analysis is (i) to determine whether human bone is present (ii) to identify animal bone by species and by body element (iii) to assess the level of bone fragmentation (iv) to assess the nature of the burning.

7.3.1.6 A detailed description of the identified fragments and criteria for assessing age at death can be seen in the spreadsheet that accompanies this report.

7.3.2 Identification

7.3.2.1 No human bone has been identified to date, and based on texture alone it is unlikely that any human bone was present among the unidentified fragments.

7.3.2.2 There are no complete bones among the burnt remains from High Pasture Cave. 262 bone fragments have been identified to species. These were largely from four species: red deer (Cervus elaphus), cattle (Bos Taurus), pig (Sus scrofa), and sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus). 7.3.2.3 In addition, the following bones were identified:

93 From Trench 6: • 1 otter (Lutra lutra) molar – unburnt. • 1 polecat (Mustela putorius) canine – unburnt.

From Trench 1 • 1 woodmouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) skull – unburnt. • 1 large Canidae molar – burnt. • 1 bird skull orbit – burnt.

7.3.2.4 Of the 17 Contexts, 14 contained sheep/goat bones, 9 contained red deer bones, 7 contained cattle bones and only 4 contexts, all from Trench 6, contained pig bones. Further detail can be found in the accompanying spreadsheet.

7.3.2.5 The distribution of the four main species according to the frequency of identified fragments and by weight is shown in the table below and in the following two diagrams:

Ovis/Ovis/ Bos Capra Sus Cervus Total Bos Capra Sus Cervus Total No.No. Fragments 63 85 61 53 262 Fragments 63 85 61 53 262 % 24% 32% 23% 21% % 24% 32% 23% 21% 261.1 58.6 21.2 109.3 450.2 WeightWeight (g) (g) 261.1 58.6 21.2 109.3 450.2 %% 58%58% 13%13% 5%5% 24%24%

Table 12 – Species represented by distribution and weight

% Distribution of Main Animal Species (No. Frgs.)

Bos Ovis/Capra Sus Cervus

Table 12a – Percentage distribution of main animal species by fragments

94 % Distribution of Main Animal Species (Wt.)

Bos Ovis/Capra Sus Cervus

Table 12b – Percentage distribution of main animal species by weight

7.3.2.6 The following table* and diagrams demonstrate the body element distribution of identified fragments from the main animal species.

Fore- Hind- Fore- Hind- Loose Axial Skull quarter quarter foot foot Foot teeth†

Bos 2 5 15 9 2 4 14 12 Ovis/Capra 4 7 14 4 11 5 9 31 Sus 2 1 4 54 Cervus 3 2 8 8 7 16 4 5

Table 13 – Body element distribution by main species

* Adapted from Reitz and Wing, 1999, 206.

† All teeth other than unerupted teeth were fragmented.

Ovis/Capra fragments

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Axial Skull Foot Forefoot Hindfoot ForequarterHindquarter Loose teeth

Table 13a – Ovis/Capra fragments Bos taurus fragments

95 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Axial Skull Foot Forefoot Hindfoot Forequarter Hindquarter Loose teeth

Table 13b – Bos taurus fragments

Sus scrofa fragments

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Axial Skull Foot Forefoot Hindfoot Forequarter Hindquarter Loose teeth Table 13c – Sus scrofa fragments

Cervus elaphus fragments

20 15 10 5 0

Axial Skull Foot Forefoot Hindfoot Forequarter Hindquarter Loose teeth

Table 13d – Cervus elaphus fragments

96 Of the 262 fragments identified to species, 97 were tooth fragments. The above figures demonstrate that the distribution of body parts is different in each of the four species. This is especially evident in sus scrofa where 54 of the 61 identified fragments were from teeth. This may reflect different treatment of species, or it may simply mean that some body elements in some species are easier to identify than those of other species.

Identified bone fragments represent less than 3% of total bone fragments examined.

7.3.2.7 The average weight of bone fragments identified to species is 1.7g. However this includes six that weigh more than 10g. When these are excluded the average for the remainder is 1.3g.

The six large fragments, with the exception of a red deer metacarpus, are all parts of the long bones of cattle (see table below). Although the sample identified to animal species contains a range of burning colours, the four largest cattle bones are all charred. The other two, a distal humerus of cattle and a distal metacarpus from a red deer are lighter in weight, indicating greater carbonisation. The charred cattle tibia has an unusual indentation in the centre of the exposed cancellous bone that may be the result of modification.

The individual fragments greater than 10g are as follows:

Bone Part Animal Species Weight (g) Femur fovea capita Bos taurus 17.9 Radius proximal Bos taurus 24.4 Radius distal Bos taurus 11.4 Humerus distal Bos taurus 30.4 Tibia distal Bos taurus 28.0 Metacarpus distal Cervus elaphus 11.8 123.9 Table 14 – Burnt bone fragments greater than 10g by species

7.3.3 Age Determination of Main Species

7.3.3.1 Sus scrofa. Twelve pig tooth fragments were examined and none appeared to come from animals greater than 24 months old, and for two fragments, it was possible to determine that the animal was less than 12 months old. The medial phalanges recovered, one unfused and one with the line of epiphyseal fusion clearly visible, also indicate one animal of less than 12 months and one of approximately 12 months.

7.3.3.2 Ovis/Capra. Six sheep/goat teeth were examined and one, a permanent mandibular first molar with no root development, indicated an animal of less than 9 months of age. The other unworn molar/premolar fragments suggest animals of less than 24 months (Schmid, 1972). Two fused phalanges must have come from animals greater than 6-10 months, a fused proximal radius

97 from an animal more than 3-10 months. An unfused metapod and tibia were from animals less than 15-24/28 months.

7.3.3.3 Cervus elaphus. Two bones from red deer, a fragment of proximal ulna and a radius fragment, from Find 6364, were from an adult animal(s).

7.3.3.4 Bos Taurus. Cattle teeth included a third mandibular molar with roots still forming, indicating an age greater than 30-36 months (Simonds, 1855), or around 24-27 months (Amorosi 1989 3-2b), greater than 30-36m (Amorosi, 1989, 3-2c). Other teeth also indicated animals greater than 12 months old. One distal radius with a fused epiphysis indicated an animal greater than 42-48 months (Amorosi, 1989, 3-2g). Fragments of fused tibia, humerus and proximal radius indicate animals greater than 15 months (Amorosi ,1989, 3- 2g).

7.3.4 Body Element Distribution

7.3.4.1 Even when a bone fragment cannot be assigned to a species, it may be possible to assign it to a skeletal body element. From the bones examined from High Pasture Cave 1425 fragments, approximately 5 times greater than bone fragments ascribed to species, could be identified to body element. Six hundred and forty seven (45%) of the bone fragments identified to body element were tooth fragments. The average weight of each fragment was 1.3g.

7.3.4.2 The following table illustrates body element distribution by large mammal (includes identified Bos taurus and Cervus elaphus fragments), medium/small mammals (includes Sus scrofa and Ovis/Capra), and mammal.

Large Medium/ Small Total Mammal Mammal Mammal Axial 44 154 20 218 (15%) Skull 37 58 125 220 (16%) Forequarter 51 53 4 108 (8%) Hindquarter 37 10 3 50 (4%) Forefoot 15 12 27 (2%) Hindfoot 24 5 29 (2%) Foot 71 31 1 103 (7%) Teeth 27 157 469 653 (46%) 306 480 622 1408 Table 15 – Body element distribution by large mammal

It is clear from the above table that the majority of the fragments identified to species and/or body element are from the skull and teeth (62%) and the axial skeleton (15%), and very few are from normal ‘joints’. However, this may simply be the result of ease of identification following fragmentation and not an indication of animal usage.

98 7.3.5 Modification on Bones

7.3.5.1 One hundred and eighty-one bone fragments were identified as having cuts, scrapes, chop, pits or a combination of these marks on them. The distribution was as follows:

Mark No. frags. Description* Cut 86 elongated, relatively narrow linear striation Scrape 40 multiple, closely spaced parallel striations Chop 7 broad, relatively short, linear depressions Pit 103 small depressions Table 16 – Modified burnt bone * Description adapted from Fisher, 1995.

7.3.5.2 Twenty out of the 262 bone fragments identified to animal species had marks on them (9%). Sixty-eight out of the 1425 body part elements identified had marks on them (5%).

7.3.5.3 No pathological lesions were noted.

7.3.6 Nature of Burning

7.3.6.1 It is known that the colour of bone changes with burning, (see, for example, Mays, 1998, 217; Shipman et al, 1984, 312). Burnt bone can range from shades of red, brown, black, grey, bluish white, and white. Although experimentation has shown some differences in the specific temperatures at which each colour variation was achieved, (suggesting that factors other than simply the firing temperature are involved) in general, colour can be used to assume a range of temperature (Shipman et al 1984).

Brown or black colouring occurs with lower temperatures, while Shipman, et al (1984) found that white or light grey colouring occurred with temperatures of 645 to 940oC. Mays’ (Mays 1998, 217) experiments showed little variation from white over 645oC.

Dark colouring occurs because organic matter within the bone becomes carbonised. Bones exposed to greater heat lose carbon and become brittle and white. Black colouring indicates full carbonization while white bone is fully calcined.

7.3.6.2 The burnt bone from High Pasture Cave varied widely in colour. Although the nature of the burning has still to be fully assessed, a preliminary analysis indicates that of 942 fragments that have some degree of calcination (539.5g), about one third (340) are predominately charred (523.4g) and a further 143 fragments are unburnt (45.4g). In the experience of one of the authors (K. McS), such variation in the intensity of burning is very dissimilar to prehistoric human cremations, which is normally fully calcined.

99 7.3.6.3 It is very likely that all of the burnt remains from High Pasture Cave are from animals. According to Whyte (2001) animal bones may be burnt through: • cooking • waste disposal • use as a fuel • accidentally, e.g., forest fire • deliberately , e.g. ritual • burial in the ground below a fire • in-situ burning of organic matter

It is hoped that further study of the burnt bone, including fragmentation patterns, a full assessment of colour variation, and the patterns of burning on long bone shaft fragments to determine whether the bone was broken before or after burning, will indicate the origin of burning at High Pasture Cave.

7.3.7 Summary

7.3.7.1 The findings to date are:

• the bone material is very fragmentary with no complete bones other than unerupted teeth • no human bone has been identified • a small proportion (c.3%) of the remains have been identified to species • the four main species are cattle, sheep/goat, red deer and pig • a larger proportion (c.15%) of the remains have been identified to body element • most of the fragments identified to species or body element are from the skull, teeth and axial skeleton, although this may be the result of ease of identification and not an indication of usage. • 181 fragments have modification marks in the form of cuts, scrapes, chops and/or pits • with the exception of a few unburnt fragments, the remains have been burnt to varying degrees, the nature of which is still to be fully ascertained.

100 7.4 Isotope Analysis – Human and Animal Bone

7.4.1 Combined Lead, Strontium and Oxygen Isotope analysis of the Female Adult from High Pasture Cave, Isle of Skye.

(Janet Montgomery – University of Bradford; Jane Evans and Carolyn Chenery – NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham)

7.4.1.1 Summary

This report presents the result of the isotope analysis of tooth enamel (strontium, lead and oxygen) from an Iron Age adult female individual from High Pasture Cave on the Isle of Skye. The analysis was carried out to investigate diet and origins. Four teeth (a retained deciduous canine, and first, second and third molars) were submitted for analysis. The enamel from these teeth covers the period from before birth to approximately 16 years of age. The four teeth produced very similar results in all three isotope systems indicating no significant change of diet or origins. Whilst there is currently no comparative data from any other humans from the Isle of Skye against which to compare the results presented here, no clear evidence was obtained to suggest she originated from somewhere other than Skye. However, isotope analysis is an exclusive technique and cannot exclude places elsewhere in Scotland and beyond that may also be consistent with such a suite of isotope results.

7.4.1.2 Introduction

Isotope analysis of archaeological humans can provide evidence of their geographical origins. Chemical elements from ingested food and water are incorporated into teeth and bones and because the isotope ratios of some elements vary geographically, and on the assumption that ancient people sourced the bulk of their diet locally, these differences can be used to draw conclusions about whether individuals were of local or non-local origin. This report presents strontium, lead and oxygen isotope data from tooth enamel, a skeletal tissue which is highly resistant to diagenetic alteration and represents childhood diet. Strontium and lead derive from rocks and their isotope ratios are indicative of the geology present in the home region whilst oxygen varies geographically with latitude, altitude and distance from the sea so is an indicator of the climatic regime prevailing in the home region.

The isotope data presented here from the adult female skeleton excavated from High Pasture Cave are the first such data from any archaeological human or animal excavated from the Isle of Skye so there is currently no isotopic baseline for the indigenous population and consequently no comparative data against which to compare her results. Data do exist from the Outer Hebrides (Montgomery 2002, Montgomery et al. 2003; 2007; Montgomery & Evans 2006) and this has been used to put the High Pasture Cave results into their wider regional context.

101 7.4.1.3 Geology

The geology and landscape of the Isle of Skye is highly varied with many geological ages and rock types being present (British Geological Survey, 2001). Skye is dominated, geologically, by the remains of a volcanic centre that was active during the tertiary period c. 70 Ma ago. The topographically important central mountains (the Cullins) comprise the Red Cuillin, which are granites, and the Black Cuillin, which are gabbros. The northern part of Skye is covered by extruded, predominately basic, lavas which for the most part cover previously existing Jurassic deposits which are exposed along the north east coast of the island. The southern end of Skye exposes some of the basement rocks on which the volcanoes were founded. These basement rocks include parts of the Lewisian Complex, an ancient gneissic terrain of c. 2800 Ma, the Dalradian and Torridonian sedimentary sequences of c. 1000 Ma and outcrops of Ordovician / Cambrian Durness Limestone. High Pasture Cave is located in the Durness limestone on the lower slopes of a small valley near Kilbride. The hills enclosing the narrow valley to the north and south are granite and the coast lies approximately 1 km to the west.

7.4.1.4 Samples and methods

Four teeth extracted from the maxilla of the adult female skeleton excavated from High Pasture Cave were submitted for isotope analysis. The teeth are detailed in Table 1 below. The teeth were three permanent molars and one deciduous canine that had been retained in the jaw since childhood. The enamel of these teeth mineralizes sequentially so taken together they span the period from before birth (i.e. the diet of the mother) until the age of approximately sixteen, although it should be noted that the age at which a specific tooth mineralizes in individuals varies considerably and the formation of the third molar (or wisdom tooth) particularly is highly variable (Hillson 1986; 1996).

The four teeth were well preserved with no caries or opacities and produced enamel for analysis that was hard, translucent and white.

Core enamel and crown dentine were removed from the tooth sample and mechanically cleaned using tungsten carbide dental tools following the procedure given in Montgomery (2002). For lead and strontium, all further preparation and analysis was carried out within the class 100, HEPA-filtered laboratory facilities at the NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory (NIGL), Keyworth, UK. Cleaned tooth enamel was dissolved in concentrated HN03 and taken up in 3M HNO3. Strontium and lead were separated using Eichrom Sr–spec resin (Deniel & Pin 2001; Horwitz et al. 1992). Lead was analysed using a Nu Instruments Nu Plasma HR MC-ICP-MS (multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer).

The samples were introduced into the instrument via an ESI 50ul/min PFA micro-concentric nebuliser attached to a desolvating unit, (Nu Instruments DSN-100). Prior to analysis, each sample was doped with a ~ 10ppb thallium solution, added to allow for the correction of instrument induced mass bias.

102 For each sample, five ratios were simultaneously measured (Pb206/Pb204, Pb207/Pb204, Pb208/Pb204, Pb207/Pb206 and Pb208/Pb206). Each individual acquisition consisted of 75 sets of ratios, collected at 5-second integrations.

Table 17. Samples analysed from the female adult

Crown Tooth Preservation Scores Sample mineralization complete by code Root1 Attrition2 Enamel3 Dentine3 Tooth approximately

HPCS-100 Retained dc1 9 months 5 2 3 2-3

HPCS-101 M1R 4 _ years 5 4 3 3

HPCS-102 M2R 8 years 5 3 3 3

HPCS-103 M3R 16 years 5 2 3 3

1Scored using the table given in Montgomery (2002) adapted from Buikstra & Ubelaker (1994): 5 = roots complete apices closed or closing. 2Scored using the table given in Montgomery (2002) adapted from Buikstra & Ubelaker (1994): 2 = slight, 3 = slight-moderate, 4 = Moderate 3Scored using the table in Montgomery (2002): 2 = preservation excellent, 3 = preservation good.

The precision and accuracy of the method was assessed through repeat analysis of a 100ppb NBS 981 lead standard solution, (spiked with 10ppb thallium). The % 1SD reproducibility estimated from average NBS 981 runs are presented in Table 2. The reproducibility of the NBS 981 standard data provides the best estimate for the external reproducibility of the sample data. All sample data were normalised to the values of Thirlwall (2002). Normalisation to an international standard in this way effectively cancels out the effects of slight daily variations in instrumental accuracy, and allows the direct comparison of the data obtained during different analytical sessions.

The reproducibility of the international strontium standard, NBS 987, during a period of analysis did not exceed ±0.000030 (2_) or ±0.004% (2_). All samples were corrected to the accepted value of 87Sr/86Sr = 0.710250 to ensure that there was no induced bias through mass spectrometer drift. Strontium isotope data are presented as 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Laboratory contamination, monitored by procedural blanks for both lead and strontium, was negligible.

In addition to the strontium and lead isotope analyses, a portion of cleaned core enamel from the tooth crowns was also used in the determination of 18 oxygen isotope ratios in biogenic phosphate ( Op) contained within the enamel mineral structure. Biogenic phosphate was converted to silver phosphate using the method of O’Neil et al. (1994) and is briefly summarised

103 here. The core enamel samples were crushed to a fine powder and cleaned in hydrogen peroxide for 24 hours to remove organic material. The peroxide was evaporated to dryness and the sample dissolved in 2M HNO3. The sample solutions were transferred to clean polypropylene test tubes and each sample was treated with 2M KOH followed by 2M HF to remove calcium from the solution by precipitation. The following day, the samples were centrifuged and the solution was added to beakers containing silver amine solution and silver phosphate precipitated, filtered, rinsed and dried.

Analytical measurement was by Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (CFIRMS) using the method of Venneman et al. (2002). The instrumentation is comprised of a TC/EA (thermo chemical elemental analyser) coupled to a Delta Plus XL isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a ConFlo III interface, all by Thermo Finnigan. All reported isotope ratios are expressed using the delta (_) notation in parts per thousand (permil: ‰) relative to a standard:

_(‰) = ((Rsample/Rstandard) – 1) x 1000 The reference material NBS120C, calibrated against certified reference material NBS127 (assuming 18O of NBS127 = +20.3‰ versus SMOW), has an expected value of 21.70‰ (Chenery 2005). Each sample was analysed in triplicate. The internal mass spectrometry reproducibility for this set of analyses is ± 0.15‰ (1 n=27). The batch reproducibility was 0.18‰ (1, n=3). Drinking water values are calculated using Levinson’s equation (Levinson et al. 1987): 18 18 O Drinking Water = ( O Phosphate Oxygen -19.4)/0.46 after correction for the difference between the average published values for NBS120C used at NIGL of _18O = 21.71 ± 0.35‰ (1) n=11 (Chenery 2005) and the value for NBS120B used by Levinson of _18O = 20.06 ± 0.27‰ (2s).

7.4.1.5 Results

The isotope data and associated errors are presented in Table 18.

7.4.1.6 Strontium results

The strontium results for the woman buried at High Pasture Cave are shown in Figure 24. The strontium concentrations are plotted as 1/Sr ppm so high concentrations are on the left of the plot and low concentrations on the right. The differences in ratio and concentration between the four teeth are small but there is a tendency for the concentration to rise as the ratio approaches 0.7092 (indicated by the dashed blue line) which is the value of marine shell-sand (machair), seawater, and rainwater in coastal regions.

104 0.715 Silicate dwellers Machair dwellers HPC woman 0.713 Rain / seawater Sr

86 0.711 Sr/ 87

1 0.709 d 23

4s errors are within symbol 0.707 0 5 10 15 20 1/Sr (ppm) x 10 3

Figure 24. 87Sr/86Sr and concentration (1/Sr ppm) results. Enamel data for human burials from the Outer Hebrides splits into two groups: indigenous Outer Hebridean machair dwellers (turquoise triangles) and non-indigenous silicate dwellers (yellow triangles). The green and blue diamonds represent burials from Arran and Mull respectively. The results from High Pasture Cave woman are labelled 1, 2, and 3 for the first, second and third molars respectively and d for the deciduous canine. Data source: Montgomery et al. 2002; 2007; Parker Pearson et al. 2005.

Figure 24 also shows data obtained from human skeletons from machair burial sites on Lewis, Harris and South Uist dating from the Neolithic to the Viking period. They separate into two groups, one of which, termed “machair” dwellers, has high strontium concentrations and is dominated by strontium of marine origin (i.e. 0.7092) and the second, termed “silicate” dwellers, has low- strontium concentrations and defines a linear array. It has been suggested elsewhere (Montgomery 2002; Montgomery & Evans 2006; Montgomery et al. 2007) that the first group represents indigenous Outer Hebrideans whose dietary strontium is dominated by marine sources (e.g. machair-grown crops, sea-splash, seaweed for food, fodder and fertilizer) with only a small contribution from the gneiss and where there are thus few dietary strontium sources above 0.7092 and none below 0.7092. The second group are interpreted as immigrants to the islands from non-machair and possibly non- coastal regions; this conclusion is supported by the two burials from Arran and Mull also included in Figure 24.

The results from the four High Pasture Cave teeth span the gap between the high-strontium machair dwellers and the low-strontium silicate dwellers. There is, however, no systematic change in the four teeth from earliest to latest formed. Three of the four teeth have ratios below 0.7092 which is not consistent with Outer Hebridean origins. These three teeth represent the

105 period prior to the age of 9 months and between the ages of approximately 3 and 16 years of age. The first molar, representing the period from approximately birth to 5 years of age, is different and whilst it is consistent with Outer Hebridean origins it could equally simply indicate a greater dietary contribution from higher ratio strontium sources such as granite at this stage of life. This could have arisen through a change in residence or an in situ change in diet.

Given the wide range (i.e. 0.705 to 0.720) of biosphere 87Sr/86Sr values present on the Isle of Skye (Evans et al. in prep) and the absence of any other human or animal data, it is currently difficult to know what 87Sr/86Sr ratios people living and farming on Skye, and in particular, on the Durness limestone, one of the most fertile regions of the island, would exhibit. Marine carbonate rocks such as limestones and chalks tend to have 87Sr/86Sr ratios between ~0.7067 and ~0.7092 (McArthur et al. 2001) which reflects the changing 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the seawater over geological time. The 87Sr/86Sr of Ordovican and Cambrian marine carbonates (570 – 430 Ma) ranges from ~0.7078 to ~0.7092 (Dickin, 2005, p59) but there is evidence to suggest that silicate impurities within the rocks and run-off from higher land composed of different rock types, can increase or lower the ratio of the overlying biosphere in components such as freshwater and plants (Evans et al. in prep; Montgomery et al. 2006; 2007).

The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70926 obtained from the dentine of the third molar provides an indication that the mobile strontium available at the limestone burial site was at least equal to or higher than this value, but as yet no samples of the Durness limestone or plants growing on it have been analysed. Only the first molar was higher than 0.70926 so a further possible scenario is that this tooth mineralized in the vicinity of High Pasture Cave whilst the other three teeth (the deciduous canine and second and third molars), which have very similar strontium ratios to each other, mineralized elsewhere on Skye where the basalt had more influence on the biosphere.

7.4.1.7 Oxygen isotope results

Oxygen isotope data from the three permanent molars are presented in Figure 25. The deciduous canine tooth had insufficient enamel for a reliable analysis. The mean enamel phosphate values decrease with the individual’s age from 17.72‰ (first molar) to 17.51‰ (third molar). This pattern would be expected if a breastfeeding signature was present in the first molar and not the third molar. However, the magnitude of the difference (0.2‰) is low compared to other studies which found a difference of 0.7‰ (Wright & Schwarcz 1998) and such a conclusion would imply a reduced breastfeeding signal in the second molar. The first maxillary molar crown commences mineralization around birth but crown mineralization is not completed until around the age of 4 _ years (Table 17) and at this age the diet may not be dominated by breastmilk. Moreover, as already stated, the shift from first, to second, to third molar is small and as illustrated in Figure 25, which shows the measured oxygen isotope ratios of enamel phosphate values calibrated against rainwater

106 using the equation of Levinson et al. (1987), it is not significant at the 1_ level.

0.715 Inner & Western Outer Mainland Hebrides Scotland 0.713

Sr West East

86 0.711 Sr/ 87

1 0.709 2 3

0.707 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 18 Odw (‰)

Figure 25. Enamel phosphate oxygen isotope ratios converted to drinking water (rainfall) values plotted against 87Sr/86Sr. The orange and yellow regions are consistent with the Isle of Skye as illustrated in Figure 3. Error bars are 1_.

As Figure 26 shows, mean annual groundwater oxygen isotope values, which represent bulk precipitation on the Isle of Skye, range from -5 ‰ to -7 ‰, i.e. the orange and yellow contours (Darling et al. 2003). The calibrated drinking water values obtained from the High Pasture Cave woman (-6.70 ‰ to -7.16 ‰) fall within the yellow and light green contours. However, when measurement errors are taken into account, it is quite possible that all the data points could equally fall within the yellow zone and would, therefore, be consistent with origins on southern Skye, although origins elsewhere in Britain within these zones cannot be ruled out.

There are many sources of variation in how and when oxygen isotope ratios are changed (fractionated) both within the body and externally that can produce variation amongst an indigenous population and these are by no means well established or precisely understood. Unfortunately, as with strontium, there is currently no baseline data for humans inhabiting the Isle of Skye in the Iron Age from which to assess the population variation and compare the results from High Pasture Cave. Mean modern day groundwater values (the source of which is rainwater) have been used to compile the contours in Figure 26 (Darling et al. 2003) and, when using these as an

107 indicator of origin, an assumption has to be made that the climatic regime and hydrological conditions were the same in the Iron Age as today. Moreover, it is not known whether the woman at High Pasture Cave drank rainwater, surface water (e.g. streamwater) or groundwater (e.g. well water), a combination of all three, or if this varied seasonally or over the years due to choice or necessity. Oxygen isotope ratios of precipitation vary throughout the year and in a region of high rainfall such as the west coast of Scotland, drinking rain or surface water may have an impact on the enamel values of an individual if the tooth analysed was mineralized predominantly from winter or summer rain over one or more years. The observed small differences between the first and third molar from the High Pasture Cave woman could, therefore, arise through seasonal variations in drinking water source and rainfall on Skye, rather than indicating a change of residence from west to east in the first sixteen years of life.

7.4.1.8 Lead Isotope Results

All four teeth from High Pasture Cave woman produced very similar lead isotope ratios that were within analytical error and are thus superimposed in Figure 27. They indicate she was exposed to the same lead source(s) from before birth to approximately 16 years of age. As previously outlined, lead isotopes record the geological origin of the lead and enter the food chain through soils, water, plants and animals. However, following the widespread extraction and use of lead ore for metal products, which in England occurs during the Roman Period (Budd et al. 2004; Montgomery 2002; Tylecote 1992), the natural lead signature of humans is frequently swamped by anthropogenic lead and provides evidence of the cultural sphere they inhabit rather than geographical origin. As can be seen in Figure 27, the vast majority of humans dating from the Roman period onwards fall within the central oval which is consistent with lead ore from England, Wales and some Irish sources. The lead data thus provide no evidence for a change in residence, status or cultural exposure to lead pollution, for example in the use of lead or pewter ware vessels, during the first sixteen years of life.

The lead ratios of the High Pasture Cave woman fall on the edge of the ore- lead field defined in Figure 27 by the brown oval. The results from the High Pasture Cave woman could arise through natural exposure to lead via rocks and the diet on the Isle of Skye but given the highly complex geology of Skye and the absence of data from the Durness limestone or other contemporary humans from the island, it is not possible to draw this conclusion at this stage. Alternatively, such ratios could derive from a combination of natural or anthropogenic Scottish lead sources and exposure to anthropogenic lead from English, Welsh or Irish ores. Scottish ore leads plot in the top right of Figure 27 and the four Iron Age and Bronze Age humans in this region of the plot were excavated from the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides.

108 Figure 26. Map of modern day _18O‰ values of ground water (and hence possible drinking water) in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Copyright of the British Geological Survey/NERC.

109 2.17 Neolithic chalk dwellers Bronze Age Iron Age Iron Age limestone dwellers 2.15 Roman 5th-7th century AD

Norse Period 15th century AD 2.13 HPC woman

Pb 2.11 206

Pb/ 2.09 208

2.07

2.05 2s errors are within symbol 2.03 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.850 0.860 0.870 207 Pb/206 Pb

Figure 27. Plot of enamel lead isotope ratios from British archaeological humans. The majority of burials dating from the Roman period cluster tightly within the dashed brown oval and are consistent with lead ores from England, Wales and Irish deposits from Meath, Kildare and Wicklow. All individuals with high-lead levels fall within this oval and indicate anthropogenic rather than natural exposure. Scottish ore leads and the remaining Irish deposits fall in the top right of the plot whereas burials excavated from marine carbonates fall in the bottom left. Data sources: Montgomery 2002; Montgomery & Evans unpublished data.

7.4.1.9 Conclusions

The four teeth analysed from the High Pasture Cave woman show only small variations in their lead, oxygen and strontium compositions. This suggests that her diet and place of residence did not change substantially from before birth up to approximately sixteen years of age.

Given the complexity of the geology of Skye, and the consequent wide range of available biosphere strontium isotope ratios, it is possible, though unlikely given that not all types of rock produce land suitable for grazing and particularly agriculture, that the human population on Skye could have a strontium isotope range as wide as that of the population of the whole of the British Isles. However, the oxygen isotope ratios from the High Pasture Cave woman are consistent with, if on the edge, of modern day groundwater on the island and the strontium isotope ratios could quite perceivably arise through mixing between granite, basalt or limestone and rainwater, or indeed, a combination of all these four sources of strontium. The lead isotope ratios are on the edge of the known field of archaeological people exposed to

110 anthropogenic sources of lead but could be consistent with limited exposure to Scottish lead sources of either anthropogenic or natural origin. There is, therefore, no substantial evidence to suggest that she came to the Isle of Skye from elsewhere and it is quite possible that her isotope signature is indicative of origins on this island although it may also be consistent with many other places in the British Isles, and indeed, further afield.

Unfortunately, the results presented here from the High Pasture Cave woman are currently the only strontium, oxygen and lead isotope data available from archaeological human or animals from the Isle of Skye. Accordingly, there is no known baseline for humans indigenous to the island from any period and nor is there much immediate prospect of establishing this given the scarcity of human burials. It is, therefore, difficult to know whether or not her isotope signature is typical for humans inhabiting the Isle of Skye in the Iron Age.

111 Table 18 Results

206 204 1 207 204 208 204 207 206 208 206 Sr 87 86 δ2 18 18 3 18 4 Sample Tissue Pb/ Pb Pb/ Pb Pb/ Pb Pb/ Pb Pb/ Pb Sr Sr/ Sr Op‰ Sample Tissue 206Pb/204Pb1 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb 207Pb/206Pb 208Pb/206Pb 87Sr/86Sr2 _ Op‰δ18 _ O4 dw‰ ppmppm 3 Odw‰

HPCS-100HPCS-100 Enamel Enamel18.35 18.35 15.61 15.61 38.37 38.37 0.851 2.091 2.091 140 140 0.709085 0.709085

HPCS-101HPCS-101 Enamel Enamel18.35 18.35 15.61 15.61 38.38 38.38 0.851 2.092 2.092 172 172 0.709317 0.709317 17.72 17.72 -6.70 -6.70 HPCS- HPCS-102 EnamelEnamel 18.36 15.63 38.43 0.851 2.093 128 0.709081 17.61 -6.93 102 18.36 15.63 38.43 0.851 2.093 128 0.709081 17.61 -6.93 HPCS-103 Enamel 18.36 15.62 38.42 0.851 2.093 151 0.709061 17.51 -7.16 HPCS-103 Enamel 18.36 15.62 38.42 0.851 2.093 151 0.709061 17.51 -7.16

Dentine 159 0.709263 Dentine 159 0.709263

1External reproducibility was estimated at: ±0.019% for 208Pb/204Pb; ±0.014% for 207Pb/204Pb; ±0.008% for 206Pb/204Pb; ±0.007% for 207Pb/206Pb; and ±0.013% for 208Pb/206Pb; (1_, n=9). 2External reproducibility was estimated at +/- 0.002% (1_). 3External reproducibility over a 7 month period was estimated at +/- 0.28‰ (1_) n = 80. 4 18 18 Calibration of Op values to Odw values using the equation in Levinson (1987). Error on these calibrated values is estimated as equal to or less than +/-0.35‰ (1_).

7.4.2 Preliminary findings from the analysis of High Pasture Cave bone for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (Amanda Jay – University of Durham)

7.4.2.1 The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from the adult female, the infants and animals from the site have revealed some interesting findings. These isotopes are normally used for dietary reconstruction and are particularly useful for interpreting levels of terrestrial animal protein and marine resource protein in the diet. The values are also affected by environmental parameters.

7.4.2.2 The data obtained for both of the infants is consistent with the adult female being their mother, although it is not positive evidence for this. The nitrogen values are effectively the same for all three, which would indicate that neither of the infants had had a chance to breastfeed if she were the mother. Given their apparent ages, this interpretation would mean that one of them had been curated.

7.4.2.3 Analysis of a number of pigs from the surface deposits outside the cave and the 'special' deposit in the Bone Passage which might be related to feasting shows that there is a significant difference between the two groups of animals. The pigs from the 'special' deposit show higher nitrogen values and are also more enriched in 13C. The dates currently known, in combination with the data

112 from the other animals at the site, would suggest that this difference is not due to environmental change over time. It is likely that the animals from the 'special' cave deposit were being fed in a manner distinct from the other pigs analysed, possibly by feeding them more animal protein.

7.4.2.4 The nitrogen ratio for the adult female is significantly enriched in 15N over the herbivores analysed from the site, to the extent that it is unlikely that her diet was exclusively based on these particular animals. The carbon ratio does not indicate consumption of marine fish or other marine resources. It is possible that the diet of this woman included pigs which had been fed in the manner of those from the 'special' deposit. Other alternatives would include the possibility that she was not native to the site, but had a dietary signal built up over many years from foods obtained elsewhere, or that she was consuming some level of freshwater aquatic resources, such as fish or river birds. When more information is available from the dating and other isotopic studies, these possibilities can be explored further.

7.5 Micromorphology Analysis (Ian Simpson and Jo MacKenzie – University of Stirling)

7.5.1 During the 2006 fieldwork season key sections and contexts were sampled by Ian Simpson and Jo MacKenzie for micromorphology analysis. Kubiena tin samples were extracted from the deep sections in Trench 2, from the Trench 1 section in Bone Passage and from the base of the burnt mound/spreads in Trench 9. The processing of these samples was undertaken during 2007 and results should be ready for presentation in 2008. Further Kubiena tin and bulk sediment samples will be recovered from the High Pastures site during 2007.

7.5.2 Thin sections recovered from the Kubiena tin samples will be analyzed to reveal the composition of the midden and ash deposits, provide details on the types of fire and fuel used in cooking and any industrial processes such as metalworking, compare small particle rock samples within the deposits with the local/background geology, and to look at the possibilities of periodic use of the site through the analysis of microscopic laminations in stratigraphy that may indicate deposition and abandonment events.

7.5.3 In particular, we are interested in the overall use of fire at the High Pastures site, a process that appears to dominate many of the activities identified within the trenches excavated at the surface so far. Local fuel resources were a basic necessity of life for early societies, providing light, warmth, the possibility of cooking food and allowing a range of metalworking processes. Fuel ash residues associated with these activities offer the opportunity to consider the role of fuel resources in discussions of site function and landscape resource utilization in changing social and environmental contexts (Simpson et al, 2003).

113 7.6 Speleothem Analysis (David Mattey – Royal Holloway, University of London)

7.6.1 Preliminary Analysis of Speleothem Isotopes and Uranium-Thorium Dating

7.6.1.1 A selection of speleothem samples was collected from the High Pasture Cave site during the 2004 and 2005 fieldwork seasons. Two of these samples, recovered from the excavations in Bone Passage, have been submitted for analysis.

7.6.1.2 The project work also aims to reveal aspects of atmospheric moisture circulation within the cave environment, sediment processes, cave microclimate, cave air and water geochemistry. We hope to publish details of the analysis carried out on speleothem from High Pasture Cave in the 2007 Data Structure Report.

7.6.1.3 During 2006, two Uranium-Thorium dates have been carried out on a stalagmite boss recovered from Bone Passage during 2004. The deposit covered a boulder setting within Bone Passage (feature F001), which covered the almost complete and butchered remains of a 15 months old cow. The calcite that formed the boss proved more difficult than expected to date due to the high Thorium content, presumably derived from the granite. The more reliable date was 4060±270BP, which was taken from the top of the specimen, which was around 30mm above a piece of charcoal embedded at the base of the boss. The boss was finely laminated and these may be annual growth bands, which might put the charcoal around 200 to 300 years earlier in date. It will be possible to count the layers within the boss to bracket the date more accurately, but further work is required to establish whether the individual bands are annual or are unrelated to seasonality.

114 8. RADIOCARBON DATING PROGRAMME AND PRELIMINARY SITE PHASING

8.1 Radiocarbon Dating Programme and Results

8.1.1 A total of 26 radiocarbon dates have been processed on charcoal and bone samples recovered from key contexts and features at the High Pastures site. The samples were submitted to the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) at East Kilbride, Scotland.

8.1.2 The charcoal and bone samples were selected and identified by specialists working on the respective assemblages before despatch to SUERC, while the overall process was guided and funded by Historic Scotland.

8.1.3 The results of the radiocarbon assays are listed below in conventional years BP (before 1950 AD), while the error is expressed at the one sigma level of confidence. The calibrated age ranges are determined from the University of Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit calibration programme (OxCal3). The calibrated dates given below are from the 95.4% probability range, except where otherwise stated, expressed at the two sigma level of confidence.

8.1.4 Results

8.1.4.1 The results listed below are grouped by trench number and are also identified by context number and feature number where applicable. The sample material and identification is also shown.

8.1.4.2 Trench 1 – Bone Passage (cave)

Laboratory Context: Feature: Material: Radiocarbon Age Calibrated Age at Code: BP: (95.4% probability) SUERC-2435 C001 - Bone – Pig 2195±40 390BC – 160BC GU-11874 SUERC-14934 C001 - Charcoal – Corylus 2310±40 510BC – 200BC GU-15521 avellana SUERC-14935 C009 - Charcoal – Corylus 2550±40 810BC – 530BC GU-15522 avellana SUERC-14938 C009 - Bone – Pig 2490±40 780BC – 410BC GU-15525

8.1.4.3 Trench 6 – Bone Passage (cave)

Laboratory Context: Feature: Material: Radiocarbon Age Calibrated Age at Code: BP: (95.4% probability) SUERC-12276 C604 - Charcoal – Corylus 2405±35 750BC – 390BC GU-14658 SUERC-12277 C608 - Charcoal – Corylus 2195±35 380BC – 170BC GU-14659

115 8.1.4.4 Trench 2 Extensions – Stairwell Entrance

Laboratory Context: Feature: Material: Radiocarbon Age Calibrated Age at Code: BP: (95.4% probability) SUERC-12281 C252 F223 Charcoal – Corylus 2115±35 350BC – 40BC GU-14663 SUERC-14937 C244 F223 Charcoal – Corylus 2115±40 360BC – 30BC GU-15524 SUERC-14945 C244 F223 Human Bone – right 1965±40 50BC – 130AD GU-15529 femur SUERC-14946 C244 F223 Human Bone – left 1890±40 20AD – 230AD GU-15530 humerus

8.1.4.5 Trench 2 – Forecourt Area (surface)

Laboratory Context: Feature: Material: Radiocarbon Age Calibrated Age at Code: BP: (95.4% probability) SUERC-12278 C205 F207 Charcoal – Betula 2265±35 400BC – 200BC GU-14660 SUERC-12279 C208 - Charcoal – Pinus 2165±35 370BC – 100BC GU-14661 sylvestis SUERC-12280 C234 F218 Charcoal – Corylus 2425±35 750BC – 400BC GU-14662 SUERC-14944 C203 F204 Bone – Pig 2275±40 410BC – 200BC GU-15528 SUERC-14936 C203 - Charcoal – Betula 2280±40 410BC – 200BC GU-15523 SUERC-12282 C302 - Charcoal – Corylus 2155±35 360BC – 50BC GU-14664 SUERC-12286 C303 F303 Charcoal – Betula 2165±35 370BC – 100BC GU-14665

8.1.4.6 Trenches 3, 7 and 10 – Area to west of Stairwell Entrance (surface)

Laboratory Context: Feature: Material: Radiocarbon Age Calibrated Age at Code: BP: (95.4% probability) SUERC-12290 C705 F701 Charcoal – Corylus 2450±35 760BC – 400BC GU-14669 SUERC-12291 C708 F703 Charcoal – Corylus 2105±35 350BC – 40BC GU-14670 SUERC-12296 C10.05 F10.01 Charcoal – Corylus 3330±35 1730BC – 1510BC GU-14672

8.1.4.7 Trench 9 – Burnt Mound/Spreads (surface)

Laboratory Context: Feature: Material: Radiocarbon Age Calibrated Age at Code: BP: (95.4% probability) SUERC-12287 C903-1 - Charcoal – Betula 2175±35 370BC – 110BC GU-14666 SUERC-12288 C903-2 - Charcoal – Betula 2235±35 390BC – 200BC GU-14667 SUERC-12289 C903-3 - Charcoal – Corylus 2495±35 790BC – 410BC GU-14668 SUERC-12292 C10.03 - Charcoal – Betula 2210±30 380BC – 190BC GU-14671

116 8.1.4.8 Cave – Bone Passage and Main Stream Passage

Laboratory Context: Feature: Material: Radiocarbon Age Calibrated Age at Code: BP: (95.4% probability) SUERC-14939 C012 F001 Bone – Cow 2110±40 350BC – 30BC GU-15526 SUERC-14940 C001/5 - Bone – Cow 2160±40 370BC – 90BC GU-15527

8.1.4.9 With the exception of the early date from the charcoal recovered from pit feature F10.01 in Trench 10, found in association with a piece of struck quartz (GU-14672), the dates form a coherent group spanning the Early to Middle Iron Age. The dates are discussed further in Section 8.2 of this report (see below – Site Phasing).

Figure 28 – Radiocarbon Plots (Group 1)

8.2 Preliminary Site Phasing

8.2.1 Excavation at High Pastures between 2004 and 2006, combined with the radiocarbon dates outlined above, has allowed us to build a basic

117 chronological phasing for the site. This will of course be subject to change as further excavation; radiocarbon dates and analysis of small finds are taken into consideration as work progresses.

8.2.2 The following is a summary of the phasing identified to date on site (June 2007):

PHASE: PERIOD: C14 DATES: INTERPRETATION / ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 1 Late - Possible seasonal/occasional use of cave and surrounding area. Mesolithic/ Worked flint including tools and debitage recovered from Neolithic secondary deposits from core of site in Trenches 2, 5, 7, 10, 11 14 and 15; and from Trenches 1 and 6 in cave.

- Sherds of Food Vessel from Trench 10 at surface and from context 10 in Trench 6 (cave - washed gravels). 2 Bronze Age Possible seasonal/occasional use of cave and surrounding area.

2.1 - Worked flint including tools and debitage recovered from secondary deposits from Trench 2; and from Trenches 1 and 6 in cave.

- Cup-marked stone set into bank of u-shaped enclosure.

2.2 Middle Bronze SUERC-12296 (GU-14672): Small pit feature (F.10.01) located in natural karstic clay to west Age 3330±35BP of cave entrance produced charcoal lumps and struck flake of 1730BC (95.4%) 1510BC quartz. Charcoal sample (Corylus) dated. 3 Early Iron Age Formation of Burnt Mound and first in-situ deposition in Bone Passage. 3.1 SUERC-12289 (GU-14668): Charcoal sample (Corylus) from base of burnt mound/spreads 2495±35BP containing fire-cracked stone, burnt bone fragments and some 790BC (95.4%) 410BC un-burnt bone. Start of accumulation of burnt mound/spreads covering large area surrounding cave entrance – approximately 30m NW-SE x 40m SW-NE. Some structures including revetment walls identified within burnt mound/spreads, built onto natural karstic clay.

SUERC-14935 (GU-15522): Start of more intensive activity in and around cave. 2550±40BP Deposition of elements of burnt mound/spreads in cave (Bone 810BC (95.4%) 530BC Passage) including fire-cracked stone, ash and charcoal, and small finds including bone pins and plain flat-rimmed pottery sherds.

3.2 Early Iron Age SUERC-12280 (GU-14662): Charcoal sample (Corylus) from deposit containing burnt and 2425±35BP un-burnt bone underlying area of granite slabs in forecourt area 750BC (95.4%) 400BC immediately outside cave entrance. Slabs possibly form part of walkway into cave or/and hearth base.

SUERC-12276 (GU-14658): Charcoal sample (Corylus) from charcoal and bone-rich midden 2405±35BP deposit in Bone Passage (cave). Sample taken from deposit 750BC (95.4%) 390BC overlying paved floor/walkway through cave passage. Evidence for structured deposition of small finds at floor level and within context, especially in the liminal area formed by the cave entrance. Objects recovered include caches of bone pins, cache of 7 possible tuning pegs from a lyre, soapstone spindle whorls, whetstones and a granite saddle quern. Metalworking residues recovered from deposits including iron and copper-alloy materials and crucible fragment. Burnt and un-burnt bone material recovered from same deposits.

118 PHASE: PERIOD: C14 DATES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: 3.2 Early Iron Age SUERC-12290 (GU-14669): Charcoal sample (Corylus) recovered from small post-hole 2450±35BP feature (F.701), cut into natural karstic clay west of cave 760BC (95.4%) 400BC entrance.

3.3 Early Iron Age - Stairwell construction begins during Phase 3, possibly raised in two stages. This may have become necessary due to the large quantities of ash, burnt materials and midden that were forming in the forecourt area immediately outside the cave entrance – thus retaining access to the cave. A sequence of three superimposed hearth settings have been identified in this area, from which burnt materials was spread over the forecourt area. An assemblage of well-preserved small finds have been recovered from the ash layers overlying and surrounding the hearth slabs including bone pins and awls, other antler and bone items, and a cache of coarse pebble tools including hammers, grinders, palettes and blanks (23 items).

- Activity in the forecourt outside cave entrance continues including the capping and covering of the ash layers/hearth settings by granite slabs and boulders. This phase of activity at the site ends when the area is levelled and a capping of sterile grey clay (context C206) up to 20cm thick is spread over the forecourt area outside the cave/stairwell entrance.

SUERC-14944 (GU-15528) A large pit feature (F204) is excavated into the natural karstic 2275±40BP clay at this time. Pit contains alternating layers of fire-cracked 410BC (95.4%) 200BC stone and animal bone, Final deposit in pit, before backfilling, is a large pebble maul and a spherically-shaped granite boulder. The date is from a fragment of pig bone from the pit. 4 Middle Iron Beginning of second phase of deposition outside cave entrance Age 4.1 SUERC-12278 (GU-14660) Charcoal sample (Betula) recovered from small hearth setting 2265±35BP (F207) located to south of stairwell entrance in forecourt area 400BC (95.4%) 200BC (above clay sealing layer C206).

SUERC-12288 (GU-14667): Charcoal sample (Betula) recovered from middle deposits of 2235±35BP burnt mound/spreads. The Burnt mound continues to grow with 390BC (95.4%) 200BC accumulated material including fire-cracked stone, charcoal, ash, burnt bone, abraded sherds of pottery and some metalworking residues – primarily iron.

SUERC-12292 (GU-14671): Charcoal sample (Betula) recovered from burnt mound/spread 2210±30BP located below turf and stone circular bank to west of cave 380BC (95.4%) 190BC entrance/stairwell (structure originally thought to have been the remains of a roundhouse. Deposit comprises fire-cracked stone and charcoal fragments.

SUERC-14934 (GU-15521): In the cave (Bone Passage), material continues to be deposited. 2310±40BP The material and contexts display a varied make-up; some 510BC (95.4%) 200BC contexts comprise bone-rich midden, while others contain significant quantities of fire-cracked stone, burnt bone and charcoal. Small finds including pottery, bone and antler tools (pins, handles and antler waste), coarse stone tools, quern fragments, worked pumice and worked flint. The contexts also include varying quantities of stone (granite and limestone clasts).

119 PHASE: PERIOD: C14 DATES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: 4.1 Middle Iron SUERC-2435 (GU-11874): Date on pig lower mandible, recovered from upper-most deposit Age 2195±40BP in Bone Passage. Deposit comprises well preserved animal 390BC (95.4%) 160BC bone, primarily of domesticated pig, but also including cattle, red deer and dog. Layer also contains shellfish and fish remains, and significant quantities of burnt barley. Large granite and limestone clasts interspersed in deposit. Small finds also numerous, comprising similar items to above.

SUERC-14940 (GU-15527) The butchered remains of an adult cow is collected together and 2160±40BP placed on a ledge high above the main stream passage in the 370BC (95.4%) 90BC cave.

SUERC-14939 (GU-15526): The butchered remains of a 15 months old cow is collected 2110±40BP together and placed in the cave, within a boulder setting in Bone 350BC (95.4%) 30BC Passage. and the second on a high ledge above the main stream passage.

SUERC-12277 (GU-14659): Charcoal sample (Corylus) from bone-rich (domesticated pig) 2195±35BP deposit in Bone Passage (cave). 380BC (95.4%) 170BC

SUERC-12287 (GU-14666): Charcoal sample (Betula) from upper deposit of burnt 2175±35BP mound/spread, comprising fire-cracked stone, charcoal, ash and 370BC (95.4%) 110BC burnt bone fragments. Some pottery sherds (abraded) and metalworking residues (iron). It is possibly that during this period the development of the burnt mound/spreads slow indicating a change in related activities

SUERC-12286 (GU-14665): Charcoal sample (Betula) from pit feature formed against upper 2165±35BP revetment wall of stairwell (west side), also containing pottery 370BC (95.4%) 100BC sherds and animal bone.

4.2 Middle Iron SUERC-12279 (GU-14661): Charcoal sample (Pinus sylvestris) from charcoal-rich deposit Age 2165±35BP lying immediately above the natural karstic clay to the east of 370BC (95.4%) 100BC the stairwell/cave entrance. Deposit appears to be contemporary with thick sterile clay layer (C206), which caps the earlier deposits in the forecourt area outside the cave/stairwell entrance. The deposit also contains burnt bone fragments and stone crucible fragments with adhering copper-alloy deposits.

SUERC-12278 (GU-14660): Charcoal sample (Betula) from small slab-built hearth setting, 2265±35BP south of the stairwell entrance, within the forecourt area of the 400BC (95.4%) 200BC site. Hearth was built above sterile clay layer C206 and was associated with areas of paving and deposits/spreads of fire- cracked stone, charcoal and peat ash. Paving was built abutting a set of three stone steps leading from forecourt area up to head of stairwell.

SUERC-12282 (GU-14664): Charcoal sample (Corylus) from a charcoal-rich lens 2155±35BP immediately below boulder midden/fill to west of head of 360BC (95.4%) 50BC stairwell. Several sherds of heavily abraded pottery recovered from this context.

SUERC-14937 (GU-15524) Back-fill material used in upper blocking of stairwell (F223). 2115±40BP Charcoal sample (Corylus) taken from primary burial deposit 360BC (95.4%) 30BC (C244).

120 PHASE: PERIOD: C14 DATES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: 4.2 Middle Iron SUERC-12291 (GU-14670): Charcoal sample (Corylus) from a small post-hole excavated Age 2105±35BP into natural karstic clay to west of stairwell entrance to cave 350BC (95.4%) 40BC (F.703). Feature contains remains of burnt post and dark, charcoal-rich fill.

- By this time the forecourt area to the south of the stairwell entrance to the cave had been completely filled with midden deposit comprising fire-cracked stone, charcoal and ash layers. In Trench 5, to the east of the stairwell, a small area of paving and hearth setting is constructed on top of the upper burnt mound/spreads. In Trench 11, to the northeast of the stairwell, secondary revetment walls are constructed within the burnt spreads.

- A significant number of coarse pebble tools and fragments of saddle and rotary quern have been recovered from the deposits (contexts C205 and C203), which are located above the sterile clay layer (C206) in the forecourt area of the site.

SUERC-12281 (GU-14663): Charcoal sample (Corylus) from organic-rich wedge of deposits 2115±35BP at base of stairwell in Bone Passage (cave). Deposit which is 350BC (95.4%) 40BC rich in charcoal, animal bone and fish bone, runs from bottom steps of stairwell over upper boulder and sediment fill in Bone Passage. Small finds include glass beads, stone and bone tools, and metalworking residues including iron slags and a crucible fragment containing copper-alloy deposits. This may have been the last material to be introduced into the cave before the entrance was back-filled. 5 Late Iron Age End of activity in Bone Passage

5.1 SUERC-14945 (GU-15529) The stairwell entrance to the cave is completely back-filled with 1965±40BP boulder clasts and sediments containing some animal bone, fire- 50BC (95.4%) 130AD cracked stone and charcoal fragments. Deposition of human infant and foetal remains, (Torso and skulls) mixed with a foetal SUERC-14946 (GU-15530) pig in small alcove towards top of stairwell. Final deposition of 1890±40BP female inhumation at top of stairwell as closing deposit, with 20AD (95.4%) 230AD long bones of above infant and foetus. Some charcoal fragments and abraded sherds of pottery in burial fill overlying boulder- filled stairwell.

SUERC-14936 (GU-15523) Charcoal sample (Betula) from deposits immediately covering 2280±40BP human inhumations at top of blocked stairwell. 410BC (95.4%) 200BC

5.2 - Midden soils, burnt mound/spread material and large boulder clasts (granite and limestone) used to cover and conceal ‘closed’ stairwell (C203). This material spreads through the area to the west (Trench 3) and over the forecourt area (Trench 15). A cache of three upper rotary quern fragments are placed in the fill immediately to the southwest of the blocked stairwell, while a fourth rotary quern fragment (re-fitting with a fragment from the cache) is included in the boulder backfill above the stairwell.

121 PHASE: PERIOD: C14 DATES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: 6 Late Iron Age Change of use of site

6.1 - A stone-built circular structure (2m diameter) with a paved floor is built on the top of the burnt mound in Trench 5. Half of an upper rotary quern stone is placed in the centre of the structure at the end of use and the structure is back-filled.

- Stone revetment walls and post-holes built within the top of the stone spreads (u-shaped enclosure) are most likely contemporary with these activities. 7 Late Iron Age - The core of the site around the former cave/stairwell entrance 7.1 and the area covered by the burnt mound/spreads, is concealed by the deposition of granite and limestone boulder clasts. This enhances the u-shaped enclosure and other features on site. Activity ceases and site is abandoned 8 Post-Medieval Site reoccupied during Post-Medieval period.

8.1 Clay pipe fragments recovered Construction of shieling settlement over earlier structures and from floor of Shieling 1 burnt mound/spreads after considerable period of abandonment. structure, dated to circa mid Based on evidence from Trenches 2, 7, 10, 14 and 15, two 19th Century AD roofed structures/bothies, a circular pen and a connecting wall are constructed. It appears that these structures were in use for a very short period of time (perhaps only 1 or 2 winters).

8.2.3 Further samples will be submitted for radiocarbon dating during the final phases of fieldwork at the site and during post-excavation analysis. In particular, contexts and features will be targeted that contain diagnostic small finds such as pottery, bone and antler work, iron tools and rotary and saddle quern stones. Currently there is a poor chronological record for such finds from contexts relating to the Early and Middle Iron Age periods, and it is anticipated that radiocarbon assays relating to such material will provide significant improvements in our understanding of the material culture from these periods.

8.2.4 We will also submit samples relating to contexts for which we currently have no firm dates including the earliest phases of use of the site, the construction of the stairwell and the last phase of use the site before final abandonment. Excavations in 2007 and 2008 will also target areas of the burnt mound/spreads, and it is important that we sample these deposits in differing areas of the site to understand their morphology and chronology.

8.2.5 Further details of the radiocarbon dates obtained from the site so far and their relationship to the preliminary phasing of the site can be found in Section 9 below.

122 Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004);OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron] SUERC-14934 2310±40BP SUERC-14935 2550±40BP SUERC-14936 2280±40BP SUERC-14937 2115±40BP SUERC-14938 2490±40BP SUERC-14939 2110±40BP SUERC-14940 2160±40BP SUERC-14944 2275±40BP SUERC-14945 1965±40BP SUERC-14946 1890±40BP

1500CalBC 1000CalBC 500CalBC CalBC/CalAD 500CalAD Calibrated date

Figure 29 – Radiocarbon Plots (Group 2)

9. DISCUSSION

9.1 The fieldwork undertaken at High Pasture Cave during 2006 was successful in contributing towards the general research aims set out in the Project Design and has demonstrated the potential of the site as a resource for the study of the later prehistoric period in the region. The excavations carried out during the 2006 season of work has broadened our understanding of the site and in so doing has shed a little more light on the possible ritual nature of this special place.

9.2 The completion of the excavations in Trench 2 (stairwell trench) and Trench 6 (Bone Passage) have revealed the remains of a stone-built subterranean structure that provides access to the natural cave beyond. The stairwell as excavated was the latest phase of construction to be identified in this feature and it is possible that earlier phases await investigation. From our excavations on site and results from samples submitted for radiocarbon dating, it appears that the construction of the stairwell was initiated some time between 600BC and 400BC. Further samples will be submitted for dating relating to this phase of activity (Phase 3) during the final post-excavation stage.

123 Plate 22 – The stairwell entrance and Bone Passage at High Pasture’s, with a view of the stairwell from the SE (above); entry into Bone Passage from the base of the stairwell (right); and sunlight penetrating the stairwell entrance to illuminate the floor of Bone Passage (below)

124 9.3 Earlier access arrangements to the cave have been tentatively identified in the deeper sections of Trench 2. Here, a series of well-laid granite slabs underlie a series of superimposed hearths and a charcoal sample collected from context C234 below the slabs provided a date of 750BC to 400BC (SUERC-12280: GU-14662). Further excavation of this feature (F218) will continue during the 2007/08 fieldwork seasons. The hearth features that overlie the granite slabs have not yet been dated although dates from context C205, which lies above this horizon, range between 400BC and 100BC (SUERC-12278: GU-14660).

9.4 Excavations within the cave (Bone Passage – Trenches 1 and 6) have resulted in the identification of three floor horizons, two of which have been radiocarbon dated using charcoal and animal bone (pig) samples. The lower floor comprises a compacted limestone floor onto which has been deposited fire-cracked pebbles, pottery and bone points/awls. Samples from this context (C009) have provided dates ranging between 810BC and 410BC (SUERC- 14935: GU-15522 and SUERC-14938: GU-15525). The central floor within the deposits in Bone Passage comprises a single course of paving slabs, running down the centre of the passage, with a line of small to medium-sized boulders to each side. The cache of seven lyre tuning pegs was located in a small gap between the paving slabs in this floor. The construction of this floor most likely took place between 750BC and 390BC (SUERC-12276: GU14658). The upper floor, which consists of large granite paving slabs and areas of compact fire-cracked pebbles, is sealed by a thick deposit of midden material that includes significant quantities of pig bone. Radiocarbon dates undertaken on charcoal and pig bone from this context have provided a range of 510BC to 160BC (SUERC-14934: GU-15521 and SUERC-2435: GU- 11874).

Figure 30 – Trenches 6 and 1, Bone Passage, contexts C609 and C109 (lower floor)

125 Figure 31 – Bone Passage: Distribution of small finds by context

126 9.5 The deposition of ecofacts and small finds within these identified horizons varies significantly through time and the excavations within Bone Passage continue to provide overwhelming evidence for the structured deposition of these materials. In particular, during the earlier phases of use of the cave the small finds have been clustered immediately inside the entrance and along the line of the central walkway. Small finds from these contexts are dominated by spindle whorls, bone pins, awls and points, while a large granite saddle quern and a whetstone were recovered from inside the entrance of Bone Passage. Within the midden material overlying the upper floor, the distribution of small finds is more general and comprises a wide range of tools, ceramics and other types of residues.

9.6 The composition of the animal bone assemblage recovered from Bone Passage, including the associated butchery and cooking practices, also changes throughout the use of the site. While the animal bone recovered from the majority of the lower contexts display the more usual forms of domestic processing, including fragmentation of long bones to extract marrow, the ‘special’ pig-rich deposit (C001 and C601) comprises less intensive processing of the bone waste. The well-preserved pig remains from this horizon have allowed a detailed picture of butchery practices to be analysed by Carrie Drew at the University of Durham (see Birch et al, 2005 and Section 7.1.7 of this report), including the division of carcasses into two halves. Also of interest are the almost complete bone remains from two cows, recovered from a boulder setting in Bone Passage (Feature F001) and from a ledge above the main stream passage in the cave (C001/5). Both of these animals show signs of intensive butchery practices and processing of the long bones to extract marrow. However, after processing, the virtually complete skeletal remains of these animals were deposited in the cave. Radiocarbon assays taken from samples from the cow remains provide a date range between 370BC and 30BC (SUERC-14939: GU-15526 and SUERC-14940: GU-15527).

9.7 The excavation of the archaeological deposits within the back-filled stairwell and Bone Passage have also allowed us to investigate in some detail the sequence of depositional events leading to the closure of the site. Before closure, large granite boulders and a wide range of deposits, including the well-preserved pig remains, were deposited in the cave. It is also possible that the remains of the two cows mentioned above were also deposited in Bone Passage and above the main stream-way at this time. At the base of the stairwell, we identified a wedge of sediment and stone that had run over the upper archaeological deposits in Trench 6 (Bone Passage). This contained a rich and varied assemblage of small finds including glass beads, antler mounts and handles, stone tools, ceramics, a stone crucible fragment, a fragmented copper-alloy pin, and a decorated stone palette. A charcoal sample recovered from this deposit has been radiocarbon dated to 350BC to 40BC (SUERC- 12281: GU-14663).

9.8 From our excavations, it appears that the stairwell was back-filled in a single event. The fill of medium to large granite and limestone boulders, some of which comprise structural elements from the corbelled and lintel-covered roof of the stairwell, also contains a loose sediment matrix. Within this matrix we

127 recovered fire-cracked pebbles, abraded pottery shards and fragments of animal bone and teeth. A charcoal sample recovered from context C244, the upper-most deposit in the stairwell, provided a radiocarbon date of 360BC to 30BC (SUERC-14937: GU-15524). Finally, the deposition of the human remains and skeletal elements from a foetal pig at the very top of the stairwell structure signified the final closure of the site. Radiocarbon dates taken on the right femur and left humerus of the adult woman have provided dates of 50BC to 130AD (SUERC-14945: GU-15529) and 20AD to 230AD (SUERC-14946: GU-15530).

9.10 Although we have identified ephemeral traces of earlier prehistoric activity within the surface trenches and in Bone Passage, including Late Mesolithic flint-work and Neolithic pottery shards, the main activity at the surface appears to be contemporary with the earliest deposition of archaeological deposits in the cave. This activity includes the deposition of fire-cracked stone and pebbles (burnt mound/spreads) around the cave entrance; deposits that have been dated to between 790BC and 410BC (SUERC-12289: GU-14668). This activity may also be contemporary with the earlier paved walkway into the cave and the fires that were set in the forecourt area immediately outside the entrance. Activity around these fires appears to have been intense with the structured deposition of ash and other residues from the fires, and small finds including worked antler and bone, and a cache of pebble hammers, grinders and palettes.

9.11 Through time, the natural hollow outside the cave entrance gradually started to fill with archaeological deposits and it must have been during this phase of activity that the stairwell was constructed (see section 9.2). It was also during this period that a thick layer of grey clay, which contains lenses of charcoal- rich material, was spread over the natural hollow in front of the cave/stairwell entrance. Above this distinct horizon, the deposition of ash and charcoal deposits becomes more structured, while the number of small finds decreases significantly.

9.12 During this phase of activity at the site the burnt mound/spreads continue to accumulate, covering a large area around the cave entrance. Radiocarbon dates obtained from these deposits so far cover a range between 390BC and 110BC (SUERC-12287: GU-14666 and SUERC-12288: GU-14667). Structural elements such as revetment walls have been identified within these deposits, while around the stairwell entrance a number of pits and post-holes have been uncovered.

9.13 With the cessation of cooking activities and formation of the burnt mound deposits within the area around the blocked stairwell, archaeological evidence for the use of the site is more ephemeral and we are presently awaiting radiocarbon samples to be processed for the dating of this activity. Evidence from trenches investigating the burnt spreads also suggests that in some areas of the site these deposits have been cut through and removed to be re- deposited elsewhere. Features such as the u-shaped enclosure, which arcs around the stairwell entrance, had also been enhanced by the deposition of medium to large-sized granite boulders over the top of the burnt spreads and

128 earlier structures. These combined actions have resulted in well-defined features that have survived in the landscape around High Pasture Cave to the present day.

Figure 32 – Distribution of burnt mound material in surface trenches

9.14 The excavations carried out at the High Pasture Cave site during the 2005/06 fieldwork season and the post-excavation analyses conducted on the resulting materials continue to indicate a site of some importance in the Iron Age landscape of Skye. The small finds assemblage recovered so far from the site display a wide range of materials relating to the domestic domain, although items such as the socketed iron adze, the bi-conical sword or dagger pommel of marine ivory, and the cache of lyre tuning pegs, indicate potential high status deposition.

9.15 As archaeologists it is obviously difficult for us to differentiate between economic and symbolic activities, especially at a site where the mode of deposition and the range of materials involved changes through time. Items

129 found in specialised contexts are often types that are directly associated with the domestic domain, within the settlements themselves. Thus, the crucial distinction to make is not between different kinds of object or between the roles that they had played in daily life, but rather, it concerns the manner in which they were deployed when their use came to an end. Maybe it is the form of deposition we are identifying at High Pasture Cave that sets these items apart from those employed in domestic life, providing them with a new emphasis.

9.16 It has been suggested by Bradley (Bradley, 2005:119-120) that these special activities needed to happen in special places, potentially in locations cut off from normal domestic activities or whose significance was marked by the presence of some special form of monument. The cave at High Pasture’s could be classed as a special type of monument in its own right – a passage leading into the earth containing flowing water. We know from the Late Bronze Age in particular that water sources such as springs, lakes, rivers and bogs, were revered as special localities in the landscape. Votive offerings were, and still are, tossed into these natural places, which are believed to possess healing powers and were also believed to be entrances to the Otherworld. Bone Passage provided a ready-made chamber, allowing continuous access and repeated use and through use, including a modification of the entrance, the site was monumentalised.

9.17 The evidence we have uncovered at the High Pasture Cave site, synthesised alongside data recovered from other contemporary sites such as Mine Howe, provides us with the opportunity to take our interpretations forward, allowing us to integrate and advance our understanding of the use of natural places in the Atlantic Iron Age of Scotland and within the wider North European setting.

10. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Recommendations are made below for further work on the High Pasture Cave Project. Although the recommendations relate primarily to fieldwork, post- excavation analysis and dissemination of information in 2007/08, it is anticipated that project work at the site will continue until 2009, depending on the availability of research funding for the project. A detailed Project Design was submitted to Historic Scotland in 2005 (Birch et al, 2005) presenting a project appraisal, method statements and organisational information in support of the High Pasture Cave Project. The document included details relating to archaeological fieldwork, post excavation analyses, data collection and dissemination of information, and put forward a provisional timetable of work including cost projections covering the years 2006 to 2009.

130 Figure 33 – Distribution of small finds within core of site

10.2 Cave Morphology Survey

10.2.1 Additional fieldwork will be undertaken during 2007 in order to gather sufficient data to enable the completion of the cave morphology survey. Additional post-survey analysis will also be required in the processing of the data and samples recovered from the site prior to submission of the final report in 2008.

10.3 Field Survey

10.3.1 Field survey during 2007 will include a walk-over survey of a substantial tract of landscape surrounding the High Pasture Cave site, to identify and record archaeological sites and features of all periods. The survey will include a full assessment of desk-based sources including Ordnance Survey mapping, aerial photographs and investigations of the national and local sites and monument records.

131 10.3.2 The survey will provide a phased use of the landscape in this part of the island of Skye and will enable us to locate the High Pasture Cave site within the wider archaeological landscape. The results of archaeological surveys conducted in the area to date have shown a rich and varied area of settlement spanning a considerable period of time. This includes a core of prehistoric sites and monuments that may be contemporary with the use of the High Pasture Cave site.

10.3.3 Depending on the results of the landscape survey and the density of archaeological sites and monuments identified, the survey may require additional work during 2008 and 2009.

10.3.4 Field survey during 2007 will also include the detailed mapping and planning of three additional natural cave sites in close proximity to High Pasture Cave.

10.3.5 Uamh An T-Sill (Cave of the Seed) was discovered by cavers from the Grampian Speleological Group in 1973. The cave is located approximately 1.2 km to the ENE of High Pasture Cave in the Coille Gaireallach woodlands and has four separate entrances. During the initial explorations of the cave a constriction was passed into a small chamber where human remains were found. The human remains recovered included disarticulated elements from an adult including the intact skull. A visit to the cave by the project team in 2004 recovered butchered animal bone including pig, cattle and red deer; charcoal fragments and a small pebble hammer.

10.3.6 Vampire Pot was discovered by cavers from the Grampian Speleological Group in the spring of 2006. Located around 1.4 km to the NW of High Pasture Cave, the blocked entrance to the cave was uncovered and entered via a low limestone arch. This gave access to approximately 24 metres of fairly narrow and low stream passage, interspersed with small chambers. Archaeological deposits including fire-cracked pebbles, charcoal fragments and animal bone was identified in a small chamber around 10 metres from the cave entrance. Knowing the potential importance of the deposits, the cavers contacted the High Pasture Cave Project team and Steven Birch visited the site. The archaeological deposits appeared to be entering the cave via two choked narrow passages leading towards the surface. During the visit, the intact lower mandible of an adult pig and a worked segment of red deer antler base were recovered. Investigations at the surface above the cave revealed a substantial stone-built roundhouse and other ephemeral structures.

10.3.7 During the month of June 2007, the same group of cavers excavated through a boulder-filled fissure in a low limestone cliff-face around 45 metres to the E of the Terminal Chamber in High Pasture Cave. The fissure provided access to a fossil cave passage (Iris Cave) containing deep sediment banks. Digging and survey work by the cavers is progressing at this site and it is thought that the cave may be an abandoned section of High Pasture Cave. The sediment banks appear to be of some antiquity and may provide important data relating to inter-glacial activity in this part of Skye. However, fragments of animal bone have been recovered from one section of the cave passage including fragments of butchered vertebra. It is possible that this now abandoned section of cave

132 passage contains archaeological deposits washed through from Bone Passage in High Pasture Cave, relating to the earliest use of the site.

10.3.8 The survey and further investigation of the caves mentioned above will provide important data regarding the wider use of natural caves in the area during prehistory, while setting the High Pasture Cave within a wider archaeological context.

10.4 Programme of Excavation

10.4.1 Further excavation work is planned at High Pastures during 2007 to establish the phasing and chronology of the site, and to understand more fully its relationship to the wider prehistoric landscapes of Skye. Excavations will target specific areas of the site including the sampling of surface features and a continuation of the work underground.

10.4.2 Excavation in the cave will focus on the removal of archaeological deposits at the north end of Bone Passage, which will be recovered for analysis. This will allow us to assess the full extent of these deposits and the use of the cave through time. Completion of the excavations in Bone Passage will take place during the 2008 fieldwork season.

10.4.3 At the surface, excavations will include the investigation of the forecourt area immediately outside the stairwell and natural cave entrance; the continued excavation of the burnt mound/spreads; and the excavation of potential features identified through the geophysical survey conducted during 2006 (see Section 4.1). The work will also focus on the examination of any surface structures including their preservation and phasing with relation to the archaeological material recovered from the cave passages below. In particular, excavations will target anomalies identified through the geophysical survey that may be associated with industrial activities at the site including metalworking.

10.4.4 Throughout fieldwork at the High Pastures site during 2007 the overall stability of the site will be monitored, especially with regards to the stone-built stairwell leading down into Bone Passage. Trenches that have been excavated and recorded will be backfilled where possible throughout the season.

10.5 Programme of Post-Excavation Analysis

10.5.1 This report is interim in nature and provides a preliminary analysis of the archaeological material recovered from the High Pastures site so far. The implementation of specialist work that includes the analysis of all finds, both ecofacts and artefacts, is ongoing and will form a part of future reports. Artefact analysis will include information on raw materials, technology and function, where relevant, in addition to the more usual chronological and cultural analysis. The specialists involved in this work will continue their detailed analysis of this material, which will also include material from the proposed excavations in 2007. Individual specialist’s reports and a final

133 comprehensive report will be prepared for publication as relevant. Material will also be prepared for a public audience.

10.5.2 When material has been identified and relevant reports completed suitable samples will be submitted to Historic Scotland for radiocarbon dating. This work will be undertaken by Mike Cressey of CFA Archaeology (charcoal); Peter Rowley-Conwy of the University of Durham (charred plant remains and animal bone); Ruby Ceron-Carrsaco of Historic Scotland/University of Edinburgh (fish bone and shellfish remains); and Fraser Hunter of the National Museums of Scotland (small finds). In addition, we are hoping to recruit a specialist to analyse residues associated with ceramics, in order submit samples for radiocarbon dating. Working in conjunction with Ann MacSween, we plan to date individual styles of pottery from secure contexts on site, to assist in forming a sound chronological and typological sequence for the pottery utilised at High Pasture Cave. This will also allow comparisons to be made with other pottery assemblages from Skye during the Iron Age. The submission of materials for radiocarbon dating will be undertaken in liaison with the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) at East Kilbride.

10.5.3 During 2007, post-excavation work will include stable isotope analysis of human and animal remains; thin-section micromorphology; pollen analysis; speleothem analysis; analysis of geological samples including the stone tool assemblage from the site; osteoarchaeological analysis of bone and antler tools; analysis of metalworking residues; analysis of fish bone and shellfish remains; analysis of animal bone including evidence for diet and husbandry within the pig bone assemblage; and analysis of the large quantities of charcoal recovered from the site.

10.5.4 A pilot study investigating pollen survival has already been undertaken during the 2005/06 fieldwork seasons and it is anticipated that further studies will be carried out to analyse the wider pollen record from the High Pastures site and the wider landscape. In particular, a programme of core sampling is suggested from the deep peat sediments located in Strath Suardal, which will provide a more complete record of vegetation history in the region during prehistory. In conjunction with the pollen analysis, investigations are currently being carried out on speleothem recovered from High Pasture Cave using stable isotopes. This analysis has the potential to reveal detailed information relating to climate change during the early Holocene and later prehistoric period.

10.5.5 All artefactual and ecofactual material and all paper and electronic records will be archived and placed in the appropriate institutions. This will include the preparation of material for disposal to a museum as directed by the Finds Disposal Panel, as well as paper and digital records for the National Monuments Record of Scotland. Where possible, archives will be created and maintained as work progresses.

134 10.6 Publication and Dissemination of Information

10.6.1 A selection of preliminary reports have been published regarding our fieldwork at the High Pasture Cave site, directed at local communities in Skye and the Highlands & Islands area, the caving fraternity and for Historic Scotland and other sponsors that have supported our work. A submission has also been put forward for the 2006 issue of Discovery & Excavation Scotland. Further academic papers will be prepared on individual aspects of the project, as well as on the project as a whole, and submitted to relevant journals. It is anticipated that both electronic and paper publication will be used

10.6.2 In addition, papers and poster sessions will be offered to relevant conferences. We have already delivered illustrated lectures on the High Pasture Cave Project at local level (local historical societies, Women’s Guilds and other institutions), at the Highland Council Archaeology Seminar in Inverness, lectures held in Orkney as a part of Scottish Archaeology Month, at the Archaeological Research in Progress Conference in Edinburgh, and at the evening lecture programme organised by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in Edinburgh and Aberdeen. The project team also held their first specialists meeting in Skye in June 2007, which was followed by a seminar on the use of underground places during the Atlantic Scottish Iron Age.

10.6.3 We hope to build on our work at High Pastures during 2007 with regards to interpretation and accessibility of the archaeology. Over the past three years we have held official Open Days at the site during Highland Archaeology Fortnight and during other periods through the fieldwork seasons. On-site displays and guided tours of the surface features were delivered, in conjunction with the Highland Council Ranger Service, while CCTV cameras located within the cave transmit live images to surface monitors. These events are well attended and have established the importance of the work at a local level, while visits from tourists and archaeologists at the time promoted the work to a national audience. Demonstrations of prehistoric craft skills have also taken place during the open days, these delivered by John and Val Lord. During school term, we have encouraged visits from local Primary Schools in Skye & Lochalsh, which have been a great success for pupils and teachers alike.

10.6.4 The dedicated website for the project, which can be found at www.high- pasture-cave.org, is also proving to be popular both with the general public and as a research tool for students studying archaeology at universities in Scotland and England. During 2007, a new full-colour site leaflet has been developed and printed, which provides text and images of the work taking place at the High Pastures site. The leaflet was funded by Highland 2007.

10.6.5 While the finds from the High Pastures site are subject to the law of Treasure Trove, it is intended to liaise with local organisations over the eventual preparation and display of panels relating to the results of the project. Preliminary panels have already been on temporary display within the foyer of the Highland Council Offices in Portree on the island of Skye, at the Highland Archaeology Seminar in Inverness, and at the High Pasture Cave site hut.

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139 Appendix 1 Context Lists by Trench

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

140 List of Contexts – Trench 1 (Bone Passage) Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench1. The enclosed section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C001 Disturbed soft brown sediment with gritty texture containing rounded to angular limestone clasts and abundant fire-cracked stone/pebbles (approx. 50% total stone- some large). Sediment also contains organic midden comprising bone, charcoal, plant residues and shellfish. C002 More compact soft brown sediment with gritty texture containing approx. 50% stone as C001. Poor clarity of horizon between C001 and C002. Sediment comprises organic midden as C001. C003 Rich organic midden with increased charcoal and burnt plant remains with matrix of soft, brown and slightly compacted sediment (gritty texture). Deposit overlies paved floor of granite slabs/boulders, interspersed with abundant fire-cracked stone. Clarity of horizon is good. Approximately 50% total stone content in fill, as C001 and C002. C004 Clay-like brown sediment with gritty texture containing approx. 50% stone with mix of natural limestone clasts, granite slabs and fire-cracked stone. Organic midden contains less bone but more shellfish, with discrete midden in air-filled cavity below granite slab. Upper horizon of context is bounded by paved floor. C005 Soft dark brown/black silty sediment with approx. 40% total stone content (some large granite slabs set at angle). Organic midden continues with remains of periwinkle midden below granite slabs, as C004. Less charred grain/plant remains than contexts above. C006 Mix of silty orange-brown cave earth with charcoal flecks, some bone and increased quantities of fire-cracked stone. Stone in deposit is approx. 30-40% of total content with less natural stone. Clarity of horizon with C005 is poor. C007 Orange-brown silty sediment as C006 with approx. 40% total stone content (more natural limestone clasts and less fire- cracked stone). Smaller amount of stone towards bottom of context. Quantity of bone in context increases with depth, but large charcoal lumps throughout.

141 Context Number Context Description C008 Brown silty cave earth, similar to C007, with a soft texture. Contains approx. 30-40% stone comprising mainly fire-cracked stone and pebbles. A setting of fire-cracked stones at interface with C009 (below) may be a hearth or dump of hearth material, interspersed with numerous fragments of charcoal and deposits of bone (burnt and un-burnt). Clarity of horizon with C007 and C009 is good. C009 Slightly compacted bed of decayed limestone breccia, most likely derived from walls and roof of cave passage (approx. 90% total stone content with numerous fire-cracked stone and pebbles present). Matrix of fine grey-brown silt sediment. Rich in organic material including fragmented bone, some charcoal and increased amounts of burnt bone fragments. A large fragment of pottery recovered from this context. C010 A loose and washed gravel deposit comprising at least 90% stone content of limestone clasts and black, river-type cobbles. A dark brown and very gritty and silty matrix, also containing a few fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebbles. A little unburnt bone recovered from the matrix and numerous fragmented burnt bones (some calcined). Overlies the solid limestone floor of the cave passage, the deposit contained more water with depth. Clarity of horizon with C009 and C011 is good. C011 Light grey natural limestone bedrock of passage (floor), is water-worn and fresh.

142 List of Contexts – Trench 2 (Stairwell) Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 250mm to 300mm removed during excavation of Trench 2 (stairwell) and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C246 Fill of stairwell (F223) is a dark brown gritty sediment with up to 75% stone content, including large granite and limestone boulders with some voids between. Some heat-fractured pebbles and granite boulders in fill, along with pottery, bone, charcoal and burnt plant remains. Also some human bone from burials at top of stairwell, which have filtered down through voids. A thin layer of charcoal-rich deposit overlies the stair treads. Underlies C245 and clarity of horizon is poor. Therefore, contexts in stairwell were removed in 0.25 to 0.30m spits. C247 Fill of stairwell (F223) is brown to dark orange gritty sediment with at least 80% stone content, including large granite and limestone boulders with some extensive voids between. Some heat-fractured stone in the fill along with pottery, bone, some human bone, charcoal, burnt plant remains and other small finds. A thin layer of charcoal-rich deposit overlies each stair tread. Underlies C246 and clarity of horizon is poor. C248 Fill of stairwell (F223) is brown to dark orange gritty sediment with at least 90% stone content, including large granite and limestone boulders with some extensive voids between. Some large flat slabs appear to be dressed and may be a part of the original corbelling above the stairwell. Some heat-fractured stone in the fill along with pottery, bone, some human bone, charcoal, burnt plant remains and other small finds. A thin layer of charcoal-rich deposit overlies each stair tread. Underlies C247 and clarity of horizon is poor. C249 Fill of stairwell (F223) is brown to dark orange gritty sediment with at least 90% stone content, including large granite and limestone boulders with some extensive voids between. Some large flat slabs appear to be dressed and may be a part of the original corbelling above the stairwell. Some heat-fractured stone in the fill along with pottery, bone, some human bone, charcoal, burnt plant remains and other small finds. A thin layer of charcoal-rich deposit overlies each stair tread. Underlies C248 and clarity of horizon is poor. Context appears to be the same as C248.

143 Context Number Context Description C250 Fill of stairwell (F223) is brown to dark orange gritty sediment with at least 90% stone content, including large granite and limestone boulders with some extensive voids between. Some large flat slabs appear to be dressed and may be a part of the original corbelling above the stairwell, including what appears to be three large flat lintel stones around 1m in length. Some heat-fractured stone in the fill along with pottery, bone, some human bone, charcoal, burnt plant remains, but few other small finds. A thin layer of charcoal-rich deposit overlies each stair tread. Underlies C249 and clarity of horizon is poor. Context appears to be the same as C249. C251 Fill of stairwell (F223) is brown to dark orange gritty sediment with at least 90% stone content, including large granite and limestone boulders with some extensive voids between. Some large flat slabs appear to be dressed and may be a part of the original corbelling above the stairwell, including what appears to be three large flat lintel stones around 1m in length. Some heat-fractured stone in the fill along with pottery, bone, some shellfish and fish bone, charcoal, burnt plant remains, and other small finds. A thin layer of charcoal-rich deposit overlies each stair tread. Underlies C250 and clarity of horizon is poor. Context appears to be the same as C250. Interface of C251 and underlying C252 becomes organic-rich with significant amounts of charcoal and a wide range of small finds. C252 Context C251 overlies C252, an organic-rich deposit that is the same as contexts C601 to C604 in Bone Passage (cave). The context spills over the lower steps at the base of the stairwell, which most likely occurred during deposition. The context is a dark brown to black ashy and silty sediment with up to 60% stone content, comprising granite and limestone boulders. A thick layer of charcoal-rich deposit separates C251 and C252, and the clarity of horizon is very good. Finds from the deposit include pottery, animal bone, shellfish, fish bone, burnt plant remains, charcoal lumps and a wide range of small finds in stone, glass, antler, bone, copper alloy, and some iron metalworking residues. Many of the small finds were recovered from archaeological deposits at the ‘threshold’ where the stone- built stairwell meets the natural limestone cave.

144 List of Contexts – Trench 5 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 5 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C506 Black, silty sediment with up to 10% stone content is contained within circular setting of stones comprising F503, which appears to be contemporary with area of adjoining paving (F502). Context contains fragments of fire-cracked pebble and stone, charcoal and small fragments of burnt bone. Underlies C505 and clarity of horizon is good. C507 Black sediment with high ash content, containing up to 90% fire-cracked stone and pebbles (burnt mound/spread). Small fragments of charcoal, bone, animal teeth and several pottery sherds recovered from context. Underlies feature F502 (paving) and overlies C509, while the context is cut by F209 and C508. Clarity of horizon with surrounding contaxts and features is good. C508 Black sediment with high ash content and less than 5% stone content is located within back-filled construction trench for revetment wall (C209), which supports feature F503 (hearth setting). Overlies C507 and underlies C506 spit 2, and clarity of horizon is good. C509 Natural karstic clay comprises orange-coloured gritty matrix with less than 10% stone content. Underlies C507.

145 List of Contexts – Trench 6 (Bone Passage) Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 6 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C601 Dark brown silty mud, with an ash matrix containing up to 50% stone. The context appears to be loose and disturbed in nature and overlies C602, with a poor clarity of horizon. Context is the same as C101 (Trench 1 – 2004). The context contains a significant variety and amount of finds including animal bone, charcoal, charred plant remains, fire-cracked stone and small finds – the latter including bone and antler tools, pebble tools and pottery. The bone and pottery looks fresh and unabraided, with many large pottery sherds refitting. C602 Orange-brown silty ash sediment, with around 50% stone content. Underlies C601 and overlies C603, with a poor clarity of horizon with both contexts. Context is same as C102 (Trench 1 – 2004) and appears to be the same as C601, with refitting pottery sherds from both contexts. However, C602 appears to be an in-situ deposit lying between undisturbed stones. Small lumps of plastic-like clay within the context and significant quantities of charred grain. C603 Orange-brown clay-like context containing ash and charcoal, and up to 50% stone. Underlies C602 and appears to be the same context, but with no clay inclusions and less charred grain. Bone is heavily fragmented and looks decayed when compared to same material from contexts above, while the pottery sherds are smaller and more abraided, suggesting material may derive from a midden. Small finds include iron and bone pins, and a pebble tool. C604 Orange to dark brown clay-like sediment containing ash and significant quantities of charcoal. Context appears to be the same as C603, although there is a wide variation in the make-up of the deposit over the length and width of the trench. Some areas are more clay-like, while other areas appear more organic with larger deposits of well-preserved animal bone. Generally, there is more animal bone and charred grain in this context than C603 and up to 60% stone content. Small finds include pottery, iron and bone items, a pebble hammer and fire-cracked stone. Note: Contexts C601 to C604 appear to be the same as C252, the lower fill of the stairwell.

146 Context Number Context Description C605 Orange to brown mix of clay-like sediment containing dark ash and significant amount of charcoal. Appears similar in make-up to C604 although the context varies throughout the width and length of the trench. Patchy areas of gritty sediment appear to be water-washed, possibly from drips from cave roof. Context is made up of at least 50% stone content including granite and limestone clasts. Finds include fire-cracked stone and pebbles, burnt bone, un-burnt bone (especially pig), fish bone, shellfish bone and stone tools, and pumice. C606 Pale orange friable and gritty sediment with a clay-like matrix. Context contains at least 50% small stone clasts of limestone and granite, and variable amount of charcoal. Finds include large amounts of semi-articulated un-burnt bone, heavily processed un-burnt bone, burnt bone, shellfish; antler, stone, bone and iron tools. C607 Pale orange friable and gritty sediment with a fine clay-like matrix containing at least 60 – 70% stone including limestone, granite and significant amounts of fire-cracked stone. Variable amounts of charcoal, but finds include large amounts of butchered bone, burnt bone and a little shellfish. Small finds include antler, bone, stone and iron tools. C608 Orange to light brown friable and gritty sediment with a fine clay matrix contains at least 80% stone including limestone and granite clasts, and some fire-cracked stone. Some black river- worn cobbles appearing in this context. Small amounts of charcoal present plus significant amounts of un-burnt bone, some of which is degraded. Large fragments of heavily burnt bone and a little shellfish present, and small finds include pottery; antler, bone and stone items. C609 Orange to brown friable and gritty sediment with a fine clay matrix contains at least 80% stone including limestone and granite clasts, and large quantities of black river-worn cobbles. The context contains much water and overlies the natural limestone bedrock floor of the cave. The context contains small fragments of burnt and un-burnt bone, some shellfish, and small finds manufactured from bone and stone. C610 The natural grey-coloured limestone floor of the cave is friable in parts and contains water-worn pot-holes and channels filled with elements of C609 and significant amounts of black water- worn cobbles. The contexts within these features produced several degraded fragments of burnt and un-burnt bone, small fragments of fire-cracked stone and two sherds of pottery.

147 List of Contexts – Trench 7 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 7 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C701 Turf and bracken matt covering trench area. Matrix is a brown friable loam containing up to 5% stone. Clarity of horizon with underlying context (C702) is poor. C702 Brown friable loam underlying turf contains up to 5% stone and bracken matt. Context removed in 3 x 100mm spits. Finds include fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebble, stone tools (including flint), iron slag, pottery sherds, burnt bone and charcoal fragments. C703 Brown friable loam, very similar in texture and structure to C702, containing up to 10% stone and a few bracken roots. Within the context are areas of more compact fire-cracked stone and pebbles, and areas rich in charcoal flecks contained within hollows in the natural karstic clay (see C717 below). Finds include haematite lump and a pebble anvil stone. Clarity of horizon with underlying clay is good. C704 Context number not used. C705 Context is fill of post-hole (feature F701) containing a mid- brown fine, silty sediment, with up to 40% stone (packing stone). Some charcoal present in fill. C706 Context is fill of stake or post-hole (feature F705) containing a mid-brown fine, silty sediment, with less than 5% stone. Small flecks of charcoal present in fill. C707 Context is fill of scoop/pit feature (F706) containing fire- cracked stone and pebbles (up to 20%), and a mid-brown fine sediment. A few charcoal flecks present in fill. C708 Context is fill of post-hole (feature F703) containing a mid- brown, gritty sediment, with up to 25% stone (packing stone). The remains of a charred stake or post were recovered from the fill. C709 Context is fill of post-hole or pit feature (F707) containing a mid-brown fine sediment, with up to 5% stone. A few charcoal flecks visible. C710 Context is fill of stake or post-hole feature (F709) containing a dark brown to black gritty sediment with up to 25% stone (packing stones). Large charcoal lumps collected from context. C711 Context is fill of scoop in natural clay (C717) containing a mid- brown fine sediment with less than 5% stone. No charcoal.

148 Context Number Context Description C712 Context is fill of stake-hole/scoop (feature F711) containing a mid-brown gritty sediment with up to 10% stone. Some charcoal flecks within fill. C713 Context is fill of pit feature F712 containing a gritty sediment (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2) and less than 10% stone. No charcoal visible. C714 Context is fill of scoop feature (F713) in natural clay containing a gritty sediment (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2) and less than 10% stone. May be the same fill as feature F712 (context C713). No charcoal visible. C715 Context is fill of stake or post-hole feature (F714) containing a mottled orange to brown gritty sediment, with less than 5% stone. Fill contains some charcoal flecks. C716 Context is fill of stake or post-hole feature (F715) containing a mottled orange to brown gritty sediment, with less than 5% stone. No charcoal visible. C717 Natural karstic clay covers bottom of trench and is an orange- coloured sediment containing gritty inclusions and up to 40% stone content. Clarity of horizon with overlying context (C703) is good. C718 Context is fill in bottom of post-hole (feature F703) and is a mix of orange to red clay, mixed with ash deposits. Colouration of natural clay may be due to in-situ burning of stake of post, fragments of which were recovered from the feature. Contains charcoal lumps. C719 Context is fill of feature F717, a dump of natural karstic clay to side of post-hole (feature F701). Comprises orange, stone-filled sediment (at least 50%) with no visible charcoal flecks. C720 Underlying C719 (above) within feature F717 is a yellow to orange-coloured silty sediment containing less than 5% stone. A thin layer (1-2mm) of fine brown silt separates C719 and C720 within the feature. No charcoal visible.

149 List of Contexts – Trench 8 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 8 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C801 Mid brown to black friable loam is topsoil immediately below turf. Contains dense bracken matt and some small stone clasts (> 10%). No finds recovered from the context. Overlies context C802 and feature F801 and clarity of horizon is good. C802 Compacted subsoil comprises a mid brown to orange sediment with a gritty texture. Context contains up to 10% stone, with less bracken roots than C801. Underlies context C801 and feature F801 and is cut by F801. C803 Natural karstic clay comprises a orange/buff fine silt clay with at least 20% small to medium stone clasts. Clarity of horizon with overlying subsoil C802 is fair.

List of Contexts – Trench 9 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 9 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C901 Turf and topsoil overlying rubble spread comprises a matrix of dark brown to black fine and gritty sediment with up to 10% stone content. Overlies C902 and feature F901, and clarity of horizon is good. Fragment of furnace lining recovered from this context. C902 A chaotic spread of granite and limestone boulders covering area exposed by trench, except where feature F901 has been cut through it. Matrix is a dark brown gritty sediment and overall stone content of context is up to 80%. Underlies C901, overlies C903 and is cut by F901. Clarity of horizon is good. Finds include charcoal and bone fragments, and degraded pottery sherds. C903 This context, which comprises the burnt mound/spread, contains at least 80% fire-cracked stone and pebbles. The matrix is a black, fine and ash-laden sediment and finds include burnt and un-burnt bone, charcoal and iron slag. Underlies C902 and feature F901, and overlies natural karstic clay (C904). The burnt mound deposit was excavated in three separate spits. C904 Natural karstic clay underlying burnt mound/spread comprises orange gritty clay-like sediment, and the clarity of horizon with the overlying context is very good.

150 List of Contexts – Trench 10 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 10 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C10.01 Turf and bracken matt covering trench area and rubble fill of context C10.02. Matrix is a brown to black friable loam containing up to 5% stone. Clarity of horizon with underlying context C10.01 is good. Context is same as C701 in Trench 7. C10.02 Shallow bank of rubble (granite and limestone clasts) overlies compact spread of fire-cracked stone and pebbles (C10.03), and has a matrix of brown to black fine and silty sediment. Context contains up to 75% stone and a few charcoal fragments. C10.03 Compacted layer of fire-cracked stone and pebbles (up to 70% stone) with a matrix comprising a brown, fine sediment. Context removed in 3 x 0.05 – 0.06m thick spits. Clarity of horizon with underlying natural karstic clay is good. No finds from context. C10.04 Context is fill of pit or scoop feature (F10.01) cut into natural karstic clay, comprising a brown gritty sediment with up to 5% stone content. No finds from context. Underlies C10.03. C10.05 Context is lower fill of pit or scoop feature (F10.01) cut into natural karstic clay and is overlain by C10.04. Fill is a brown to purple-coloured gritty sediment with up to 5% small stone clasts. Context contains some large fragments of charcoal and underlies C10.03. C10.06 Context is fill of rat tunnel and vertical hole within natural karstic clay (C10.11) comprising a brown gritty sediment with less than 5% stone content. Underlies C10.03. C10.07 Context is fill of shallow scoop cut into natural karstic clay (feature F10.03) comprising a brown gritty sediment with charcoal flecks, and less than 5% stone content. Underlies C10.03. C10.08 Context is fill of shallow scoop (F10.04) within natural karstic clay (C10.11) comprising a brown gritty sediment with less than 5% stone and a few charcoal flecks. Underlies C10.03 and small sherd of pottery recovered. Some degraded bone present in fill. C10.09 Context is fill of shallow scoop feature (F10.05) within natural clay (C10.11) comprising a brown gritty sediment with charcoal flecks and less than 5% stone (small red clasts). No finds recovered from context.

151 Context Number Context Description C10.10 Context is fill of shallow scoop feature (F10.06) comprising a dirty brown gritty sediment, turning more silty towards bottom of feature where it meets the natural karstic clay (C10.11). Less than 5% stone content (small red-coloured clasts) and a few charcoal flecks. C10.11 Natural karstic clay is orange-coloured gritty sediment with up to 40% stone content. Context covers base of trench and is cut by features F10.01 to F10.06, and is the same as C717. Clarity of horizon with overlying contexts and cut features is good.

152 List of Contexts – Trench 11 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 11 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C11.01 A mix of loose karstic clay and subsoil lying on the surface of the turf and stone bank (C11.02) comprise brown to orange gritty clay with very small stone fragments (up to 5%). Context forms a fan-shaped spread of material immediately in front of in-active rabbit burrow measuring 1m wide x 0.8m deep x 0.15m thick (max.). Located at DF 180 910. Clarity of horizon with C11.02 is good. C11.02 Turf and bracken matt overlying and mixed between stones of u-shaped mound/bank (C11.03) comprises a brown to black fine loam with up to 5% stone content. Clarity of horizon with adjoining contexts is good. C11.03 Boulder collapse from wall on inner (S – SW) face of u-shaped mound/bank lies on surface and within burnt mound/spread (C11.05). Matrix of context is a brown fine sediment (up to 80% stone content). Underlies C11.02 and clarity of horizon is good. C11.04 Boulder collapse from wall (F11.01) on outer (N – NE) side of u-shaped mound/bank lies on surface and within burnt mound/spread (C11.06). Matrix of context is a brown fine sediment (up to 80% stone content) and appears to be the same as C11.03. Underlies C11.02 and clarity of horizon is good. C11.05 Compact layer of fire-cracked stone and pebbles is the burnt mound/spread, and lies against the upright slab facing stones of the wall on the S – SW side of the u-shaped mound/bank. Matrix is a black sediment with up to 90% stone content with small fragments of charcoal and burnt bone. A coarse stone tool also recovered from the context. Underlies C11.01 and C11.03, and clarity of horizon is good. C11.06 A very compact layer of fire-cracked stone and pebbles is the burnt mound/spread, and lies to the N – NE side of wall (feature F11.01) within the u-shaped mound/bank. Matrix is a black sediment with up to 90% stone content with small fragments of charcoal and burnt bone. Also some degraded animal teeth fragments. Underlies C11.02 and C11.04, and clarity of horizon is good

153 Context Number Context Description C11.07 Context is the core of wall feature F11.01 comprising a mix of small to medium-sized boulders of granite and limestone, and a brown fine sediment (at least 75% stone content). Context also contains some fire-cracked stone and pebble fragments, and small charcoal, burnt bone and degraded teeth fragments. Part of a broken quern rubber was recovered from the context. Underlies C11.02 and clarity of horizon is good. C11.08 Context is the core of the lower primary wall feature F11.02 comprising a mix of small to medium-sized boulders of granite and limestone, and a dark brown fine sediment (at least 80% stone content). Context also contains some fire-cracked stone and pebble fragments, and small charcoal and burnt bone fragments. Underlies contexts C11.06 and C11.07, and clarity of horizon is fair. C11.09 Black silty sediment with up to 30% stone content lies to S – SW of orthostat wall feature F11.02, immediately above the natural karstic clay (C11.11). Context contains small fragments of charcoal and burnt bone, and some fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebble. Underlies C11.02 and C11.03, and clarity of horizon is good. C11.10 Grey silty and ashy sediment with up to 10% stone content lies to N – NE of wall feature F11.02. Context contains numerous charcoal flecks, a little burnt bone and degraded animal teeth. Also contains a few fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebble. Underlies C11.06 and clarity of horizon is good. C11.11 Natural karstic clay comprises orange gritty clay-like sediment with up to 15% stone content. Underlies C11.09 and clarity of horizon is good.

154 List of Contexts – Trench 12 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 12 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C12.01 Turf and bracken matt covering trench area, with a brown to black crumbly loam sediment, with less than 5% stone. Overlies C12.02 and clarity of horizon is good. C12.02 Re-deposited karstic clay and subsoil mix comprises a brown to orange clay-based sediment with at least 10% stone content. Overlies C12.03 and underlies C12.01, and clarity of horizon with adjoining contexts is good. C12.03 Re-deposited clay core of field dyke comprises orange-coloured clay-based sediment with less than 10% stone content. Overlies C12.04 and underlies C12.02, and the clarity of horizon is good. Rabbit burrow cuts through context at S end of trench. C12.04 Natural karstic clay underlying field dyke comprises orange- coloured clay-based sediment with less than 10% stone content. Underlies C12.03 and clarity of horizon is good.

155 List of Contexts – Trench 13 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 13 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C13.01 Turf and bracken matt covering 1 metre square trench area with a matrix of fine brown to black loam sediment, with less than 5% stone content. Overlies C13.02 and clarity of horizon is good. C13.02 Fill of hollow overlying ditch feature F13.01, created by subsidence, comprises a dark brown silty sediment with up to 20% stone content. Overlies C13.03 and underlies C13.01, and clarity of horizon with both contexts is good. C13.03 Fill of ditch feature F13.01 is a dark brown clay/loam mix with a clay texture with at least 40 % stone content, the stones being of angular morphology. The context is the back-fill of the ditch feature. Overlies C13.04 and C13.05, and underlies C13.01 and C13.02. Clarity of horizon between all contexts is good. C13.04 Shallow lens of yellow, fine silty clay is located against the E side of the ditch (feature F13.10), at the south end of the trench. Context overlies C13.05 and underlies C13.03, and the clarity of horizon is good. Probably relates to silting of the ditch at some stage in its use. C13.05 Natural karstic clay, into which the ditch (F13.01) has been cut, is orange and gritty clay-based sediment with at least 10% stone content. Underlies C13.03 and C13.04, and clarity of horizon is good.

156 List of Contexts – Trench 14 Details of contexts shown below relate to spits of approximately 100mm removed during excavation of Trench 14 and to stratigraphic layers where these could be followed. Section drawings of the trench show the relationship of these spits to the actual contexts recorded after completion of the excavations.

Context Number Context Description C14.01 Turf and bracken matt covering trench area, with a matrix of fine brown to black loam sediment, with less than 5% stone content. Overlies feature F14.01 and C14.02, and clarity of horizon is good. Context overlies the structure and rubble collapse of a shieling-type structure. C14.02 Mixed sediment lying below the topsoil comprises a brown to orange compacted matrix with less than 10% stone content. Overlies C14.03 and underlies C14.01 and feature F14.01. Context is also cut by feature C14.01. Clarity of horizon between contexts and features is good. Two conjoining fragments of clay pipe stem were recovered from this context at the interface between C14.02 and C14.01.

157 Appendix 2 List of Features by Trench

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

158 List of Features – Trench 1 (Bone Passage)

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F101 Trench 1 C108a Deposit of fire-cracked pebbles and stone forms a hard, compact surface with unburnt and burnt bone fragments, some charcoal lumps and small finds including bone pins and awls. The feature is overlain by C107 and covers C108. The feature does not appear to be an in-situ hearth setting, but is more likely a related dump of material from a fire elsewhere on site (see drawing 20, Sheet 11). F102 Trench 1 Underlies Narrow avenue of paving approx. 0.7m C106, wide, comprising limestone and granite overlies slabs bordered by small to medium-size C107 and boulders to each side. Walkway cuts C107 corresponds to highest section of cave roof. Feature same as F602 in Trench 6, which continues to paving at base of stairwell.

159 List of Features – Trench 2 (Stairwell)

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F223 Trench 2 Contexts The stone-built stairwell entrance leading C244, C245, into the cave (Bone Passage) underlies C246, C247, C205 Spit 2 and cuts C205 Spit 3. C248, C249, Originally thought to be cist for burial of C250, C251 Skeleton 201 and infant/foetal burials 202 and C252 and 203, further excavation revealed a set of steps within a walled structure built with granite and limestone boulders. Evidence for a corbelled roof was found, along with three large granite lintel stones within the fill of the structure.

The structure has been built into the deep midden deposits outside the original cave entrance, as identified in Trench 2, and abuts the natural limestone arch of the cave entrance. It appears that the stairwell was constructed in several phases, to keep pace with the accumulating midden deposits.

At the end of use of the cave and the stairwell, the structure was completely back-filled with a mixture of granite and limestone boulders (some of large size) and sediments deriving from midden deposits, containing degraded sherds of pottery, animal bone and teeth, charcoal and burnt plant remains, shellfish and fish bone, and a wide range of small finds. Finally, the blocking burials were inserted into the top of the back-filled structure as final closing deposits, along with the skeleton of a foetal pig.

160 List of Features – Trench 5

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F504 Trench 5 Underlies Shallow pit feature cut into the natural C507 and karstci clay (C509) runs under SW section cuts C509 of the trench. Feature is filled by context C507. No finds recovered from feature.

List of Features – Trench 6 (Bone Passage)

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F601 Trench 6 C604 Crude stone paved floor comprising granite slabs interspersed with fire-cracked pebbles and stone. Significant amounts of charcoal present overlying surface and between paving slabs. Same feature recognised in Trench 1, between C103 and C104. F602 Trench 6 Underlies Crude stone paving extending down the C606, length of the trench, made-up of limestone overlies and granite slabs and cobbles. The narrow C607 and paved surface is flanked by single courses cuts C607 of rounded stones to each side, forming a narrow walkway below the highest roof section of Bone Passage. Surface also contains some fire-cracked stone and pebbles, and charcoal fragments. Feature same as F102 in Trench 1. Feature extends continuously through Trench 1 and Trench 6 to paving at base of stairwell.

161 List of Features – Trench 7

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F701 Trench 7 Underlies Post-hole excavated into natural karstic C703 and clay is 0.2m diameter and is filled by C705. cuts C717 Contains upright packing stone. Feature is 0.261m deep. F702 Trench 7 Underlies Post-hole excavated into natural karstic C703 and clay is 0.2m diameter and is filled by C704. cuts C717 Feature contains the remains of a burnt stake or post. Feature is 0.235m deep. F703 Trench 7 Underlies Post-hole excavated into natural karstic C703 and clay is 0.25m diameter and is filled by cuts C717 C708 and C718. Feature contains the remains of a burnt stake or post. Feature is 0.421m deep. F704 Trench 7 Underlies On excavation this potential post-hole C703 and feature was found to be a natural depression cuts C717 within the karstic clay, only 0.015m deep. F705 Trench 7 Underlies Stake or post-hole excavated into natural C703 and karstic clay is 0.2m diameter and is filled cuts C717 by C706. Feature is 0.09m deep. F706 Trench 7 Underlies Irregular-shaped scoop within the natural C703 and karstic clay measures 1.9m N-S x 1.44m E- cuts C717 W, and is filled by C707. Feature contains compact areas of fire-cracked stone. Feature is 0.597m deep. F707 Trench 7 Underlies Post-hole or pit feature within the natural C703 and karstic clay is 0.25m diameter and contains cuts C717 C709. Feature is 0.081m deep. F708 Trench 7 Underlies Represented as a dark-coloured sediment C703 and within the lighter-coloured karstic clay, this cuts C717 potential feature was found to be a shallow natural depression. F709 Trench 7 Underlies Stake or post-hole cut into feature F713 is C703 and 0.25m diameter and contains two vertical cuts F713 packing stones. Feature is filled by C710 and contains the remains of a burnt stake or post. Feature is 0.214m deep. F710 Trench 7 Underlies Irregular-shaped scoop within the natural C703 and karstic clay measures 1.56m N-S x 1.18m cuts C717 E-W, and is filled by C711. No finds. Feature is 0.148m deep.

162 Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F711 Trench 7 Underlies Stake-hole or scoop feature cuts natural C703 and karstic clay and is 0.2m diameter. Feature is cuts C717 filled by C712 and is 0.104m deep. F712 Trench 7 Underlies Stone-lined pit feature cuts the natural C703 and karstic clay and is filled by C713. No finds cuts C717 recovered from feature. May be the same feature as F713 (see below). Feature is 0.318m deep. F713 Trench 7 Underlies Stone-lined pit feature cuts natural karstic C703 and clay and is filled by C714. May be a cuts C717 continuation of feature F712, which is also located in E baulk of Trench 7. No finds recovered from feature. Feature is 0.388m deep. F714 Trench 7 Underlies Post or stake-hole cut into natural karstic C703 and clay is 0.12m diameter, and is filled by cuts C717 C715. Feature is 0.036m deep. F715 Trench 7 Underlies V-shaped stake-hole cuts the natural karstic C703 and clay and measures 0.12m N-S x 0.09m E-W cuts C717 x 0.09m deep. The feature has a rounded V- profile base and is filled by C716. Feature is 0.052m deep. F716 Trench 7 Underlies A roughly-built circular rubble wall C701 and originally thought to be the main wall of a overlies roundhouse, comprising granite and C702 spit 2 limestone blocks. May be the degraded walls of a circular stone-built pen. F717 Trench 7 Underlies A dump of natural karstic clay lying on the C702 and surface of the natural (C717) is cut by post- overlies hole feature F701. Feature comprises fill of C717 C719 and is 0.22m high.

List of Features – Trench 8

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F801 Trench 8 Underlies Double orthostat foundations of massive C801 and wall located around flat grass platform in overlies eastern sector of site (SE of Trench 2 and C802, and stairwell entrance to cave). Built of large cuts C802 granite boulders the wall measures 1.80 metres over faces and survives to at least 0.4 metres in height.

163 List of Features – Trench 9

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F901 Trench 9 Underlies A stone-lined pit or post-hole lying directly C901 and under the turf and filled by context C901. cuts C902 No finds recovered from the feature. F902 Trench 9 Overlies A low rubble wall of granite and limestone C904 medium-sized boulders running across the trench SW – NE, has been built directly onto the natural karstic clay (C904). It appears that the burnt mound/spread material has over-run this potential revetment wall that was possibly built to contain the mound. F903 Trench 9 Underlies A shallow pit or gully cut into the natural C903 and karstic clay (C904) runs through the trench overlies in a E – W direction. On excavation the C904 feature was found to be filled by burnt mound/spread material and degraded bone fragments (C903).

164 List of Features – Trench 10

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F10.01 Trench 10 Underlies Irregular-shaped pit or scoop feature cut C10.03 and into natural karstic clay (C10.11) is filled cuts C10.11 by C10.04. Feature is 0.32m deep. No finds from feature. F10.02 Trench 10 Underlies Irregular-shaped area of dark sediment C10.03 and (C10.6) within natural karstic clay (C10.11) cuts C10.11 is a rat tunnel and associated nesting chamber. Feature is 0.19m deep. F10.03 Trench 10 Underlies Irregular-shaped shallow scoop feature cut C10.03 and into the natural karstic clay (C10.11) is cuts C10.11 filled by C10.07. Feature is 0.06m deep. F10.04 Trench 10 Underlies Irregular-shaped scoop feature cut into C10.03 and natural karstci clay (C10.11) is filled by cuts C10.11 C10.08, which contains some degraded bone, charcoal flecks and a sherd of pottery. Feature is 0.06m deep. F10.05 Trench 10 Underlies Irregular-shaped scoop feature cut into C10.03 and natural karstic clay (C10.11) is filled by cuts C10.11 C10.09. Feature is 0.03m deep and contains some charcoal flecks. F10.06 Trench 10 Underlies Irregular-shaped shallow scoop feature cut C10.03 and into natural karstic clay (C10.11) is filled cuts C10.11 by C10.10. Feature is 0.08m and contains some charcoal flecks.

165 List of Features – Trench 11

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F11.01 Trench 11 Underlies Low orthostat wall 2 -3 courses high on S – C11.02 and SW side and only 1 course high on N – NE overlies side, which is partially collapsed. Core of C11.08 and wall (C11.07) is mix of small to medium- F11.02 sized boulders and fine brown sediment. Wall cuts C11.03 and C11.04, both of which comprise collapse walling and some fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebble. F11.02 Trench 11 Underlies Low revetment wall of granite boulders is C11.04, approximately 1.2m wide across faces and C11.07 and only 1 to 2 courses high. This primary wall F11.01 underlies secondary wall (F11.01), with burnt mound/spread material to outer side of each wall face. Core of wall (C11.08) is mix of small to medium-sized boulders and a fine brown sediment, with some fragments of fire-cracked stone and pebble.

List of Features – Trench 12

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F12.01 Trench 12 Overlies Upstanding turf and stone field dyke C12.04 and constructed from clay, turf and stone. Dyke cuts C12.01 stands to 1.4m high and 1.5m wide at base, with some visible facing stone on the inner (W) face. Foundations of dyke comprise a re-deposited clay core (C12.03) built directly onto the natural karstic clay (C12.04). Final construction of dyke is re- deposited clay and turf. At extreme N end of trench is a large upright granite ‘standing stone’ (F12.02) set within the dyke. F12.02 Trench 12 Overlies A large upright granite orthostat or C12.04 and ‘standing stone’, set against the inner (W) cuts C12.02 face of field dyke feature F12.01. and C12.03 Excavation revealed that the orthostat is contemporary with the field dyke and rests against the face of this feature. No setting or socket hole was found relating to the erected stone, but was found to sit directly on the natural karstic clay (C12.04).

166 List of Features – Trench 13

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F13.01 Trench 13 Underlies V-shaped section ditch that has been cut C13.01 and into the natural karstic clay (C13.05), has C13.02, and been back-filled with context C13.03 cuts C13.05 comprising angular stones and a dark brown sediment. A fine lens of yellow- coloured silt was also identified in the bottom of the feature, which has a rounded profile.

List of Features – Trench 14

Feature Location: Context: Description: Number: F14.01 Trench 14 Underlies ‘S’-shaped setting of stones lying on top C14.01 and and within the rubble, inside the shieling overlies structure. Comprising granite and C14.02 limestone, the boulders may be collapse or re-deposited material from the main structure of the shieling. F14.02 Trench 14 Underlies Small area of brown sediment in centre of C14.02 and N end of shieling structure floor (surface of cuts C14.04 C14.04) may be a post-hole. Not excavated during the 2006 fieldwork season. F14.03 Trench 14 Underlies Main wall of shieling structure is well-built C14.01 and of granite and limestone boulders, cuts C14.02 comprising a double-faced structure with a rubble core. Wall survives to a maximum of three courses high (approx. 0.6m) amd maximum width of 0.8m. Walls of structure are slightly curved/bowed and have rounded corners. Doorway to structure is in W – SW side.

167 Appendix 3 Digital Images Register

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

168 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC1 View N over Trench 2 with new tarpaulin covers Overcast HPC2 As HPC1 Overcast HPC3 View NE over High Pasture’s site Overcast HPC4 As HPC3, but wider view over site Overcast HPC5 View W over site to Blaven, with new tarpaulins over Overcast Trench 2 HPC6 Heavy snow at High Pasture’s in March Sun with cloud HPC7 As HPC6 above Sun with cloud HPC8 View N over Trench 2, with tarpaulin cover set up Sun over stairwell HPC9 As HPC8, but view to W Sun and cloud HPC10 As HPC8, but wider view to W Sun and cloud HPC11 Looking W over stairwell cover tarpaulin Sun and cloud HPC12 Looking NW into stairwell after excavation of C246 Flash HPC13 Looking N into stairwell after excavation of C247 Flash HPC14 As HPC13, but from SE Flash HPC15 As HPC14, but detailed image of west wall of Flash structure HPC16 As HPC15, above Flash HPC17 As HPC15 above, but wider view showing both walls Flash HPC18 View of top 5 steps in stairwell from NW Flash HPC19 Closer view of top steps in stairwell from NW Flash HPC20 View of top 6 steps in stairwell from NW, after Flash removal of C247 HPC21 Looking over Trench 2 towards the stairwell from the Overcast and sun SE, with Martin Wildgoose in view HPC22 As HPC21 above Overcast HPC23 Closer view of stairwell entrance from the SE and Overcast steps leading up to this from the base of Trench 2 HPC24 Looking down the stairwell from the S, with the large Sun and cloud with fill flash lintel stones uncovered in C248 HPC25 As HPC24, but closer shot Flash HPC26 As HPC24, but wider angle showing wall-heads of Flash stairwell HPC27 View of stairwell from above showing top of C249 Flash HPC28 As HPC27, but closer view of surface Flash HPC29 As HPC27 – looking down into stairwell Flash HPC30 Looking down the stairs of the entrance from the SE Flash after removal of C248

169 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC31 As HPC30 above Flash HPC32 Looking up the lower steps of the stairwell from the Flash NW, showing layout and packing stones HPC33 As HPC32, after removal of C248 Flash HPC34 Close view of east stairwell wall showing roughly- Flash built buttress of stonework HPC35 As HPC34 above Flash HPC36 Drawn illustration of bone gaming piece or pommel Drawing HPC36 As HPC36 – Photoshop File Drawing HPC37 Drawn illustrations of antler and bone pins Drawing HPC37 As HPC37 – Photoshop File Drawing HPC38 Drawn illustration of stone pendants Drawing HPC38 As HPC48 – Photoshop File Drawing HPC39 Detailed image of collapsed area at base of west wall Flash after removal of C250 (before stabilisation) HPC40 As HPC39 above, but closer view Flash HPC41 As HPC39 above, but wider view from higher angle Flash HPC42 As HPC39 above, but wider view from above Flash HPC43 As HPC42 above Flash HPC44 Detail of collapsed area and roughly-built buttress in Flash the east wall of the stairwell, after removal of C250 and before stabilisation work. Large lintels showing in fill HPC45 As HPC44 above, but detail of upper section of Flash rebuilt buttress (after removal of C250) HPC46 Looking into the stairwell from the S showing the Flash natural limestone bedrock back wall and entrance into Bone Passage (during excavation of C251) HPC47 As HPC46 above Flash HPC48 AS HPC46 above Flash HPC49 Looking down the stairwell from the S (wide view Flash and natural light showing wall-heads) during excavation of C251 HPC50 AS HPC48 above Flash and natural light HPC51 As HPC50 above, but slightly wider field of view Flash HPC52 Martin at the SE end of Bone Passage in Trench 6, Flash looking through the newly opened entrance into the stairwell HPC53 As HPC52 above, but closer view Flash HPC54 Looking down into the excavated stairwell with Natural Light Martin Wildgoose in the old cave entrance

170 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC55 As HPC54 above Natural Light HPC56 As HPC54 above Natural Light HPC57 As HPC54 above Natural Light HPC58 Looking down into the stairwell from the E Natural Light HPC59 Looking down into the stairwell from the W Natural Light HPC60 Looking up the stairwell from the cave entrance Flash HPC61 George Kozikowski excavating around the hearth Sun & Cloud setting in Trench 5 from the W HPC62 As HPC61 above, but closer view Sun & Cloud HPC63 Cup-marked stone from the NE Overcast HPC64 As HPC63, but closer view Overcast HPC65 As HPC64 above Flash HPC66 As HPC64 with closer view of cups Flash HPC67 As HPC66 above Overcast HPC68 Cup-marked stone from E Flash HPC69 As HPC67 above Flash HPC70 As HPC69, but closer view of cups Flash HPC71 Geophysical survey – 2006 Overcast HPC72 Geophysical survey – 2006 Overcast HPC73 Geophysical survey – 2006 Overcast HPC74 Geophysical survey – 2006 Sun & Cloud HPC75 Geophysical survey – 2006 Sun & Cloud HPC76 Trench 5 – excavated hearth setting F503 from W Sun & Cloud HPC77 As HPC76 above Sun & Cloud HPC78 Trench 5 – excavated hearth setting F503 from E Overcast with top of C507 visible HPC79 As HPC78 above Overcast HPC80 As HPC78 above (high angle) Overcast HPC81 As HPC80 above Overcast HPC82 As HPC80 above, but wider angle Overcast HPC83 As HPC82 above Overcast HPC84 Trench 2 – Revetment wall F209 after removal of Overcast hearth F503, from S HPC85 As HPC84 above, but wider view Overcast HPC86 As HPC84 above, showing banking of burnt mound Overcast material to east of revetment wall HPC87 View of High Pasture’s site from SW Sun HPC88 Pseudo section set up through roundhouse from SW Sun HPC89 Carrying out pseudo-section of roundhouse from NW Sun HPC90 As HPC89 above, from N Sun

171 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC91 As HPC89 above, from E Sun HPC92 As HPC89 above, from SE Sun HPC93 As HPC92 above Sun HPC94 Trench 7 after de-turf from SW Sun HPC95 Trenches 7, 2 and 5 from W Sun HPC96 Trench 7 after de-turf from W Sun HPC97 Martin Wildgoose and site volunteers ready to enter Sun High Pasture Cave HPC98 Site volunteer entering High Pasture Cave main Sun entrance HPC99 Trench 5 – section through burnt mound material to Sun east of revetment wall F209, from W HPC100 As HPC99 above Sun HPC101 Trench 5 – Exposed revetment wall F209 and Overcast sectioned burnt mound material HPC102 As HPC101 above Overcast HPC103 HPC104 Trench 5 – North-facing section and burnt mound Overcast deposits, from NW HPC105 As HPC104 above, but wider view Sun & Cloud HPC106 Trench 5 from W showing sectioned burnt mound Sun & Cloud material and fall away in natural clay layer HPC107 As HPC106 but wider view including revetment wall Sun & Cloud F209 HPC108 Trench 5 – south-facing section from S Sun & Cloud HPC109 As HPC108 but closer view showing relationship of Sun & Cloud revetment wall F209 and burnt mound material HPC110 Trench 5 – south-facing section from SW and above Sun & Cloud HPC111 View of sectioned Trench 5 from above (E) showing Sun & Cloud back of revetment wall F209 HPC112 As HPC111 above, but wider view Sun & Cloud HPC113 Trench 5 – north-facing section from N Sun & Cloud HPC114 As HPC113 above, but closer view of section Sun & Cloud HPC115 Martin Wildgoose excavating in Trench 7, C702 Sun & Cloud HPC116 As above, from SW (above trench) Sun & Cloud HPC117 As HPC116 above Sun & Cloud HPC118 As HPC115, but from W Sun & Cloud HPC119 Trench 5 from W after removal of wall F209 Sun & Cloud HPC120 Trench 5 – south-facing section after removal of Sun & Cloud revetment wall F209

172 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC121 As HPC120 above, but closer view Sun HPC122 View over High Pasture’s site from SW Sun & Cloud HPC123 Cup-marked stone from the N Overcast HPC124 Cup-marked stone from the NE Overcast HPC125 Trench 5 – N-facing section (close view) Cloud HPC126 As HPC125 above Cloud HPC127 As HPC125 above, but wider view Cloud HPC128 As HPC127 above, but wider view Cloud HPC129 Trench 7 – excavation of C703 at south end of trench Overcast HPC130 Trench 7 – excavation at S end of trench, from NE Overcast HPC131 View of the wet-sieving area from the NW Overcast HPC132 View of the wet-sieving area from the N Overcast HPC133 N end of Trench 7 from the S during removal of Overcast C703 HPC134 As HPC133 above, but wider view Overcast HPC135 S end of Trench 7 from N during removal of C703, Overcast showing area of fire-cracked pebbles HPC136 As HPC135 above, but wider view Overcast HPC137 Trench 7 showing central area from E and features Overcast with charcoal-rich fill HPC138 As HPC137 above, showing full width of trench Overcast HPC139 S end of Trench 7 from W showing features cut into Overcast natural clay HPC140 As HPC139 above, but wider view Overcast HPC141 S end of Trench 7 showing features cut into natural Overcast clay HPC142 SW corner of Trench 7 showing features in natural Overcast HPC143 S end of Trench 7 showing features in natural Overcast HPC144 As HPC143 above Overcast HPC145 N end of Trench 7 showing features in natural clay, Overcast after removal of C703 HPC146 As HPC145 above, but closer view Overcast HPC147 Central section of Trench 7 from E showing natural Overcast limestone bedrock HPC148 S facing section of Trench 5 after complete Sun & Cloud excavation HPC149 As HPC148 above Sun & Cloud HPC150 As HPC148 above, but closer view Sun & Cloud HPC151 W facing section of Trench 5 after excavation Sun & Cloud HPC152 As HPC151 above Sun & Cloud

173 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC153 As HPC151 above, but closer view of section Sun & Cloud HPC154 Finds & residues from Trench 6, Bone Passage Sun HPC155 As HPC154 above Sun & Cloud HPC156 As HPC154 above Sun & Cloud HPC157 Features in Trench 7 from NE Under Cover HPC158 As HPC157 above Under Cover HPC159 As HPC157 above (elevated angle) Under Cover HPC160 N end of Trench 7 showing natural clay, limestone Overcast bedrock and excavated scoop features HPC161 Trench 7, Feature F706 from E Under Cover HPC162 Central section of Trench 7 after complete removal of Overcast C703, showing natural clay and bedrock HPC163 Trench 7, feature F707 before excavation Overcast HPC164 Trench 7, feature F705 before excavation Overcast HPC165 Trench 7, feature F702 before excavation Overcast HPC166 As HPC165 above Overcast HPC167 Trench 7, feature F703 before excavation Overcast HPC168 As HPC167 above Overcast HPC169 Trench 7, feature F704 before excavation Overcast HPC170 Trench 7, feature F701 before excavation Overcast HPC171 As HPC170 above Overcast HPC172 S end of Trench 7 from NW showing identified Overcast features before excavation HPC173 S end of Trench 7 from NE showing identified Overcast features before excavation HPC174 As HPC173, but showing section lines in place on Overcast features HPC175 As HPC174 above Overcast HPC176 N end of Trench 7 from SE showing section line on Overcast F701 HPC177 Sectioned post hole F703 from S showing packing Overcast stone and section of charred wooden stake HPC178 As HPC177 above Overcast HPC179 As HPC177 above Flash HPC180 As HPC178 above Flash HPC181 As HPC177 above Flash HPC182 As HPC177 above, but from W Flash HPC183 As HPC182 above Flash HPC184 As HPC183 above Natural Light HPC185 Sectioned post hole F701 from S showing p/stones Natural Light

174 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC186 As HPC185 above Flash HPC187 As HPC 186 above Flash HPC188 As HPC185 above Natural Light HPC189 Volunteers excavating C901, Trench 9 from the S Sun & Cloud HPC190 Volunteers excavating C901, Trench 9 from the NW Sun & Cloud HPC191 Trench 9 – cleaned surface of C902 from S Sun & Cloud HPC192 As HPC191 above Sun & Cloud HPC193 Location view of Trench 9 from SE Sun & Cloud HPC194 As HPC191 above Sun & Cloud HPC195 Trench 9, feature F901 from E Sun & Cloud HPC196 As HPC195 (closer view) Sun & Cloud HPC197 Trench 9, F901 from SW Sun & Cloud HPC198 Trench 7 – excavated inner wall of roundhouse Overcast structure from S (east baulk of trench) HPC199 As HPC198 above Overcast HPC200 As HPC198 above Overcast HPC201 Gemma Cruickshanks planning surface of C903, Overcast Trench 9, from the SE HPC202 Trench 7 – Feature F712 from NE Overcast HPC203 Gemma Cruickshanks planning in Trench 9, from W Overcast HPC204 Trench 9 – surface of C903 from S Sun & Cloud HPC205 Trench 9 – top of revetment wall F902 from E Sun & Cloud HPC206 Trench 9 – surface of C903 from N Sun & Cloud HPC207 As HPC206 above, but wider view Sun & Cloud HPC208 Trench 9, F902, from W HPC209 Trench 9 from S after removal of C903, Spit 1 – Sun & Cloud burnt mound material HPC210 As HPC209 above, but closer view from above Sun & Cloud HPC211 Trench 9 from N after removal of C903, Spit 1 – Sun & Cloud burnt mound material visible HPC212 Trench 7 – Plan view of sectioned feature F712 Overcast HPC213 As HPC212 above Flash HPC214 As HPC212 above Flash HPC215 As HPC212 above Flash HPC216 Trench 7 – Sectioned F712 from NW Flash HPC217 As HPC216 above Overcast HPC218 Trench 7 – Section of F712 from N Overcast HPC219 As HPC218 above Flash HPC220 George Kozikowski with saddle quern F6150 Sun HPC221 As HPC220 above (closer view) Sun

175 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC222 Granite saddle quern find F6150 Sun HPC223 As HPC222 above Sun HPC224 Granite saddle quern find F6150 Sun HPC225 Trench 6, base of C604 after cleaning, from NW Flash HPC226 As HPC225 above Flash HPC227 As HPC225 above Flash HPC228 As HPC225 above Flash HPC229 As HPC225 above Flash HPC230 Trench 7 – Feature F713 from W after excavation Overcast HPC231 As HPC230 above Flash HPC232 Trench 7 – F713 after excavation from above (E) Overcast HPC233 As HPC232 above Flash HPC234 As HPC232 above Overcast HPC235 As HPC232 above Overcast HPC236 As HPC232 above Flash HPC237 Trench 7 – F712 after excavation from NW Overcast HPC238 As HPC237 above Overcast HPC239 As HPC237 above Overcast HPC240 As HPC237 above Flash HPC241 As HPC237 above (higher angle) Flash HPC242 As HPC241 above Overcast HPC243 Trench 7 – F712 after excavation from above (E) Overcast HPC244 As HPC243 above Flash HPC245 Trench 7 – F712 after excavation from above (S) Overcast HPC246 As HPC245 above Flash HPC247 Trench 7 – features F712 & F713 from W (wide) Overcast HPC248 Trench 7 – feature F712 from W (wide) Overcast HPC249 Trench 6 – top of C607 (mandible & charcoal spread) Flash HPC250 As HPC249 above Flash HPC251 As HPC249 above Flash HPC252 As HPC249 above Flash HPC253 Trench 6 – top of C607 from NW Flash HPC254 As HPC253 above (closer view) Flash HPC255 Trench 6 – feature F602 and top of C607 from NW Flash HPC256 As HPC255 above (wide angle) Flash HPC257 As HPC256 above Flash HPC258 As HPC256 above (closer view) Flash HPC259 Trench 6 – feature F602 (paved walkway) Flash HPC260 As HPC259 above Flash

176 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC261 Trench 6 – feature F602 (close view) Flash HPC262 As HPC261 (wider view) Flash HPC263 As HPC261 above Flash HPC264 Trench 6 – surface of C607 (close view) Flash HPC265 Trench 9 – Laura Sinfield and Sandra Pratt Overcast excavating in trench, from N HPC266 As HPC265 above, from NW Overcast HPC267 Pottery find (rim sherd) from Trench 6 Flash HPC268 Re-fitting pottery sherds (rims) from Trench 6 Flash HPC269 As HPC268 above Flash HPC270 Decorated base sherd (pottery) from Trench 6 Flash HPC271 Pottery – decorated rim sherd from Trench 6 Flash HPC272 Fragment of furnace lining (iron) from Trench 6 Flash HPC273 Worked pumice from Trench 6 Flash HPC274 Limestone pendant with bored hole from Trench 6 Flash HPC275 Soapstone spindle whorl from Trench 6 Flash HPC276 Decorated stone palette/whetstone from Trench 6 Flash HPC277 Flint thumbnail scraper from Trench 6 Flash HPC278 Flint tools and flakes from Trench 6 & Trench 5 Flash HPC279 Perforated antler plates from Trench 6 Flash HPC280 Bone awl and worked bone from Trench 6 Flash HPC281 Cache of bone pins from C607, Trench 6 Flash HPC282 Glass beads & copper alloy fragments from Trench 6 Flash HPC283 As HPC282 above Flash HPC284 Perforated ivory bead/disc from Bone Passage Flash HPC285 As HPC284 above Flash HPC286 As HPC284 above (side view) Flash HPC287 Carved stone ‘eye’ from Trench 6 Natural Light HPC288 As HPC287 above Natural Light HPC289 View to stairwell from Bone Passage (NW) during Natural Light excavation of C607 HPC290 As HPC289 above Natural Light HPC291 As HPC289 above Flash HPC292 As HPC289 above Natural Light HPC293 As HPC289 above Flash HPC294 Trench 6 – Steps at base of stairwell from NW during Flash excavation of C607 HPC295 As HPC294 above (closer view) Natural Light HPC296 As HPC295 above Natural Light HPC297 As HPC295 above Flash

177 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC298 Trench 6 – close view of steps/paving at base of Natural Light stairwell from NW HPC299 As HPC298 above (wider angle) Natural Light HPC300 Trench 9 – sectioned feature of F903 from E Overcast HPC301 As HPC300 above (wider angle) Sun & Cloud HPC302 As HPC300 above Sun & Cloud HPC303 Trench 9 – F903 and revetment wall F902 from E Sun & Cloud HPC304 Trench 9 – F903 and F902 from NE Sun & Cloud HPC305 Trench 9 – F903 and F902 from N Sun HPC306 As HPC305 above (closer view) Sun HPC307 Trench 9 – F903 and F902 from NW Sun HPC308 As HPC307 above (closer view) from NNW Sun HPC309 Trench 9 – F903 and F902 from N Sun HPC310 Trench 9 – W facing section and F902 from W Sun HPC311 Trench 9 – W facing section with F903 and F902 Sun HPC312 As HPC311 above Sun HPC313 Trench 9 – Pit feature F903 from NW Sun HPC314 Trench 9 from S with F903 and F902 Overcast HPC315 As HPC314 above (wider angle) Overcast HPC316 Trench 9 from N with F903 and F902 Overcast HPC317 Same as HPC316 above (wider angle) Overcast HPC318 Trench 9 – W facing section from above with Overcast features F903 and F902 HPC319 Trench 10 from N after removal of C10.02 Overcast HPC320 As HPC319 above Sun & Cloud HPC321 As HPC319 above Sun HPC322 Trench 10 from W after removal of C10.02 Sun & Cloud HPC323 Trench 10 from E after removal of C10.02 Sun & Cloud HPC324 Trench 10 from N – top of C10.03 Spit 2 Sun & Cloud HPC325 As HPC324 above Sun & Cloud HPC326 Trench 6 after section excavation to bedrock from Natural Light NW (C607 in place) HPC327 As HPC326 above Flash HPC328 As HPC326 above (closer view) Flash HPC329 Trench 6 – trench sectioned to bedrock from NW Flash HPC330 Trench 6 – close view of NE facing section Flash HPC331 Trench 6 – feature F602 from SE with bone pin cache Flash in gap between paving slabs (C607) HPC332 As HPC331 above (close view) Flash HPC333 As HPC331 above (close view) Flash

178 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC334 Trench 7 – S half of trench from above (E) showing Overcast post and stake-holes, and other features HPC335 As HPC334 above Overcast HPC336 As HPC334 above Overcast HPC337 Trench 7 – post and stake-hole features within the Overcast central area of the trench HPC338 Trench 7 from the SSW after excavation Overcast HPC339 As HPC338 above Overcast HPC340 Trench 6 – Stairwell entrance and lower steps/paving Flash from NW with top of C608 visible HPC341 Trench 6 – quern rubber and top of C608 with lower Flash steps of stairwell beyond HPC342 Trench 6 – top of C608 with quern rubber, whetstone Flash and animal bone visible HPC343 As HPC342, but closer view of whetstone Flash HPC344 As HPC343 above Flash HPC345 As HPC343 above (closer view) Flash HPC346 Trench 6 – NW end of trench showing top of C608 Flash HPC347 Trench 6 – View of top of C608 from N Flash HPC348 N facing section of Trench 5 before excavation of Overcast Trench 9 extension HPC349 As HPC348 above (closer view) Overcast HPC350 Cleaned E facing section of Trench 2 Overcast HPC351 As HPC350 above Overcast HPC352 As HPC350 above Overcast HPC353 As HPC350 above (closer view) Overcast HPC354 Junction of E and N facing sections of Trench 2 after Overcast cleaning HPC355 As HPC354 above (closer view) Overcast HPC356 N facing section of Trench 2 from ENE Overcast HPC357 As HPC356 above from NE Overcast HPC358 As HPC357 above Overcast HPC359 As HPC357 above Overcast HPC360 Whetstone recovered from C608, Trench 6 Flash HPC361 Bone pins and needles recovered from Trench 6 Flash HPC362 As HPC361 above Natural Light HPC363 As HPC362 above (closer view) Natural Light HPC364 Cache of bone pins from Trench 6, C607 Flash HPC365 As HPC364 above Natural Light HPC366 Antler tine handle from Trench 6 Flash

179 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC367 Small whetstone from Trench 6, C609 Flash HPC368 Engraved pebble fragment (eye) from Trench 6 Natural Light HPC369 As HPC368 above Flash HPC370 As HPC368 above Natural Light HPC371 As HPC368 above Natural Light HPC372 Soapstone small finds from Trench 6 Flash HPC373 Soapstone disc without central hole from Trench 6 Flash HPC374 Decorated soapstone spindle whorl from Trench 6 Flash HPC375 Soapstone spindle whorl from Trench 6 Flash HPC376 Fragments of soapstone spindle whorl and bead from Flash Trench 6 HPC377 Visitors to the site, near the stairwell and Trench 7 Sun & Cloud HPC378 Trench 6 – natural trench in floor with washed Natural Light sediments C610 HPC379 As HPC378 above Flash HPC380 Exposed steps at base of stairwell from N Flash HPC381 As HPC380 above Flash HPC382 SE facing section of Trench 1 before excavation, Flash after removal of Trench 6 deposits HPC383 As HPC382 above Flash HPC384 Trench 10 – sectioned feature F10.01 from SW Overcast HPC385 As HPC384 above Overcast HPC386 Trench 11 from S after turf removal Overcast HPC387 As HPC386 above Overcast HPC388 Trench 11 from N after turf removal with burnt Overcast mound exposed HPC389 As HPC388 above (wide angle) Overcast HPC390 E facing section of Trench 10 after excavation Overcast HPC391 As HPC390 above Overcast HPC392 Trench 11 from SW (wide angle) Overcast HPC393 Trench 11 from S (wide angle) Overcast HPC394 View over Trenches 9, 5 and 11 from SE Overcast HPC395 View of Martin Wildgoose entering stairwell, taken Flash from below HPC396 Martin Wildgoose emerging from stairwell into Bone Flash Passage, from the NW HPC397 As HPC396 above Flash HPC398 Martin Wildgoose standing in Bone Passage on Flash exposed limestone floor of cave, from NW HPC399 Trench 7, F701 and F717 from W (above) Overcast

180 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC400 As HPC399 above (higher camera position) Overcast HPC401 Trench 7 – Post-hole F701 and F717 from W Sun HPC402 Trench 7 – F701 and feature F717 after excavation, Sun & Cloud from the NE HPC403 As HPC402 above Sun & Cloud HPC404 As HPC402 above (closer view) Cloud HPC405 Trench 7 – Feature F717 after excavation, from NE Cloud & Sun HPC406 Trench 11 from N after de-turf and removal of loose Sun & Cloud boulders, showing underlying burnt mound/spread HPC407 As HPC406 above Sun & Cloud HPC408 Upright stone (F12.02) within turf dyke (F12.01) Cloud from NW HPC409 As HPC408 above (closer view) Cloud HPC410 Turf and stone dyke (F12.01) from E Cloud HPC411 As HPC410 above (closer view) Cloud HPC412 Volunteer Hellen Grunefeld drawing W facing Overcast section of Trench 10 HPC413 Martin Wildgoose excavating F717, Trench 7, from Overcast NW HPC414 Trench 11 – S side of trench showing wall (F11.01) Overcast HPC415 As HPC414 above (wider angle) Overcast HPC416 Trench 13 – Excavated ditch feature F13.01 from N Overcast HPC417 As HPC416 above Overcast HPC418 As HPC416 above Overcast HPC419 As HPC416 above Overcast HPC420 Trench 11 from N, showing N face of wall (F11.01) Sun & Cloud and underlying burnt mound/spread HPC421 As HPC420 above (closer view of wall face) Sun & Cloud HPC422 As HPC421 above Sun & Cloud HPC423 S side of Trench 11 showing revetment wall (F11.01) Sun & Cloud and burnt mound/spread (C11.03) HPC424 As HPC423 above (closer view) Sun & Cloud HPC425 As HPC424 above (close view of wall feature) Overcast HPC426 Trench 11 from SE showing F11.01 and C11.03 Overcast HPC427 Trench 11 – Looking NW along top of wall F11.01 Overcast HPC428 As HPC427 above Overcast HPC429 Trench 11 – Looking E across revetment wall face Overcast (F11.01) HPC430 As HPC429 above (close view during excavation) Overcast HPC431 As HPC429 above Sun & Shadows

181 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC432 As HPC431 above (detailed shot of excavated void Overcast behind wall F11.01) HPC433 Trench 11 from N during section excavation through Sun & Shadows wall feature F11.01 HPC434 As HPC433 above Overcast HPC435 Ian Simpson and Jo MacKenzie collecting sediment Overcast & Rain samples from deep sections in Trench 2 HPC436 As HPC435 above Overcast & Rain HPC437 Trench 14 – Shieling structure after removal of turf Sun & Cloud and vegetation, from SSE HPC438 As HPC437 above (wider angle) Sun & Cloud HPC439 As HPC436 above Sun HPC440 Trench 11 from N showing excavated section, with Overcast top of C11.06 Spit 3 and emerging lower wall (F11.02) HPC441 As HPC440 above (higher angle of view) Overcast HPC442 N end of Trench 11 during section excavation Overcast showing surface of C11.06 Spit 3 and wall F11.02 HPC443 Trench 14 from SSE during turf removal around Sun & Cloud outside of structure and planning HPC444 As HPC443 above Sun & Cloud HPC445 As HPC443 above Sun & Cloud HPC446 Trench 14 from NE with Martin Wildgoose planning Sun & Cloud shieling structure HPC447 As HPC446 above (closer view) Sun & Cloud HPC448 Trench 12 from W with Charles Burney excavating Sun & Cloud HPC449 Trench 12 from NW with Charles Burney excavating Sun & Cloud HPC450 Trench 12 from SSW with Charles Burney Sun & Cloud excavating HPC451 Pupils from Struan Primary School visiting HPC Overcast HPC452 John and Val Lord entertaining Struan School at HPC Flash HPC453 Struan Primary pupils examining flint tools Flash HPC454 John and Val Lord at HPC Flash HPC455 As HPC454 above Flash HPC456 Pupils from Struan Primary School attempting Flash prehistoric skills HPC457 John Lord knapping flint at HPC Open Days Flash HPC458 Susan Walker and Struan Primary pupils at HPC Flash HPC459 John Lord and Struan pupils at Open Day event Flash HPC460 John Lord with bow drill making fire at HPC event Flash

182 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC461 Struan pupils helping John and Val Lord to make fire Flash at HPC Open Day event HPC462 John and Val Lord making fire at HPC event Natural Light HPC463 Val Lord putting the finishing touches to the fire- Natural Light making at HPC event HPC464 Struan Primary pupils helping Duncan with wet- Overcast sieving during HPC Open Days HPC465 Elgol Primary pupils with John Lord during Open Natural Light Day events HPC466 Elgol pupils and teachers assisting with wet-sieving Overcast during Open Day events HPC467 Trench 1, Bone Passage from SE showing fire- Flash cracked stone and bone deposit (F601) HPC468 As HPC467 above (wide angle) Flash HPC469 As HPC467 above Flash HPC470 As HPC467 above Flash HPC471 Trench 1, F601 (fire-cracked stone and bone) – detail Flash HPC472 As HPC471 above, but also showing part of SE Flash facing section HPC473 As HPC472 above Flash HPC474 As HPC472 above Flash HPC475 As HPC472 above (lower angle view) Flash HPC476 Marquee on site during Open Day events Sun & Cloud HPC477 Roddy and Anne Ross in front of marquee during Sun & Cloud Open Day events HPC478 Trench 14 – shieling structure exposed and section Overcast started of feature F14.03, from SSE. Work will resume on trench in 2007 HPC479 As HPC478 above Overcast HPC480 As HPC478 above (closer view) Overcast HPC481 As HPC480 above (close view of structure) Overcast HPC482 Trench 14 – View NE through excavated doorway of Overcast shieling (F14.03) HPC483 As HPC482 above (elevated view) Overcast HPC484 As HPC483 above (close view of structure) Overcast HPC485 SE facing section of Trench 1 after excavation to Flash natural limestone floor HPC486 As HPC485 above Flash HPC487 As HPC485 above (closer view) Flash HPC488 As HPC487 above (lower angle view) Flash

183 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC489 As HPC487 above (wider angle view) Flash HPC490 As HPC487 above Flash HPC491 SE facing section of Trench 1, with Kubiena tins in Flash place (sediment sampling for micromorphology) HPC492 As HPC491 above Flash HPC492.psd SE facing section of Trench 1, with Kubiena tins in Flash place (with lines denoting contexts) HPC493 As HPC491 above Flash HPC494 Trench 8 after excavation, from SW Overcast HPC495 Trench 8 after excavation, from NE Overcast HPC496 Trench 8 after excavation, from E Overcast HPC497 Trench 8 after excavation, from E Overcast HPC498 Trench 8 after excavation from NE, with Charles Overcast Burney in shot HPC499 Wet-sieving area during flash flood of cave sink Overcast & Rain HPC500 Mike Kibby excavating in Bone Passage Flash HPC501 As HPC500 above Flash HPC502 Trench 11 from W showing C11.01, rabbit burrow Overcast spoil in section HPC503 Trench 11 from S showing section line through rabbit Overcast burrow spoil C11.01 HPC504 Trench 10 showing F10.01, SE facing section Overcast HPC505 Trench 10 showing F10.01 sectioned, from S (above) Overcast HPC506 Trench 10 showing F10.02 after excavation, from Overcast SW HPC507 Trench 10 showing S facing section of F10.03, from Overcast SW HPC508 Trench 10 showing SE facing section of F10.04, from Overcast SE HPC509 Trench 10 showing NW facing section of F10.04, Overcast from NW HPC510 Trench 10 showing F10.06 after excavation, from SE Overcast HPC511 Trench 11 showing F11.02 after excavation, from Overcast NW HPC512 Trench 11 showing F11.02 after excavation from NW Overcast HPC513 Trench 11 showing F11.03 after excavation, from Overcast WNW HPC514 Trench 11 showing F11.03 after excavation from Overcast WNW HPC515 Trench 11 from NE after removal of turf Overcast

184 DIGITAL IMAGES REGISTER 2006

Image No: Description: Conditions/Comments: HPC516 Trench 11 from SW after removal of turf Overcast HPC517 Trench 12 after completion of section excavation, Sun & Cloud from W HPC518 Trench 12 after section excavation, from SW (above) Sun & Cloud HPC519 Trench 12 after completion of section excavation, Sun & Cloud from SW (above) HPC520 Trench 12 after completion of section excavation, Sun & Cloud from W

185 Appendix 4 Field Drawing Register

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

186 FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 1

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

19 11 Trench 1 Surface of C106 (east half of trench) 1:10 Plan 20 11 Trench 1 Surface of C108 (east half of trench) 1:10 Plan 21 11 Trench 1 N end of Trench 1 (section A-B) 1:10 Section Upper Bone Passage 22 11 Trench 1 (Drg.21 - section A-B) 1:10 Section Location of Kubiena Tin Samples in 23 12 Trench 1 Section 1:10 Section

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 2 (Stairwell)

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

49 26 Stairwell Stairwell at Step 4 Level 1:10 Plan 50 28 Stairwell Stairwell at Step 6 Level 1:10 Plan 51 28 Stairwell Stairwell at Step 8 Level 1:10 Plan 52 29 Stairwell Stairwell at Step 10 Level 1:10 Plan 53 29 Stairwell Stairwell at Step 11 Level 1:10 Plan 54 30 Stairwell Section of Lower Stairwell Features 1:10 Section 55 31 Stairwell West Side Elevation of Stairwell 1:10 Section 56 32 Stairwell East Side Elevation of Stairwell 1:10 Section 57 33 Stairwell Relationship of Stairwell to Trench 06 (Bone Passage) 1:10 Section

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 5

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

505 5 Trench 5 Section of feature F501 1:10 Section 506 5 Trench 5 Section of feature F502 1:10 Section

187 FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 6

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

601 1 Trench 6 Surface of C604 (paving) 1:20 Plan 602 2 Trench 6 Surface of C604 1:10 Plan 603 3 Trench 6 Surface of C607 1:10 Plan 604 4 Trench 6 Refitting Section to Section in Trench 1 1:10 Section

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 7

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

701 1 Trench 7 Surface of C702 1:20 Plan 702 2 Trench 7 Surface of Spit 2 C702 1:20 Plan 703 3 Trench 7 Surface of C704 1:20 Plan 704 4 Trench 7 Laser Section through Trench 1:10 Section 705 5 Trench 7 Post-Hole F701 C705 1:5 Section 706 5 Trench 7 Post-Hole F702 C704 1:5 Section 707 5 Trench 7 Post-Hole F703 C708 1:5 Section 708 - Trench 7 F704 (not a feature - cancelled)) - - 709 5 Trench 7 Feature F705 C706 1:5 Section 710 5 Trench 7 Feature F706 C707 1:5 Section 711 5 Trench 7 Feature F707 C709 1:5 Section 712 - Trench 7 F708 (not a feature - cancelled) - - 713 5 Trench 7 Feature F709 C710 1:5 Section 714 5 Trench 7 Feature F710 C711 1:5 Section 715 5 Trench 7 Feature F711 C712 1:5 Section 716 5 Trench 7 Feature F714 C715 1:5 Section 717 6 Trench 7 Feature F712 C713 1:10 Section 718 4 Trench 7 Laser Section through Trench 1:10 Section 719 7 Trench 7 North Section T.07 and T.10 1:10 Section 720 8 Trench 7 Feature F717 1:10 Plan 721 8 Trench 7 Features F717 and F701 1:10 Section

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 8

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

801 1 Trench 8 Plan of surface of C802 and feature F801 1:20 Plan 802 1 Trench 8 NW facing section of Trench 8 1:20 Section

188 FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 9

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

901 1 Trench 9 Plan of surface of C902 1:10 Plan 902 1 Trench 9 Section of feature F901 1:10 Section 903 2 Trench 9 Plan of surface of C903 1:10 Plan 904 3 Trench 9 SE section of Trench 1:10 Section 905 3 Trench 9 SW section of Trench 1:10 Section 906 4 Trench 9 Plan of F902 after removal of C903 1:10 Plan

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 10

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

Trench 10.01 1 10 Surface of rubble bank C10.02 1:20 Plan Trench 10.02 1 10 Surface of burnt mound/spread C10.03 1:20 Plan Trench 10.03 1 10 Surface of C10.03 spit 2 1:20 Plan Trench 10.04 2 10 Surface of natural karstic clay C10.11 1:20 Plan Trench 10.05 3 10 NW section of Trenches 7 and 10 1:20 Section Trench 10.06 2 10 Section of feature F10.01 (N - S) 1:10 Section Trench 10.07 2 10 Section of feature F10.02 (NE - SW) 1:10 Section Trench 10.08 2 10 Section of feature F10.03 (NW - SE) 1:10 Section Trench 10.09 2 10 Section of feature F10.04 (NE - SW) 1:10 Section Trench 10. 10 2 10 Section of feature F10.05 (NE - SW) 1:10 Section Trench 10.11 2 10 Section 2 F10.01 @ A - B 1:10 Section Trench 10.12 2 10 Plan of features in trench after excavation 1:10 Plan Trench 10.13 3 10 NE section of Trench 10 @ C - D 1:20 Section Trench 10.14 3 10 SE section of Trench 10 @ E - F 1:10 Section

189 FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 11

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

Trench 11.01 1 11 Plan of wall F11.01 and surface 1:20 Plan Trench 11.02 1 11 Plan of post-hole F11.02 1:5 Plan Trench 11.03 1 11 Plan of post-hole F11.03 1:5 Plan Trench 11.04 2 11 Plan of facing wall F11.04 1:20 Plan

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 12

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

Trench 12.01 1 12 Plan before excavation 1:20 Plan Trench 12.02 1 12 Section of dyke after excavation 1:20 Section

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 13

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

Trench 13.01 1 13 Surface of C13.03 1:10 Plan Trench 13.02 1 13 Section of SW end of ditch 1:10 Section Trench 13.03 1 13 Section of NE end of ditch 1:10 Section

FIELD DRAWING REGISTER 2006 - TRENCH 14

Sheet No: No: Location: Contexts: Scale: Section/Plan:

Trench 14.01 1 14 Plan of surface after removal of C14.01 1:20 Plan Trench 14.02 2 14 Plan of surface after removal of C14.02 1:20 Plan

190 Appendix 5 Finds Register by Trench

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

191 TRENCH 1 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

HP0257 05.10.06 217 501 C104 Pebble Grinder 1 bag HP0258 05.10.06 205 463 C104 Antler Awl 1 bag HP0259 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Copper-Alloy Fragments 1 bag HP0260 05.10.06 216 500 C105 Quern Stone (Granite) 1 bag HP0261 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Iron Slag 1 bag HP0262 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Natural Smooth Pebble 1 bag HP0263 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Worked Pumice 1 bag HP0264 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Antler Spindle Whorl/Bead 1 bag HP0267 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Worked Antler 1 bag HP0268 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Worked Antler 1 bag HP0269 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Antler Fragments 1 bag HP0273 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Natural Pebbles 1 bag HP0285 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Worked Bone 1 bag HP0286 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Worked/Polished Stone 1 bag HP0287 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Polished Pin/Needle Fragment 1 bag HP0288 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Polished Quartz Pebble 1 bag Vitrified Crucible/Tuyere HP0289 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Fragment 1 bag HP0293 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Bloodstone Flake 1 bag HP0294 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Flint Flake 1 bag HP0295 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag HP0298 11.10.06 280 464 C107 Worked Antler 1 bag HP0299 11.10.06 269 473 C107 Bone Pin Fragment 1 bag HP0300 11.10.06 213 506 C107 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag HP)306 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Worked Antler 1 bag HP0311 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Perforated Limestone/Pendant 1 bag HP0312 25.10.06 192 482 C107 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag HP0313 25.10.06 275 460 C107 Bone Awl 1 bag HP0314 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Worked Antler/Bone 1 bag HP0315 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Worked Sandstone 1 bag HP0321 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108 Bone Awl 1 bag HP0325 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108a Pebble with Wear 1 bag HP0326 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108a Bone Needle Fragment 1 bag HP0327 25.10.06 220 513 C108a Bone Needle 1 bag HP0330 25.10.06 194 490 C109 Pottery Sherds x 6 1 bag HP0331 25.10.06 276 464 C109 Bone Awl 1 bag HP0335 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C109 Bone Needle Fragment 1 bag HP0337 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C110 Bone Needle Fragment 1 bag

192 TRENCH 1 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

HP0265 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Animal Bone - Large Fraction 1 bag HP0266 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag HP0276 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag HP0281 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag HP0296 09.10.06 Wet Sieve - Animal Bone (out of context) 1 bag HP0301 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag HP0302 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Animal Bone - Large Fraction 1 bag HP0303 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Animal Bone - Large Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone (behind rock HP0304 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 slab) 1 bag Animal Teeth + Mandible HP0305 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Frags. 1 bag HP0318 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag HP0322 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108a Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag HP0328 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C109 Animal Bone 1 bag HP0332 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C109 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - FISH BONE & SHELLFISH - Trench 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

HP0271 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Fish Bone 1 bag HP0272 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Shellfish 1 bag HP0278 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Shellfish 1 bag HP0283 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Shellfish 1 bag HP0284 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Fish Bone 1 bag HP0310 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Shellfish 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT BONE - Trench 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

HP0270 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Burnt Bone 1 bag HP0277 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Burnt Bone 1 bag HP0282 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Burnt Bone 1 bag HP0297 09.10.06 Wet Sieve - Burnt Bone (out of context) 1 bag HP0307 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Burnt Bone 1 bag HP0319 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108 Burnt Bone 1 bag HP0323 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108a Burnt Bone 1 bag HP0329 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C109 Burnt Bone 1 bag HP0332 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C109 Burnt Bone 1 bag Burnt Bone + Bone HP0336 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C110 Fragments 1 bag

193 TRENCH 1 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT PLANT MATERIALS - Trench 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

HP0316 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Charred Grain+Wet Sieve Flot 1 bag HP0317 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Charred Grain+Wet Sieve Flot 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

HP0274 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Charcoal 1 bag HP0275 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C104 Charcoal (Large) 1 bag HP0279 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Charcoal 1 bag HP0280 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C105 Charcoal (Large) 1 bag HP0290 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Charcoal (Large) 1 bag HP0291 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Charcoal 1 bag HP0292 09.10.06 Wet Sieve C106 Charcoal 1 bag HP0308 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Charcoal 1 bag HP0320 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108 Charcoal 1 bag HP0324 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C108a Charcoal 1 bag HP0334 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C109 Charcoal 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - MISC. FINDS - Trench 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

HP0309 25.10.06 Wet Sieve C107 Coprolite 1 bag

194 TRENCH 2 (Forecourt Area)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 2

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2369 24.04.06 CG 800 202 C203 Pebble Grinder 1 bag Eroding F2385 30.04.06 Find C216 Copper-Alloy Fragments 1 bag F2386 15.05.06 CF 590 590 C203 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag Surface F2387 18.05.06 DH 390 100 Find Cup-Marked Stone (Granite) - Surface F2388 18.05.06 DG 100 150 Find Cup-Marked Stone (Granite) - F2389 01.06.06 CF 560 516 C203 Pebble Grinder 1 bag F2390 06.06.06 CF 452 522 C203 Slag Deposit/Hearth Base 1 bag

195 TRENCH 2 (Stairwell)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2280 21.03.06 Stairwell C246 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag F2281 21.03.06 Stairwell C246 Fire-Cracked Pebble 1 bag F2283 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag F2295 23.03.06 Stairwell C248 Polished Stone Anvil 1 bag F2296 03.04.06 Stairwell C248 Quartz Flake 1 bag F2297 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F2298 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Bone Point (Degraded) 1 bag F2304 03.04.06 Stairwell C247 Iron Slag/Hammer Scale 1 bag F2308 03.04.06 Stairwell C248 Ore Rock (Magnetic Response) 1 bag F2310 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Iron Slag/Concretion 1 bag F2324 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F2326 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F2327 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F2328 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F2331 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Cut Antler Fragments 1 bag F2334 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Coarse Pebble Tool (Light Wear) 1 bag F2335 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Natural Pebbles (No Wear) 1 bag F2342 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Worked Antler 1 bag F2343 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 7 1 bag F2344 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag F2345 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 11 1 bag F2346 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 10 1 bag F2347 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 5 1 bag F2348 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 4 1 bag F2349 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag F2350 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 3 1 bag F2351 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Perforated Antler Plate 1 bag F2352 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Perforated Antler Plate 1 bag F2353 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Worked Antler Rod/Pin 1 bag F2354 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Misc. Stone Item 1 bag F2355 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Vitrified Crucible Fragment 1 bag F2356 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Decorated Stone Palette 1 bag F2357 19.04.06 Stairwell C251 Misc. Stone Item 1 bag F2358 19.04.06 Stairwell C252 Blue Glass Bead (Half) 1 bag F2359 19.04.06 Stairwell C252 Worked Antler Fragment 1 bag F2360 19.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pebble Grinder 1 bag F2361 19.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F2362 19.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 4 1 bag F2363 19.04.06 Stairwell C252 Pottery Sherds x 3 1 bag F2364 19.04.06 Stairwell C252 Antler Beam Fragment 1 bag Bottom F2368 22.04.06 Step C252 Stone Rubber (Large 1 bag F2381 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Hammer Scale/Sphericules 1 bag F2382 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Abraded Pottery Sherds 1 bag F2383 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Burnt Decorated Bone 1 bag F2384 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Fragmented Copper-Alloy Pin 1 bag

196 TRENCH 2 (Stairwell)

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2284 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Animal/Human Bone Cache 1 bag F2285 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F2287 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Foetal Pig Bone 1 bag F2288 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Rodent Bone 1 bag F2293 27.03.06 Stairwell C248 Animal Bone 1 bag F2296 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Animal Bone 1 bag F2314 03.04.06 Stairwell C247 Small Mammal Bone 1 bag F2316 03.04.06 Stairwell C248 Small Mammal Bone 1 bag F2318 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Small Mammal Bone 1 bag F2323 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Rodent Bone 1 bag F2325 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F2330 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Animal Bone 1 bag F2332 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Small Mammal Bone 1 bag F2333 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Animal Bone (Large Fraction) 1 bag F2336 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Animal Bone (Large Fraction) 1 bag F2337 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Animal Bone (Small Fraction) 1 bag F2365 22.04.06 Stairwell C252 Animal Bone 1 bag F2372 30.04.06 Stairwell C251 Animal Bone (Small Fraction) 1 bag F2380 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Small Mammal Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - FISH BONE & SHELLFISH - Trench 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2289 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Shellfish 1 bag F2301 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Shellfish 1 bag F2306 03.04.06 Stairwell C247 Fish Bone 1 bag F2322 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Shellfish 1 bag F2339 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Shellfish 1 bag F2366 22.04.06 Stairwell C252 Shellfish 1 bag F2371 30.04.06 Stairwell C251 Fish Bone 1 bag F2374 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Shellfish 1 bag F2378 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Fish Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT BONE - Trench 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2305 03.04.06 Stairwell C247 Burnt Bone 1 bag F2307 03.04.06 Stairwell C248 Burnt Bone 1 bag F2311 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Burnt Bone 1 bag F2321 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Burnt Bone 1 bag F2338 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Burnt Bone 1 bag F2375 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Burnt Bone 1 bag

197 TRENCH 2 (Stairwell)

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT PLANT MATERIALS - Trench 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2291 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Charred Grain + Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F2302 03.04.06 Stairwell C247 Charred Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F2303 03.04.06 Stairwell C247 Charred Grain + Seeds 1 bag F2309 03.04.06 Stairwell C248 Charred Grain + Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F2312 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Charred Grain + Seeds 1 bag F2370 30.04.06 Stairwell C251 Charred Grain + Seeds 1 bag F2373 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Charred Grain + Seeds 1 bag F2376 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Vitrified/Burnt Material 1 bag F2377 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Charred Hazelnut Shell 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2282 21.03.06 Stairwell C246 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F2290 23.03.04 Stairwell C247 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F2294 27.03.04 Stairwell C248 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F2300 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F2319 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F2329 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F2340 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F2341 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Charcoal Fragments (Large) 1 bag F2367 22.04.06 Stairwell C252 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - HUMAN BONE - Trench 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F2279 21.03.06 Stairwell C246 Human Bone + Tooth 1 bag F2286 23.03.06 Stairwell C247 Infant/Foetal Bone 1 bag F2292 27.03.06 Stairwell C248 Infant Bone 1 bag F2299 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Human Bone 1 bag F2313 03.04.06 Stairwell C247 Infant/Foetal Bone 1 bag F2315 03.04.06 Stairwell C248 Infant/Foetal Bone 1 bag F2317 03.04.06 Stairwell C249 Infant/Foetal Bone 1 bag F2320 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Infant/Foetal Bone 1 bag F2379 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Possible Human Bone 1 bag

198 TRENCH 5 (Burnt Mound/Spreads)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 5

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F5017 06.06.06 General Coll. C507 Pottery Sherds x 3 1 bag F5018 06.06.06 General Coll. C507 Polished Stone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 5

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

Degraded Bone and Antler F5012 06.06.06 General Coll. C503 frags. 1 bag F5013 06.06.06 General Coll. C503 Animal Teeth 1 bag F5014 06.06.06 General Coll. C507 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F5019 06.06.06 General Coll. C508 Degraded Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT BONE - Trench 5

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F5020 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C506 Burnt Bone 1 bag F5024 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C507 Burnt Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT PLANT MATERIALS - Trench 5

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F5021 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C506 Charred Grain + Hazelnut Shell 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 5

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F5015 06.06.06 General Coll. C507 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F5016 06.06.06 General Coll. C507 Charcoal and Bone Fragments 1 bag F5022 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C506 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F5023 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C507 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag

199 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6108 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag F6109 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Pebble Tool 1 bag F6110 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Pebble Grinder 1 bag F6112 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Antler 1 bag F6120 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Flint Flake 1 bag F6121 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Pebble Grinder 1 bag F6122 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Pottery Sherds x 7 1 bag F6123 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Pottery Sherds x 1 1 bag F6124 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F6125 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F6126 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F6129 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Antler 1 bag F6132 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Pottery Sherds x 5 1 bag F6133 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Pottery Sherds x 1 1 bag F6134 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Iron Slag 1 bag F6136 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Flint Flake 1 bag F6141 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Antler 1 bag F6143 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Pebble Tool 1 bag F6144 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Quern Rubber Fragment 1 bag F6145 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Pebble Tool 1 bag F6146 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Haematite Lump 1 bag F6149 19.06.06 268 841 C603 Bone Point 1 bag F6150 19.06.06 273 878 C603 Granite Saddle Quern - F6151 20.06.06 230 633 C605 Pebble Grinder 1 bag F6153 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Hammer Scale/Waste 1 bag F6161 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Flint Flakes x 2 1 bag F6162 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Glass Bead (Blue) 1 bag F6170 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Metalworking Residues 1 bag F6171 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Flint Flakes x 1 1 bag F6179 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Metalworking Residues 1 bag F6180 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Flint Flakes/Debitage 1 bag F6181 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Worked Bone/Antler 1 bag F6183 23.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag F6184 23.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Pottery Sherds x 3 1 bag F6187 23.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Worked Bone/Antler 1 bag F6188 23.06.06 368 832 C605 Bone Pin 1 bag F6189 23.06.06 397 847 C605 Bone Pins x 7 1 bag F6190 23.06.06 369 858 C605 Stone Pendant 1 bag F6191 23.06.06 368 840 C605 Soapstone Whorl/Pendant 1 bag F6192 23.06.06 369 852 C605 Bone Pin Fragment 1 bag F6212 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Worked Bone/Point 1 bag F6213 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Pebble Tool 1 bag F6214 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Worked Soapstone Flake 1 bag F6219 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Worked Bone 1 bag F6220 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Possible Human Tooth 1 bag F6221 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Glass Beads x 2 1 bag F6222 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Bloodstone Flake 1 bag F6226 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Hammer Scale/Waste 1 bag

200 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6233 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Flint Thumbnail Scraper 1 bag F6240 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Possible Stone Tool 1 bag F6253 30.06.06 308 628 C605 _ 2/6 Worked Pumice 1 bag F6254 30.06.06 340 762 C605 _ 3/7 Bone/Ivory Bead 1 bag F6261 30.06.06 308 628 C605 _ 3/6 Pumice Lump 1 bag F6262 30.06.06 308 628 C605 _ 3/6 Pumice Fragment 1 bag F6263 30.06.06 352 667 C605 _ 3/6 Pebble Maul 1 bag Decorated Pebble F6267 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Fragment 1 bag Antler Pins x 7 (3 x F6268 05.07.06 354 660 C605 _ 3/7 fragments) 1 bag F6268 05.07.06 315 711 C606 _ 3/7 Bone Needle 1 bag Possible Human Skull F6272 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Fragments 1 bag F6274 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Pebble Tool 1 bag F6275 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Bone Pin Fragments x 3 1 bag F6282 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/6 Quartz Pebbles x 3 1 bag F6283 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/6 Pebble with Black Residue 1 bag F6284 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Bone Pin Fragments x 2 1 bag F6290 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Flint Flakes x 2 1 bag F6332 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Magnetic Residues 1 bag F6338 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Quartz Flake 1 bag F6339 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Bone Point Fragments x 2 1 bag F6348 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Antler Fragments 1 bag F6354 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Unusual Rock 1 bag Pebble Grinder/Hammer F6355 18.07.06 352 860 C606 _ 3/8 Stone 1 bag F6356 18.07.06 352 860 C606 _ 3/8 Stone with Polish/Residue 1 bag F6357 18.07.06 352 860 C606 _ 3/8 Hammer Stone 1 bag Refitting Bone Needle F6358 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Fragments 1 bag Worked Bone/Point F6359 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Fragment 1 bag F6366 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Soapstone Flake 1 bag F6367 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Bone Point Fragments x 2 1 bag F6368 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Bone Point 1 bag F6375 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Soapstone Disc 1 bag F6376 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Bone Point Fragment 1 bag F6377 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Iron Object 1 bag F6378 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Stone Tool 1 bag F6385 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Soapstone Flake 1 bag F6386 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Sandstone Pebble Blank 1 bag F6392 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Fire-Cracked Anvil Stone 1 bag F6409 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Pottery Sherds x 2 1 bag F6418 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/7 Soapstone Spindle Whorl 1 bag F6426 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Iron Slag (small fragment) 1 bag F6431 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Bone Point Fragment 1 bag Bone Point Fragment F6441 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 (burnt) 1 bag

201 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6442 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Flint Flakes 1 bag F6457 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Flint Flakes x 4 1 bag F6464 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Flint Flakes x 3 1 bag F6469 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Worked Bone 1 bag F6475 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Iron Sphericule 1 bag F6479 14.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Bone Needle 1 bag F6480 14.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Soapstone Spindle Whorl 1 bag F6481 14.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Bone Needle Fragment 1 bag F6482 14.08.06 376 740 C608 _ 3/7 Whetstone (grooved) 1 bag F6483 14.08.06 378 887 C608 _ 3/7 Antler Tine Handle 1 bag Soapstone Spindle Whorl F6484 17.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 (half) 1 bag F6485 17.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Soapstone Spindle Whorl 1 bag F6486 17.08.06 395 790 C608 _ 3/8 Polished Pebble 1 bag F6487 17.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Worked Bone 1 bag F6488 17.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Worked Bone 1 bag F6488a 17.08.06 363 852 C608 _ 3/8 Soapstone Spindle Whorl 1 bag F6502 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Quartz Pebble 1 bag F6504 24.08.06 375 840 C609 _ 3/8 Whetstone (sandstone) 1 bag F6518 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Natural Pebbles 1 bag F6526 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Broken Pebble Anvil 1 bag F6527 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Natural Pebbles 1 bag F6528 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Worked Stone 1 bag F6530 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Natural Pebbles 1 bag Soapstone Whorl F6531 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 (unfinished) 1 bag F6545 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/7 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F6546 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/8 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F6547 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Bead or Fossil 1 bag F6550 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Bone Needle Fragments 1 bag Bone Needle Fragment F6568 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 (burnt) 1 bag Magnetic Rock/Ore F6585 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Fragments 1 bag F6591 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Agate-Type Pebble 1 bag Magnetic Rock/Ore F6599 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Fragments 1 bag F6600 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Hammer Scale/Sphericules 1 bag F6605 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Pine Resin Fragments 1 bag F6606 04.09.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Possible Human Tooth 1 bag F6607 04.09.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Rod-Type Lithic 1 bag F6614 05.09.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Bone Needle Fragment 1 bag F6639 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Flint Flake 1 bag F6644 20.10.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/8 Possible Hammer Scale 1 bag

202 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6111 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Animal Bone 1 bag F6113 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Animal Teeth 1 bag F6116 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Animal Bone 1 bag F6117 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Animal Bone 1 bag F6127 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Animal Bone 1 bag F6130 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6137 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6138 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Fraction 1 bag Animal Teeth + Mandible F6142 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Frags. 1 bag F6152 20.06.06 223 713 C605 Animal Skull (dog?) 1 bag F6158 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Small Bone Fragments 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6168 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6173 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Fraction 1 bag Animal Teeth + Mandible F6182 23.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Frags. 1 bag Animal Bone + Pig F6186 23.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Mandible 1 bag F6193 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag Dog/Small Mammal Skull F6194 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Frag. 1 bag F6197 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6201 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6204 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6208 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6215 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6230 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Small Bone Fragments 1 bag F6231 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6235 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6248 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag F6249 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6255 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6258 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6269 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 (Large) 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6270 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6277 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/6 (Large) 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6278 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6279 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/6 Fraction 1 bag F6291 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6297 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Animal Bone 1 bag F6304 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Animal Bone 1 bag

203 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6311 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Animal Bone 1 bag F6317 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Animal Bone 1 bag F6319 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Animal Bone 1 bag F6327 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Animal Bone 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6334 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 (Large) 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6335 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6341 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 (Large) 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6342 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag F6343 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6347 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6351 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Fraction 1 bag F6353 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6360 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Fraction 1 bag F6363 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6365 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6369 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6370 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Teeth + Mandible F6371 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Frags. 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6379 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6380 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Fraction 1 bag F6381 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6387 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6388 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag F6389 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6394 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag F6395 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6398 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6399 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6400 03.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth + F6401 03.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Mandible 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6405 03.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Fraction 1 bag

204 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

Animal Bone - Large F6406 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6407 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6410 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6411 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Fraction 1 bag F6416 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/7 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6419 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/8 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6423 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6432 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6445 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 (Small) 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6447 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 (Small) 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6453 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6463 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 (Small) 1 bag Animal Bone + Teeth F6471 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 (Small) 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6489 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6490 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Fraction 1 bag F6491 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6496 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6497 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Fraction 1 bag F6498 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Animal Teeth 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6503 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Fraction 1 bag Animal Teeth + Mandible F6505 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Frags. 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6506 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6507 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6508 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Fraction 1 bag Animal Teeth + Mandible F6512 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Frags. 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6513 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Small F6514 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Fraction 1 bag Animal Bone - Large F6519 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Fraction 1 bag

205 Trench 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6520 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag F6524 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag F6532 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/6 Animal Bone 1 bag F6536 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6540 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/8 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6543 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/8 Animal Bone 1 bag F6548 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6552 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag F6558 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag F6565 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag F6572 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6577 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6579 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/6 Animal Bone x 1 1 bag F6583 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Animal Bone 1 bag F6592 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 Animal Bone 1 bag F6595 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Animal Bone 1 bag F6609 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Animal Bone 1 bag F6618 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Animal Bone 1 bag F6619 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Tooth Fragment 1 bag F6622 10.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag F6625 10.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag F6628 12.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Animal Bone 1 bag F6632 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/6 Animal Bone 1 bag F6635 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Animal Bone 1 bag F6641 16.10.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/7 Animal Bone - Small Fraction 1 bag F6642 20.10.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/8 Animal Bone Fragments 1 bag

206 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - FISH BONE & SHELLFISH - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6114 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Shellfish 1 bag F6118 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Shellfish 1 bag F6119 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Shellfish 1 bag F6131 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Shellfish 1 bag F6140 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Shellfish 1 bag F6155 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Fish Bone 1 bag F6159 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Shellfish 1 bag F6167 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Fish Bone 1 bag F6169 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Shellfish 1 bag F6174 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Fish Bone 1 bag F6175 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Shellfish 1 bag F6185 23.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Shellfish 1 bag F6203 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6206 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6210 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6211 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6227 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Fish Bone 1 bag F6228 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Shellfish 1 bag F6237 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6239 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6243 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6246 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Fish Bone 1 bag F6251 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6257 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6260 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6273 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6286 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Fish Bone 1 bag F6294 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Fish Bone 1 bag F6298 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6300 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6303 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6308 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Fish Bone 1 bag F6309 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6315 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6316 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6322 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6324 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Fish Bone 1 bag F6328 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Fish Bone 1 bag F6331 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6337 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6344 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6350 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6361 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6374 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6383 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Shellfish 1 bag

207 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - FISH BONE & SHELLFISH - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6391 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6402 03.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6414 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6421 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6427 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6427 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Fish Bone 1 bag F6436 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6437 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Fish Bone 1 bag F6443 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Fish Bone 1 bag F6444 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6448 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6449 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6462 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Fish Bone 1 bag F6467 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6468 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6474 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6494 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6501 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6517 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6521 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6535 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6538 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Shellfish 1 bag F6553 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Shellfish 1 bag F6557 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Fish Bone 1 bag F6562 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6563 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6570 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6571 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6574 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Fish Bone 1 bag F6581 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6587 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Shellfish 1 bag F6594 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Fish Bone 1 bag F6603 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Shellfish 1 bag F6604 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Fish Bone 1 bag F6612 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Fish Bone 1 bag F6613 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Shellfish 1 bag F6620 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Fish Bone 1 bag

208 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT BONE - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6128 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6139 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6154 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6163 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6172 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6195 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6202 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6205 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6209 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6216 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6229 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6232 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6236 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6242 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6250 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6256 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6259 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6271 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6280 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6288 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6295 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6299 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6310 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6318 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6321 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6326 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6336 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6345 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6352 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6364 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6372 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6384 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6390 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6396 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6404 03.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6408 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6412 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6415 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6417 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6420 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6424 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6433 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6439 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6446 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6452 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Burnt Bone 1 bag

209 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT BONE - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6458 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6465 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6470 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6492 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6499 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6509 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6515 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6522 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6523 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6533 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6537 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6542 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6544 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6549 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6556 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6559 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6564 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6567 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6573 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6578 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6580 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6593 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6596 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6610 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6617 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6621 10.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6624 10.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6629 12.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6633 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/6 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6636 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6640 16.10.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/7 Burnt Bone 1 bag F6643 20.10.06 Wet Sieve C610 _ 3/8 Burnt Bone 1 bag

210 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT PLANT MATERIALS - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6156 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6157 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Charred Grain 1 bag F6164 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Charred Grain 1 bag F6166 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6176 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Charred Grain 1 bag F6178 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6223 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Charred Grain 1 bag F6224 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6244 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6245 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Charred Grain 1 bag F6252 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6287 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6289 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Charred Grain 1 bag F6293 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6296 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Charred Grain 1 bag F6301 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6305 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Charred Grain 1 bag F6306 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6313 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6314 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Charred Grain 1 bag F6323 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Charred Grain 1 bag F6325 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6329 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Charred Grain 1 bag F6333 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6429 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Charred Grain 1 bag F6430 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6435 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6438 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Charred Grain 1 bag F6440 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6450 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6454 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Charred Grain 1 bag F6455 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6460 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6461 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Charred Grain 1 bag F6466 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6476 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Charred Grain 1 bag F6477 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6554 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6561 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6569 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6575 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6582 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6584 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Charred Grain 1 bag F6588 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Charred Grain 1 bag

211 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT PLANT MATERIALS - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6589 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Burnt Residue 1 bag F6590 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6597 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Burnt Residue 1 bag F6601 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6602 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Charred Grain 1 bag F6611 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6616 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6623 10.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6626 10.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6627 10.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Charred Grain 1 bag F6631 12.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Charred Grain 1 bag F6634 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/6 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag F6638 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Burnt Hazelnut Shell 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6107 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601/4 Charcoal 1 bag F6115 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Charcoal 1 bag F6135 05.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Charcoal 1 bag F6147 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Charcoal 1 bag F6148 19.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Charcoal (Large) 1 bag F6160 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C601 Charcoal 1 bag F6165 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C602 Charcoal 1 bag F6177 22.06.06 Wet Sieve C603 Charcoal 1 bag F6196 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6198 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6199 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6207 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6217 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6218 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Charcoal 1 bag F6225 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C604 Charcoal 1 bag F6234 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Charcoal 1 bag F6238 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6241 29.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6247 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6264 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6265 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6266 30.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6276 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6281 05.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6285 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6292 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6302 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6307 10.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag

212 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6312 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6320 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6330 11.07.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6340 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6346 12.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6349 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6362 18.07.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6373 24.07.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6382 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Charcoal 1 bag F6393 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6397 01.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6403 03.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6413 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6422 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6425 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6434 04.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6451 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6456 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/9 3/9 Charcoal 1 bag F6459 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6478 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6493 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6500 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6510 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6516 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6525 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6529 24.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6534 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6539 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6541 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6551 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6555 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 2/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6560 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6566 31.08.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6576 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6586 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C601 _ 4 Charcoal 1 bag F6598 01.09.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/9 4/9 Charcoal 1 bag F6608 05.10.06 Wet Sieve C606 _ 3/8 Charcoal 1 bag F6615 08.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 3/6 Charcoal 1 bag F6630 12.10.06 Wet Sieve C608 _ 2/7 Charcoal 1 bag F6637 14.10.06 Wet Sieve C609 _ 3/7 Charcoal 1 bag

213 TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

FINDS REGISTER - MISC. FINDS - Trench 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F6200 25.06.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/7 Vitrified/Burnt Material 1 bag F6473 05.08.06 Wet Sieve C605 _ 3/8 Beetle/Bug Case 1 bag F6495 18.08.06 Wet Sieve C607 _ 3/6 Coprolite 1 bag

TRENCH 7 (Surface Features)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 7

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F7001 11.05.06 CH210 000 C702 Cartridge Case 1 bag F7002 11.05.06 CG860 950 C702 Pebble Hammer 1 bag F7003 11.05.06 CG860 985 C702 Pebble Knife 1 bag F7004 17.05.06 CG520 846 C702 Iron Slag 1 bag F7006 23.05.06 CG390 880 C702 Iron Slag 1 bag F7007 23.05.06 CH860 050 C702 Flint Flake 1 bag F7008 23.05.06 CG410 990 C702 Flint Flake 1 bag F7009 24.05.06 CG770 840 C702 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag F7010 06.06.06 CG620 765 C702 Flint Flake 1 bag F7013 09.06.06 CG680 930 C703 Haematite Lump 1 bag F7014 13.06.06 CG327 818 C703 Pebble Anvil 1 bag Gen. F7017 19.06.06 Collection C703 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag Feature F7019 13.07.06 F717 C719 Quartz Flake 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 7

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

Gen. F7012 06.06.06 Collection C702 Burnt Bone 1 bag Feature F7016 19.06.06 F714 C715 Animal Bone + Teeth 1 bag Gen. F7018 19.06.06 Collection C703 Burnt Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 7

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

Gen. F7011 06.06.06 Collection C702 Charcoal 1 bag Feature F7015 19.06.06 F712 C713 Charcoal 1 bag

214 TRENCH 9 (Burnt Mound/Spreads)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 9

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

CF 416 F9001 06.06.06 190 C901 Furnace Lining (iron) 1 bag General F9004 20.06.06 Coll. C902 Pottery Sherds x 5 1 bag General F9007 20.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 1 Haematite Lump 1 bag General F9008 20.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 1 Ore Rock/Slag Deposit 1 bag General F9009 29.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 2 Ore/Furnace Lining 1 bag General F9012 29.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 2 Iron Slag 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - ANIMAL BONE - Trench 9

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

General F9010 29.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 2 Degraded Bone + Teeth 1 bag F9014 08.08.06 NE of Wall C903 Spit 3 Animal Bone 1 bag F9016 09.08.06 SW of Wall C903 Spit 3 Animal Bone 1 bag F9018 09.08.06 SW of Wall C903 Spit 3 Animal Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT BONE - Trench 9

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

General F9003 20.06.06 Coll. C902 Burnt Bone 1 bag General F9006 20.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 1 Burnt Bone + Teeth 1 bag F9015 09.08.06 SW of Wall C903 Spit 3 Burnt Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 9

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

General F9002 20.06.06 Coll. C902 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag General F9005 20.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 1 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag General F9011 29.06.06 Coll. C903 Spit 2 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F9013 08.08.06 NE of Wall C903 Spit 3 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag F9017 09.08.06 SW of Wall C903 Spit 3 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag

215 TRENCH 10 (Surface Features - Burnt Mound/Spreads)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 10

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F10.002 30.08.06 F10.04 C10.08 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 10

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

General F10.001 09.08.06 Coll. C10.02 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag

TRENCH 11 (Surface Features – Burnt Mound/Spreads)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 11

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

F11.002 26.09.06 F11.01 C11.07 Quern Rubber 1 bag General F11.006 12.10.06 Coll. C11.05 Pottery Sherd x 1 1 bag General F11.010 12.10.06 Coll. C11.06 Spit 3 Worked Stone (Granite) 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - BURNT BONE - Trench 11

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

General F11.004 28.09.06 Coll. C11.06 Spit 2 Burnt Bone 1 bag General F11.007 12.10.06 Coll. C11.06 Spit 3 Burnt Bone 1 bag General F11.009 12.10.06 Coll. C11.05 Burnt Bone 1 bag

FINDS REGISTER - CHARCOAL - Trench 11

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

General F11.001 26.09.06 Coll. C11.06 Spit 1 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag General F11.003 28.09.06 Coll. C11.06 Spit 2 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag General F11.005 30.09.06 Coll. C11.06 Spit 3 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag General F11.008 12.10.06 Coll. C11.05 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag

216 Trench 14 (Surface Features – Shielings)

FINDS REGISTER - SMALL FINDS - Trench 14

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container: Re-fitting clay pipe stem F14.001 18.10.06 BE 895 774 C14.02 fragments x 2 (Christie - 1 bag Glasgow) General F14.002 28.10.06 Coll. C14.02 Worked Stone Fragment 1 bag

217 Appendix 6 Samples Register by Trench

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

218 TRENCH 1 (Bone Passage)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 1

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S126 08.10.06 - C104 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S127 09.10.06 - C105 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S128 25.10.06 - C107 Land Snails 1 bag

TRENCH 2 (Stairwell)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 2 (Stairwell)

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S2152 24.03.06 Stairwell C247 Bulk Sediment Sample 1 bag S2153 24.03.06 Stairwell C246 Land Snails 1 bag S2154 24.03.06 Stairwell C247 Land Snails 1 bag S2155 31.03.06 Stairwell C249 Bulk Sediment Sample 1 bag S2156 03.04.06 Stairwell C250 Bulk Sediment Sample 1 bag S2156 03.04.06 Stairwell C248 Land Snails 1 bag S2157 05.04.06 Stairwell C252 Bulk Sediment Sample 1 bag S2158 05.04.06 Stairwell C249 Land Snails 1 bag S2159 05.04.06 Stairwell C249 Flot Sample from Wet Sieve 1 bag S2160 05.04.06 Stairwell C250 Flot Sample from Wet Sieve 1 bag S2161 05.04.06 Stairwell C250 Land Snails 1 bag 25% Unsorted Wet Sieve S2162 05.04.06 Stairwell C249 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S2163 05.04.06 Stairwell C247 Residue 2 bags 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S2164 05.04.06 Stairwell C248 Residue 1 bag S2165 10.04.06 Stairwell C251 Flot Sample from Wet Sieve 1 bag S2166 10.04.06 Stairwell C252 Land Snails 1 bag S2167 20.04.06 Stairwell C252 Land Snails 1 bag S2168 20.04.06 Stairwell C252 Flot Sample from Wet Sieve 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S2169 20.04.06 Stairwell C251 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S2170 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Residue 1 bag S2171 30.04.06 Stairwell C252 Land Snails 1 bag

219 TRENCH 5 (Burnt Mound/Spreads)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 5

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S501 19.04.06 F503 C506 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S502 06.06.06 - C507 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S503 26.06.06 F503 C506 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S504 26.06.06 - C507 Residue 1 bag

TRENCH 6 (Bone Passage)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S610 05.06.06 - C601/4 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S611 05.06.06 - C601 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S612 05.06.06 - C602 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S613 19.06.06 - C603 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S614 19.06.06 - C604 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S615 22.06.06 - C601 Land Snails 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S616 22.06.06 - C601 Residue 3 bags S617 22.06.06 - C602 Land Snails 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S618 22.06.06 - C602 Residue 3 bags 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S619 22.06.06 - C603 Residue 3 bags S620 23.06.06 - C605 _ 2/7 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S621 23.06.06 - C605 _ 2/6 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S622 23.06.06 - C605 _ 3/6 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S623 23.06.06 - C605 _ 2/8 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S624 25.06.06 - C605 _ 3/8 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S625 30.06.06 - C605 _ 3/6 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S626 30.06.06 - C605 _ 2/7 Residue 1 bag Charcoal Sample from S627 05.07.06 380 770 C605 _ 3/7 Deposit 1 bag S628 06.07.06 - C606 _ 2/6 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S629 10.07.06 - C604 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S630 10.07.06 - C605 _ 2/7 Residue 1 bag

220 SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S631 10.07.06 - C605 _ 3/6 Residue 3 bags S632 10.07.06 - C605 _ 2/8 Land Snails 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S633 10.07.06 - C605 _ 2/8 Residue 2 bags S634 11.07.06 - C606 _ 2/7 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S635 11.07.06 - C605 _ 2/6 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S636 11.07.06 - C605 _ 3/8 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S637 11.07.06 - C605 _ 3/7 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S638 11.07.06 - C605 _ 3/6 Residue 1 bag S639 14.07.06 - C606 _ 2/8 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S640 14.07.06 - C606 _ 3/8 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S641 18.07.06 - C606 _ 3/9 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S642 26.07.06 - C607 _ 2/7 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S643 04.08.06 - C606 _ 3/7 Residue 1 bag 25% Unsorted Wet Sieve S644 05.08.06 - C605 _ 3/8 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S645 05.08.06 - C606 _ 2/6 Residue 1 bag 25% Unsorted Wet Sieve S646 05.08.06 - C606 _ 2/8 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S647 05.08.06 - C606 _ 2/7 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S648 05.08.06 - C607 _ 2/7 Residue 1 bag C606 _ 2/9 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S649 05.08.06 - 3/9 Residue 1 bag S650 18.08.06 - C607 _ 3/6 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S651 18.08.06 - C607 _ 3/7 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S652 18.08.06 - C607 _ 3/8 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S653 24.08.06 - C608 _ 3/8 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S654 28.08.06 - C611 _ 3/8 Clay above bedrock floor 1 bag S655 28.08.06 - C610 _ 3/7 General Sediment Sample 1 bag S656 28.08.06 - C610 _ 3/7 Clay in sediment sample 1 bag S657 31.08.06 - C609 _ 3/6 Flot Sample (Wet Sieving) 1 bag S658 01.09.06 - C607 _ 3/6 Land Snails 1 bag C605 _ 3/9 50% Unsorted Wet Sieve S659 01.09.06 - 4/9 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted wet Sieve S660 01.09.06 - C601 _ 4 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted wet Sieve S661 01.09.06 - C607 _ 3/8 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted wet Sieve S662 01.09.06 - C609 _ 2/6 Residue 1 bag 50% Unsorted wet Sieve S663 01.09.06 - C608 _ 2/8 Residue 1 bag 30% Unsorted Wet Sieve S664 01.09.06 - C608 _ 2/6 Residue 1 bag

221 SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 6

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

25% Unsorted Wet Sieve S665 01.09.06 - C607 _ 2/8 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S666 01.09.06 - C607 _ 3/6 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S667 10.10.06 - C606 _ 3/8 Residue 1 bag 25% Unsorted Wet Sieve S668 10.10.06 - C608 _ 3/6 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S669 10.10.06 - C608 _ 3/7 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S670 10.10.06 - C608 _ 3/8 Residue 1 bag 25% Unsorted Wet Sieve S671 12.10.06 - C608 _ 2/7 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S672 12.10.06 - C609 _ 3/6 Residue 1 bag 20% Unsorted Wet Sieve S673 12.10.06 - C609 _ 3/8 Residue 1 bag

TRENCH 7 (Surface Features)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 7

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S7001 06.06.06 Feature F701 C705 Charcoal from Post-Hole 1 bag S7002 06.06.06 Feature F702 C704 Charcoal from Post-Hole 1 bag S7003 06.06.06 Feature F703 C708 Charcoal from Post-Hole 1 bag S7004 06.06.06 Feature F705 C706 Charcoal from Post-Hole 1 bag S7005 06.06.06 Feature F706 C707 Charcoal from Post-Hole 1 bag S7006 06.06.06 Feature F709 C710 Charcoal from Post-Hole 1 bag S7007 12.06.06 Feature F706 C707 Sediment Sample (Pollens) 1 bag S7008 12.06.06 Feature F706 C707 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7009 12.06.06 Feature F709 C710 Sediment Sample (Pollens) 1 bag S7010 12.06.06 Feature F709 C710 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7011 12.06.06 Feature F707 C709 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7012 12.06.06 Feature F705 C706 Sediment Sample (Pollens) 1 bag S7013 12.06.06 Feature F705 C706 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7014 13.06.06 Feature F711 C712 Sediment Sample (Pollens) 1 bag S7015 13.06.06 Feature F711 C712 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7016 13.06.06 Feature F711 C712 Charcoal from Post-Hole 1 bag S7017 13.06.06 Feature F702 C704 Sediment Sample (Pollens) 1 bag S7018 13.06.06 Feature F702 C704 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7019 14.06.06 Feature F714 C715 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7020 14.06.06 Feature F715 C716 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7021 16.06.06 Feature F701 C705 Sediment Sample (Pollens) 1 bag S7022 16.06.06 Feature F701 C705 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7023 16.06.06 Feature F703 C708 Sediment Sample (Pollens) 1 bag S7024 16.06.06 Feature F703 C708 Sediment Sample 1 bag S7025 16.06.06 Feature F703 C718 Burnt Deposit in Post-Hole 1 bag

222 SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 7

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S7026 16.06.06 Feature F703 C708 Charred Stake from Post-Hole 1 bag S7027 30.06.06 Feature F709 C710 Charred Stake from Post-Hole 1 bag

TRENCH 9 (Burnt Mound/Spreads)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 9

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S901 18.07.06 N of Wall C903 Spit 3 Bulk Sample - Charcoal Rich 1 bag S902 19.07.06 F903 C903 Spit 3 Bulk Sample - Fill of Feature 1 bag

TRENCH 10 (Surface Features – Burnt Mound/Spreads)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 10

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

S10.01 21.08.06 General Coll. C10.03 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag S10.02 26.08.06 F10.01 C10.05 Sediment Sample - General 1 bag S10.03 29.08.06 F10.01 C10.05 Charcoal Fragments 1 bag

TRENCH 11 (Surface Features – Burnt Mound/Spreads)

SAMPLES REGISTER - TRENCH 11

No: Date: Location: Context: Description: Container:

Grey Clay with Charcoal S11.001 24.10.06 - C11.10 Flecks (Bulk Sample) 1 bag

223 Appendix 7 Catalogue and Spreadsheet Catalogue of Pottery

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

224 High Pasture Cave Catalogue of Pottery

V117 Context 252, find 2348 Slightly everted rim. The exterior surface is smoothed. There is incised decoration around the rim and shoulder – short vertical lines below the rim and chevron decoration around the shoulder. The fabric is coarse sandy clay which has fired hard and is grey with a red interior margin. There is light sooting on the exterior and a residue in the interior. Th 7mm; Wt 11g

V122 Context 109, find 330 Flat rim from a straight-sided vessel. The exterior surface has a wet hand smooth/light slip. The fabric is fine sandy clay with c60% of angular rock fragments which has fired hard and is grey with buff surfaces. The exterior surface is sooted. The interior surface is sooted and has a residue. Th 8mm; Dia 160mm; Wt 80g

V149 Context 601; find 6126 Plain rim, slightly tapered. The exterior surface is smoothed and textured with incisions ?combing. The fabric is fine sandy clay with c10% of rock fragments and organics which has fired hard and is grey with buff surfaces. Both surfaces are sooted. Th 11mm; Dia 200mm; Wt 97g

V159 Context 604; find 6183 Plain rim from a coil-constructed vessel (diagonal junctions). The exterior surface is smoothed. The fabric is sandy clay with c10% of rock fragments which has fired hard and is grey with red surfaces. The exterior surface is sooted. There is light sooting in the interior. Th 10mm; Wt 11g

V165 Context 610, find 6545 Body sherd with a smoothed exterior surface decorated with incised lines, possibly forming a multiple chevron decoration. The fabric is sandy clay with c20% of rock fragments which has fired hard and is brown. There is light sooting on both surfaces. Th 9mm; Wt 11g

V173 Context 1008; find 10002 Sherd, probably from the flat part of an expanded rim. Decorated along the flat part of the rim with ?herringbone decoration by impressed combing. The decoration appears to extend over the edge of the rim (but it is a very small sherd). The fabric is fine clay with c60% of angular rock fragments which has fired hard and is grey. Th 12mm; Wt 2g

225 High Pasture Cave Spreadsheet Catalogue of Pottery

Key to spreadsheet catalogue

NR Number of rim sherds NB Number of body sherds NBs Number of basal sherds NF Number of fragments R Rim type 1 plain; 2 flat; 3 everted; 4 inverted; 5 interior bevel; 6 beaded; 7 rolled; 8 exterior bevel; 9 rounded By Body type 1 necked; 2 shouldered; 3 neck + shoulder Bs Basal type 1 flat part only; 2 flat, angled sides; 3 flat, straight sides; 4 footed Th Sherd thickness (average) in mm Dia Diameter (external) in mm Wt Weight in g L1 Maximum vertical length L2 Maximum horizontal length T Technological features 1 N-shaped junction; 2 H-shaped junction; 3 U-shaped junction; 4 slab built

226 Ves Cont Tr Find NR NBy NBs NF R By Bs Th Dia Wt L1 L2 T S D C F ES IS A D H Notes V1 9 T1 240 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 8 230 62 55 82 N 1 0 6 2D 1 1 1 0 1 V10 1 Z4 40 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 10 32 35 N 1 0 6 3B 1 1 2 0 1 V11 1 Z4 57 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 23 24 0 0 0 6 2G 1 1 1 0 1 V11 2 T1 92 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 22 44 43 N 1 0 6 2A 1 2 2 0 1 fingertip smoothing marks V11 3 T1 102 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 12 29 27 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V11 3 T1 103 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 16 38 38 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V11 3 T1 104 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 11 0 45 73 47 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 residue extends over break V11 3 T1 110 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 8 26 20 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V11 3 T1 162 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 4 22 20 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V11 4 T1 222 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 9 0 14 32 30 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 joins HP0104 V11 4 T1 224 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 110 104 83 98 0 0 0 6 2G 1 1 1 0 1 V12 3 T1 146 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 19 22 0 0 0 6 3F 0 0 2 0 2 V13 1 Z4 33 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 18 18 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 3 0 2 V14 1 Z4 256 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 30 25 0 0 0 3 2A 0 0 1 0 2 V15 1 Z3or4 39 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 9 40 38 0 0 0 6 1B 0 0 1 1 1 V16 3 T1 144 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 12 0 14 33 35 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 3 0 2 probably from angle of base V17 1 Z4 52 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 140 5 26 23 N 1 0 6 2A 1 1 2 0 2 V18 1 Z4 32 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 11 21 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 V19 1 Z4 58 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 18 47 37 0 0 0 6 2B 0 1 1 0 1 from above angle with base V19 3 T1 160 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 10 27 26 0 0 0 6 2B 0 1 1 0 1 from above angle with base V2 1 Z3 53 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 17 18 N 0 0 6 2F 0 0 2 0 2 V20 1 Z4 54 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 3 20 16 N 1 0 6 1B 0 0 1 0 1 V21 1 Z4 55 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 28 32 N 0 0 6 3G 1 0 1 0 1 V22 1 Z3 41 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 23 20 0 0 0 6 2 1 0 2 0 2 V23 1 Z3 44 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 19 14 0 0 0 6 2B 1 1 1 0 1 V24 1 Z3 34 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 31 16 N 0 0 6 2G 1 0 1 0 2 V25 3 T1 147 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 1 14 7 0 0 0 6 2F 0 0 2 0 2 larger fragment recorded (L1 and L2) V26 3 T1 101 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 29 26 C 0 0 6 2B 0 1 1 0 1 V27 3 T1 163 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 2 10 24 0 6B 0 6 3B 1 0 2 0 2 V28 3 T1 159 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 9 30 22 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 3 0 1 V28 3 T1 164 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 21 15 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 3 0 1 V29 1 Z3 51 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 16 10 0 0 0 6 3B 1 0 2 0 2 V3 2 T1 108 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 0 1 21 13 0 0 0 6 3F 0 1 2 0 2 V30 3 T1 166 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 13 12 0 0 0 6 3A 1 0 2 0 2 V31 1 Z4 45 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 17 12 0 0 0 6 3F 0 0 2 0 2 V31 3 T1 167 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 39 25 0 0 0 6 3F 0 0 2 0 2 V32 1 Z4 50 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 19 17 N 0 0 6 3B 0 0 1 0 1 V33 1 Z3or4 43 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 4 22 18 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 3 0 2 V34 1 Z4 56 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 4 17 22 0 2 0 6 3A 1 0 2 0 1 V35 1 Z3 30 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 180 7 28 45 0 0 0 6 2G 0 0 1 0 1 V36 1 Z3 254 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 7 17 36 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 2 0 1 V37 1 Z3or4 49 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 5 24 27 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 2 0 1 V38 3 T1 111 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 4 22 15 0 0 0 6 2A 0 0 3 0 1 V39 4 T1 221 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 12 43 26 0 0 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V4 1 Z3or4 31 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 0 2 23 15 0 0 0 6 3F 1 0 2 0 2 V40 1 Z4 257 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 6 37 31 0 0 1 6 2G 0 0 2 0 1 V41 1 Z3 42 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 8 35 23 0 0 0 6 3B 0 0 1 0 1 V42 3 T1 161 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 8 28 40 C 0 0 6 1 0 2 1 0 1 unsmoothed coil junction - exterior V43 1 Z3 37 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 25 16 0 0 0 6 3B 0 2 1 0 1 V44 1 Z4 60 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 16 0 58 68 54 0 0 0 6 1A 0 1 1 0 1 almost all of flat part of a base V45 1 Z3 255 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 19 14 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 1 0 1 V46 1 Z4 47 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 32 57 48 N 0 0 6 2G 1 0 2 0 2 V47 2 T1 106 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 11 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 3 0 2 V48 1 Z4 258 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 38 68 82 0 0 4 6 2G 1 0 2 0 1 V5 1 Z3 36 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 3 19 15 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 2 0 2 V6 1 Z3 35 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 17 13 0 0 0 6 2B 0 0 2 0 2 V7 1 Z3 38 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 16 0 0 0 6 3A 0 0 3 0 2 V7 1 Z4 46 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 140 7 35 28 N 1 0 6 2A 1 1 2 0 2 V7 1 Z4 48 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 19 46 56 N 1 0 6 2A 1 1 2 0 2 joins HP0046 V7 1 Z4 59 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 140 13 55 29 N 1 0 6 2A 1 1 2 0 2 joins HP0046 V8 3 T1 165 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 14 0 0 0 6 2A 0 0 3 0 2 V9 2 T1 107 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 13 9 0 0 0 6 3B 0 0 1 0 2 3 T1 145 burnt stone 3 T1 148 burnt stone Also zone 4 disturbed deposits - catalogued in full

V49 505 T5 5011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 25 20 0 0 0 6 2F 0 0 3 0 2 V50 501 T5 5009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 7 41 26 0 0 0 6 2F 0 1 3 0 2 V51 501 T5 5003 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 40 24 0 0 0 6 2 1 1 2 0 1 V52 303 T3 3009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 15 35 39 0 5 0 6 2 0 2 2 0 1 V53 303 T3 3011 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 19 0 32 62 31 0 0 0 6 2 1 1 2 0 1 V54 303 T3 3012 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 8 0 25 44 32 0 0 0 6 1F 0 0 2 0 1 V55 302 T3 3008 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 32 51 40 0 0 0 6 1 1 0 2 0 1 V56 302 T3 3015 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 9 41 37 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 2 0 1 V57 302 T3 3006 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 8 0 11 32 24 0 0 0 6 2G 0 0 2 0 1 small rim frag - plain lip V57 302 T3 3004 1 7 0 2 1 0 0 8 0 22 34 23 0 0 0 6 2G 0 0 3 0 2 V58 302 T3 3016 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 4 22 23 0 0 0 6 3F 1 0 3 0 2 V59 244 T2(St) 2258 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 27 25 0 0 0 6 2F 1 0 3 0 2 includes ?fired clay 6g V60 244 T2(St) 2265 1 4 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 29 43 34 0 0 0 6 2G 1 1 2 0 1 V60 244 T2(St) 2257 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 2 12 18 0 0 0 6 2G 1 1 2 0 2 V60 244 T2(St) 2259 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 25 34 30 0 0 0 6 2G 1 1 V61 210 T2 2091 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 32 23 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 3 0 1 V62 205 T2 2061 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 12 33 32 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 2 0 1 2061#4 V62 205 T2 2061 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 22 68 36 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 2 0 1 2061#3 V62 205 T2 2061 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 80 28 57 37 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 2 0 1 2061#1 V62 205 T2 2061 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 80 20 40 40 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 2 0 1 2061#2 V63 205 T2 2253 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 4 22 24 0 0 0 6 2G 0 0 2 0 1 slightly everted - small sherd V64 205 T2 2114 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 3 21 20 0 0 0 6 2F 0 0 2 0 1 V65 205 T2 2266 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 9 29 22 0 0 0 6 2G 0 1 2 0 1 small finger impression on one - pos all dif vessels

227 Ves Cont Tr Find NR NBy NBs NF R By Bs Th Dia Wt L1 L2 T S D C F ES IS A D H Notes V66 205 T2 2273 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 11 30 26 0 0 0 3 2G 1 0 1 0 1 V67 205 T2 2243 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 9 41 29 0 0 0 6 2G 0 0 2 0 1 V68 204 T2 2105 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 9 41 36 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 2 0 1 V69 203 T2 2026 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 11 0 8 30 29 0 0 0 6 2G 0 0 2 0 1 V70 203 T2 2040 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 27 20 0 0 0 6 1A 1 0 2 0 1 V71 203 T2 Rt 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 9 34 27 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 2 0 1 V72 203 T2 2228 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 9 40 35 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 2 0 1 V73 203 T2 2234 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 46 27 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 2 0 1 V74 203 T2 2048 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 7 30 29 N 0 0 6 2 1 0 2 0 2 V75 203 T2 2026 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 13 51 33 0 0 0 6 1 1 1 1 0 1 V76 203 T2 2051 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 8 0 12 46 35 0 6B 2 6 3A 0 0 2 0 1 broken in two V77 601 T6 652 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 5 32 25 0 6B 0 6 3 1 2 1 0 1 " V78 601 T6 650 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 8 46 25 0 6B 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V78 601 T6 651 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 11 0 0 0 6 3 1 2 3 0 2 V79 602 T6 661 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 200 38 75 74 0 0 2 6 2F 1 0 1 0 1 V79 603 T6 626 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 9 45 29 0 0 2 6 2F 1 0 1 0 1 V79 602 T6 660 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 200 81 111 100 0 0 2 6 2F 1 0 1 0 1 V80 603 T6 634 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 10 180 127 85 94 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 2 0 1 V80 603 T6 632 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 10 180 43 47 76 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 603 T6 633 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 54 74 64 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 603 T6 639 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 24 55 36 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 602 T6 662 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 67 72 77 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 603 T6 625A 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 120 181 103 89 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 603 T6 637 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 6 25 25 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 602 T6 612 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 133 87 100 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 602 T6 614 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 205 129 113 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 fits on to flat part of base V80 603 T6 638 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 29 53 38 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 603 T6 625C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 47 45 85 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V80 603 T6 625B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 17 46 37 N 6A 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V81 602 T6 613A 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 7 0 17 53 40 0 1 2 6 2A 1 2 2 0 1 V81 602 T6 613B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 13 51 34 0 1 2 6 2A 1 2 2 0 1 V81 602 T6 613C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 13 40 34 0 1 2 6 2A 1 2 1 0 1 V82 602 T6 664 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 9 0 13 31 39 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 1 0 1 V83 602 T6 620 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 26 23 0 0 0 6 3A 0 1 1 0 1 V84 602 T6 667A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 43 24 0 0 0 3 4 1 0 2 0 1 V85 602 T6 667B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 23 17 0 0 0 6 3G 0 2 2 0 1 V86 602 T6 665 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 21 43 48 0 0 0 6 3A 1 2 1 0 1 V86 602 T6 663 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 9 33 28 0 0 0 6 3A 1 2 1 0 1 from angle with base V87 602 T6 666A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 39 15 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 V88 602 T6 666B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 38 22 0 0 0 6 3A 0 0 1 0 1 V89 602 T6 666C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 20 18 0 0 0 6 3A 0 0 1 0 1 V90 602 T6 602A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 43 40 0 0 0 6 3F 1 0 2 0 1 V91 602 T6 602B 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 11 0 6 23 23 0 0 0 6 1B 0 0 1 0 1 V92 602 T6 602C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 23 20 0 0 0 6 3B 0 0 1 0 1 V113 602 T6 602D 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 3 20 14 0 0 0 6 3G 0 0 2 0 1 V114 602 T6 602E 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 2 15 13 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 2 0 1 V92 602 T6 602F 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 28 15 0 0 0 6 3B 0 0 1 0 1 V93 603 T6 641B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 16 41 34 0 0 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V93 603 T6 641A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 19 45 34 N 0 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V93 603 T6 635 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 10 0 21 39 40 0 0 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V93 603 T6 635 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 10 0 17 32 36 0 0 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V93 604 T6 684 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 10 0 10 25 32 0 0 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V93 603 T6 636 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 7 25 21 0 0 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V93 603 T6 644 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 3 20 19 0 0 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V94 603 T6 624A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 22 37 49 N 0 0 6 3G 0 0 2 0 1 V94 603 T6 624B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 15 35 33 N 0 0 6 3G 0 0 2 0 1 V95 603 T6 624C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 5 19 13 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 1 0 1 V96 603 T6 645 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 22 24 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 V97 603 T6 643 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 7 21 33 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 1 0 1 V98 603 T6 645 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 29 28 0 6B 0 6 3A 0 1 1 0 1 V99 603 T6 649A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 9 27 27 0 0 0 6 1A 1 1 1 0 1 V99 603 T6 649C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 3 19 13 0 0 0 6 1A 1 1 1 0 1 V100 603 T6 649B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 4 28 20 0 0 0 6 1 1 1 1 0 1 V101 603 T6 649D 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 21 19 0 0 0 6 1 0 2 1 0 1 V101 603 T6 649E 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 5 22 21 0 0 0 6 1 0 2 1 0 1 V102 603 T6 627 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 3 22 24 0 0 0 6 1A 1 1 1 0 1 V103 603 T6 628A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 2 16 18 0 0 0 6 1F 0 1 3 0 2 V104 603 T6 628B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 3 20 24 0 0 0 3 3A 0 0 3 0 2 V105 604 T6 682 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 9 120 57 65 65 0 0 0 6 3G 1 1 2 0 1 V106 604 T6 683 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 22 55 36 N 0 2 6 3G 0 2 2 0 1 V107 303 T3 3013 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 120 21 47 41 0 1 0 6 1 0 0 2 0 1 V108 302 T3 3024 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 12 54 31 0 0 2 6 3 1 1 2 0 1 V109 205 T2 2062 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 12 0 41 61 41 0 1 2 3 1 1 0 2 0 1 V110 201 T2 2001 2 4 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 30 31 27 0 0 0 6 1 1 1 2 0 1 V111 203 T2 2052 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 11 110 12 40 27 0 0 0 6 3A 0 0 2 0 1 V112 203 T2 Rt 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 11 110 15 46 30 0 0 0 6 3A 0 0 2 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 3 22 19 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 28 18 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 4 30 20 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 5 26 25 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 21 17 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 23 22 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 23 18 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 28 19 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V113 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 30 26 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V114 252 T2(St) 2346 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9 0 4 30 15 0 0 0 6 1A 0 2 1 0 1 V115 252 T2(St) 2348 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 40 26 0 0 0 6 4F 1 2 1 0 1 V115 252 T2(St) 2348 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 11 41 28 0 0 0 6 4F 1 2 1 0 1 V115 252 T2(St) 2348 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 14 40 33 0 0 0 6 4F 1 2 2 0 1

228 Ves Cont Tr Find NR NBy NBs NF R By Bs Th Dia Wt L1 L2 T S D C F ES IS A D H Notes V116 252 T2(St) 2348 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 0 7 30 22 0 0 2 6 4B 0 0 1 0 1 possible dimpled base V117 252 T2(St) 2348 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 9 41 27 0 1 1 6 4 1 2 1 0 1 joins V117 252 T2(St) 2348 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 2 15 18 0 1 1 6 4 1 2 1 0 1 " V117 252 T2(St) 2350 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 2 22 14 0 1 1 6 4 1 2 1 0 1 joins V117 252 T2(St) 2350 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 5 32 20 0 1 1 6 4 1 2 1 0 1 " V117 252 T2(St) 2350 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 26 47 65 0 1 1 6 4 1 2 1 0 1 " V118 252 T2(St) 2350 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 5 30 23 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 1 0 1 V118 252 T2(St) 2350 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 4 27 19 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 1 0 1 V118 252 T2(St) 2350 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 22 15 0 0 0 6 1A 0 2 1 0 1 V119 252 T2(St) 2350 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 27 17 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V119 252 T2(St) 2350 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 17 9 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V120 252 T2(St) 2361 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 61 63 74 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V121 105 T1 295 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 16 50 55 1 1 3 6 3F 1 0 2 0 1 split in two; possible applied wavy line V122 109 T1 330 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 8 160 80 120 61 1 4 0 6 2D 1 2 1 0 1 broken in three V122 109 T1 330 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 9 110 51 47 74 0 4 0 6 2D 1 2 1 0 1 V122 109 T1 330 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 110 5 36 26 0 4 0 6 2D 1 2 1 0 1 interior fragment V122 109 T1 330 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 13 50 29 0 4 0 6 2D 1 2 1 0 1 V122 107 T1 312 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 7 160 8 35 22 1 4 0 6 2D 1 2 1 0 1 V122 107 T1 312 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 21 63 44 1 4 0 6 2D 1 2 1 0 1 V123 203 T2 2386 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 21 16 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 3 0 3 V124 246 T2(St) 2280 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 5 20 23 0 1 0 6 2B 1 1 1 0 1 small sherd V124 246 T2(St) 2280 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 12 58 26 0 1 0 6 2B 1 1 1 0 1 V125 249 T2(St) 2297 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 9 31 40 0 1 0 6 1G 0 0 2 0 1 V126 247 T2(St) 2283 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 16 37 43 0 1 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V126 247 T2(St) 2283 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 17 37 37 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 V126 250 T2(St) 2324 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 27 44 49 0 1 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V126 251 T2(St) 2326 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 13 33 38 0 1 0 6 2G 1 2 1 0 1 V127 251 T2(St) 2327 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 16 15 0 0 0 6 2A 0 0 1 0 1 V128 251 T2(St) 2326 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 32 23 0 1 0 6 2F 0 0 1 2 1 V129 252 T2(St) 2363 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 7 32 24 0 0 0 6 1 1 2 1 0 1 wet sieve V130 252 T2(St) 2363 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 20 16 0 1 0 6 2G 0 2 1 0 1 wet sieve V131 252 T2(St) 2362 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 20 14 0 1 0 6 2A 0 2 1 0 1 V132 252 T2(St) 2362 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 5 25 22 0 1 0 6 1B 0 2 1 0 1 V133 252 T2(St) 2362 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 23 17 0 1 0 6 1B 0 2 1 0 1 V134 252 T2(St) 2382 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 tiny fragment - some attributes not determined V135 252 T2(St) 2345 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 small fragments - more than one vessel V136 252 T2(St) 2344 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 0 25 56 37 0 0 2 6 1A 0 0 2 0 1 two sherds from flat part of base have dimpling V136 252 T2(St) 2344 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 0 16 39 37 0 0 2 6 1A 0 0 2 0 1 V137 252 T2(St) 2343 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 90 13 25 41 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 2 0 1 V137 252 T2(St) 2343 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 90 12 26 42 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 2 0 1 V137 252 T2(St) 2343 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 90 11 26 32 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 2 0 1 V137 252 T2(St) 2343 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 90 4 20 17 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 2 0 1 V137 252 T2(St) 2343 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 90 4 18 22 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 2 0 1 V137 252 T2(St) 2343 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 90 5 17 18 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 2 0 1 V137 252 T2(St) 2343 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 90 3 13 16 0 0 0 6 1A 1 2 2 0 1 V138 507 T5 5017 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 6 26 29 0 1 0 6 2 0 1 1 0 1 V139 507 T5 5017 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 23 20 0 1 0 1 2F 0 1 1 0 1 V140 507 T5 5017 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 35 17 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 2 0 1 V141 601 T6 6107 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 6 23 22 0 1 0 6 1B 1 0 2 0 1 from join with base V142 601 T6 6107 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 7 33 25 0 1 0 1 3B 1 0 2 3 1 V143 601 T6 6122 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 5 32 16 0 1 0 6 3A 0 2 1 0 1 V144 601 T6 6122 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 7 24 23 0 1 0 6 1B 0 1 2 0 1 V145 601 T6 6122 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 26 23 0 1 0 3 4F 1 0 1 0 1 V146 601 T6 6122 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 6 22 21 0 1 0 6 2 0 0 2 0 1 V147 601 T6 6122 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 4 23 14 0 1 0 6 2B 0 1 2 0 1 V148 601 T6 6122 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 30 24 0 1 0 6 2 1 2 1 0 1 V149 601 T6 6126 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 11 200 97 86 86 0 1 1 6 2F 1 1 1 0 1 V150 601 T6 6123 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 10 0 8 21 37 0 0 0 6 1B 0 0 2 0 1 V151 601 T6 6124 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 18 37 34 0 1 0 6 1A 1 2 1 0 1 V152 601 T6 6125 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 41 96 54 0 1 0 6 2F 1 1 1 0 1 V153 601 T6 6133 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 11 0 16 42 21 0 1 0 6 3 0 2 1 0 1 V154 602 T6 6132 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 26 23 0 1 0 6 2 0 0 2 0 1 V155 602 T6 6132 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 12 32 28 0 1 0 6 2 0 0 1 0 1 V156 602 T6 6132 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 0 2 20 15 0 1 2 6 1 0 0 1 0 1 possible dimpled base V157 602 T6 6132 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 25 15 0 1 0 6 3A 0 0 1 0 1 V158 602 T6 6132 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 22 18 0 1 0 6 2 0 0 3 0 1 V159 604 T6 6183 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 160 27 50 47 1 1 0 6 1A 1 1 1 0 1 joins V159 604 T6 6183 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 11 33 32 1 1 0 6 1A 1 1 1 0 1 V160 604 T6 6184 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 3 22 16 0 1 0 6 2F 1 2 1 0 1 V161 604 T6 6184 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 6 31 20 0 1 0 6 2G 1 1 1 0 1 V162 604 T6 6184 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 16 19 0 1 0 6 1 1 0 1 0 1 V163 608 T6 6409 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 78 119 71 1 1 0 6 3C 1 2 1 0 1 broken in two V164 610 T6 6546 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 5 31 25 0 1 1 2 3A 1 2 2 0 1 faint incised decoration V165 610 T6 6545 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 11 32 36 0 1 1 1 1B 1 1 2 0 1 V166 703 T7 7017 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 22 13 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 2 0 2 V167 702 T7 7009 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 26 15 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 3 0 2 V168 902 T9 9004 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 9 35 34 0 0 0 6 2 0 2 2 0 2 V169 902 T9 9004 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 29 28 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 possible incised decoration V170 902 T9 9004 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 25 21 0 0 0 6 3A 0 0 2 0 2 V171 902 T9 9004 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 27 23 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 2 0 2 V172 902 T9 9004 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 27 16 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 2 0 1 V173 1008 T10 10002 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 12 0 2 18 11 0 0 2 2 3C 0 0 2 0 1

**Context number followed by (St)=Stairwell Find**

229 Appendix 8 Burnt Bone - • Age Estimates from Bone Fragments Identified to Species • Bone Fragments Identified to Species, Bone Type and Body Element • Bone identified to element

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

230227 HIGH PASTURE CAVE, SKYE HPC'06

TABLE 1 AGE ESTIMATES FROM BONE FRGS IDENTIFIED TO SPECIES

Context Find Criteria Estimated Age Source Estimated Age Source

Sus teeth 605 F6299 molar- not in wear or light wear <24m Simonds <16-22m Bull and Payne(1982) 606 F6336 incisor(d) <6-9m Simonds <8-12m Bull and Payne(1982) 606 F6433 mandibular premolar 1(p) 6-9m Simonds 3.5-6m Bull and Payne(1982)

28-Aug F6433 tooth root mandibular premolar formed (p) 9-18m Simonds >12-16m Bull and Payne(1982) 606 F6458 premolar unerupted(p) <12m Simonds <12-16m Bull and Payne(1982) 606 F6458 molar unerupted(p) <4m-18m Simonds <4-22m Bull and Payne(1982) 606 F6280 molar/premolar-light wear <24m Simonds <22m Bull and Payne(1982) 607 F6567 maxilla premolar 2 unworn with roots one-th <12-18m Simonds 12-16m Bull and Payne(1982) 607 F6439 unworn molar, roots developing <18-24m Simonds <4-22m Bull and Payne(1982)

231 608 F6621 molar, possibly mandibular molar 1 unworn around 6m Simonds around 4-6m Bull and Payne(1982) 608 F6629 molar-roots developing <18-24m Simonds <4-22m Bull and Payne(1982) 608 F6621 molar/premolar frgs unworn <24m Simonds <4-22m Bull and Payne(1982) other Bull and >12m( or<12-24 m in 606 F6424 medial phalange-unfused >12m Payne(1982) Silver) Amorosi 3-5C Bull and approx 12m (or 12-24m in 606 F6433 medial phalange fuse line visible approx 12m Payne(1982) Silver) Amorosi 3-5C

Ovis/Capra teeth 252 F2375 molar/premolar frgs not in wear 606 F6458 molar 1 mandibular, no roots <9m Simonds approx 6m Amorosi 3-4B 607 F6404 molar frgs not in wear 607 F6499 maxilla premolar aveoli 607 F6567 molar/premolar unworn 607 6580 molar/premolar unworn 607 6573 molar/premolar unworn

903 F9006 molar frgs, not in wear, root not formed Context Find Criteria Estimated Age Source Estimated Age Source

other 109 HP0333 distal phalange-approx half adult size immature 605 F6250 prox phalange, prox epiphysis unfused >6-10m Amorosi 3-4C 606 F6433 caudal vertebrae unfused immature 607 F6492 phalange-distal frg, unfused 608 F6515 medial phalange-fused >6-9m Amorosi 3-4C 608 F6412 unfused metapod-distal >15-28m Amorosi 3-4C 608 F6412 tibia? Distal unfused <15-24m Amorosi 3-4D 608 F6509 radius prox frg fused >3-10m Amorosi 3-4C Bos teeth 605 F6216 mandibular M3 -light wear, roots still forming>30-36m Simonds around 24-27m Amorosi 3-2b >30-36m Amorosi 3-2c 605 F6299 premolar frg-not in wear < 36m around 24-36m Amorosi 3-2b < 36m Amorosi 3-2c

232 606 F6446 incisor(p) (I2?)-light wear 12-24 m Simonds around 27-30m Amorosi 3-2b 606 F6446 incisor(p) (I3?)-light wear 12-45m Simonds around 36-42m Amorosi 3-2b 606 F6452 molar frg-in wear >6m Amorosi 3-2b >6m Amorosi 3-2c 608 F6522 mandible aveoli P2, P3(p) >24m Simonds >24m Amorosi 3-2b other 107 HP0307 medial phalange distal frg fused >birth-18m Amorosi 3-2G 107 HP0307 humerus distal frg fused >15-20m Amorosi 3-2G 107 HP0307 medial phalange prox frg fused >15-24m Amorosi 3-2G 603 F6128 humerus distal fused >15-20m Amorosi 3-2G 607 F6404 radius prox fused >12-15m Amorosi 3-2G 607 F6404 radius distal fused >42-48m Amorosi 3-2G 608 F6509 tibia distal fused >24-30m Amorosi 3-2I

Cervus 606 6364 ulna frg- prox mature fused 606 6364 radius proc lat mature fused HIGH PASTURE CAVE, SKYE HPC'06 Bone fragments identified to species, bone type and body element

Body element - s=skull, a= axial, f=forelimb, ff-forefoot, h=hindlimb, hf= hindfoot, foot=foot, tooth=loose tooth

TABLE 1 SORTED BY SPECIES THEN BODY ELEMENT

Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

BIRD

C107 HP0307 orbit 1 frg bird 2.3 calc C605 F6209 tarsal 1 frg bird? 0.7 calc C608 F6412 longbone 1 shaft bird? 0.2 calc 3 233 CATTLE- Bos taurus calc/ C607 F6523 vertebrae -axis 1 edge frg Bos a 0.9 unburnt vertebrae- C608 F6522 cervical 1 art surface frg Bos a 2.9 calc calc/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos fused f 2.2 unburnt

2 cut marks C107 HP0307 radius 1 shaft frg Bos f 3.7 and small pits unburnt calc/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos fused f R 2.5 unburnt

C602 F6128 humerus 1 distal Bos fused f L 30.4 pits on surface char Bd est= 61mm two parallel C605 F6209 humerus 2 distal shaft frg Bos f 10.1 cuts plus pits char C605 F6209 humerus 2 shaft frgs Bos f 2.7 char

C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Bos f 4.0 pits on surface char Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

4 cut marks, several C607 F6404 radius 1 prox Bos fused f L 24.4 scrapemarks char C607 F6404 radius 1 distal Bos fused f L 11.4 calc C608 F6408 radius 1 shaft frg Bos f 1.6 char

sulcus C608 F6408 ulna 1 muscularis frg Bos f 5.0 char C608 F6408 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos f 1.9 char C608 F6522 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos f 3.2 calc C605 F6209 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Bos ff 3.3 char C608 F6522 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Bos ff 1.7 calc

calc/ Bp 23 mm est, C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-proximaBos fused foot 3.4 unburnt Bd 24.6 mm 234 possibly from same phalange as calc/ proximal C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-distal Bos fused foot 1.8 unburnt portion C604 F6229 phalange 1 frg Bos foot 0.4 calc C605 F6209 sesmoid 1 complete Bos foot 1.4 char C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos foot 3.0 char C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos foot 7.1 small pits char C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos foot 11.3 cut marks char C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos foot 4.3 cuts and pits char C607 F6499 phalange 1 frg Bos foot 0.4 calc C608 F6522 phalange 3 frgs Bos foot 4.8 calc C605 F6205 patella 1 frg Bos h 2.4 calc C605 F6209 tibia 1 proximal shaft fBos h L 3.8 calc small parallel C606 F6352 femur 1 fovea capitas Bos h 17.9 cuts char/calc acetabulum C606 F6364 pelvis 1 frg Bos h 3.9 char C607 F6372 patella 1 frg Bos h 3.7 char Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C607 F6523 tibia 1 shaft frg Bos h 2.6 calc

no evidence that distal end was removed, interior lightly charred Bd est distal -alm 53.3mm, Dd C608 F6509 tibia 1 complete Bos fused h L 28.0 char 38.5mm trochanter C608 F6515 femur 1 majus frg Bos h 0.8 calc C608 F6522 femur 1 shaft frg Bos h 2.4 char calc/char/u C107 HP0307 astralagus 1 proximal Bos hf 4.9 nburnt

235 C606 F6271 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Bos hf 1.6 cut marks calc C608 F6515 metatarsal 1 proximal frg Bos hf 7.7 2 cut marks calc/char C608 F6522 astralagus 1 frg Bos hf 2.0 char C107 HP0307 frontal 1 frg Bos s 6.2 char C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular procesBos s R 5.1 char 2 pieces one side calc, one side C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg Bos s 3.4 char/calc charred 1 long cut C608 F6509 mandible 1 coronoid frg Bos s 2.1 mark char frg containing alveoli for P2, C608 F6522 mandible 1 P3 (p) Bos s 2.9 char mandibular in light wear 3rd molar, end roots still C605 F6216 tooth 1 section Bos forming t L 3.4 char premolar frg C605 F6299 tooth 1 (p) Bos not in wear t 0.5 unburnt C606 F6345 patella 1 frg Bos t 2.1 calc C606 F6345 tooth 1 molar Bos? tooth in wear t 1.0 char in wear Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

incisor (p) C606 F6446 tooth 1 (i2?) Bos 12-24m t R 1.0 unburnt light wear incisor (p) (i3 C606 F6446 tooth 1 or 4) Bos 12-45m t R 0.3 char molar/premola C606 F6452 tooth 1 r crown frg Bos in wear t 0.3 unburnt C607 F6372 tooth 2 frgs Bos? t 0.8 calc C607 F6499 tooth 2 frgs Bos? t 0.8 calc C608 F6515 tooth 1 premolar? Bos? t 1.0 calc 63 262.1 RED DEER Cervus elaphus C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus a 1.1 scrape marks char C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus ? a 0.8 calc small scrape marks, 236 possible vertebrae process rodent teeth Collapse Trench 1 lumber 1 traversus Cervus a 1.7 marks char C252 F2338 scapula 1 spine frg Cervus f 1.0 char process coronoideus C606 F6364 radius 1 lateralis frg Cervus fused f R 2.5 calc sulcus muscularis and part of C606 F6446 ulna 1 proximal Cervus fused f R 4.0 calc C607 F6372 radius 1 shaft frg Cervus? f 1.0 char C607 F6499 humerus 1 shaft frg Cervus f 0.9 char C607 F6404 radius 1 shaft Cervus f 0.7 char C608 F6515 ulna 1 coronoid Cervus f 2.6 calc C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal shaft Cervus f L 4.0 scrape marks char C108a HP0323 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Cervus ff 0.7 calc C606 F6352 metacarpus 1 distal Cervus? fuse visible ff L 11.9 calc C607 F6404 carpal 1 alm complete Cervus ff 4.3 char C608 F6396 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Cervus ff 0.6 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C608 F6412 metacarpal 1 shaft Cervus ff 2.6 small cuts calc C608 F6412 carpal 2 incomplete Cervus ? ff 5.5 calc

C108a HP0323 phalange-distal 1 frg Cervus foot 2.5 calc large mammal (may be associated with Cervus C109 HPO333 metapodium 1 shaft frg prox frg) foot 5.4 calc phalange- C608 F6515 medial 1 distal frg Cervus foot 0.5 char 3 irregular

237 pits, 1 cut that appears C608 F6412 phalange-prox 1 distal Cervus foot 1.6 recent C606 F6352 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? h 0.6 1 deep cut char C606 F6352 tibia 1 shaft frg Cervus? h 0.4 calc 1 thin cut C606 F6364 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus? h 3.1 mark char C606 F6271 tibia 1 prox frg Cervus h 0.8 char C607 F6390 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? h 3.1 char unburnt/ch C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus h L 8.2 4 cut marks ar C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus h 3.7 char C608 F6412 patella 1 body Cervus h 7.9 char/calc C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 proximal frg Cervus hf 3.5 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.6 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 1.1 calc 1 horizontal C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 1.1 cut-mark calc C109 HPO333 astralagus? 1 proximal frg Cervus? hf L 0.6 calc blue tinge Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C110 HP0336 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.9 char C605 F6209 metatarsal 2 shaft frgs Cervus hf 1.3 calc C606 F6352 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.9 char C606 F6364 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.7 calc C606 F6271 calcaneus 1 frg Cervus hf 1.0 calc C607 F6390 metatarsus 2 shaft frgs Cervus hf 2.3 calc C607 F6492 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.9 calc approx C607 F6499 talus 1 quarter Cervus hf 5.3 char C608 F6522 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 1.3 calc process C608 F6396 mandible 1 articularis frg Cervus s 1.8 char C608 F6412 mandible 1 coronoid Cervus s R 1.7 not burnt incisor and C606 F6424 tooth 1 part of root Cervus ? t 0.2 calc 238 incisor- C608 F6617 tooth 1 mandibular(p) Cervus t R 0.2 char 2 small molar/premola cavities on C608 F6617 tooth 2 r frgs Cervus t 0.5 unburnt crown C608 F6621 tooth 1 canine tip Cervus t 0.1 calc 53 109.3 OTTER-Lutra lutra mandibular molar- C605 F6470 tooth 1 incomplete Lutra lutra 0.3 unburnt incisor alm C607 F6556 tooth 1 complete (d) Lutra lutra 0.0 unburnt 2 POLECAT-Mustela putorius

canine half crown and C608 F6624 tooth 1 part of root (p) 0.3 unburnt 1 Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

SHEEP/GOAT Ovis aries/Capra hircus vertebrae C604 F6229 thoracic 1 frg Ovis/Capra a 0.3 unburnt vertebrae C606 F6433 caudal 1 unfused body Ovis/Capra unfused a 0.0 unburnt C607 F6390 sternum 1 almost completOvis/Capra a 1.9 char vertebrae lumber 1 frg Ovis/Capra a 1.6 calc C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra f 1.6 char C605 F6470 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra f 0.3 char C606 F6610 ulna 1 distal art frg Ovis/Capra f 0.6 calc C606 F6271 scapula 2 frgs Ovis/Capra f 0.8 calc C607 F6390 radius? 3 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra f 8.8 calc

239 C608 F6509 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra fused f 0.6 calc C608 F6522 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra f 0.7 calc C608 F6522 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra f 0.9 calc C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra f 1.7 calc C608 F6412 radius 2 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra f 0.8 calc C107 HP0307 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 0.7 calc

blue tinge on C603 F6139 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 4.0 calc interior of shaft C603 F6139 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ff 1.3 unburnt C606 F6345 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 0.7 unburnt C606 F6433 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 0.2 calc small or young C607 F6492 carpals 3 complete Ovis/Capra ff 1.1 calc animal linked to 3 C607 F6492 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ff 0.6 char carpals above C607 F6567 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ff 0.4 calc C607 F6573 carpal 1 frgs Ovis/Capra ff 0.1 char phalange- C108 FHP0319 medial 1 frg Ovis/Capra foot 0.4 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

not adult length half of C109 HPO333 phalange-distal 1 complete Ovis/Capra adult size foot 0.7 char in 3 pieces C110 HP0336 metapodium 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra foot 0.8 char (HPC '05) F2375 sesamoid 1 complete Ovis/Capra foot 0.1 char C603 F6172 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra cannot foot 0.2 calc C605 F6242 medial 1 proximal Ovis/Capra foot 0.3 calc C607 F6492 phalange 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra unfused foot 0.7 calc C608 F6515 medial 1 complete Ovis/Capra fused foot 0.7 calc animal C608 F6412 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra unfused foot 0.7 calc C607 F6390 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra h 0.8 calc C608 F6509 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra h 0.9 calc C608 F6559 femur 1 tertius Ovis/Capra h 0.1 char C608 F6412 tibia? 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ? unfused h 1.6 calc 240 C104 HP0270 astralagus 1 alm complete Ovis/Capra hf L 3.3 calc Gl 23mm C606 F6345 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.4 calc C607 F6499 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.5 char C607 F6404 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.6 3 pits char Collapse in Trench 1 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.7 calc C606 F6345 mandible 1 coronoid frg Ovis/Capra s 0.8 char C607 F6390 mandible 1 tooth sockets Ovis/Capra s L 1.8 pits, cuts and char deciduous C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular procesOvis/Capra s R 0.6 char articular process C607 F6492 mandible 1 proximal end Ovis/Capra s R 0.4 char articular C607 F6492 mandible 1 process frg Ovis/Capra s 0.5 calc premolar C607 F6499 maxilla 1 alveoli Ovis/Capra permanent s R 1.8 char C608 F6408 mandible 1 coronoid proce Ovis/Capra s R 3.1 calc

crown frg from C252 molar/premola (HPC '05) F2375 tooth 1 r Ovis/Capra not in wear t 0.1 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C603 F6139 tooth 1 frg of unworn MOvis/Capra t 0.7 blue/black C605 F6299 tooth 2 crown frg Ovis/Capra t 0.2 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg (d?) Ovis/Capra? t 0.2 unburnt

1 st molar C606 F6458 tooth 1 mandibular (d) Ovis/Capra no roots t 0.1 calc premolar frg? C606 F6458 tooth 1 (d) Ovis/Capra t 0.1 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 2 crown frgs Ovis/Capra t 0.2 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor root Ovis/Capra t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor frg Ovis/Capra t 0.1 calc C607 F6439 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra t 0.2 char crown frg- C607 F6567 tooth 1 premolar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.1 unburnt crown frg- 241 C607 F6567 tooth 2 molar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.3 unburnt crown frgs- C607 F6573 tooth 3 molar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.6 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra t 0.6 calc crown frgs- C607 F6580 tooth 2 molar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.4 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 1 incisor (d) Ovis/Capra t 0.1 unburnt C607 F6404 tooth 5 molar frg Ovis/Capra not in wear t 1.3 char C608 F6621 tooth 1 pre-molar Ovis/Capra t 0.0 unburnt C608 F6624 tooth 1 root (d) Ovis/Capra t 0.0 char C608 F6412 tooth 1 frg Ovis/Capra t 0.5 5 cut marks char

root not formed, tooth C903 F9006 tooth 1 molar frgs (p) Ovis/Capra not in wear t 0.9 char 4 pieces 85 58.6 MOUSE Apodemus C110 HP0336 neurocranium 1 alm complete sylvaticus 0.3 unburnt 1 Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

PIG Sus scrofa C606 F6271 metacarpus 1 prox and shaft Sus ff 0.6 char C606 F6352 phalange-prox 1 proximal Sus not fused foot 0.7 calc

C606 F6352 phalange 1 residual bone Sus foot 0.6 char rubbed surface

epiphysis line C606 F6433 phalange 1 medial Sus visible 12m foot 0.3 unburnt phalange- C605 F6326 medial 1 distal epiphysisSus foot 0.3 unburnt C606 F6271 parietal 1 frg Sus s 1.6 char C608 F6408 neurocranium 1 temporal bone Sus? s 1.9 char C605 F6299 tooth 5 molar frgs Sus t 0.7 calc

242 light wear or C605 F6299 tooth 1 molar frg Sus not in wear t 0.2 unburnt C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg Sus t 0.3 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg-maxil Sus t 0.2 calc C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg Sus t 0.1 calc C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frgs Sus t 0.3 calc cannot tell if in wear or mandible root apex C606 F6280 tooth 1 incisor (p) Sus closed t R 2.4 char 2 pieces molar/premola C606 F6280 tooth 1 r frg (p) Sus light wear t 0.4 calc crown intact and in wear, cut on root cut at base of C606 F6336 tooth 1 incisor(d)) Sus 6-9 m t 0.9 near base char root mandibular C606 F6345 tooth 1 incisor frg Sus t 0.4 char C606 F6364 tooth 1 molar frg (p) Sus t 0.7 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

no roots maxilla formed, no C606 F6364 tooth 1 premolar Sus wear on tooth t 0.5 calc

no roots formed, no C606 F6364 tooth 1 maxilla molar Sus wear on tooth t 0.8 unburnt tooth calcined, no root mandibular development C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar 1 Sus 6-10m t 0.5 calc no roots, no maxilla wear, 243 C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar Sus unerupted t 0.1 unburnt

root apex not C606 F6433 tooth root 1 incisor(p)) Sus closed 9-18m t 0.3 calc mandibular premolar frg no wear, root C606 F6433 tooth 1 (d)) Sus partly formed t 0.1 calc molar/premola C606 F6433 tooth 8 r frgs Sus t 0.9 calc molar/premola C606 F6433 tooth 1 r frgs Sus t 0.1 char C606 F6446 tooth 1 molar frg Sus unworn t 0.2 char maxilla no root C606 F6446 tooth 1 premolar Sus developed t 0.1 unburnt C606 F6458 tooth 1 premolar Sus not erupted t 0.2 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus light wear t 0.5 unburnt C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus light wear t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 3 crown frgs Sus t 0.3 calc C606 F6271 tooth 1 unerupted max PSus t 0.5 char C607 F6439 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus t 0.3 unburnt Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

unworn, root only starting C607 F6439 tooth 1 molar frg Sus to develop t calc C607 F6556 tooth 1 root frg-molar Sus? t 0.2 calc

maxilla PM2 unworn, roots C607 F6567 tooth 1 (d) Sus third formed t L? 0.2 unburnt one edge C607 F6567 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus unworn t 0.3 char molar/premola C607 F6573 tooth 2 r frgs Sus t 0.2 calc mandibular crown 244 C608 F6408 tooth 1 1st incisor Sus t 1.3 char removed molar- possibly mandibular unworn or C608 F6621 tooth 1 M1 (p) Sus light wear t 0.4 calc C608 F6621 tooth 1 molar frg Sus t 0.2 calc molar/premola C608 F6621 tooth 1 r frg Sus unworn t 0.1 unburnt root only starting to C608 F6629 tooth 1 molar frg Sus develop t 0.1 calc C608 F6629 tooth 1 incisor root Sus? t 0.3 calc 61 21.2 CANIDAE molar -not C108 HP0319 tooth 1 complete large canid 0.9 calc 1 HIGH PASTURE CAVE, SKYE HPC'06 Bone fragments identified to species, bone type and body element

Body element - s=skull, a= axial, f=forelimb, ff-forefoot, h=hindlimb, hf= hindfoot, foot=foot, tooth=loose tooth

TABLE 2 SORTED BY SPECIES THEN CONTEXT

Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

BIRD

C107 HP0307 orbit 1 frg bird 2.3 calc C605 F6209 tarsal 1 frg bird? 0.7 calc C608 F6412 longbone 1 shaft bird? 0.2 calc 245 CATTLE- Bos taurus calc/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos fused f 2.2 unburnt calc/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos fused f R 2.5 unburnt 2 cut marks C107 HP0307 radius 1 shaft frg Bos f 3.7 and small pits unburnt

Bp 23 mm calc/ est, Bd C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-proximal Bos fused foot 3.4 unburnt 24.6 mm possibly from same phalange as calc/ proximal C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-distal Bos fused foot 1.8 unburnt portion Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

calc/char/u C107 HP0307 astralagus 1 proximal Bos hf 4.9 nburnt C107 HP0307 frontal 1 frg Bos s 6.2 char pits on Bd est= C602 F6128 humerus 1 distal Bos fused f L 30.4 surface char 61mm C604 F6229 phalange 1 frg Bos foot 0.4 calc two parallel C605 F6209 humerus 2 distal shaft frg Bos f 10.1 cuts plus pits char C605 F6209 humerus 2 shaft frgs Bos f 2.7 char pits on C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Bos f 4.0 surface char C605 F6209 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Bos ff 3.3 char C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos foot 3.0 char C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos foot 7.1 small pits char 246 C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos foot 11.3 cut marks char C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos foot 4.3 cuts and pits char C605 F6209 sesmoid 1 complete Bos foot 1.4 char C605 F6205 patella 1 frg Bos h 2.4 calc C605 F6209 tibia 1 proximal shaft frg Bos h L 3.8 calc in light wear mandibular 3rd roots still C605 F6216 tooth 1 molar, end section Bos forming t L 3.4 char C605 F6299 tooth 1 premolar frg (p) Bos not in wear t 0.5 unburnt small parallel C606 F6352 femur 1 fovea capitas Bos h 17.9 cuts char/calc C606 F6364 pelvis 1 acetabulum frg Bos h 3.9 char C606 F6345 patella 1 frg Bos t 2.1 calc C606 F6345 tooth 1 molar Bos? tooth in wear t 1.0 char in wear C606 F6446 tooth 1 incisor (p) (i2?) Bos 12-24m t R 1.0 unburnt light wear

C606 F6446 tooth 1 incisor (p) (i3 or 4) Bos 12-45m t R 0.3 char molar/premolar C606 F6452 tooth 1 crown frg Bos in wear t 0.3 unburnt Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C606 F6271 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Bos hf 1.6 cut marks calc calc/ C607 F6523 vertebrae -axis 1 edge frg Bos a 0.9 unburnt C607 F6499 phalange 1 frg Bos foot 0.4 calc C607 F6372 patella 1 frg Bos h 3.7 char C607 F6523 tibia 1 shaft frg Bos h 2.6 calc C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular process Bos s R 5.1 char 2 pieces one side calc, one side C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg Bos s 3.4 char/calc charred C607 F6372 tooth 2 frgs Bos? t 0.8 calc 247 C607 F6499 tooth 2 frgs Bos? t 0.8 calc 4 cut marks, several C607 F6404 radius 1 prox Bos fused f L 24.4 scrapemarks char C607 F6404 radius 1 distal Bos fused f L 11.4 calc vertebrae- C608 F6522 cervical 1 art surface frg Bos a 2.9 calc C608 F6408 radius 1 shaft frg Bos f 1.6 char sulcus muscularis C608 F6408 ulna 1 frg Bos f 5.0 char C608 F6408 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos f 1.9 char C608 F6522 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos f 3.2 calc C608 F6522 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Bos ff 1.7 calc C608 F6522 phalange 3 frgs Bos foot 4.8 calc trochanter majus C608 F6515 femur 1 frg Bos h 0.8 calc C608 F6522 femur 1 shaft frg Bos h 2.4 char Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

no evidence that distal end was removed, interior lightly charred Bd est 53.3mm, distal -alm Dd C608 F6509 tibia 1 complete Bos fused h L 28.0 char 38.5mm C608 F6522 astralagus 1 frg Bos hf 2.0 char C608 F6515 metatarsal 1 proximal frg Bos hf 7.7 2 cut marks calc/char 248 1 long cut C608 F6509 mandible 1 coronoid frg Bos s 2.1 mark char frg containing alveoli for P2, P3 C608 F6522 mandible 1 (p) Bos s 2.9 char C608 F6515 tooth 1 premolar? Bos? t 1.0 calc 63 262.1 RED DEER Cervus elaphus C108a HP0323 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Cervus ff 0.7 calc phalange- C108a HP0323 distal 1 frg Cervus foot 2.5 calc large mammal (may be associated with Cervus C109 HPO333 metapodium 1 shaft frg prox frg) foot 5.4 calc C109 HPO333 astralagus? 1 proximal frg Cervus? hf L 0.6 calc blue tinge C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 proximal frg Cervus hf 3.5 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 1.1 calc 1 horizontal C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 1.1 cut-mark calc C109 HPO333 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.6 calc C110 HP0336 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.9 char C252 F2338 scapula 1 spine frg Cervus f 1.0 char C605 F6209 metatarsal 2 shaft frgs Cervus hf 1.3 calc process coronoideus C606 F6364 radius 1 lateralis frg Cervus fused f R 2.5 calc sulcus muscularis and part of C606 F6446 ulna 1 proximal Cervus fused f R 4.0 calc C606 F6352 metacarpus 1 distal Cervus? fuse visible ff L 11.9 calc 249 1 thin cut C606 F6364 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus? h 3.1 mark char C606 F6352 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? h 0.6 1 deep cut char C606 F6352 tibia 1 shaft frg Cervus? h 0.4 calc C606 F6352 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.9 char C606 F6364 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.7 calc incisor and part of C606 F6424 tooth 1 root Cervus ? t 0.2 calc C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus a 1.1 scrape marks char C606 F6271 tibia 1 prox frg Cervus h 0.8 char C606 F6271 calcaneus 1 frg Cervus hf 1.0 calc C607 F6499 humerus 1 shaft frg Cervus f 0.9 char C607 F6372 radius 1 shaft frg Cervus? f 1.0 char unburnt/ch C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus h L 8.2 4 cut marks ar C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus h 3.7 char C607 F6390 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? h 3.1 char C607 F6492 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 0.9 calc C607 F6390 metatarsus 2 shaft frgs Cervus hf 2.3 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C607 F6499 talus 1 approx quarter Cervus hf 5.3 char C607 F6404 radius 1 shaft Cervus f 0.7 char C607 F6404 carpal 1 alm complete Cervus ff 4.3 char C608 F6515 ulna 1 coronoid Cervus f 2.6 calc C608 F6396 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Cervus ff 0.6 calc phalange- C608 F6515 medial 1 distal frg Cervus foot 0.5 char C608 F6522 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus hf 1.3 calc process articularis C608 F6396 mandible 1 frg Cervus s 1.8 char incisor- C608 F6617 tooth 1 mandibular(p) Cervus t R 0.2 char 2 small molar/premolar cavities on 250 C608 F6617 tooth 2 frgs Cervus t 0.5 unburnt crown C608 F6621 tooth 1 canine tip Cervus t 0.1 calc C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus ? a 0.8 calc C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal shaft Cervus f L 4.0 scrape marks char C608 F6412 carpal 2 incomplete Cervus ? ff 5.5 calc C608 F6412 metacarpal 1 shaft Cervus ff 2.6 small cuts calc 3 irregular pits, 1 cut that appears C608 F6412 phalange-prox 1 distal Cervus foot 1.6 recent C608 F6412 patella 1 body Cervus h 7.9 char/calc C608 F6412 mandible 1 coronoid Cervus s R 1.7 not burnt small scrape marks, possible vertebrae rodent teeth Collapse Trench 1 lumber 1 process traversus Cervus a 1.7 marks char 53 109.3 Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

OTTER-Lutra lutra mandibular molar- C605 F6470 tooth 1 incomplete Lutra lutra 0.3 unburnt incisor alm C607 F6556 tooth 1 complete (d) Lutra lutra 0.0 unburnt 2 POLECAT-Mustela putorius canine half crown and part of root C608 F6624 tooth 1 (p) 0.3 unburnt 1 251 SHEEP/GOAT Ovis aries/Capra hircus C104 HP0270 astralagus 1 alm complete Ovis/Capra hf L 3.3 calc Gl 23mm C107 HP0307 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 0.7 calc phalange- C108 FHP0319 medial 1 frg Ovis/Capra foot 0.4 calc not adult phalange- length half of C109 HPO333 distal 1 complete Ovis/Capra adult size foot 0.7 char in 3 pieces C110 HP0336 metapodium 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra foot 0.8 char C252 (HPC '05) F2375 sesamoid 1 complete Ovis/Capra foot 0.1 char C252 crown frg from (HPC '05) F2375 tooth 1 molar/premolar Ovis/Capra not in wear t 0.1 calc C603 F6139 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ff 1.3 unburnt blue tinge on interior C603 F6139 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 4.0 calc of shaft Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

small, and cannot determine whether fusing has C603 F6172 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra occurred foot 0.2 calc C603 F6139 tooth 1 frg of unworn M3 Ovis/Capra t 0.7 blue/black vertebrae C604 F6229 thoracic 1 frg Ovis/Capra a 0.3 unburnt C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra f 1.6 char C605 F6470 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra f 0.3 char phalange- C605 F6242 medial 1 proximal Ovis/Capra foot 0.3 calc 252 C605 F6299 tooth 2 crown frg Ovis/Capra t 0.2 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg (d?) Ovis/Capra? t 0.2 unburnt vertebrae C606 F6433 caudal 1 unfused body Ovis/Capra unfused a 0.0 unburnt C606 F6610 ulna 1 distal art frg Ovis/Capra f 0.6 calc C606 F6433 metacarpal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 0.2 calc C606 F6345 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ff 0.7 unburnt C606 F6345 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.4 calc C606 F6345 mandible 1 coronoid frg Ovis/Capra s 0.8 char 1 st molar C606 F6458 tooth 1 mandibular (d) Ovis/Capra no roots t 0.1 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 premolar frg? (d) Ovis/Capra t 0.1 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 2 crown frgs Ovis/Capra t 0.2 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor root Ovis/Capra t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor frg Ovis/Capra t 0.1 calc C606 F6271 scapula 2 frgs Ovis/Capra f 0.8 calc C607 F6390 sternum 1 almost complete Ovis/Capra a 1.9 char C607 F6390 radius? 3 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra f 8.8 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

linked to 3 carpals C607 F6492 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ff 0.6 char above C607 F6567 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ff 0.4 calc C607 F6573 carpal 1 frgs Ovis/Capra ff 0.1 char small or young C607 F6492 carpals 3 complete Ovis/Capra ff 1.1 calc animal C607 F6492 phalange 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra unfused foot 0.7 calc C607 F6390 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra h 0.8 calc C607 F6499 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.5 char possibly 5 irregular for pits, cuts and deciduous 253 C607 F6390 mandible 1 tooth sockets Ovis/Capra s L 1.8 scrape marks char teeth C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular process Ovis/Capra s R 0.6 char articular process C607 F6492 mandible 1 proximal end Ovis/Capra s R 0.4 char articular process C607 F6492 mandible 1 frg Ovis/Capra s 0.5 calc C607 F6499 maxilla 1 premolar alveoli Ovis/Capra permanent s R 1.8 char C607 F6439 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra t 0.2 char crown frg- C607 F6567 tooth 1 premolar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.1 unburnt C607 F6567 tooth 2 crown frg-molar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.3 unburnt C607 F6573 tooth 3 crown frgs-molar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.6 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra t 0.6 calc C607 F6580 tooth 2 crown frgs-molar Ovis/Capra unworn t 0.4 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 1 incisor (d) Ovis/Capra t 0.1 unburnt C607 F6404 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.6 3 pits char C607 F6404 tooth 5 molar frg Ovis/Capra not in wear t 1.3 char C608 F6509 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra fused f 0.6 calc C608 F6522 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra f 0.7 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C608 F6522 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra f 0.9 calc small or phalange- epiphysis young C608 F6515 medial 1 complete Ovis/Capra fused foot 0.7 calc animal trochanter tertius C608 F6559 femur 1 epiphysis Ovis/Capra h 0.1 char C608 F6509 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra h 0.9 calc C608 F6408 mandible 1 coronoid process Ovis/Capra s R 3.1 calc C608 F6621 tooth 1 pre-molar Ovis/Capra t 0.0 unburnt C608 F6624 tooth 1 root (d) Ovis/Capra t 0.0 char C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra f 1.7 calc C608 F6412 radius 2 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra f 0.8 calc C608 F6412 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra unfused foot 0.7 calc C608 F6412 tibia? 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ? unfused h 1.6 calc 254 C608 F6412 tooth 1 frg Ovis/Capra t 0.5 5 cut marks char root not formed, tooth C903 F9006 tooth 1 molar frgs (p) Ovis/Capra not in wear t 0.9 char 4 pieces Collapse in Trench 1 metatarsal 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra hf 0.7 calc vertebrae lumber 1 frg Ovis/Capra a 1.6 calc 85 58.6 MOUSE Apodemus C110 HP0336 neurocranium 1 alm complete sylvaticus 0.3 unburnt 1

PIG Sus scrofa C605 F6299 tooth 5 molar frgs Sus t 0.7 calc

light wear or C605 F6299 tooth 1 molar frg Sus not in wear t 0.2 unburnt C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg Sus t 0.3 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg-maxilla Sus t 0.2 calc C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg Sus t 0.1 calc C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frgs Sus t 0.3 calc phalange- C605 F6326 medial 1 distal epiphysis Sus foot 0.3 unburnt rubbed C606 F6352 phalange 1 residual bone Sus foot 0.6 char surface

epiphysis line C606 F6433 phalange 1 medial Sus visible 12m foot 0.3 unburnt C606 F6352 phalange-prox 1 proximal Sus not fused foot 0.7 calc cannot tell if

255 in wear or mandible incisor root apex C606 F6280 tooth 1 (p) Sus closed t R 2.4 char 2 pieces molar/premolar frg C606 F6280 tooth 1 (p) Sus light wear t 0.4 calc crown intact and in wear, cut at cut on root base of C606 F6336 tooth 1 incisor(d)) Sus 6-9 m t 0.9 near base char root mandibular incisor C606 F6345 tooth 1 frg Sus t 0.4 char C606 F6364 tooth 1 molar frg (p) Sus t 0.7 calc

no roots formed, no C606 F6364 tooth 1 maxilla premolar Sus wear on tooth t 0.5 calc Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

no roots formed, no C606 F6364 tooth 1 maxilla molar Sus wear on tooth t 0.8 unburnt tooth calcined, no root mandibular development C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar 1 Sus 6-10m t 0.5 calc no roots, no wear, C606 F6433 tooth 1 maxilla premolar Sus unerupted t 0.1 unburnt molar/premolar

256 C606 F6433 tooth 8 frgs Sus t 0.9 calc molar/premolar C606 F6433 tooth 1 frgs Sus t 0.1 char C606 F6446 tooth 1 molar frg Sus unworn t 0.2 char no root C606 F6446 tooth 1 maxilla premolar Sus developed t 0.1 unburnt C606 F6458 tooth 1 premolar Sus not erupted t 0.2 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus light wear t 0.5 unburnt C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus light wear t 0.1 calc mandibular no wear, root C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar frg (d)) Sus partly formed t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 3 crown frgs Sus t 0.3 calc

root apex not C606 F6433 tooth root 1 incisor(p)) Sus closed 9-18m t 0.3 calc C606 F6271 metacarpus 1 prox and shaft frg Sus ff 0.6 char C606 F6271 parietal 1 frg Sus s 1.6 char C606 F6271 tooth 1 unerupted max P4 Sus t 0.5 char C607 F6439 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus t 0.3 unburnt Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal Age Body L/R Weight Cut Burning Notes No No Part Species Indicators Element Side (g) Marks Condition

unworn, root only starting C607 F6439 tooth 1 molar frg Sus to develop t calc C607 F6556 tooth 1 root frg-molar Sus? t 0.2 calc

unworn, roots C607 F6567 tooth 1 maxilla PM2 (d) Sus third formed t L? 0.2 unburnt one edge C607 F6567 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus unworn t 0.3 char molar/premolar C607 F6573 tooth 2 frgs Sus t 0.2 calc C608 F6408 neurocranium 1 temporal bone Sus? s 1.9 char

257 mandibular 1st crown C608 F6408 tooth 1 incisor Sus t 1.3 char removed

molar- possibly unworn or C608 F6621 tooth 1 mandibular M1 (p) Sus light wear t 0.4 calc C608 F6621 tooth 1 molar frg Sus t 0.2 calc

C608 F6621 tooth 1 molar/premolar frg Sus unworn t 0.1 unburnt root only starting to C608 F6629 tooth 1 molar frg Sus develop t 0.1 calc C608 F6629 tooth 1 incisor root Sus? t 0.3 calc

61 21.2 CANIDAE molar -not C108 HP0319 tooth 1 complete large canid 0.9 calc 1 HIGH PASTURE CAVE, SKYE HPC'06 Bone fragments identified to species, bone type and body element

Body element - s=skull, a= axial, f=forelimb, ff-forefoot, h=hindlimb, hf= hindfoot, foot=foot, tooth=loose tooth

TABLE 3 DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY BY SPECIES AND CONTEXT

All bones Teeth

Context Bos Cervus Ovis Sus Total Bos Cervus Ovis Sus Total 104 1 1 0 107 7 1 8 0 108 2 1 3 0 109 6 1 7 0

258 110 1 1 2 0 252 1 2 3 0 602 1 1 0 603 4 4 1 1 604 1 1 2 0 605 17 1 6 11 35 2 3 10 15 606 8 12 14 34 68 2 6 29 37 607 12 11 35 9 67 4 4 15 9 32 608 17 17 15 7 56 1 1 3 6 11 903 1 1 1 1 T1 coll 1 2 3 0 HIGH PASTURE CAVE, SKYE HPC'06 TABLE 1 Bone identified to element and large mammal/medium/small mammal or mammal

l = large mammal, ms = medium/small mammal, nd = mammal (includes Bos and Cervus as large mammals, Sus and Ovis/Capra as medium/small mammals)

Body element - s=skull, a= axial, f=forelimb, ff-forefoot, h=hindlimb, hf= hindfoot, foot=foot, tooth=loose tooth

large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C107 HP0307 orbit 1 frg bird bird s 2.3 calc C605 F6209 tarsal 1 frg bird? bird hf 0.7 calc C608 F6412 longbone 1 shaft bird? bird 0.2 calc char/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos l f 2.2 unburnt 2 cut C107 HP0307 radius 1 shaft frg Bos l f 3.7 marks unburnt char/ C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-proximaBos l foot 3.4 unburnt Bp 23 mm est, Bd 24.6 mm 259 mave be from same phalange as char/ proximal C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-distal Bos l foot 1.8 unburnt portion calc/char/ C107 HP0307 astralagus 1 proximal Bos l hf 4.9 unburnt C107 HP0307 frontal 1 frg Bos l s 6.2 char char/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos l f 2.5 unburnt calcined on exterior, one face mottled with brown, interior C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 2.1 small pits ocalc charred large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes series of long thin cuts on char/ C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.8 one face unburnt C107 HP0307 vertebrae 1 cervical- art frg large mammal l a 0.8 calc C107 HP0307 scapula 3 spine frgs large mammal l f 5.0 calc two chop char/ C107 HP0307 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 5.5 marks unburnt char/ C107 HP0307 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 4.6 unburnt small pit C107 HP0307 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 4.7 marks calc C107 HP0307 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 1.8 calc C107 HP0307 maxilla 1 frg large mammal l s 1.9 calc C107 HP0307 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.8 char C107 HP0307 mandible 1 frg large mammal l s 1.1 char blood vessel path visible C107 HP0307 mandible 1 tooth aveoli large mammal l s 2.7 unburnt C107 HP0307 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.3 calc 260

C108 HP0319 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.1 cut marks calc C108 HP0319 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.1 char C108a HP0323 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Cervus l ff 0.7 calc C108a HP0323 phalange 1 distal frg Cervus l foot 2.5 calc C108a HP0323 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 3.9 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 proximal frg Cervus l hf 3.5 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.6 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 1.1 calc 1 horizontal C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 1.1 cut-mark calc C109 HPO333 astralagus? 1 proximal frg Cervus? l hf 0.6 calc blue tinge C109 HPO333 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 3.0 char C109 HPO333 neurocranium 1 skull frg large mammal l s 1.2 char large mammal (may be associated with C109 HPO333 metapodium 1 shaft frg Cervus prox frg) l foot 5.4 calc C110 HP0336 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.9 char C110 HP0336 occipital 1 condyle frg large mammal l s 1.6 unburnt C252 F2338 scapula 1 spine frg Cervus l f 1.0 char C252 F2338 mandible 1 frg large mammal l s 1.8 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes pits on C602 F6128 humerus 1 distal Bos l f 30.4 surface char Bd est= 61mm C603 F6139 pelvis 1 acetabulum frg large mammal l f 0.6 calc C604 F6229 phalange 1 frg Bos l foot 0.4 calc C605 F6205 patella 1 frg Bos l h 2.4 calc mandibular 3rd molar, end C605 F6216 tooth 1 section Bos l t 3.4 char C605 F6299 tooth 1 premolar frg (p Bos l t 0.5 unburnt C605 F6216 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.7 calc C605 F6299 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.4 unburnt C605 F6216 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 4.9 calc C605 F6216 tooth 1 frg large mammal l t 0.6 char molar/premola C605 F6299 tooth 2 r frg large mammal l t 0.3 unburnt C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg large mammal l t 0.3 char two parallel 261 cuts and C605 F6209 humerus 2 distal shaft frg Bos l f 10.1 pits char C605 F6209 humerus 2 shaft frgs Bos l f 2.7 char pits on C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Bos l f 4.0 surface char C605 F6209 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Bos l ff 3.3 char C605 F6209 sesmoid 1 complete Bos l foot 1.4 char C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos l foot 3.0 char C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos l foot 7.1 small pits char

C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos l foot 11.3 cut marks char cuts and C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos l foot 4.3 pits char C605 F6209 tibia 1 proximal shaft fBos l h 3.8 calc C605 F6209 metatarsus 2 shaft frgs Cervus l hf 1.3 calc C605 F6209 ribs 2 frgs large mammal l a 2.1 calc C605 F6209 rib 4 shaft frgs large mammal l a 3.7 calc C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.6 calc C605 F6209 pelvis 1 pubis frg large mammal l h 2.1 charred pits on C605 F6209 pelvis 1 ishium frg large mammal l h 2.3 surface calc C605 F6209 mandible 1 distal edge large mammal l s 1.6 calc C605 F6209 mandible 2 distal frg large mammal l s 7.4 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C606 F6352 femur 1 fovea capitas Bos l h 17.9 char/calc small parallel cuts C606 F6345 patella 1 frg Bos l h 2.1 calc acetabulum C606 F6364 pelvis 1 frg Bos l h 3.9 char

C606 F6271 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Bos l hf 1.6 cut marks calc incisor/canine C606 F6345 tooth 1 root frg Bos l t 0.8 char incisor (p) C606 F6446 tooth 1 (i2?) Bos l t 1.0 unburnt light wear incisor (p) (i3 C606 F6446 tooth 1 or 4) Bos l t 0.3 char molar/premola C606 F6452 tooth 1 r crown frg Bos l t 0.3 unburnt C606 F6345 tooth 1 molar Bos? l t 1.0 char in wear sulcus muscularis and part of 262 C606 F6364 ulna 1 proximal Cervus l f 4.0 calc process coronoideus C606 F6364 radius 1 lateralis frg Cervus l f 2.5 calc C606 F6271 tibia 1 prox frg Cervus l h 0.8 char C606 F6352 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.9 char C606 F6271 calcaneus 1 frg Cervus l hf 1.0 calc C606 F6364 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.7 calc scrape C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus l a 1.1 marks char incisor and C606 F6424 tooth 1 part of root Cervus ? l t 0.2 calc C606 F6352 metacarpus 1 distal Cervus? l ff 11.9 calc

C606 F6352 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? l h 0.6 1 deep cut char 1 thin cut C606 F6364 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus? l h 3.1 mark char C606 F6352 tibia 1 shaft frg Cervus? l h 0.4 calc C606 F6271 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 2.0 char C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 frg large mammal l a 0.8 char C606 F6345 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 6.6 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes

scrape marks and C606 F6345 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.8 one pit calc C606 F6345 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.2 calc thoratic C606 F6364 vertebrae 1 articular frg large mammal l a 0.5 char C606 F6345 scapula 1 edge frg large mammal l f 4.0 calc C606 F6280 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 4.6 calc C606 F6352 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.4 char/calc pits on C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.6 surface calc C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 0.9 calc C606 F6345 metapodium 5 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 16.0 calc C606 F6345 metapodium 4 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 10.2 calc C606 F6364 metopodium 3 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 11.0 calc medial distal C606 F6364 phalange 1 frg large mammal l foot 0.5 calc 263 2 fine cut C606 F6384 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.6 marks calc C606 F6280 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 6.1 char/calc

C606 F6280 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.1 cut marks char C606 F6345 pelvis 1 illum frg large mammal l h 4.4 calc C606 F6345 pelvis 1 acetabulum frg large mammal l h 4.9 char series of scrape C606 F6364 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 4.3 marks char C606 F6364 pelvis 2 frgs large mammal l h 2.8 char C606 F6280 tarsal 1 frg large mammal l hf 1.6 calc C606 F6271 mandible 1 body frg large mammal l s 2.3 char C606 F6271 mandible 1 frg large mammal l s 3.1 char C606 F6345 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 2.5 char C606 F6345 mandible 3 shaft frg large mammal l s 9.6 calc C606 F6271 tooth 1 frg large mammal l t 0.1 char C606 F6364 tooth 1 root frg large mammal l t 0.9 char calc/unbur C607 F6523 axis 1 edge frg Bos l a 0.9 nt large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes 4 cut marks, several scrapemar C607 F6404 radius 1 prox Bos l f 24.4 ks char C607 F6404 radius 1 distal Bos l f 11.4 calc C607 F6499 phalange 1 frg Bos l foot 0.4 calc C607 F6372 patella 1 frg Bos l h 3.7 char C607 F6523 tibia 1 shaft frg Bos l h 2.6 calc C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular procesBos l s 5.1 char 2 pieces one side calc, one side C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg Bos l s 3.4 char/calc charred C607 F6372 tooth 2 frgs Bos? l t 0.8 calc C607 F6499 tooth 2 frgs Bos? l t 0.8 calc vertebrae- C607 F6499 axis 1 art surface frg Cervus l a 0.8 char 264 C607 F6404 radius 1 shaft Cervus l f 0.7 char C607 F6499 humerus 1 shaft frg Cervus l f 0.9 char C607 F6404 carpal 1 alm complete Cervus l ff 4.3 char 4 cut unburnt/ch C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus l h 8.2 marks ar C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus l h 3.7 char C607 F6390 metatarsus 2 shaft frgs Cervus l hf 2.3 calc C607 F6372 tarsal 2 frgs Cervus l hf 2.3 calc C607 F6492 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.9 calc

C607 F6499 talus 1 aprrox quarter Cervus l hf 5.3 char C607 F6372 radius 1 shaft frg Cervus? l f 1.0 char C607 F6390 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? l h 3.1 char C607 F6404 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.5 calc C607 F6404 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.4 unburnt C607 F6372 vertebrae 2 frgs large mammal l a 2.1 calc C607 F6372 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.2 char

C607 F6492 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.5 chop mark calc

C607 F6499 vertebrae 1 cervical art frg large mammal l a 0.9 calc C607 F6523 rib 2 shaft frgs large mammal l a 0.8 calc C607 F6390 scapula 1 spine frg large mammal l f 3.2 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C607 F6404 humerus 2 shaft frgs large mammal l f 2.0 calc C607 F6404 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 1.6 char C607 F6372 scapula 4 spine frg large mammal l f 7.7 pit marks char C607 F6372 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 0.9 char C607 F6499 scapula 1 spine large mammal l f 3.0 char C607 F6499 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 3.0 char C607 F6499 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 2.6 calc

1 cut mark C607 F6523 humerus 2 shaft frg large mammal l f 7.8 on each char C607 F6523 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 4.9 char C607 F6390 carpal 5 large mammal l ff 5.5 calc

C607 F6372 metapodium 3 shaft frg large mammal l foot 10.1 cut marks char pits on C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.7 surface calc pits on C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.5 surface calc 265 pits on C607 F6372 metapodium 1 frg large mammal l foot 0.9 surface char C607 F6499 metapodium 4 shaft frg large mammal l foot 6.2 calc C607 F6567 metapodium 2 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 1.8 calc C607 F6567 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 0.6 char C607 F6404 pelvis 3 frgs large mammal l h 5.3 char large cut C607 F6404 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 4.4 mark char C607 F6372 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 0.4 calc C607 F6390 mandible ? 1 edge frg large mammal l s 4.6 calc C607 F6372 mandible 1 distal frg large mammal l s 2.9 char C607 F6372 mandible 1 body frg large mammal l s 3.9 char C607 F6492 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.8 calc one side calc, one side char, C607 F6499 scapula 1 spine large mammal l s 2.3 char/calc 3 pieces C607 F6499 mandible 1 frg with aveoli large mammal l s 3.7 calc encrusted C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.9 calc C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.7 calc C607 F6523 mandible 2 shaft frgs large mammal l s 2.7 char C607 F6390 tooth root 1 frg large mammal l t 0.5 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes

3 light coloured ridges at root and top of root- C607 F6567 tooth 1 crown frg large mammal l t 0.1 unburnt not cuts C607 F6372 scapula 1 edge frg large mammal l f 0.7 char C607 F6492 metopodium 1 proximal frg large mammal l foot 3.5 calc C607 F6404 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra l hf 0.6 3 pits char cervical art C608 F6522 vertebrae 1 surface frg Bos l a 2.9 calc C608 F6408 radius 1 shaft frg Bos l f 1.6 char

sulcus C608 F6408 ulna 1 muscularis frg Bos l f 5.0 char C608 F6408 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos l f 1.9 char C608 F6522 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos l f 3.2 calc C608 F6522 phalange 3 frgs Bos l foot 4.8 calc 266 trochanter C608 F6515 femur 1 majus frg Bos l h 0.8 calc C608 F6522 femur 1 shaft frg Bos l h 2.4 char no evidence that distal end was removed, calcellus bone interir distal -alm lightly C608 F6509 tibia 1 complete Bos l h 28.0 char charred 2 cut C608 F6515 metatarsus 1 proximal frg Bos l hf 7.7 marks calc/char C608 F6522 astralagus 1 frg Bos l hf 2.0 char frg containing aveloi for P2, C608 F6522 mandible 1 P3 Bos l s 2.9 char 1 long cut C608 F6509 mandible 1 coronoid frg Bos l s 2.1 mark char C608 F6515 tooth 1 premolar? Bos? l t 1.0 calc C608 F6515 ulna 1 coronoid Cervus l f 2.6 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C608 F6396 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Cervus l ff 0.6 calc C608 F6515 phalange 1 medial distal frgCervus l foot 0.5 char C608 F6522 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 1.3 calc process C608 F6396 mandible 1 articularis frg Cervus l s 1.8 char incisor- C608 F6617 tooth 1 mandibular(p) Cervus l t 0.2 char molar/premola C608 F6617 tooth 2 r frgs Cervus l t 0.5 unburnt 2 small cavities on enamal C608 F6621 tooth 1 canine tip Cervus l t 0.1 calc C608 F6396 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.3 calc C608 F6515 vertebrae 1 cervical frg large mammal l a 0.4 calc C608 F6522 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.3 calc C608 F6522 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.2 char 2 cut C608 F6509 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.9 marks calc cervical-arch C608 F6509 vertebrae 1 frg large mammal l a 2.3 calc 267 C608 F6408 scapula 1 frg large mammal l f 1.6 char C608 F6522 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 1.9 char C608 F6522 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 2.3 calc C608 F6408 metapodium 2 shaft frg large mammal l foot 7.3 calc C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.8 calc C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.1 calc C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.5 char C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.9 char C608 F6509 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 4.5 char C608 F6509 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.7 calc C608 F6509 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.1 calc C608 F6396 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 5.2 calc C608 F6396 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 4.7 char C608 F6522 pelvis 1 illum frg large mammal l h 3.5 char C608 F6408 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 2.5 char C608 F6396 mandible 2 frgs large mammal l s 2.2 char C608 F6408 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.0 calc large mammal- C608 F6624 tooth 2 frgs herbivore l t 0.2 unburnt molar/premola large mammal- C608 F6515 tooth 1 r frg herbivore l t 0.5 calc scrape C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal shaft Cervus l f 4.0 marks char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes

C608 F6412 metacarpus 1 shaft Cervus l ff 2.6 small cuts calc 1 cut , looks recent, 3 irregular C608 F6412 phalange 1 proximal -dista Cervus l foot 1.6 pits 1 cut , looks recent, 3 irregular pits C608 F6412 patella 1 body Cervus l h 7.9 char/calc C608 F6412 mandible 1 coronoid Cervus l s 1.7 not burnt C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus ? l a 0.8 calc C608 F6412 carpal 2 incomplete Cervus ? l ff 5.5 calc C608 F6412 rib 1 frg large mammal l a 1.3 calc C608 F6412 rib 1 proximal large mammal l a 1.7 char C608 F6412 metapodium 2 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 6.7 char 2 large C609 F6533 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.4 cuts calc 2 small C609 F6420 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 6.8 pits calc 268 C609 F6533 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.0 calc C609 F6533 pelvis 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 1.2 calc Collapse Trench 1 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Bos l ff 1.7 calc lumber- small process scrape Collapse Trench 1 vertebrae 1 traversus Cervus l a 1.7 marks char Collaspse Trench 1 vertebrae 2 frgs large mammal l a 1.9 calc Collaspse Trench 1 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.5 calc Collaspse Trench 1 pelvis 1 frgs large mammal l f 2.2 calc Collaspse Trench 1 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.6 calc Collaspse Trench 1 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 3.6 calc C104 HP0270 astralagus 1 alm complete Ovis/Capra ms hf 3.3 calc C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.5 calc C107 HP0307 vertebrae 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.4 calc C107 HP0307 scapula 1 spine frg medium mammal ms f 1.1 char small pit C107 HP0307 metopodium 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms foot 1.9 marks calc C107 HP0307 maxilla 1 frg with aveoli medium mammal ms s 0.7 calc C107 HP0307 tooth 1 molar frg medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc C107 HP0307 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.7 calc C107 HP0307 rib 3 shaft frg small mammal ms a 2.1 calc C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.4 calc C107 HP0307 scapula 1 fossa art frg small mammal ms f 0.3 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes molar -not C108 HP0319 tooth 1 complete Canidae ms t 0.9 calc maxilla frg C108 HP0319 neurocranium 1 with aveloi medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc

C108 HP0319 mandible 1 edge frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 calc C108 HP0319 phalange 1 medial frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.4 calc char/ C109 HPO333 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 unburnt C109 HPO333 phalange 1 distal-completeOvis/Capra ms foot 0.7 char in 3 pieces C109 HPO333 mandible 1 shaft frg small mammal ms s 1.0 char pit marks on both C110 HP0336 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.4 sides unburnt C110 HP0336 metapodium 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.8 char C110 HP0336 neurocranium 1 alm complete small rodent ms s 0.3 unburnt C252(HP C '05) F2375 sesamoid 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.1 char 269

crown frg from C252(HP molar/premola C '05) F2375 tooth 1 r Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc C603 F6139 scapula 3 frgs medium mammal ms f 2.2 calc C603 F6172 tooth 1 molar root medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc C603 F6139 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 4.0 calc e on interior of shaft C603 F6139 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 1.3 unburnt C603 F6172 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.2 calc

calc, C603 F6139 tooth 1 frg of unworn MOvis/Capra ms t 0.7 blue/black C603 F6172 humerus? 1 distal frg small mammal ms f 0.4 calc smaller than cat or badger C603 F6172 tooth 4 root frgs small mammal ms t 0.2 calc C604 F6229 vertebrae 1 thoratic frg Ovis/Capra ms a 0.3 unburnt

surfaces mandibular nor sharp, molar- so unlikely C605 F6470 tooth 1 incomplete Lutra lutra ms t 0.3 unburnt to be otter C605 F6318 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.4 calc C605 F6326 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.3 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C605 F6216 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.6 calc C605 F6216 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char C605 F6465 rib 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.5 char C605 F6321 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc C605 F6216 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 1.0 calc C605 F6470 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.5 calc scrape C605 F6216 mandible 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.8 marks char C605 F6216 neurocranium 1 orbit frg medium mammal ms s 1.1 calc C605 F6470 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 char C605 F6326 tooth 7 frgs medium mammal ms t 0.6 calc C605 F6326 tooth 2 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.9 calc C605 F6465 tooth 3 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.2 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.8 char root frg-molar C605 F6310 tooth 1 or premolar medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc medium/small C605 F6299 tooth 5 root frgs mammal ms t 0.4 calc 270 C605 F6470 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.3 char proximal- proximal C605 F6250 phalange 1 epiphysis Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.3 char C605 F6242 phalange 1 medial-proximaOvis/Capra ms foot 0.3 calc C605 F6299 tooth 2 crown frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.2 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg (d?) Ovis/Capra? ms t 0.2 unburnt C605 F6326 vertebrae 1 aricular surfacesmall mammal ms a 0.0 char C605 F6299 rib 2 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 char C605 F6299 rib 5 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.4 calc C605 F6470 rib 4 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 calc C605 F6321 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.9 calc C605 F6310 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C605 F6310 scapula 2 spine frgs small mammal ms f 0.2 calc C605 F6465 neurocranium 1 orbit frg small mammal ms s 0.2 calc molar/premola C605 F6299 tooth 1 r root small mammal ms t 0.2 calc C605 F6299 tooth 1 root frg-molar osmall mammal ms t 0.0 calc small/medium C605 F6242 vertebrae 1 frg mammal ms a 0.2 calc small/medium mammal (not C605 F6242 tooth 1 root frg herbivore) ms t 0.0 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes medial-distal C605 F6326 phalange 1 epiphysis Sus ms foot 0.3 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.3 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg-maxil Sus ms t 0.2 calc C605 F6299 tooth 5 molar frgs Sus ms t 0.7 calc C605 F6299 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.2 unburnt C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg Sus ms t 0.1 calc C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frgs Sus ms t 0.3 calc C605 F6209 radius 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 2.4 char C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 1.5 calc C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.1 calc pits on C605 F6209 tibia 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms h 1.8 surface char C605 F6209 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms f 1.6 char C606 F6352 rib 3 frg medium mammal ms a 2.1 calc C606 F6271 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 2,56 calc C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 articular surfac medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc 271 C606 F6336 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 calc C606 F6433 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.1 char C606 F6446 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 unburnt C606 F6446 vertebrae 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.4 char C606 F6446 sternum 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.9 char C606 F6364 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 1.8 calc C606 F6280 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.9 calc C606 F6424 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc

C606 F6610 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc

C606 F6610 vertebrae 3 frgs medium mammal ms a 0.9 calc C606 F6352 scapula 2 frg medium mammal ms f 1.2 calc C606 F6352 radius 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms f 1.2 calc cuts/scrap C606 F6271 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.3 es char C606 F6271 humerus 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.5 char C606 F6271 radius 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 1.1 calc C606 F6364 humerus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 0.9 char C606 F6364 scapula 2 frg medium mammal ms f 1.6 calc C606 F6352 metapodium 1 shaft medium mammal ms foot 1.2 calc C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 1.3 char C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.8 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C606 F6424 phalange epiph 1 frg medium mammal ms foot 0.0 unburnt pits on C606 F6352 pelvis 1 icshium medium mammal ms h 1.1 surface char pits on C606 F6336 pelvis 1 illum frg medium mammal ms h 2.8 surface char C606 F6271 metatarsus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms hf 0.3 calc C606 F6271 neurocranium 3 frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 calc C606 F6271 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 char C606 F6271 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 char C606 F6271 mandible 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc C606 F6345 maxilla 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc articular C606 F6433 mandible 1 process frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc C606 F6433 mandible 1 body frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 char C606 F6433 mandible 1 body frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc C606 F6446 neurocranium 6 frgs medium mammal ms s 1.2 char C606 F6446 neurocranium 8 frgs medium mammal ms s 2.2 calc C606 F6364 mandible 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.4 char 272 C606 F6384 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 1.4 calc C606 F6458 neurocranium 1 cranial frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc C606 F6433 tooth root 5 frgs medium mammal ms t 0.9 calc C606 F6280 tooth 2 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.5 calc C606 F6280 tooth 1 molar frg medium mammal ms t 0.4 calc C606 F6280 tooth 1 frg medium mammal ms t 0.6 calc C606 F6424 tooth 1 root-incisor medium mammal ms t 0.0 calc C606 F6424 tooth 1 molar frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.2 char molar/premola C606 F6458 tooth 1 r root medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc

C606 F6458 tooth 1 incisor root medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C606 F6610 tooth 3 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6352 radius 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 1.3 char/calc

molar/premola medium mammal- C606 F6458 tooth 2 r crown frg herbivore ms t 0.5 unburnt caudal- C606 F6433 vertebrae 1 unfused body Ovis/Capra ms a 0.0 unburnt C606 F6271 scapula 2 frgs Ovis/Capra ms f 0.8 calc C606 F6610 ulna 1 distal art frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.6 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C606 F6345 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.7 unburnt C606 F6433 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.2 calc C606 F6345 matatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms hf 0.4 calc C606 F6345 mandible 1 coronoid frg Ovis/Capra ms s 0.8 char

1 st molar C606 F6458 tooth 1 mandibular (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc premolar frg? C606 F6458 tooth 1 (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 2 crown frgs Ovis/Capra ms t 0.2 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor root Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6446 rib 4 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.4 calc C606 F6424 rib 2 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C606 F6424 sternum 1 frg small mammal ms a 0.0 calc C606 F6458 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.0 calc C606 F6458 vertebrae 1 spine frg small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C606 F6610 ribs 3 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 calc 273 C606 F6458 tooth 1 root frg small mammal ms t 0.1 calc molar/premola C606 F6458 tooth 1 r root small mammal ms t 0.1 calc small/medium C606 F6458 rib 6 shaft frgs mammal ms a 0.9 calc C606 F6271 metacarpus 1 prox and shaft Sus ms ff 0.6 char C606 F6352 phalange 1 proximal Sus ms foot 0.7 calc C606 F6352 phalange 1 frg Sus ms foot 0.6 char rubbed surface- curated? C606 F6433 phalange 1 medial Sus ms foot 0.3 unburnt epiphysis just fused medial- C606 F6424 phalange 1 complete Sus ms foot 0.1 calc C606 F6271 parietal 1 frg Sus ms s 1.6 char C606 F6271 tooth 1 unerupted max PSus ms t 0.5 char mandibular C606 F6345 tooth 1 incisor frg Sus ms t 0.4 char crowninta ct and in wear, cut cut on root at base of C606 F6336 tooth 1 incisor(d) Sus ms t 0.9 near base char root large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes tooth calcined, no root mandibular developm C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar 1 Sus ms t 0.5 calc ent maxilla C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.1 unburnt no roots, no wear, unerupted C606 F6433 tooth root 1 incisor(p) Sus ms t 0.3 calc root apex not closed mandibular premolar C606 F6433 tooth 1 frg(d) Sus ms t 0.1 calc no wear, root partly formed molar/premola C606 F6433 tooth 8 r frgs Sus ms t 0.9 calc molar/premola C606 F6433 tooth 1 r frgs Sus ms t 0.1 char C606 F6446 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.2 char unworn maxilla C606 F6446 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.1 unburnt no root development 274 C606 F6364 tooth 1 molar frg (p) Sus ms t 0.7 calc no roots formed, maxilla no wear C606 F6364 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.5 calc on tooth no roots formed, no wear C606 F6364 tooth 1 maxilla molar Sus ms t 0.8 unburnt on tooth mandible C606 F6280 tooth 1 incisor (p) Sus ms t 2.4 char 2 pieces molar/premola C606 F6280 tooth 1 r frg (p) Sus ms t 0.4 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.2 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.5 unburnt C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 3 crown frgs Sus ms t 0.3 calc med/small C607 F6439 rib 4 shaft frgs mammal ms a 0.6 calc C607 F6390 rib 1 distal frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 char C607 F6390 rib 7 frgs medium mammal ms a 2.6 calc C607 F6390 vertebrae 1 articular surfac medium mammal ms a 0.4 char C607 F6404 rib 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.8 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes cut and pit C607 F6372 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 1.6 marks char scrape marks and C607 F6372 rib 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 1.1 pits calc

C607 F6439 sternum 2 frgs medium mammal ms a 0.3 calc C607 F6492 vertebrae 1 cervical body medium mammal ms a 1.2 calc C607 F6492 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 char

C607 F6499 vertebrae 1 thoratic art frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 calc C607 F6499 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char C607 F6499 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.8 calc

C607 F6567 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.5 char C607 F6567 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.5 calc

C607 F6580 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 char 275

C607 F6580 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.8 calc

C607 F6556 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc C607 F6390 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.5 calc C607 F6404 scapula 1 spine frg medium mammal ms f 1.0 calc C607 F6372 humerus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 2.6 char C607 F6439 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.2 char C607 F6492 scapula 1 spine frg medium mammal ms f 0.8 calc C607 F6492 scapula 2 spine frg medium mammal ms f 0.7 char C607 F6499 carpal 1 frg medium mammal ms ff 0.4 calc C607 F6404 metapodium 1 distal frg medium mammal ms foot 0.4 char C607 F6404 metapodium 1 proximal frg medium mammal ms foot 1.4 calc C607 F6372 metapodium 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 1.2 calc scrape marks and C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.4 pits char C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 1.7 char C607 F6372 femur 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms h 2.6 char C607 F6372 maxilla 1 aveolus medium mammal ms s 0.5 char C607 F6372 mandible 2 frgs medium mammal ms s 3.6 char C607 F6439 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 0.9 char C607 F6439 maxilla 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 0.7 char C607 F6439 tooth 2 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.2 char root frg- possibly C607 F6567 tooth 1 incisor medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C607 F6567 tooth 1 crown frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C607 F6567 tooth 2 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.2 char C607 F6390 sternum 1 almost completOvis/Capra ms a 1.9 char C607 F6390 radius? 3 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra ms f 8.8 calc C607 F6492 carpal 3 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 1.1 calc small or young anaimal C607 F6492 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.6 char linked to 3 carpals above C607 F6567 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.4 calc C607 F6573 carpal 1 frgs Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.1 char C607 F6492 phalange 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.7 calc C607 F6390 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms h 0.8 calc C607 F6499 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms hf 0.5 char 276 5 irregular pits, cuts and scrape C607 F6390 mandible 1 tooth sockets Ovis/Capra ms s 1.8 marks char for decidious teeth C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular procesOvis/Capra ms s 0.6 char articular process C607 F6492 mandible 1 proximal end Ovis/Capra ms s 0.4 char articular C607 F6492 mandible 1 process frg Ovis/Capra ms s 0.5 calc premolar C607 F6499 maxilla 1 alveoli Ovis/Capra ms s 1.8 char C607 F6404 tooth 5 molar frgs Ovis/Capra ms t 1.3 char C607 F6439 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.2 char crown frg- C607 F6567 tooth 1 premolar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 unburnt crown frg- C607 F6567 tooth 2 molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.3 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.6 calc crown frgs- C607 F6580 tooth 2 molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.4 unburnt large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes crown frgs- C607 F6573 tooth 3 molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.6 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 1 incisor (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 unburnt C607 F6372 humerus 1 shaft frg small animal ms f 0.5 calc incisor-alm C607 F6556 tooth 1 complete small carnivore ms t 0.0 unburnt small than cat- weasel/stoat? C607 F6556 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.1 char C607 F6499 rib 2 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.2 calc C607 F6567 rib 3 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.2 calc C607 F6567 sternum 1 frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 unburnt C607 F6580 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.3 calc C607 F6556 rib 5 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.4 calc possibly Ovis but looks stumpy cf C607 F6556 phalange 1 alm complete small mammal ms foot 0.2 calc with keys C607 F6492 maxilla 1 frg with aveoli small mammal ms s 0.3 calc 277 C607 F6556 mandible 1 shaft frg small mammal ms s 0.4 calc small mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 1 root incisor ms t 0.0 calc small/medium C607 F6556 tooth 6 root frgs mammal ms t 0.2 calc C607 F6439 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus ms t 0.3 unburnt C607 F6439 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t calc maxilla PM2 C607 F6567 tooth 1 (d) Sus ms t 0.2 unburnt C607 F6567 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus ms t 0.3 char molar/premola C607 F6573 tooth 2 r frgs Sus ms t 0.2 calc C607 F6556 tooth 1 root frg-molar Sus? ms t 0.2 calc C608 F6515 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 unburnt C608 F6515 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 1.0 char C608 F6522 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.5 calc

C608 F6617 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.4 calc C608 F6408 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.3 char C608 F6515 scapula 2 frgs medium mammal ms f 1.5 calc

C608 F6617 scapula 1 frgs medium mammal ms f 0.2 unburnt C608 F6509 femur 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms h 0.9 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C608 F6408 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.2 unburnt C608 F6408 mandible 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms s 2.3 char C608 F6624 tooth 3 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc C608 F6624 tooth 1 crown frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 char

C608 F6617 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C608 F6621 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C608 F6629 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 char

medium mammal- C608 F6624 tooth 1 crown frg herbivore ms t 0.2 char C608 F6522 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.7 calc C608 F6522 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.9 calc C608 F6509 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.6 calc medial- C608 F6515 phalange 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.7 calc small or young animal 278 C608 F6509 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms h 0.9 calc trochanter tertius C608 F6559 femur 1 epiphysis Ovis/Capra ms h 0.1 char C608 F6408 mandible 1 coronoid proce Ovis/Capra ms s 3.1 calc C608 F6624 tooth 1 root (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.0 char C608 F6621 tooth 1 pre-molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.0 unburnt C608 F6408 scapula 1 frg small ammal ms f 0.4 calc C608 F6624 rib 7 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.6 calc C608 F6617 rib 3 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.2 calc C608 F6617 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.2 char C608 F6559 rib 4 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 calc C608 F6559 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.2 char weathered C608 F6559 vertebrae 1 frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C608 F6629 vertebrae 1 frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C608 F6624 metapodium 1 shaft frg small mammal ms foot 0.2 calc C608 F6515 maxilla 1 frg small mammal ms s 0.5 calc mandibular C608 F6408 tooth 1 1st incisor Sus ms t 1.3 char crownremoved molar- possibly manbibular C608 F6621 tooth 1 M1 (p) Sus ms t 0.4 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C608 F6621 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.2 calc molar/premola C608 F6621 tooth 1 r frg Sus ms t 0.1 unburnt C608 F6629 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.1 calc C608 F6408 neurocranium 1 temporal bone Sus? ms s 1.9 char C608 F6629 tooth 1 incisor root Sus? ms t 0.3 calc C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 articular frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char C608 F6412 rib 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 calc C608 F6412 rib 2 frgs medium mammal ms a 0.8 calc C608 F6412 scapula 1 base of spine f medium mammal ms f 0.5 calc 5 irregular C608 F6412 scapula 1 edge frg medium mammal ms f 0.7 pits calc C608 F6412 tibia 1 proximal frg medium mammal ms h 0.6 calc C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal frag Ovis/Capra ms f 1.7 calc C608 F6412 radius 2 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra ms f 0.8 calc C608 F6412 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.7 calc 5 cut C608 F6412 tooth 1 frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.5 marks char 279 C608 F6412 tibia? 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ? ms h 1.6 calc

C609 F6533 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char C903 F9006 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.4 char C903 F9006 vertebrae 1 lumber frg Ovis/Capra ms a 1.6 calc C903 F9006 tooth 1 molar frgs (p) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.9 char 4 pieces Collaspse Trench 1 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms hf 0.7 calc Collaspse Trench 1 vertebrae 1 art surface small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C107 HP0307 vertebrae 2 articular frgs mammal nd a 0.7 calc one frg with blue tones C107 HP0307 neurocranium 6 frgs mammal nd s 1.8 calc C107 HP0307 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.3 calc C108a HP0323 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 0.9 calc C108a HP0323 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.4 char C109 HPO333 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.1 calc C252(HP C '05) F2375 tooth 1 crown frg mammal-herbivorend t 0.1 calc C507 F5024 tooth 2 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.1 calc C601 F6154 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.7 calc C603 F6139 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.3 unburnt C603 F6172 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 calc C604 F6229 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.0 calc C604 F6229 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 char C604 F6229 tooth 1 frg mammal- herbivorend t 0.0 unburnt large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C605 F6465 tooth 15 frgs mammal nd t 1.2 calc C605 F6465 tooth 7 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.7 char C605 F6465 tooth 2 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C605 F6299 tooth 27 crown frgs mammal nd t 1.4 calc C605 F6299 tooth 5 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 char C605 F6299 tooth 1 tooth germ mammal nd t 0.0 unburnt C605 F6299 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.0 unburnt C605 F6470 tooth 15 crown frgs mammal nd t 1.1 calc C605 F6470 tooth 2 crown frg mammal nd t 0.3 unburnt C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.1 char C605 F6321 tooth 6 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc C605 F6321 tooth 4 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 char C605 F6310 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.3 calc C605 F6242 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 calc C605 F6295 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 calc molar/premola C605 F6465 tooth 1 r frg mammal-herbivorend t 0.4 unburnt C605 F6299 tooth 5 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.7 unburnt 280 C605 F6299 tooth 3 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.5 calc C605 F6299 tooth 1 crown frg mammal-herbivorend t 0.1 unburnt C605 F6470 tooth 3 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.5 char C605 F6209 scapula 2 frg mammal nd f 0.9 char pits/scrap C605 F6209 pelvis 2 frgs mammal nd h 6.9 es calc C605 F6209 neurocranium 6 frg mammal nd s 2.9 calc C605 F6209 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 2.7 char C605 F6209 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 2.1 char C606 F6345 rib 3 frgs mammal nd a 2.2 calc articular C606 F6384 vertebrae 2 surface mammal nd a 2.0 calc C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg mammal nd foot 1.6 cut calc C606 F6352 mandible 1 avolus mammal nd s 0.7 char C606 F6352 maxilla 1 avolus mammal nd s 0.7 char C606 F6352 neurocranium 5 frgs mammal nd s 2.6 calc C606 F6271 neurocranium 2 frg mammal nd s 0.8 char C606 F6271 neurocranium 6 frgs mammal nd s 2.9 calc C606 F6271 mandible 2 body frg mammal nd s 1.2 char C606 F6345 neurocranium 6 frgs mammal nd s 2.3 calc C606 F6345 neurocranium 2 frg mammal nd s 1.7 calc C606 F6345 neurocranium 7 frgs mammal nd s 3.5 unburnt C606 F6345 neurocranium 4 frgs mammal nd s 1.9 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C606 F6336 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.5 unburnt C606 F6336 neurocranium 8 frgs mammal nd s 5.5 calc C606 F6433 neurocranium 8 frgs mammal nd s 1.6 calc C606 F6364 mandible 1 shaft frg mammal nd s 2.0 calc C606 F6364 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.4 unburnt C606 F6364 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.3 char C606 F6384 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.3 calc C606 F6280 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.7 calc C606 F6610 neurocranium 10 frgs mammal nd s 0.8 calc C606 F6345 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 1.1 char C606 F6336 tooth 4 frgs mammal nd t 1.3 calc distorted and fragmented C606 F6446 tooth 13 frgs mammal nd t 1.3 calc C606 F6446 tooth 8 frgs mammal nd t 0.9 unburnt C606 F6446 tooth root 1 frg mammal nd t 0.4 calc C606 F6384 tooth 1 frg mammal nd t 0.4 calc C606 F6424 tooth 24 frgs mammal nd t 1.4 calc C606 F6424 tooth 7 frg from herbivomammal nd t 0.7 calc C606 F6424 tooth 3 frg mammal nd t 0.2 unburnt 281 C606 F6424 tooth 10 frgs from herbivmammal nd t 1.0 unburnt C606 F6458 tooth 20 frgs mammal nd t 1.2 calc C606 F6458 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 0.3 unburnt C606 F6452 tooth 4 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc C606 F6452 tooth 1 root frg mammal nd t 0.0 calc C606 F6452 tooth 3 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 char C606 F6452 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.9 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C606 F6610 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 char C606 F6610 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc C606 F6433 tooth 35 frgs mammal nd t 2.4 calc mammal- C606 F6610 tooth 3 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.4 calc C607 F6390 rib 2 frgs mammal nd a 1.4 calc C607 F6404 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 1.0 calc C607 F6372 vertebrae 2 articular surfac mammal nd a 0.3 calc C607 F6372 rib 2 shaft frgs mammal nd a 0.8 cut mark calc pits on C607 F6372 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 0.4 surface calc C607 F6499 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 0.5 calc C607 F6390 pelvis 1 frg mammal nd h 1.2 char C607 F6404 pelvis 1 shaft frg mammal nd h 1.2 char C607 F6390 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 2.7 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C607 F6390 neurocranuim 1 frg mammal nd s 0.9 calc C607 F6390 neurocranium 2 frg mammal nd s 1.6 calc C607 F6390 ligual bone? 1 frg mammal nd s 0.5 calc C607 F6372 neurocranium 3 frg mammal nd s 1.0 calc C607 F6372 neurocranium 4 frg mammal nd s 1.9 char

cut marks C607 F6372 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.4 and pits calc C607 F6372 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 1.1 calc C607 F6492 neurocranium f 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.3 calc C607 F6499 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 0.6 calc C607 F6523 neurocranium 1 frgs mammal nd s 0.4 calc C607 F6439 tooth 20 frgs mammal nd t 1.8 calc C607 F6439 tooth 5 frgs mammal nd t 0.5 char C607 F6567 tooth 16 frgs mammal nd t 1.7 calc C607 F6567 tooth 8 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.4 unburnt C607 F6567 tooth 10 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 char C607 F6567 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 char 282 C607 F6580 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.2 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 5 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 calc C607 F6580 tooth 3 enamal mammal nd t 0.4 calc C607 F6556 tooth 10 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 calc C607 F6556 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 calc C607 F6573 tooth 6 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 unburnt C607 F6573 tooth 11 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 calc enamal/dentin mammal- C607 F6439 tooth 2 e frgs herbivore nd t 0.5 unburnt mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 1 enamal herbivore nd t 0.1 calc mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 2 enamal herbivore nd t 0.2 unburnt mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 6 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.5 unburnt mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 4 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.5 calc mammal- C607 F6580 tooth 1 crown frg herbivore nd t 0.1 unburnt mammal- C607 F6580 tooth 3 enamal herbivore nd t 0.4 unburnt mammal- C607 F6556 tooth 2 frgs herbivore nd t 0.2 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes mammal- C607 F6556 tooth 3 frgs herbivore nd t 0.2 char C608 F6408 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 0.5 calc blue tinge C608 F6408 radius 1 proximal frg mammal nd f 1.0 char C608 F6408 neurocranium 7 frgs mammal nd s 2.9 calc thin cut C608 F6522 nerocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.6 mark calc C608 F6509 neurocranium 4 frgs mammal nd s 1.1 calc C608 F6624 tooth 8 frgs mammal nd t 0.5 calc C608 F6624 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 char C608 F6617 tooth 9 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C608 F6559 tooth 8 frgs mammal nd t 0.5 calc C608 F6621 tooth 5 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 unburnt C608 F6621 tooth 6 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C608 F6629 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C608 F6629 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.0 unburnt C608 F6549 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc mammal- 283 C608 F6617 tooth 2 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.4 char mammal- C608 F6559 tooth 2 frgs herbivore nd t 0.1 char mammal- C608 F6621 tooth 3 frgs herbivore nd t 0.9 char mammal- C608 F6621 tooth 4 frgs herbivore nd t 0.2 calc C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 articular frg mammal nd a 0.5 calc C608 F6412 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.5 calc C609 F6533 vertebrae 2 frgs mammal nd a 0.6 calc

1425 1103.0 large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C107 HP0307 orbit 1 frg bird bird s 2.3 calc C605 F6205 patella 1 frg Bos l h 2.4 calc C605 F6209 tibia 1 proximal shaft fBos l h 3.8 calc C606 F6345 patella 1 frg Bos l h 2.1 calc

C606 F6271 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Bos l hf 1.6 cut marks calc C607 F6404 radius 1 distal Bos l f 11.4 calc C607 F6499 phalange 1 frg Bos l foot 0.4 calc C607 F6523 tibia 1 shaft frg Bos l h 2.6 calc cervical art C608 F6522 vertebrae 1 surface frg Bos l a 2.9 calc C608 F6522 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos l f 3.2 calc trochanter C608 F6515 femur 1 majus frg Bos l h 0.8 calc Collapse Trench 1 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Bos l ff 1.7 calc C607 F6499 tooth 2 frgs Bos? l t 0.8 calc C608 F6515 tooth 1 premolar? Bos? l t 1.0 calc C108a HP0323 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Cervus l ff 0.7 calc 284 C108a HP0323 phalange 1 distal frg Cervus l foot 2.5 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 proximal frg Cervus l hf 3.5 calc C605 F6209 metatarsus 2 shaft frgs Cervus l hf 1.3 calc sulcus muscularis and part of C606 F6364 ulna 1 proximal Cervus l f 4.0 calc process coronoideus C606 F6364 radius 1 lateralis frg Cervus l f 2.5 calc C606 F6271 calcaneus 1 frg Cervus l hf 1.0 calc C606 F6364 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.7 calc C607 F6390 metatarsus 2 shaft frgs Cervus l hf 2.3 calc C607 F6372 tarsal 2 frgs Cervus l hf 2.3 calc C608 F6515 ulna 1 coronoid Cervus l f 2.6 calc C608 F6396 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Cervus l ff 0.6 calc C608 F6522 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 1.3 calc C608 F6621 tooth 1 canine tip Cervus l t 0.1 calc

C608 F6412 metacarpus 1 shaft Cervus l ff 2.6 small cuts calc incisor and C606 F6424 tooth 1 part of root Cervus ? l t 0.2 calc C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus ? l a 0.8 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C608 F6412 carpal 2 incomplete Cervus ? l ff 5.5 calc C109 HPO333 astralagus? 1 proximal frg Cervus? l hf 0.6 calc blue tinge C606 F6352 metacarpus 1 distal Cervus? l ff 11.9 calc C606 F6352 tibia 1 shaft frg Cervus? l h 0.4 calc calcined on exterior, one face mottled with brown, interior C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 2.1 small pits ocalc charred C107 HP0307 vertebrae 1 cervical- art frg large mammal l a 0.8 calc C107 HP0307 scapula 3 spine frgs large mammal l f 5.0 calc small pit C107 HP0307 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 4.7 marks calc C107 HP0307 maxilla 1 frg large mammal l s 1.9 calc 285 C107 HP0307 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.3 calc C252 F2338 mandible 1 frg large mammal l s 1.8 calc C603 F6139 pelvis 1 acetabulum frg large mammal l f 0.6 calc C605 F6216 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.7 calc C605 F6216 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 4.9 calc C605 F6209 ribs 2 frgs large mammal l a 2.1 calc C605 F6209 rib 4 shaft frgs large mammal l a 3.7 calc C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.6 calc pits on C605 F6209 pelvis 1 ishium frg large mammal l h 2.3 surface calc C605 F6209 mandible 1 distal edge large mammal l s 1.6 calc

scrape marks and C606 F6345 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.8 one pit calc C606 F6345 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.2 calc C606 F6345 scapula 1 edge frg large mammal l f 4.0 calc C606 F6280 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 4.6 calc pits on C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.6 surface calc C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 0.9 calc C606 F6345 metapodium 5 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 16.0 calc C606 F6345 metapodium 4 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 10.2 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C606 F6364 metopodium 3 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 11.0 calc medial distal C606 F6364 phalange 1 frg large mammal l foot 0.5 calc 2 fine cut C606 F6384 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.6 marks calc C606 F6345 pelvis 1 illum frg large mammal l h 4.4 calc C606 F6280 tarsal 1 frg large mammal l hf 1.6 calc C606 F6345 mandible 3 shaft frg large mammal l s 9.6 calc C607 F6404 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.5 calc C607 F6372 vertebrae 2 frgs large mammal l a 2.1 calc

C607 F6492 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.5 chop mark calc

C607 F6499 vertebrae 1 cervical art frg large mammal l a 0.9 calc C607 F6523 rib 2 shaft frgs large mammal l a 0.8 calc C607 F6404 humerus 2 shaft frgs large mammal l f 2.0 calc C607 F6390 carpal 5 large mammal l ff 5.5 calc pits on 286 C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.7 surface calc pits on C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.5 surface calc C607 F6499 metapodium 4 shaft frg large mammal l foot 6.2 calc C607 F6567 metapodium 2 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 1.8 calc C607 F6372 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 0.4 calc C607 F6390 mandible ? 1 edge frg large mammal l s 4.6 calc C607 F6492 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.8 calc C607 F6499 mandible 1 frg with aveoli large mammal l s 3.7 calc encrusted C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.9 calc C607 F6390 tooth root 1 frg large mammal l t 0.5 calc C608 F6396 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.3 calc C608 F6515 vertebrae 1 cervical frg large mammal l a 0.4 calc C608 F6522 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.3 calc 2 cut C608 F6509 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.9 marks calc cervical-arch C608 F6509 vertebrae 1 frg large mammal l a 2.3 calc C608 F6522 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 2.3 calc C608 F6408 metapodium 2 shaft frg large mammal l foot 7.3 calc C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.8 calc C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.1 calc C608 F6509 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.7 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C608 F6509 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.1 calc C608 F6396 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 5.2 calc C608 F6408 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.0 calc C608 F6412 rib 1 frg large mammal l a 1.3 calc 2 large C609 F6533 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.4 cuts calc C609 F6533 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.0 calc C609 F6533 pelvis 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 1.2 calc Collaspse Trench 1 vertebrae 2 frgs large mammal l a 1.9 calc Collaspse Trench 1 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.5 calc Collaspse Trench 1 pelvis 1 frgs large mammal l f 2.2 calc Collaspse Trench 1 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.6 calc Collaspse Trench 1 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 3.6 calc C607 F6492 metopodium 1 proximal frg large mammal l foot 3.5 calc large mammal (may be associated with C109 HPO333 metapodium 1 shaft frg Cervus prox frg) l foot 5.4 calc 287 molar/premola large mammal- C608 F6515 tooth 1 r frg herbivore l t 0.5 calc med/small C607 F6439 rib 4 shaft frgs mammal ms a 0.6 calc C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.5 calc C107 HP0307 vertebrae 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.4 calc small pit C107 HP0307 metopodium 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms foot 1.9 marks calc C107 HP0307 maxilla 1 frg with aveoli medium mammal ms s 0.7 calc C107 HP0307 tooth 1 molar frg medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc C603 F6139 scapula 3 frgs medium mammal ms f 2.2 calc C603 F6172 tooth 1 molar root medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc C605 F6318 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.4 calc C605 F6326 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.3 calc C605 F6216 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.6 calc C605 F6321 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc C605 F6216 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 1.0 calc C605 F6470 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.5 calc C605 F6216 neurocranium 1 orbit frg medium mammal ms s 1.1 calc C605 F6326 tooth 7 frgs medium mammal ms t 0.6 calc C605 F6326 tooth 2 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.9 calc C605 F6465 tooth 3 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.2 calc C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 1.5 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.1 calc C605 F6209 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc C606 F6352 rib 3 frg medium mammal ms a 2.1 calc C606 F6271 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 2,56 calc C606 F6336 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 calc C606 F6364 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 1.8 calc C606 F6280 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.9 calc C606 F6424 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc

C606 F6610 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc

C606 F6610 vertebrae 3 frgs medium mammal ms a 0.9 calc C606 F6352 scapula 2 frg medium mammal ms f 1.2 calc C606 F6352 radius 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms f 1.2 calc C606 F6271 radius 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 1.1 calc C606 F6364 scapula 2 frg medium mammal ms f 1.6 calc C606 F6352 metapodium 1 shaft medium mammal ms foot 1.2 calc C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.8 calc 288 C606 F6271 neurocranium 3 frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 calc C606 F6271 mandible 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc C606 F6345 maxilla 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc articular C606 F6433 mandible 1 process frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc C606 F6433 mandible 1 body frg medium mammal ms s 0.5 calc C606 F6446 neurocranium 8 frgs medium mammal ms s 2.2 calc C606 F6384 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 1.4 calc C606 F6458 neurocranium 1 cranial frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc C606 F6433 tooth root 5 frgs medium mammal ms t 0.9 calc C606 F6280 tooth 2 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.5 calc C606 F6280 tooth 1 molar frg medium mammal ms t 0.4 calc C606 F6280 tooth 1 frg medium mammal ms t 0.6 calc C606 F6424 tooth 1 root-incisor medium mammal ms t 0.0 calc C606 F6424 tooth 1 molar frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc molar/premola C606 F6458 tooth 1 r root medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc

C606 F6610 tooth 3 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc C607 F6390 rib 7 frgs medium mammal ms a 2.6 calc scrape marks and C607 F6372 rib 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 1.1 pits calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes

C607 F6439 sternum 2 frgs medium mammal ms a 0.3 calc C607 F6492 vertebrae 1 cervical body medium mammal ms a 1.2 calc

C607 F6499 vertebrae 1 thoratic art frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 calc C607 F6499 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.8 calc C607 F6567 rib 4 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.5 calc

C607 F6580 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.8 calc

C607 F6556 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc C607 F6390 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.5 calc C607 F6492 scapula 1 spine frg medium mammal ms f 0.8 calc C607 F6499 carpal 1 frg medium mammal ms ff 0.4 calc C607 F6404 metapodium 1 proximal frg medium mammal ms foot 1.4 calc C607 F6372 metapodium 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 1.2 calc C607 F6439 maxilla 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc root frg- 289 possibly C607 F6567 tooth 1 incisor medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C607 F6567 tooth 1 crown frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C608 F6617 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 0.4 calc C608 F6515 scapula 2 frgs medium mammal ms f 1.5 calc C608 F6624 tooth 3 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc

C608 F6617 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc

C608 F6621 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc C608 F6412 rib 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 calc C608 F6412 rib 2 frgs medium mammal ms a 0.8 calc C608 F6412 scapula 1 base of spine f medium mammal ms f 0.5 calc 5 irregular C608 F6412 scapula 1 edge frg medium mammal ms f 0.7 pits calc C608 F6412 tibia 1 proximal frg medium mammal ms h 0.6 calc root frg-molar C605 F6310 tooth 1 or premolar medium mammal ms t 0.3 calc medium/small C605 F6299 tooth 5 root frgs mammal ms t 0.4 calc C104 HP0270 astralagus 1 alm complete Ovis/Capra ms hf 3.3 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C107 HP0307 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.7 calc

crown frg from C252(HP molar/premola C '05) F2375 tooth 1 r Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc C603 F6139 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 4.0 calc e on interior of shaft C603 F6172 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.2 calc C605 F6299 tooth 2 crown frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.2 calc C606 F6271 scapula 2 frgs Ovis/Capra ms f 0.8 calc C606 F6610 ulna 1 distal art frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.6 calc

1 st molar C606 F6458 tooth 1 mandibular (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor root Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 1 incisor frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 calc C607 F6390 radius? 3 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra ms f 8.8 calc C607 F6567 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.4 calc C607 F6492 phalange 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.7 calc 290 C607 F6390 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms h 0.8 calc C607 F6580 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.6 calc C608 F6509 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.6 calc medial- C608 F6515 phalange 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.7 calc small or young animal C608 F6509 tibia 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms h 0.9 calc C608 F6408 mandible 1 coronoid proce Ovis/Capra ms s 3.1 calc C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal frag Ovis/Capra ms f 1.7 calc C608 F6412 radius 2 shaft frgs Ovis/Capra ms f 0.8 calc C608 F6412 metapodium 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.7 calc Collaspse Trench 1 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms hf 0.7 calc C608 F6412 tibia? 1 distal frg Ovis/Capra ? ms h 1.6 calc C608 F6408 scapula 1 frg small ammal ms f 0.4 calc C607 F6372 humerus 1 shaft frg small animal ms f 0.5 calc C107 HP0307 rib 3 shaft frg small mammal ms a 2.1 calc C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.4 calc C107 HP0307 scapula 1 fossa art frg small mammal ms f 0.3 calc C603 F6172 humerus? 1 distal frg small mammal ms f 0.4 calc smaller than cat or badger C603 F6172 tooth 4 root frgs small mammal ms t 0.2 calc C605 F6299 rib 5 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.4 calc C605 F6470 rib 4 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 calc C605 F6321 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.9 calc C605 F6310 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.1 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C605 F6310 scapula 2 spine frgs small mammal ms f 0.2 calc molar/premola C605 F6299 tooth 1 r root small mammal ms t 0.2 calc C606 F6446 rib 4 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.4 calc C606 F6424 rib 2 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C606 F6424 sternum 1 frg small mammal ms a 0.0 calc C606 F6458 vertebrae 1 spine frg small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C606 F6610 ribs 3 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 root frg small mammal ms t 0.1 calc molar/premola C606 F6458 tooth 1 r root small mammal ms t 0.1 calc C607 F6499 rib 2 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.2 calc C607 F6567 rib 3 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.2 calc C607 F6556 rib 5 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.4 calc possibly Ovis but looks stumpy cf 291 C607 F6556 phalange 1 alm complete small mammal ms foot 0.2 calc with keys C607 F6492 maxilla 1 frg with aveoli small mammal ms s 0.3 calc C607 F6556 mandible 1 shaft frg small mammal ms s 0.4 calc C608 F6624 rib 7 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.6 calc C608 F6617 rib 3 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.2 calc C608 F6559 rib 4 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 calc C608 F6559 vertebrae 1 frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C608 F6629 vertebrae 1 frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 calc C608 F6624 metapodium 1 shaft frg small mammal ms foot 0.2 calc C608 F6515 maxilla 1 frg small mammal ms s 0.5 calc Collaspse Trench 1 vertebrae 1 art surface small mammal ms a 0.1 calc small mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 1 root incisor ms t 0.0 calc small/medium C607 F6556 tooth 6 root frgs mammal ms t 0.2 calc small/medium C605 F6242 vertebrae 1 frg mammal ms a 0.2 calc small/medium C606 F6458 rib 6 shaft frgs mammal ms a 0.9 calc small/medium mammal (not C605 F6242 tooth 1 root frg herbivore) ms t 0.0 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg-maxil Sus ms t 0.2 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C605 F6299 tooth 5 molar frgs Sus ms t 0.7 calc C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg Sus ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6352 phalange 1 proximal Sus ms foot 0.7 calc medial- C606 F6424 phalange 1 complete Sus ms foot 0.1 calc tooth calcined, no root mandibular developm C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar 1 Sus ms t 0.5 calc ent C606 F6433 tooth root 1 incisor(p) Sus ms t 0.3 calc root apex not closed mandibular premolar C606 F6433 tooth 1 frg(d) Sus ms t 0.1 calc no wear, root partly formed molar/premola C606 F6433 tooth 8 r frgs Sus ms t 0.9 calc no roots formed, 292 maxilla no wear C606 F6364 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.5 calc on tooth molar/premola C606 F6280 tooth 1 r frg (p) Sus ms t 0.4 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.2 calc C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.1 calc C606 F6610 tooth 3 crown frgs Sus ms t 0.3 calc C607 F6439 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t calc molar/premola C607 F6573 tooth 2 r frgs Sus ms t 0.2 calc molar- possibly manbibular C608 F6621 tooth 1 M1 (p) Sus ms t 0.4 calc C608 F6621 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.2 calc C608 F6629 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.1 calc C607 F6556 tooth 1 root frg-molar Sus? ms t 0.2 calc C608 F6629 tooth 1 incisor root Sus? ms t 0.3 calc C107 HP0307 vertebrae 2 articular frgs mammal nd a 0.7 calc one frg with blue tones C107 HP0307 neurocranium 6 frgs mammal nd s 1.8 calc C107 HP0307 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.3 calc C108a HP0323 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 0.9 calc C109 HPO333 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.1 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C601 F6154 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.7 calc C603 F6172 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 calc C604 F6229 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.0 calc C605 F6465 tooth 15 frgs mammal nd t 1.2 calc C605 F6465 tooth 2 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C605 F6299 tooth 27 crown frgs mammal nd t 1.4 calc C605 F6470 tooth 15 crown frgs mammal nd t 1.1 calc C605 F6321 tooth 6 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc C605 F6310 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.3 calc C605 F6242 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 calc C605 F6295 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 calc pits/scrap C605 F6209 pelvis 2 frgs mammal nd h 6.9 es calc C605 F6209 neurocranium 6 frg mammal nd s 2.9 calc C606 F6345 rib 3 frgs mammal nd a 2.2 calc articular C606 F6384 vertebrae 2 surface mammal nd a 2.0 calc C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg mammal nd foot 1.6 cut calc 293 C606 F6352 neurocranium 5 frgs mammal nd s 2.6 calc C606 F6271 neurocranium 6 frgs mammal nd s 2.9 calc C606 F6345 neurocranium 6 frgs mammal nd s 2.3 calc C606 F6345 neurocranium 2 frg mammal nd s 1.7 calc C606 F6336 neurocranium 8 frgs mammal nd s 5.5 calc C606 F6433 neurocranium 8 frgs mammal nd s 1.6 calc C606 F6364 mandible 1 shaft frg mammal nd s 2.0 calc C606 F6384 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.3 calc C606 F6280 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.7 calc C606 F6610 neurocranium 10 frgs mammal nd s 0.8 calc C606 F6336 tooth 4 frgs mammal nd t 1.3 calc distorted and fragmented C606 F6446 tooth 13 frgs mammal nd t 1.3 calc C606 F6446 tooth root 1 frg mammal nd t 0.4 calc C606 F6384 tooth 1 frg mammal nd t 0.4 calc C606 F6424 tooth 24 frgs mammal nd t 1.4 calc C606 F6424 tooth 7 frg from herbivomammal nd t 0.7 calc C606 F6458 tooth 20 frgs mammal nd t 1.2 calc C606 F6452 tooth 4 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc C606 F6452 tooth 1 root frg mammal nd t 0.0 calc C606 F6610 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C606 F6610 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc C606 F6433 tooth 35 frgs mammal nd t 2.4 calc C607 F6390 rib 2 frgs mammal nd a 1.4 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C607 F6404 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 1.0 calc C607 F6372 vertebrae 2 articular surfac mammal nd a 0.3 calc pits on C607 F6372 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 0.4 surface calc C607 F6499 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 0.5 calc C607 F6390 neurocranuim 1 frg mammal nd s 0.9 calc C607 F6390 neurocranium 2 frg mammal nd s 1.6 calc C607 F6390 ligual bone? 1 frg mammal nd s 0.5 calc C607 F6372 neurocranium 3 frg mammal nd s 1.0 calc

cut marks C607 F6372 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.4 and pits calc C607 F6372 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 1.1 calc C607 F6492 neurocranium f 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.3 calc C607 F6499 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 0.6 calc C607 F6523 neurocranium 1 frgs mammal nd s 0.4 calc C607 F6439 tooth 20 frgs mammal nd t 1.8 calc C607 F6567 tooth 16 frgs mammal nd t 1.7 calc 294 C607 F6580 tooth 5 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 calc C607 F6580 tooth 3 enamal mammal nd t 0.4 calc C607 F6556 tooth 10 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 calc C607 F6556 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 calc C607 F6573 tooth 11 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 calc C608 F6408 rib 1 shaft frg mammal nd a 0.5 calc blue tinge C608 F6408 neurocranium 7 frgs mammal nd s 2.9 calc thin cut C608 F6522 nerocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.6 mark calc C608 F6509 neurocranium 4 frgs mammal nd s 1.1 calc C608 F6624 tooth 8 frgs mammal nd t 0.5 calc C608 F6617 tooth 9 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C608 F6559 tooth 8 frgs mammal nd t 0.5 calc C608 F6621 tooth 6 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C608 F6629 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.4 calc C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 articular frg mammal nd a 0.5 calc C608 F6412 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.5 calc mammal- C606 F6610 tooth 3 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.4 calc C252(HP C '05) F2375 tooth 1 crown frg mammal-herbivorend t 0.1 calc C507 F5024 tooth 2 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.1 calc C605 F6299 tooth 3 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.5 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 1 enamal herbivore nd t 0.1 calc mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 4 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.5 calc mammal- C607 F6556 tooth 2 frgs herbivore nd t 0.2 calc mammal- C608 F6621 tooth 4 frgs herbivore nd t 0.2 calc C605 F6209 tarsal 1 frg bird? bird hf 0.7 calc C608 F6412 longbone 1 shaft bird? bird 0.2 calc C604 F6229 phalange 1 frg Bos l foot 0.4 calc C608 F6522 phalange 3 frgs Bos l foot 4.8 calc C607 F6372 tooth 2 frgs Bos? l t 0.8 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.6 calc C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 1.1 calc 1 horizontal C109 HPO333 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 1.1 cut-mark calc 295 C607 F6492 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.9 calc C107 HP0307 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 1.8 calc

C108 HP0319 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.1 cut marks calc C108a HP0323 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 3.9 calc C607 F6499 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 2.6 calc C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.7 calc 2 small C609 F6420 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 6.8 pits calc molar -not C108 HP0319 tooth 1 complete Canidae ms t 0.9 calc maxilla frg C108 HP0319 neurocranium 1 with aveloi medium mammal ms s 0.3 calc

C108 HP0319 mandible 1 edge frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 calc C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 articular surfac medium mammal ms a 0.2 calc C606 F6271 metatarsus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms hf 0.3 calc

C606 F6458 tooth 1 incisor root medium mammal ms t 0.1 calc C607 F6404 scapula 1 spine frg medium mammal ms f 1.0 calc C608 F6522 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.5 calc C608 F6509 femur 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms h 0.9 calc C108 HP0319 phalange 1 medial frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.4 calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C605 F6242 phalange 1 medial-proximaOvis/Capra ms foot 0.3 calc C606 F6433 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.2 calc C606 F6345 matatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms hf 0.4 calc C607 F6492 carpal 3 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 1.1 calc small or young anaimal articular C607 F6492 mandible 1 process frg Ovis/Capra ms s 0.5 calc C608 F6522 radius 1 proximal frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.7 calc C608 F6522 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.9 calc C903 F9006 vertebrae 1 lumber frg Ovis/Capra ms a 1.6 calc C605 F6465 neurocranium 1 orbit frg small mammal ms s 0.2 calc C605 F6299 tooth 1 root frg-molar osmall mammal ms t 0.0 calc C606 F6458 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.0 calc C607 F6580 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.3 calc 296 medial-distal C605 F6326 phalange 1 epiphysis Sus ms foot 0.3 calc C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.3 calc C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frgs Sus ms t 0.3 calc C606 F6364 tooth 1 molar frg (p) Sus ms t 0.7 calc C607 F6372 rib 2 shaft frgs mammal nd a 0.8 cut mark calc C608 F6549 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 calc C609 F6533 vertebrae 2 frgs mammal nd a 0.6 calc

calc, C603 F6139 tooth 1 frg of unworn MOvis/Capra ms t 0.7 blue/black 2 cut C608 F6515 metatarsus 1 proximal frg Bos l hf 7.7 marks calc/char calc/char/ C107 HP0307 astralagus 1 proximal Bos l hf 4.9 unburnt calc/unbur C607 F6523 axis 1 edge frg Bos l a 0.9 nt 942 539.5 large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C107 HP0307 frontal 1 frg Bos l s 6.2 char pits on C602 F6128 humerus 1 distal Bos l f 30.4 surface char Bd est= 61mm mandibular 3rd molar, end C605 F6216 tooth 1 section Bos l t 3.4 char two parallel cuts and C605 F6209 humerus 2 distal shaft frg Bos l f 10.1 pits char C605 F6209 humerus 2 shaft frgs Bos l f 2.7 char pits on C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Bos l f 4.0 surface char C605 F6209 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Bos l ff 3.3 char C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos l foot 3.0 char C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos l foot 7.1 small pits char 297

C605 F6209 metapodium 2 shaft frgs Bos l foot 11.3 cut marks char acetabulum C606 F6364 pelvis 1 frg Bos l h 3.9 char incisor/canine C606 F6345 tooth 1 root frg Bos l t 0.8 char incisor (p) (i3 C606 F6446 tooth 1 or 4) Bos l t 0.3 char 4 cut marks, several scrapemar C607 F6404 radius 1 prox Bos l f 24.4 ks char C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular procesBos l s 5.1 char 2 pieces C608 F6408 radius 1 shaft frg Bos l f 1.6 char

sulcus C608 F6408 ulna 1 muscularis frg Bos l f 5.0 char C608 F6408 ulna 1 shaft frg Bos l f 1.9 char C608 F6522 femur 1 shaft frg Bos l h 2.4 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes no evidence that distal end was removed, calcellus bone interir distal -alm lightly C608 F6509 tibia 1 complete Bos l h 28.0 char charred C608 F6522 astralagus 1 frg Bos l hf 2.0 char frg containing aveloi for P2, C608 F6522 mandible 1 P3 Bos l s 2.9 char 1 long cut C608 F6509 mandible 1 coronoid frg Bos l s 2.1 mark char C606 F6345 tooth 1 molar Bos? l t 1.0 char in wear C110 HP0336 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.9 char 298 C252 F2338 scapula 1 spine frg Cervus l f 1.0 char C606 F6352 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Cervus l hf 0.9 char vertebrae- C607 F6499 axis 1 art surface frg Cervus l a 0.8 char C607 F6404 radius 1 shaft Cervus l f 0.7 char C607 F6499 humerus 1 shaft frg Cervus l f 0.9 char C607 F6404 carpal 1 alm complete Cervus l ff 4.3 char C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus l h 3.7 char

C607 F6499 talus 1 aprrox quarter Cervus l hf 5.3 char C608 F6515 phalange 1 medial distal frgCervus l foot 0.5 char process C608 F6396 mandible 1 articularis frg Cervus l s 1.8 char incisor- C608 F6617 tooth 1 mandibular(p) Cervus l t 0.2 char scrape C608 F6412 humerus 1 distal shaft Cervus l f 4.0 marks char lumber- small process scrape Collapse Trench 1 vertebrae 1 traversus Cervus l a 1.7 marks char

C606 F6352 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? l h 0.6 1 deep cut char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C607 F6372 radius 1 shaft frg Cervus? l f 1.0 char C607 F6390 tibia 1 proximal frg Cervus? l h 3.1 char C107 HP0307 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 1.8 char C107 HP0307 mandible 1 frg large mammal l s 1.1 char blood vessel path visible C108 HP0319 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.1 char C109 HPO333 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 3.0 char C109 HPO333 neurocranium 1 skull frg large mammal l s 1.2 char C605 F6216 tooth 1 frg large mammal l t 0.6 char C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg large mammal l t 0.3 char C605 F6209 mandible 2 distal frg large mammal l s 7.4 char C606 F6345 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 6.6 char thoratic C606 F6364 vertebrae 1 articular frg large mammal l a 0.5 char

C606 F6280 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 3.1 cut marks char series of scrape C606 F6364 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 4.3 marks char 299 C606 F6364 pelvis 2 frgs large mammal l h 2.8 char C606 F6271 mandible 1 body frg large mammal l s 2.3 char C606 F6271 mandible 1 frg large mammal l s 3.1 char C606 F6345 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 2.5 char C607 F6390 scapula 1 spine frg large mammal l f 3.2 char C607 F6404 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 1.6 char C607 F6499 scapula 1 spine large mammal l f 3.0 char C607 F6499 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 3.0 char

1 cut mark C607 F6523 humerus 2 shaft frg large mammal l f 7.8 on each char C607 F6523 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 4.9 char

C607 F6372 metapodium 3 shaft frg large mammal l foot 10.1 cut marks char pits on C607 F6372 metapodium 1 frg large mammal l foot 0.9 surface char C607 F6567 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 0.6 char C607 F6404 pelvis 3 frgs large mammal l h 5.3 char C607 F6523 mandible 2 shaft frgs large mammal l s 2.7 char C608 F6522 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.2 char C608 F6408 scapula 1 frg large mammal l f 1.6 char C608 F6522 humerus 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 1.9 char C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 1.5 char 300 large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C608 F6522 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.9 char C608 F6509 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 4.5 char C608 F6522 pelvis 1 illum frg large mammal l h 3.5 char C608 F6408 mandible 1 shaft frg large mammal l s 2.5 char C608 F6396 mandible 2 frgs large mammal l s 2.2 char C608 F6412 rib 1 proximal large mammal l a 1.7 char C608 F6412 metapodium 2 shaft frgs large mammal l foot 6.7 char C607 F6372 scapula 1 edge frg large mammal l f 0.7 char C607 F6404 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra l hf 0.6 3 pits char C107 HP0307 scapula 1 spine frg medium mammal ms f 1.1 char C605 F6216 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char C605 F6465 rib 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.5 char scrape C605 F6216 mandible 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.8 marks char 300 C605 F6470 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 char C605 F6465 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.8 char C605 F6209 radius 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 2.4 char C606 F6433 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.1 char C606 F6446 vertebrae 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.4 char C606 F6446 sternum 1 frg medium mammal ms a 0.9 char C606 F6364 humerus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 0.9 char pits on C606 F6352 pelvis 1 icshium medium mammal ms h 1.1 surface char C606 F6271 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.3 char C606 F6271 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 char C606 F6433 mandible 1 body frg medium mammal ms s 0.6 char C606 F6446 neurocranium 6 frgs medium mammal ms s 1.2 char C606 F6364 mandible 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.4 char C606 F6458 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.2 char C607 F6390 vertebrae 1 articular surfac medium mammal ms a 0.4 char C607 F6404 rib 2 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.8 char cut and pit C607 F6372 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 1.6 marks char C607 F6499 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes

C607 F6580 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 char C607 F6372 humerus 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 2.6 char C607 F6439 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.2 char C607 F6492 scapula 2 spine frg medium mammal ms f 0.7 char C607 F6404 metapodium 1 distal frg medium mammal ms foot 0.4 char C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 1.7 char C607 F6372 maxilla 1 aveolus medium mammal ms s 0.5 char C607 F6439 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 0.9 char C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms s 0.7 char C607 F6439 tooth 2 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.2 char

C607 F6567 tooth 2 root frgs medium mammal ms t 0.2 char C608 F6515 rib 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms a 1.0 char C608 F6408 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.3 char

301 C608 F6624 tooth 1 crown frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 char

C608 F6629 tooth 1 root frg medium mammal ms t 0.1 char C608 F6412 vertebrae 1 articular frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char

C609 F6533 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 char C903 F9006 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.4 char

medium mammal- C608 F6624 tooth 1 crown frg herbivore ms t 0.2 char C109 HPO333 phalange 1 distal-completeOvis/Capra ms foot 0.7 char in 3 pieces C252(HP C '05) F2375 sesamoid 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.1 char C605 F6470 radius 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms f 0.3 char proximal- proximal C605 F6250 phalange 1 epiphysis Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.3 char C605 F6209 humerus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms f 1.6 char C606 F6345 mandible 1 coronoid frg Ovis/Capra ms s 0.8 char C607 F6390 sternum 1 almost completOvis/Capra ms a 1.9 char C607 F6492 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.6 char linked to 3 carpals above large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C607 F6499 metatarsus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms hf 0.5 char 5 irregular pits, cuts and scrape C607 F6390 mandible 1 tooth sockets Ovis/Capra ms s 1.8 marks char for decidious teeth C607 F6492 mandible 1 articular procesOvis/Capra ms s 0.6 char articular process C607 F6492 mandible 1 proximal end Ovis/Capra ms s 0.4 char premolar C607 F6499 maxilla 1 alveoli Ovis/Capra ms s 1.8 char C607 F6404 tooth 5 molar frgs Ovis/Capra ms t 1.3 char C607 F6439 tooth 1 crown frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.2 char trochanter tertius

302 C608 F6559 femur 1 epiphysis Ovis/Capra ms h 0.1 char C608 F6624 tooth 1 root (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.0 char 5 cut C608 F6412 tooth 1 frg Ovis/Capra ms t 0.5 marks char C903 F9006 tooth 1 molar frgs (p) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.9 char 4 pieces C109 HPO333 mandible 1 shaft frg small mammal ms s 1.0 char C605 F6326 vertebrae 1 aricular surfacesmall mammal ms a 0.0 char C605 F6299 rib 2 shaft frgs small mammal ms a 0.3 char C607 F6556 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.1 char C608 F6617 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.2 char C608 F6559 rib 1 shaft frg small mammal ms a 0.2 char weathered C606 F6271 metacarpus 1 prox and shaft Sus ms ff 0.6 char C606 F6352 phalange 1 frg Sus ms foot 0.6 char rubbed surface- curated? C606 F6271 tooth 1 unerupted max PSus ms t 0.5 char mandibular C606 F6345 tooth 1 incisor frg Sus ms t 0.4 char crowninta ct and in wear, cut cut on root at base of C606 F6336 tooth 1 incisor(d) Sus ms t 0.9 near base char root large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes molar/premola C606 F6433 tooth 1 r frgs Sus ms t 0.1 char C606 F6446 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.2 char unworn mandible C606 F6280 tooth 1 incisor (p) Sus ms t 2.4 char 2 pieces C607 F6567 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus ms t 0.3 char mandibular C608 F6408 tooth 1 1st incisor Sus ms t 1.3 char crownremoved C608 F6408 neurocranium 1 temporal bone Sus? ms s 1.9 char C108a HP0323 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.4 char C604 F6229 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 char C605 F6465 tooth 7 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.7 char C605 F6299 tooth 5 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 char C605 F6470 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.1 char C605 F6321 tooth 4 frgs mammal nd t 0.1 char C605 F6209 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 2.7 char 303 C606 F6352 mandible 1 avolus mammal nd s 0.7 char C606 F6352 maxilla 1 avolus mammal nd s 0.7 char C606 F6271 neurocranium 2 frg mammal nd s 0.8 char C606 F6345 neurocranium 4 frgs mammal nd s 1.9 char C606 F6364 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 1.3 char C606 F6345 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 1.1 char C606 F6452 tooth 3 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 char C606 F6610 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.3 char C607 F6390 pelvis 1 frg mammal nd h 1.2 char C607 F6404 pelvis 1 shaft frg mammal nd h 1.2 char C607 F6390 neurocranium 2 frgs mammal nd s 2.7 char C607 F6372 neurocranium 4 frg mammal nd s 1.9 char C607 F6439 tooth 5 frgs mammal nd t 0.5 char C607 F6567 tooth 10 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 char C607 F6567 tooth 7 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 char C608 F6408 radius 1 proximal frg mammal nd f 1.0 char C608 F6624 tooth 2 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 char C605 F6470 tooth 3 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.5 char mammal- C607 F6556 tooth 3 frgs herbivore nd t 0.2 char mammal- C608 F6617 tooth 2 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.4 char mammal- C608 F6559 tooth 2 frgs herbivore nd t 0.1 char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes mammal- C608 F6621 tooth 3 frgs herbivore nd t 0.9 char C605 F6209 sesmoid 1 complete Bos l foot 1.4 char cuts and C605 F6209 metapodium 1 shaft frg Bos l foot 4.3 pits char C607 F6372 patella 1 frg Bos l h 3.7 char C606 F6271 tibia 1 prox frg Cervus l h 0.8 char scrape C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 cervical frg Cervus l a 1.1 marks char C606 F6271 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 2.0 char C606 F6271 vertebrae 1 frg large mammal l a 0.8 char C606 F6345 pelvis 1 acetabulum frg large mammal l h 4.9 char C606 F6271 tooth 1 frg large mammal l t 0.1 char C606 F6364 tooth 1 root frg large mammal l t 0.9 char C607 F6372 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.2 char C607 F6372 scapula 4 spine frg large mammal l f 7.7 pit marks char 304 C607 F6372 radius 1 shaft frg large mammal l f 0.9 char large cut C607 F6404 pelvis 1 frg large mammal l h 4.4 mark char C607 F6372 mandible 1 distal frg large mammal l s 2.9 char C607 F6372 mandible 1 body frg large mammal l s 3.9 char C608 F6396 tibia 1 shaft frg large mammal l h 4.7 char pits on C605 F6209 tibia 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms h 1.8 surface char cuts/scrap C606 F6271 scapula 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.3 es char C606 F6271 humerus 1 frg medium mammal ms f 0.5 char C606 F6271 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 1.3 char pits on C606 F6336 pelvis 1 illum frg medium mammal ms h 2.8 surface char C607 F6390 rib 1 distal frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 char C607 F6492 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 char scrape marks and C607 F6372 metapodium 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms foot 0.4 pits char large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C607 F6372 femur 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms h 2.6 char C607 F6372 mandible 2 frgs medium mammal ms s 3.6 char C608 F6408 mandible 2 shaft frgs medium mammal ms s 2.3 char C110 HP0336 metapodium 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms foot 0.8 char C606 F6271 parietal 1 frg Sus ms s 1.6 char C605 F6209 scapula 2 frg mammal nd f 0.9 char C605 F6209 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 2.1 char C606 F6271 mandible 2 body frg mammal nd s 1.2 char char/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos l f 2.2 unburnt char/ C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-proximaBos l foot 3.4 unburnt Bp 23 mm est, Bd 24.6 mm

mave be from same 305 phalange as char/ proximal C107 HP0307 phalange 1 medial-distal Bos l foot 1.8 unburnt portion char/ C107 HP0307 humerus 1 distal frg Bos l f 2.5 unburnt series of long thin cuts on char/ C107 HP0307 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 1.8 one face unburnt two chop char/ C107 HP0307 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 5.5 marks unburnt char/ C107 HP0307 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 4.6 unburnt char/ C109 HPO333 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.3 unburnt C606 F6352 femur 1 fovea capitas Bos l h 17.9 char/calc small parallel cuts one side calc, one side C607 F6499 mandible 1 shaft frg Bos l s 3.4 char/calc charred C608 F6412 patella 1 body Cervus l h 7.9 char/calc large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C606 F6352 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 2.4 char/calc C606 F6280 metapodium 1 shaft frg large mammal l foot 6.1 char/calc one side calc, one side char, C607 F6499 scapula 1 spine large mammal l s 2.3 char/calc 3 pieces C606 F6352 radius 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms f 1.3 char/calc C605 F6209 pelvis 1 pubis frg large mammal l h 2.1 charred 334 519.7 306 large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C608 F6412 mandible 1 coronoid Cervus l s 1.7 not burnt 2 cut C107 HP0307 radius 1 shaft frg Bos l f 3.7 marks unburnt C605 F6299 tooth 1 premolar frg (p Bos l t 0.5 unburnt incisor (p) C606 F6446 tooth 1 (i2?) Bos l t 1.0 unburnt light wear molar/premola C606 F6452 tooth 1 r crown frg Bos l t 0.3 unburnt molar/premola C608 F6617 tooth 2 r frgs Cervus l t 0.5 unburnt 2 small cavities on enamal C107 HP0307 mandible 1 tooth aveoli large mammal l s 2.7 unburnt C605 F6299 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.4 unburnt

307 molar/premola C605 F6299 tooth 2 r frg large mammal l t 0.3 unburnt C607 F6404 rib 1 shaft frg large mammal l a 0.4 unburnt

3 light coloured ridges at root and top of root- C607 F6567 tooth 1 crown frg large mammal l t 0.1 unburnt not cuts large mammal- C608 F6624 tooth 2 frgs herbivore l t 0.2 unburnt

surfaces mandibular nor sharp, molar- so unlikely C605 F6470 tooth 1 incomplete Lutra lutra ms t 0.3 unburnt to be otter large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes pit marks on both C110 HP0336 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.4 sides unburnt C606 F6446 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.2 unburnt C606 F6424 phalange epiph 1 frg medium mammal ms foot 0.0 unburnt C608 F6515 rib 1 shaft frg medium mammal ms a 0.6 unburnt

C608 F6617 scapula 1 frgs medium mammal ms f 0.2 unburnt C608 F6408 neurocranium 1 frg medium mammal ms s 0.2 unburnt

molar/premola medium mammal- C606 F6458 tooth 2 r crown frg herbivore ms t 0.5 unburnt C603 F6139 carpal 1 complete Ovis/Capra ms ff 1.3 unburnt C604 F6229 vertebrae 1 thoratic frg Ovis/Capra ms a 0.3 unburnt caudal- C606 F6433 vertebrae 1 unfused body Ovis/Capra ms a 0.0 unburnt premolar frg?

308 C606 F6458 tooth 1 (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 unburnt C606 F6610 tooth 2 crown frgs Ovis/Capra ms t 0.2 unburnt crown frg- C607 F6567 tooth 1 premolar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 unburnt crown frg- C607 F6567 tooth 2 molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.3 unburnt crown frgs- C607 F6580 tooth 2 molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.4 unburnt crown frgs- C607 F6573 tooth 3 molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.6 unburnt C608 F6621 tooth 1 pre-molar Ovis/Capra ms t 0.0 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 1 incisor (d) Ovis/Capra ms t 0.1 unburnt C605 F6465 tooth 1 molar frg (d?) Ovis/Capra? ms t 0.2 unburnt incisor-alm C607 F6556 tooth 1 complete small carnivore ms t 0.0 unburnt small than cat- weasel/stoat? C607 F6567 sternum 1 frgs small mammal ms a 0.1 unburnt C110 HP0336 neurocranium 1 alm complete small rodent ms s 0.3 unburnt C606 F6433 phalange 1 medial Sus ms foot 0.3 unburnt epiphysis just fused maxilla C606 F6433 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.1 unburnt no roots, no wear, unerupted maxilla C606 F6446 tooth 1 premolar Sus ms t 0.1 unburnt no root development large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes no roots formed, no wear C606 F6364 tooth 1 maxilla molar Sus ms t 0.8 unburnt on tooth C606 F6458 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.5 unburnt C607 F6439 tooth 2 molar frgs Sus ms t 0.3 unburnt maxilla PM2 C607 F6567 tooth 1 (d) Sus ms t 0.2 unburnt molar/premola C608 F6621 tooth 1 r frg Sus ms t 0.1 unburnt C603 F6139 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.3 unburnt C605 F6299 tooth 1 tooth germ mammal nd t 0.0 unburnt

309 C605 F6299 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.0 unburnt C605 F6470 tooth 2 crown frg mammal nd t 0.3 unburnt C606 F6345 neurocranium 7 frgs mammal nd s 3.5 unburnt C606 F6336 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.5 unburnt C606 F6364 neurocranium 1 frg mammal nd s 0.4 unburnt C606 F6446 tooth 8 frgs mammal nd t 0.9 unburnt C606 F6424 tooth 3 frg mammal nd t 0.2 unburnt C606 F6424 tooth 10 frgs from herbivmammal nd t 1.0 unburnt C606 F6458 tooth 3 frgs mammal nd t 0.3 unburnt C606 F6452 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.9 unburnt C607 F6567 tooth 8 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.4 unburnt C607 F6580 tooth 4 crown frgs mammal nd t 0.2 unburnt C607 F6573 tooth 6 frgs mammal nd t 0.2 unburnt C608 F6621 tooth 5 frgs mammal nd t 0.6 unburnt C608 F6629 tooth 1 crown frg mammal nd t 0.0 unburnt C604 F6229 tooth 1 frg mammal- herbivorend t 0.0 unburnt molar/premola C605 F6465 tooth 1 r frg mammal-herbivorend t 0.4 unburnt large/med-small, Context Sample Bone Type Nos Bone Animal not determined Body Elements Weight Marks Burning Notes C605 F6299 tooth 5 crown frgs mammal-herbivorend t 0.7 unburnt C605 F6299 tooth 1 crown frg mammal-herbivorend t 0.1 unburnt mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 2 enamal herbivore nd t 0.2 unburnt mammal- C607 F6567 tooth 6 crown frgs herbivore nd t 0.5 unburnt mammal- C607 F6580 tooth 1 crown frg herbivore nd t 0.1 unburnt mammal- 310 C607 F6580 tooth 3 enamal herbivore nd t 0.4 unburnt C110 HP0336 occipital 1 condyle frg large mammal l s 1.6 unburnt C606 F6345 metacarpus 1 shaft frg Ovis/Capra ms ff 0.7 unburnt C605 F6299 tooth 1 molar frg Sus ms t 0.2 unburnt enamal/dentin mammal- C607 F6439 tooth 2 e frgs herbivore nd t 0.5 unburnt 4 cut unburnt/ch C607 F6492 pelvis 1 illum frg Cervus l h 8.2 marks ar 1 cut , looks recent, 3 irregular C608 F6412 phalange 1 proximal -dista Cervus l foot 1.6 pits 1 cut , looks recent, 3 irregular pits 143 45.4 Appendix 9 Small Finds Conservation Report

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

230311 HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006 (ARC) CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT OF A MIXED ASSEMBLAGE.

Summary

The assemblage was submitted via Dawn McLaren (NMS) for conservation assessment. All finds had been recovered from the 2006 excavations in probable Iron Age deposits within the cave.

Work requested

X-radiography and proposals for the conservation of the artefacts were requested.

Description

The artefacts comprise of a number of copper alloy fragments and iron as well as a large item thought to be a furnace base, F9001.

Condition

Copper alloy The copper alloy fragments are unstable, particularly F2385, and are in need of stabilization.

Iron The iron objects are in reasonably good condition, although the furnace base, F9001, is showing signs of active corrosion and weeping.

Stone The two pieces of soapstone are in good condition, with only light soiling, and fit together well. Burnt Bone The two burnt bone artefacts are very fragile.

312231 List of artefacts

Sf No Context Material Short decription Fragment of thin, slightly irregular soapstone disc (blue-grey in colour) with inscised scratchmarks on 6314 605 Stone one surface. Joins with SF 6366 Fragment of thin, slightly irregular soapstone disc with inscised scratchmarks on one surface. Joins with SF 6366 606 Stone 6214. (slightly browner than SF6214)

HP0261 104 Fe Corroded amorphous lump - magnetic

7006 702 Fe Corroded ?object Tip of burnt bone pin. Broken into two main 6441 607 Bone fragments.

2384 252 Cu Alloy Four fragments of a circular sectioned copper alloy pin Multiple copper alloy sheet fragments (some with HP0259 104 Cu Alloy possible embossed decoration)

6377 607 Fe Fragment of iron wire/pin Small copper alloy fragment found in association with 2385 216 Cu Alloy bone sherds Decorated burnt bone fragments. Two conjoining 2383 252 Bone fragments with incised diagnonal lines. Large, thick curved fragment of iron. Is this from 9001 901 Fe topsoil?

X-ray catalogue

X-ray exposure time no. (KeV) (mins) Small Finds no. 2385, 6377, 1 50 2 HPO 259 1 70 4.5 7006, 0261 1 85 5 7006, 0261 2 95 5 9001 3 105 7 9001

Recommended treatment

Copper alloy Copper alloy objects will be mechanically cleaned as far as possible, using scalpels, glass bristle brushes, and wooden tools, to reveal surface details as much as possible without compromising the structural safety of the artefact. Cleaning will cease if it appears likely that further cleaning might result in damage: cleaning is intended to reveal details as far as possible rather than to clean the artefact to display standard.

313232 Artefacts that have metal remaining will be stabilised with a corrosion inhibitor: a 3% weight:volume solution of benzotriazole in industrial methylated spirit, a 20-minute treatment under vacuum, followed by rinsing in IMS, then air-drying.

After treatment, three coats of 15% volume:volume Incralac lacquer:acetone will be applied by immersion, with a matting agent in the final coat.

If joins are identified fragments will be adhered with a Butvar B98 film and Paraloid B72 adhesive 50% weight:volume in acetone. The pin, F 2384, cannot be rejoined as there are insufficient areas of contact.

Iron F 7006 will be mechanically cleaned as far as possible, using a 53_ aluminium oxide in an air-abrasive machine. The remaining iron artefacts will not be treated.

Stone

The two pieces of soapstone sf. 6314 & sf. 6366 will be adhered using a 50% solution of Paraloid B72 in acetone.

Burnt Bone After discussion with Dawn McLaren it was agreed that the decorated bone, F 2383, should not be adhered as it is too fragile and consolidation was rejected. The fragments of the bone tip will be joined.

Estimated time

No. LABOUR hours Assessment 4 x-ray 3 assessment report 3 images 3 conservation 8 Reporting 4 repacking & labeling 1

assessment 10 conservation 16 Total 26

Proposed completion date: 1 month after approval is given Conservator(s): Antonia Craster Date of report: 13/2/07

314233 HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006 (ARC) CONSERVATION OF A MIXED ASSEMBLAGE.

Summary

All finds were recovered from the 2006 excavations at High Pasture Caves in what are probable Iron Age deposits within the cave.

List of artefacts selected for conservation. After the assessment had been carried out Fraser Hunter identified additional artefacts submitted for conservation

Sf No Context Material Short description Fragment of thin, slightly irregular soapstone disc (blue-grey in colour) with incised scratch marks on 6214 605 Stone one surface. Joins with SF 6366 Fragment of thin, slightly irregular soapstone disc with incised scratch marks on one surface. Joins 6366 606 Stone with SF 6214. (slightly browner than SF6214)

7006 702 Fe Corroded ?object Tip of burnt bone pin. Broken into two main 6441 607 Bone fragments. 6268 605 Bone 2 fragments of a bone lyre peg Four fragments of a circular sectioned copper alloy 2384 252 Cu Alloy pin Small copper alloy fragment found in association 2385 216 Cu Alloy with bone sherds Multiple copper alloy sheet fragments (some with HP0259 104 Cu Alloy possible embossed decoration)

6377 607 Fe Fragment of iron wire/pin 6221 604 Glass 1 red glass bead

Condition summary

Copper alloy The copper alloy fragments were unstable, particularly F2385.

Glass The surface of the fragments of the glass bead, F6221, is slightly degraded.

Iron The iron objects are in reasonably good condition, although the furnace base, F9001, is showing signs of active corrosion and weeping.

Stone The two pieces of soapstone are in good condition, with only light soiling, and fit

315234 together well.

Bone & burnt bone The bone ‘lyre peg’, F 6268, is very degraded particularly in the broken ends. The burnt bone tip, F 6441, is soft and friable. It was not possible to attach the smaller fragments.

Conservation summary

Burnt Bone After discussion with Dawn McLaren it was agreed that the decorated bone, F 2383, should not be adhered as it is too fragile and consolidation was rejected. The two main fragments of the bone tip were joined using a 50% solution of Paraloid B72 in acetone. The exposed edges of F 6268 were consolidated with a 10% solution of Paraloid B72 in acetone and then adhered using a 50% solution of Paraloid B72 in acetone.

Copper alloy Copper alloy objects were mechanically cleaned as far as possible, using scalpels, glass bristle brushes, and wooden tools. Artefacts that have metal remaining were stabilised with a corrosion inhibitor: a 3% weight:volume solution of benzotriazole in industrial methylated spirit, a 20- minute treatment under vacuum, followed by rinsing in IMS, then air-drying. After treatment, three coats of 15% volume:volume Incralac lacquer:acetone were applied by immersion, with a matting agent in the final coat.

Glass It was not possible to carry out any work on the glass bead.

Iron F 7006 was mechanically cleaned as far as possible, using a 53_ aluminium oxide in an air-abrasive unit. At the request of Fraser Hunter the iron wire, F 6377, was stabilised by immersion in 2% sodium hydroxide in de-ionised water. The object was then coated with 20% Paraloid B72 in acetone.

Stone The two pieces of soapstone sf. 6314 & sf. 6366 were brushed to remove surface dirt and adhered using a 50% solution of Paraloid B72 in acetone.

Handling and storage requirements

Bone and Burnt Bone

Handling:

Handle with clean gloves (to avoid contamination of the material and potential health and safety problems arising from the material).

316235 If a large quantity of bone is being handled, dust will be created and a suitable facemask should be worn.

Storage:

Skeletal materials should be retained at a steady RH of 55 – 60%; cooler temperatures are preferred (not above 20 C), and light should be excluded as far as possible.

Pack with acid-free materials; avoid alkaline-buffered paper as this could also affect any remaining protein in the bone

Copper Alloy

Handling:

Wear gloves when handling archaeological materials to avoid: a) contamination from the objects, b) contamination of the objects. Handling should be limited to as little as possible to avoid damage to the objects.

Objects should only be set down on a padded surface, to minimise impact and abrasion damage. They must be returned to the box immediately – not left out over night, for example. If there are any surface colour changes, or any losses, contact a conservator.

Copper alloy salts are mildly toxic, so care must be taken not to inhale or ingest the dust. This risk can be minimised by ensuring that food, drink and cigarettes are not consumed where the metal is being handled. Wear gloves when handling the artefacts - this protects both handler and artefacts. Benzotriazole may have been used as a corrosion inhibitor: this may be a carcinogen, but the quantities involved are extremely small, and unlikely to be a risk if the appropriate precautions (above) are taken. The benzotriazole forms an inert layer on the surface of the artefact; any excess is removed from the artefacts by rinsing in alcohol, so any risk to a handler (especially with the surfaces lacquered) is negligible (Koob, 1999 and Knight, 1999). Care should be taken, however, not to disrupt the fragile protective layers by abrasion or high RH.

Storage:

Copper alloy objects should be stored in airtight Stewart boxes with an adequate amount of dry silica gel, to minimise RH% fluctuations, and an indicator strip. The indicator strip should be checked once a month to ensure the correct environmental conditions are maintained. The silica gel should be changed if the indicator strip shows RH to be higher than 20%.

Material should be removed from the box for a minimal period of time and the lid must be kept shut to minimise any increase in RH.

Copper alloy with active corrosion as a result of chlorides must be kept very dry in an environment with an RH less than 20%: deterioration can be very rapid in the

317236 presence of moisture. Copper alloy artefacts which are not actively corroding should be kept at an RH of less than 30%.

Glass

Handling:

Glass is very easily damaged by handling, and is very vulnerable to impact damage. Always ensure that glass is handled on padded surfaces.

Storage:

Unstable glass will be damaged by fluctuations in, and extremes of, RH and temperature, so ensure that they have a stable storage environment. Degraded glass should be stored in a controlled environment, at between 40% and 60% RH. Pack so that abrasion and localised pressure are minimised. Report any changes (eg flaking, signs of “weeping”) to a conservator.

Iron

Handling:

If artefacts are removed from the dry environment for study or photography, they must be handled with clean gloves, and set down with care on a padded surface, to avoid damage to the surface. They must be replaced in the box immediately – do not leave out any longer than is absolutely necessary, and do not leave the box open except to remove or replace artefacts.

Any alteration in the surface of the object – splits, cracks, orange corrosion or beads of moisture/corrosion – must be reported at once to a conservator.

Storage:

Iron is susceptible to rapid corrosion in the presence of air and moisture (i.e. if the Relative Humidity is greater than 10%). Keep iron objects in a re-sealable container with silica gel, and an indicator strip with percentage divisions: if the RH goes above 25% replace the silica gel with a dry batch.

The best way to ensure preservation of the piece is to keep the RH below 18% and to exclude oxygen as far as possible. This can be done by keeping in air-tight conditions; and by the use of “Ageless” to remove oxygen, or flooding the container with nitrogen prior to sealing. (Spriggs, J 1995)

318237 Stone

Handling:

Wear gloves when handling archaeological material to avoid: a) contamination from the objects, b) contamination of the objects. Handling should be limited to as little as possible to avoid damage to the objects.

Health and safety considerations

Copper alloy

Copper alloy salts are mildly toxic, so care must be taken not to inhale or ingest the dust. This risk can be minimised by ensuring that food, drink and cigarettes are not consumed where the metal is being handled. Benzotriazole may have been used as a corrosion inhibitor: this may be a carcinogen, but the quantities involved are extremely small, and unlikely to be a risk if the appropriate precautions (above) are taken. The benzotriazole forms an inert layer on the surface of the artefact; any excess is removed from the artefacts by rinsing in alcohol, so any risk to a handler (especially with the surfaces lacquered) is negligible (Koob, 1999 and Knight, 1999). After handling archaeological material, wash hands immediately; do not allow food, drink or food preparation areas to become contaminated with soil or other debris.

Iron

Most iron corrosion products have relatively low toxicity, apart from iron chloride, which is toxic by inhalation and ingestion; it can also enter the body via open cuts etc. Wear a mask to prevent inhalation of corrosion products, and gloves to protect both operator and artefact. Do not eat, drink or smoke in an area where contamination from iron corrosion products can occur.

Silica Gel

Silica Gel (non-indicating) has low toxicity but may cause irritation to eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Potential symptoms: irritation, cough, redness, tearing. In case of eye contact, flush with water for 15 minutes. If irritation persists, consult physician (www.msdsonline.com).

319238 Materials used

"acetone" propanone

Air-abrasive powder: 53 aluminium oxide.

Benzotriazole C6H5N3

IncralacTM contains: Paraloid B44-S 74.4% Toluene 19.72% Ethyl alcohol 5.00% Benzotriazole 0.44% Paraplex G-60 0.44%

Industrial methylated spirit (95% ethanol, 5% methanol)

Paraloid B72TM (Poly(ethylmethacrylate/methacrylate) 70/30) or poly[1- (ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methyl ethylene]

Silica Gel Desiccant, silica gel, non-indicating

Conservator: Antonia Craster Date: 04/04/07

Bibliography

Knight, Barry 1990 “A review of the corrosion of iron from terrestrial sites and the problem of post excavation corrosion” The Conservator Number 14 1990 p. 37 –43

Knight, Barry Toxicity of benzotriazole: myth and reality. Conservation News No. 70, November 1999

Koob, Stephen 1999 BTA residues on archaeological material. ConsDist List Instance 12.92.

Spriggs, James1985 “The Coppergate helmet: a holding operation.” in Keene, S (ed) “Corrosion inhibitors in conservation.” Occasional Papers No. 4, UKIC 1985 p 33- 34.

320239 Appendix 10: Radiocarbon Dating Results

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

321240 40 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 30 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Error (1sigma) -27 2495 -20.4 2195 -29.1-26.5-25.6 2405 -24.4 2195 -27.4 2265 -27.8 2165 -28.4 2425 -26.8 2115 -25.1 2155 -25.8 2165 2175 -26.7 2235 -26.5-28.3 2450 -25.5 2105 -25.1 2210 -26.4 3330 -26.4 2310 -27.5 2550 -22.2 2280 2115 2490 -21.1-21.3 1965 1890 -22.1-20.8-22.4 2110 2160 2275 dC-13 Age (BP) Species Pig (lower mandible) Corylus avellana Corylus Betula Pinus sylvestis Corylus Corylus Corylus Betula Betula Betula Corylus Corylus Corylus Betula Corylus Corylus avellana Corylus avellana Betula Corylus Pig(fragmented) Cow rib fragments (Adult) Pig (bone and teeth fragments) Human right femur Human left humerus Context C001 C604 C608 C205 C208 C234 C252 C302 C303 C903-1 C903-2 C903-3 C705 C708 C10.03 C10.05 C001 C009 C203 C244 C009 C001/5 C203 C244 C244 Sample High Pasture CaveHigh Pasture CaveHigh Pasture CaveHigh Pasture Cave Zone 4 (Sample 0) High Pasture Cave S.605 (Sample 4) High Pasture Cave F.6413 (Sample 5) High Pasture Cave S.216 (Sample 7) High Pasture Cave S.237 (Sample 9) High Pasture Cave S.2127 (Sample 10) High Pasture Cave F.2340 (Sample 12) High Pasture Cave S.310 (Sample 13) High Pasture Cave S.312 (Sample 14) High Pasture Cave F.905 (Sample 15) High Pasture Cave F.911 (Sample 16) High Pasture Cave F.9013 (Sample 17) High Pasture Cave S.7001 (Sample 18) High Pasture Cave S.7003 (Sample 20) High Pasture Cave S.10.01 (Sample 22) High Pasture Cave S.10.03 (Sample 23) High Pasture Cave S.5 (Sample 1) High Pasture Cave S.122 (Sample 3) High Pasture Cave S.211 (Sample 6) High Pasture Cave S.2145 (Sample 11) High Pasture Cave HP0245 (Sample 26) High Pasture Cave HP0237/S.118 (Sample 29)High Pasture Cave Zone 5 (Sample 29a) F.2084 (Sample 31) C012, C013 & C014 F2270 (Sample 34) Cow rib fragments (15 month old) F2270 (Sample 35) Bone Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Bone Bone Bone Charcoal Charcoal Bone Bone Bone 2435 12277 12278 12279 12280 12281 12282 12286 12287 12288 12289 12291 12292 12296 14934 14935 14936 14937 14938 14939 14946 12276 12290 14940 14944 14945 SUERC-Number Material Site 11874 14659 14660 14661 14662 14663 14664 14665 14666 14667 14668 14670 14671 14672 15521 15522 15523 15524 15525 15526 15530 14658 14669 15527 15528 15529 GU-Number

322241 Appendix 11: Names and Addresses of Contributors

HIGH PASTURE CAVE & ENVIRONS – SKYE

HIGH PASTURE CAVE 2006

Steven Birch (W.C.A.S.) HPC Project Co-Director Address: Sealladh Alainn, 4 Upper Breakish, Isle of Skye. IV42 8PY.

Ruby Ceron-Carrasco (University of Edinburgh) Fish Bone/Shellfish Analysis Address: Archaeology, School of Arts, Culture and the Environment, The University of Edinburgh, 12 Infirmary St, Edinburgh. EH1 1LT.

Mike Cressey (CFA Archaeology Ltd) Charcoal & Soils Address: CFA Archaeology Ltd, Old Engine House, Eskmills Business Park, Musselburgh. EH21 7PQ.

Antonia Craster (AOC Archaeology Ltd) Small Finds Conservation Address: Conservation Department, AOC Archaeology Ltd., Edgefield Industrial Estate, Edgefield Road, Loanhead, Midlothian. EH20 9SY.

Carrie Drew (University of Durham) Animal Bone & Butchery Address: Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, England. DH1 3LE.

Jane Evans (Isotope Geosciences Laboratory) Isotope Analysis Address: Natural Environmental Research Council, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, England. NG12 5GG.

Sheena Fraser (University of Edinburgh) Burnt Bone Analysis Address: Archaeology, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Old High School, Edinburgh. EH1 1LT.

Emma Horton (University of Durham) Palaeobotanical Analysis Address: Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, England. DH1 3LE.

David Hodgson (Freelance Archaeologist) Geophysical Survey Address: Convinth Cottage, Kiltarlity, Inverness-shire. IV4 7HT.

Fraser Hunter (National Museums of Scotland) Small Finds Analysis Address: Iron Age & Roman Curator, National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. EH1 1JF.

Manda Jay (University of Durham) Isotope Analysis Address: Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, England. DH1 3LE.

323242 George Kozikowski (Freelance Archaeologist) HPC Project Address: Orbost House, Orbost, Dunvegan, Isle of Skye.

Gerry McDonnel (University of Bradford) Metalworking Residues Address: Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford. BD7 1DP.

Jo MacKenzie (University of Stirling) Micromorphology Address: School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cottrell Building, University of Stirling, Stirling. FK9 4LA.

Dawn Maclaren (National Museums of Scotland) Small Finds Analysis Address: Iron Age & Roman Curator, National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. EH1 1JF.

Ann MacSween (Historic Scotland) Pottery Analysis Address: 6 Ettrick Grove, Edinburgh. EH10 5AW.

Kath McSweeney (University of Edinburgh) Burnt Bone Analysis Address: Archaeology, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Old High School, Edinburgh. EH1 1LT.

David Mattey (University of London) Isotope Geology Address: Royal Holloway, Department of Geology, University of London, Egham, Surry. TW20 0EX.

Janet Montgomery (University of Bradford) Isotope Analysis Address: Department of Archaeological Sciences, Richmond Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. BD7 1DP.

Susan Moore (Freelance Archaeologist) Geophysical Survey Address: Convinth Cottage, Kiltarlity, Inverness-shire. IV4 7HT.

Marion O’Neill (National Museums of Scotland) Small Finds Illustrations Address: National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. EH1 1JF.

Sandra Pratt (University of Edinburgh) Pollen Analysis Address: University of Edinburgh, 12 Infirmary Street, Edinburgh. EH1 1LT.

Alan Saville (National Museums of Scotland) Lithics Analysis Address: National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. EH1 1JF.

Ian Simpson (University of Stirling) Micromorphology Address: School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cottrell Building, University of Stirling, Stirling. FK9 4LA.

324243 Laura Sinfield (University of Edinburgh) Analysis of Human Remains Address: University of Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, 12 Infirmary Street, Edinburgh. EH1 1LT.

Martin Wildgoose (A.A.L.S.) HPC Project Co-Director Address: Tigh an Dun, Dunan, Broadford, Isle of Skye.

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325244 Uamh an Ard Achadh (High Pasture Cave) & Environs Project 2006

Data Structure Report – HPC003

West Coast Archaeological Services Archaeological & Ancient Landscape Survey Broadford Environmental Group

Sealladh Alainn 4 Upper Breakish Isle of Skye IV42 8PY Scotland Telephone: 01471 822124

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