Documentary Works www.Mahan.aero

Proprietor : Mahan Air Co. Under the Supervision of Editorial Board and Policy Council Central Office: 4th Floor, Mahan Air Tower, Azadegan St., Karaj High-way, Tehran,iran P.O.Box: 14515411 Tel: 021-48381752 www.mahan.aero Telegram.me/mahanairchannel Instagram.com/fly_mahanair Advertisement: Mahan Inflight Magazine Didehban Press Group Maral Sharif Tel: (+9821( 88 65 94 35 Fax: (+9821( 88 65 93 82 [email protected]

14 Touring Iran 22 Around the World 28 Entertainment 32 Lifestyle

12 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Editorial www.Mahan.aero

In the name of God Welcome on board. It is a great pleasure having you experience our services today. Mahan Air introduced to aviation industry in 1992 and we are extremely so proud of steadily growing our presence and services over the past 25 years and look forward to exciting years ahead to continue invest in new aircrafts and new routes with specific focus on offering the highest standards of service and hospitality in the global airline industry competition. We consider Mahan Air contribution to the border community across Iran and other places in the world where we are well positioned to make a real difference with providing frequent flight of approximately 5.6 million passengers per year. Today, Mahan Air operates a fleet of more than 60 new Airbus and Boeing aircrafts from Tehran hub to more than 54 routes inside Iran and 53 routes internationally across Europe, Asia, Middle East, Far East and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). To join Mahan Air Frequent Flyer program, a loyalty program offered to our customers to enjoy a range of exclusive privileges and courtesy services (including: lounge access, check-in priority, increased baggage allowance, guaranteed award seats and more) kindly collect the application forms available at Mahan Air check-in counter or even on-board during your flight and immediately start collecting miles with the temporary card and take the advantages. For more information, Please visit (www.mahan.aero) to learn about the card benefits and services. In addition to facilitate the check in process, Mahan air has provided web check in (online check- in) in most of domestic airports. This service will be operational 48-90 hours before flight Following of increasing and expanding the flight route network, we as Mahan air, established new direct international routes to Barcelona, Spain in June 2017. We are continually striving to provide high quality service to every one of our valued passengers. Hearing your ideas and feedback on what we do well and where we need to improve is fundamental to this. You can provide your feedback – good or bad – quickly and easily through the “Feedback Form” on board. The crew will be handing out these forms, during your flight. We would like to thank you over and over for your continued support of Mahan and our services. Please sit back and enjoy our renowned Persian hospitality. Our crew is friendly, professional & trained and shares a passion for ensuring your journey is as comfortable as possible. Thank you once again for choosing to fly Mahan Air.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 13 Touring Iran www.Mahan.aero , City of Gardens

Pasargadae, UNESCO World Heritage Site Pasargadae was one of the oldest The palace is beautifully situated in had to cross a bridge over a branch residences of the Achaemenid the center of a fertile plain, on all of the River Pulvar. It is best to kings, founded by Cyrus the Great sides surrounded by mountains. It imagine Pasargadae as a group of (r.559-530 BC). It resembled a is essentially a valley that was filled garden pavilions in a park. park of 2x3 km in which several by sediments from the River Pulvar. The small tomb of King Cyrus is monumental buildings were to Cyrus’ palace consists of two units: situated a little to the southwest. It be seen. According to the Roman the Presidential Palace (built from was venerated by later rulers. King geographer Strabo of Amasia, the cold white natural stone), and Darius I the Great (522-486 B.C) built palace of Pasargadae was built on a columned audience hall. The a new capital, , forty-three the site where King Cyrus defeated Audience Hall was approached kilometers downstream along the the leader of the Medes, Astyages, from the south-east; the visitors River Pulvar. However, Pasargadae in 550 BC. first had to pass a gate and then remained an important place. Documentary Works www.Mahan.aero

Parsa, Persepolis, UNESCO World Heritage Site Persepolis is the Greek name (from during the cold seasons. entrance to the palace, known Perses Polis for ‘Persian City’) for The Greeks never knew of Parsa as the Persepolitan stairway, was the ancient city of Parsa, located until it was sacked and looted by a masterpiece of symmetry on seventy miles northeast of Shiraz in Alexander the Great in 330 BC. the western side of the building present-day Iran. The name Parsa Though building began under and the steps were so wide that meant ‘City of The Persians’ and Darius, the glory of Parsa which Persian royalty and those of noble it's construction began at the site Alexander found when he invaded birth could ascend or descend in 518 BC under the rule of King was due mainly to the latter works the stairs by horseback, thereby Darius the Great. Darius made of Xerxes I and Artaxerxes III, names not having to touch the ground Parsa the new capital of the Persian of both have been found inscribed with their feet. The top of the Empire, instead of Pasargadae, the on tablets, over doorways and in stairways led to a small yard in the old capital and burial place of King hallways throughout the ruins of north-eastern side of the terrace, Cyrus the Great. the city. opposite the . Administration of the Achaemenian Around 515 BC, construction of a In 1931 excavations were begun Empire was overseen from Susa, broad stairway was begun up to which revealed the glory which had from Babylon or from Ecbatana the palace doors. This grand, dual once been Persepolis.

August 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 15 Touring Iran www.Mahan.aero

Naqsh-e Rostam: Ancient Tombs of Powerful Persian Kings Naqsh-e Rostam is located about facades include large panels over relief, a portrait of a man with a 12 km northwest of Persepolis, in the doorways, each very similar in forward pointing hat and a long Fars Province, Iran, with a group of content, with figures of the king dress-like garment (clothing not ancient Iranian rock reliefs cut into above a zone with rows of smaller typical of the Achaemenids and the cliff, from both the Achaemenid figures bearing tribute, with Sasanians) can still be discerned on (550–330 BC) and Sassanid (224– soldiers and officials. The entrance the extreme right of the latter relief. 651 AC) periods. to each tomb is at the center of According to some sources, it was Naqsh-e Rostam includes four each cross, which opens onto a this figure that locals associated with large tombs cut high into the small chamber, where the king lay the hero of Shahnameh writings cliff face. These have mainly in a a stone coffin. in the “book of the kings”, named architectural decorations, but the Although carved over by a Sasanian Rostam, hence the name of the site.

Valerian Defeated by Shapur I Relief at Naqsh-e Rostam, Iran, depicting Emperor Valerian’s capture by Shapur I in 260 BC.

16 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Touring Iran www.Mahan.aero

Hafez’s Tomb, Hafezieh In memory of the celebrated Persian poet Hafez, the greatest master of Persian lyric poetry and the literary giant of the 14th century, two memorial structures have been erected in the northeast of Shiraz, Iran: the dome- like Hafez's Tomb and its associated memorial hall known as Hafezieh, featuring a main focus of tourism in this city. Situated in the charming Musalla Gardens, the present mausoleum has been designed by the French architect André Godard in 1935, and built at the site of previous structures during Karim Khan Zand's reign. The mausoleum includes two parts: the orange grove in the front, and the tombstone in the back with a marble slab placed over the grave. Elevating one meter above ground level and encircling with five steps, the marble tombstone consists of eight columns, supporting a copper dome made of enameled tile mosaic in the shape of a dervish’s hat. Beautifully inscribed with two of Hafez’s poems or Ghazals, the tombstone has been attracting visitors for centuries to pay homage to this spiritually rich poet and to take the omens or faals by picking a page randomly from a volume of Hafez, kept for this purpose. Saadi’s Tomb, Saadiyeh Saadi’s Tomb, Saadiyeh is a tomb and mausoleum dedicated to the Persian poet Saadi in the Iranian city of Shiraz. Saadi was buried at a khanqah at the current location. In the 13th century a tomb was built for Saadi by Shams al-Din Juvayni, the vizir of Abaqa Khan. In the 17th century, this tomb was destroyed. During the reign of Karim Khan a mausoleum of two floors of brick and plaster, flanked by two rooms was built there. The current building was built between 1950 and 1952 to a design by the architect Mohsen Foroughi and is inspired by the Chehel Sotoun with a fusion of old and new architectural elements. There are seven verses of Saadi’s poems on the walls around the tomb.

August 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 17 www.Mahan.aero

Shah Cheragh, Marvelous Mirrored Mosque Shah Cheragh, which is Persian for “King of the Light” in the area during the Abbasid is one of the most important places of pilgrimage persecution of Shia Muslims and in Shiraz. It is home to the tombs of the brothers were killed here in 835 AD. Ahmad and Muhammad, sons of the 7th Shiite Shah Cheragh is a funerary Imam Musa-al-Kadhim (P.B.U.H) who took refuge monument and mosque and has been a place of pilgrimage since the 14th century when Queen Tashi Khatun erected a mosque and theological school in the area and ordered the tomb to be covered with “millions of pieces of colored glasses that would glitter in the light and magnify its brilliance a thousand times”.

Nasir al-Mulk Mosque, A Mixture of Architecture and Art The 19th-century monument is an amalgam of history, architecture and arts. It is also known as “Pink Mosque”, which is driven from abundant pink-colored tile work that dominates its courtyard and exterior's facade. Nasir al-Mulk has arrays of delicate mirrorwork and stuccowork, which are interwoven with arabesque designs and tilework. The mosque is named after Mirza Hasan Ali (Nasir al-Mulk), a Qajar- era merchant who ordered its construction.

18 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Touring Iran www.Mahan.aero

Eram Garden ‘Eram’ is the Persian version of lush plant life and cypress trees the Arabic word ‘Iram’ which including one tree which is said to means heaven in Islam’s Holy date back to 3000 years ago (Sarv-e Qur’an. With its beautiful grounds, naz), and aesthetic attractions, it’s easy to see why Eram evokes such a description. Although no one is quite sure when construction of the garden began, historical evidence suggests that the garden were built during the Seljuk Dynasty (11th-14th centuries) under the rule of one of its most celebrated monarchs, Ahmad Sanjar. Like many other attractions in Shiraz, have been restored and repaired in the Zand Era (1750-1794).

Nerenjestan Museum/ Qavam House Qavam House is a traditional and historical house in Shiraz, Iran. It was built between 1879 and 1886 by Mirza Ibrahim Khan. Qavam family were merchants originally from , but they soon became active in the government during the Zand reign, followed by the Qajar. Qavam "Naranjestan" preserves the elegance and refinement enjoyed by the upper-class families during the 19th century. The paintings on the low ceilings of the house are inspired by Victorian era Europe. Due to abundance of sour orange trees it is called Narenjestan. The house today is a museum and is open to the public.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 19 Touring Iran www.Mahan.aero

Karim Khan Complex

Vakil Bath Vakil Bath is a construction built alongside other constructions in Zand Complex for public consumption during Zand reign. Its advanced architecture went beyond its own age due to the fact that it kept heat inside the bath. There is also some designs on the arches telling religious and mythical tales. Today this bath is used as a museum.

Karim Khan Castle, Arg-e Karim Khan Karim Khan Castle also known as Arg-e Karim Khan, was built as part of a complex during the and is named after Karim Khan. First it was Karim Khan's personal residence. During the Qajar period it was used as the governor’s seat. They also added tile works which represent legendary tales at the entrance gate of the citadel. Nowadays, it is a museum operated by Iran’s Cultural Heritage Organization. Nazar Garden is one of the oldest gardens in Shiraz with an octagon structure in middle, called Kolah Farangi. It was connected to Karim Khan's Castle during his reign. Zand dynasty used this structure to host royal guests and holding official formalities. Karim Khan's Tomb is located in east part of the garden. In 1936 the pavilion became a museum and complex was named Pars museum.

20 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Touring Iran www.Mahan.aero Kalam Polo Shirazi (Cabbage Rice) Kalam Polo Shirazi (Cabbage Rice) (Kalam: Cabbage, Polo: Rice) Vakil Mosque is a is an Iranian traditional recipe beautiful mosque in originated in Shiraz. Its main Shiraz located near ingredients are cabbage and rice. Vakil Bazaar entrance. Cabbage and rice are high in This mosque was built dietary fiber as well. Kalam polo is between 1751 and very high in vitamin C and it is low 1773, during the Zand in cholesterol. period; however, it was reconstructed in the 19th century during the Qajar period. Shiraz was the seat of Karim Khan’s government and he endowed many buildings, including Vakil mosque.

Faloodeh Shirazi Faloodeh, originally Paloodeh is an Iranian cold dessert consisting thin vermicelli noodles made from corn starch mixed in a semi-frozen syrup made from sugar and rose water. It is often served with lime juice and sometimes ground pistachios. It is a traditional dessert in Iran. Paloodeh is originally from Shiraz and is famous as Faloodeh Shirazi. Vakil Bazaar Paloodeh (Faloodeh) is one of the Vakil Bazaar is the main earliest forms of cold desserts, bazaar of Shiraz, located existing as early as 400 BC. in the historical center of the city. The bazaar has beautiful courtyards, caravanserais, bath houses, and old shops which make it one of the best places in Shiraz to buy all kinds of Persian rugs, spices, copper handicrafts, and antiques.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 21 Around the World www.Mahan.aero

Moscow Attractions

Moscow is the capital and most the largest city on the European even before its expansion in 2012. populous city of Russia, with 13.2 continent by area; it also gained an The demonym for a Moscow million residents within the city additional population of 233,000 resident is “moskvich” for male or limits and 17 million within the people. “moskvichka” for female, rendered urban area. With over 40 percent of its territory in English as Muscovite. Capital Moscow is the largest city (both by covered by greenery, Moscow is has been in existence for more population and by area) entirely on one of the greenest capitals and than 800 years and has enough the European continent, and is also major cities in Europe and the to keep visitors busy for months one of the fastest growing tourist world, having the largest forest in from Europe’s oldest fortress and destinations in the world. an urban area within its borders— grandiose cathedrals to lively green Moscow is the northernmost and more than any other major city— spaces and futuristic skyscrapers. coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. By its territorial expansion on July 1 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq. mi), resulting in Moscow becoming

22 August 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Around the World www.Mahan.aero

Red Square Where modern Russia meets its colorful past The heart of Russia’s capital, Red other celebrated attractions. Square is arguably Moscow’s most It’s a public space that has visited attraction. The cobblestone witnessed executions, coronations square is surrounded by beautiful and Cold War-era military parades architecture, and is the place since its creation at the end of where most of the city’s (and the 15th century. Home to both country’s) history unfolded. What Lenin’s Tomb (open 10am-1pm, was once a market square where closed Mon, Fri; admission free) traders would sell their goods and the psychedelic onion domes is now a key location in the city, of St Basil’s Cathedral, and flanked surrounded by unforgettable sites by the sprawling GUM department such as the Kremlin, St. Basil’s store, Red Square is where modern Cathedral, Lenin’s Mausoleum and Russia meets its colorful past.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 23 Around the World www.Mahan.aero

St. Basil’s Cathedral The onion-shaped domes were designed to make the building look like the shape of a flame on a bonfire. The cathedral was commissioned in the 1500s by Ivan the Terrible. Czar Ivan the Terrible ordered its construction to mark a huge military victory over Mongols. It was finished in 1560 and is also known as Pokrovsky Cathedral. The cathedral was designed with eight chapels, each representing a successful assault made on Kazan. A ninth chapel was added later to cover the grave of Basil the Blessed, the pious ascetic to whom the cathedral owes its popular name. Now it’s a museum and one of the major attractions of Red Square.

24 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Around the World www.Mahan.aero

Moscow Kremlin Lenin’s Mausoleum The seat of Russian state power, the Kremlin (fortress) Lenin’s Mausoleum houses a glass sarcophagus dates back to 1156. In the late 15th century, Italian with the embalmed body of the legendary Russian architects were invited by Tsar Ivan III to oversee a revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin. First opened to the massive reconstruction project, including the building public in August 1924, the Mausoleum attracts around of the eye-catching Faceted Palace. 2.5 million visitors every year. Once you get behind the 2,235 meter-long kremlin walls, there are five squares to wander around, various buildings to explore, 20 towers to learn the names of, and the world’s largest bell and cannon to see.

Ostankino TV Tower Built in 1967, Ostankino TV Tower was the tallest free-standing construction in the world at the time. Now it’s still the best observation deck with glass floor and breathtaking 360-degree views.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 25 Around the World www.Mahan.aero

State Historical Museum The State Historical Museum, sheltered in a neo-Russian style building, was founded in 1872. What once was the Principal Medicine Store now houses an impressive collection, which includes relics of prehistoric tribes that once inhabited the territory of present-day Russia, the country’s largest coin collection.

Pushkin Fine Arts Museum This stately museum has amassed over 500,000 artworks since its inauguration in 1912. It was envisaged as an educational institution, and was initially filled with plaster casts of sculptural masterpieces along with a world-class selection of Egyptian relics.

Kolomenskoye In Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, you can get an idea of what Medieval Moscow looked like. Here you’ll find ancient churches (one dating back to the 16th century), the oldest garden in Moscow and a favorite estate of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich, father of Peter the Great.

Novodevichy Convent There are four cathedrals with a fascinating icon collection and a venerable cemetery. This splendid UNESCO-listed convent was founded in 1525 to celebrate Grand Prince Basil III’s recapture of Smolensk in 1514. Many aristocrats took their vows here and it became known as a nunnery of nobility. The convent was occupied in 1812 by Napoleon’s troops, and later used as a female prison before becoming a museum during Communism.

26 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Around the World www.Mahan.aero

Christ the Savior Cathedral This Cathedral was built in the 1990s where a 19th-century church of the same name once stood, prior to being demolished in 1931 on Josef Stalin's orders. For 50 years the place had been home to the world’s largest outdoor swimming pool, until the country’s new government decided to rebuild the sacred place.

Moscow State University The main building of Moscow State University is sure to leave a lasting impression. The Stalinist-era building is a tall, wide, white behemoth topped by a distinctive spire with a star. It was the tallest building in Europe at the time of its construction and still holds the title of tallest educational building in the world.

The Assumption Cathedral Originally founded in 1326, the cathedral was redesigned in 1470 in Renaissance spirit. For centuries it hosted Russia’s most important ceremonies, including the coronation of Ivan the Terrible in 1547. The cathedral retained its importance even after the capital was moved to St. Petersburg in 1713, but was closed by the Communists in 1918; religious services resumed in 1990. Metro Stations Opened in 1935, the metro’s first stations were conceived as magnificent showcases of Soviet success. Today, retaining ubiquitous red stars and original Soviet artworks, the metro is a working museum of Communist design. The system carries 7 million passengers a day and currently has 177 stations on 12 lines.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 27 Entertainment www.Mahan.aero Holmes & Watson Genres: Adventure, Comedy, Crime, Mystery Director: Etan Cohen Stars: Will Ferrell, John C. Reilly, Rebecca Hall, Kelly Macdonald, Ralph Fiennes

Legendary detective Sherlock Holmes and his partner Doctor Watson return for a comedic take on their classic literary partnership, as they use their incredible deductive minds to solve a mystery. Three years after the mysterious death of beloved detective Sherlock Holmes off Reichenbach Falls, Dr. John H. Watson receives a telegram that suggests his old friend may still be alive. The mysterious wire was sent from a doctor who states that three patients in his asylum’s care have each claimed to be the late Sherlock Holmes. Watson embarks on a journey to disprove these claims.

Instant Family Genre: Comedy Director: Sean Anders Stars: Isabela Moner, Mark Wahlberg, Rose Byrne, Iliza Shlesinger, Octavia Spencer, Isabela Moner

When Pete and Ellie decide to start a family, they stumble into the world of foster care adoption. They hope to take in one small child but when they meet three siblings, including a rebellious 15 year old girl, they find themselves speeding from zero to three kids overnight. Now, Pete and Ellie must hilariously try to learn the ropes of instant parenthood in the hopes of becoming a family. INSTANT FAMILY is inspired by the real events from the life of writer/director Sean Anders.

28 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Entertainment www.Mahan.aero Johnny English Genres: Action, Adventure, Comedy, Sequel Director: David Kerr Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Olga Kurylenko, Jake Lacy, Ben Miller, Miranda Hennessy

One night, MI7 receives a cyber-attack from an unknown entity which exposes the identities of all their current agents, leaving Johnny English as the secret service’s last hope. Called out of retirement, Johnny English currently a geography teacher secretly training his students in espionage, dives head first into action with the mission to find the mastermind hacker. As a man with few skills and analogue methods, Johnny English must overcome the challenges of modern technology to make this mission a success.

At Eternity’s Gate Genres: Biography, Drama Director: Julian Schnabel Stars: Willem Dafoe, Rupert Friend, Oscar Isaac, Mads Mikkelsen, Mathieu Amalric In his brief time on this planet (he died, in 1890, at 37), and the even briefer period of his full creative effusion, Van Gogh painted flowers, wheat fields, vineyards, cafés, chairs, boats, starry nights, and himself, but what he really painted was the light that bounced off those things and rippled through them. He painted the ecstatic holiness he saw in that light, with each brush stroke a mystic gob of sensuality and spirit. “At Eternity’s Gate,” a drama about Van Gogh’s last days, is a movie that channels the light — the evanescent glow of Van Gogh’s painting and being — as if it were lightning in a bottle. Shot with a hand- held camera, and set during the time that Van Gogh spent in the small Provencal town of Arles in the south of France, where he at one point completed 75 paintings (many of them legendary) in 80 days, it’s a flowingly intuitive and celebratory biopic — a bursting sunflower of a movie.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 29 Entertainment www.Mahan.aero Green Book Genres: Biography, Comedy, Drama Director: Peter Farrelly Stars: Linda Cardellini, Viggo Mortensen, Mahershala Ali, Don Stark, Sebastian Maniscalco When Tony Lip, a bouncer from an Italian-American neighborhood in the Bronx, is hired to drive Dr. Don Shirley, a world-class black pianist, on a concert tour from Manhattan to the Deep South, they must rely on “The Green Book” to guide them to the few establishments that were then safe for African- Americans. Confronted with racism, danger - as well as unexpected humanity and humor - they are forced to set aside differences to survive and thrive on the journey of a lifetime. “Green Book” was a handbook for black motorists seeking “vacation without aggravation,” an indispensable travel guide listing friendly places to stay, and tips for avoiding trouble in the Jim Crow South.

Mowgli Genres: Action, Adventure Director: Andy Serkis Stars: Benedict Cumberbatch, Andy Serkis, Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Jack Reynor

The story follows the upbringing of the human child Mowgli (Rohan Chand), raised by a wolf pack in the jungles of India. As he learns the often harsh rules of the jungle, under the guardianship of a bear named Baloo (Andy Serkis), and a panther named Bagheera (Christian Bale), Mowgli becomes accepted by the animals of the jungle as one of their own. All but one: the fearsome tiger Shere Khan (Benedict Cumberbatch). But there may be greater dangers lurking in the jungle, as Mowgli comes face to face with his human origins.

30 November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Entertainment www.Mahan.aero The Grinch Genres: Animation, Comedy, Family Directors: Yarrow Cheney, Scott Mosier Stars: Benedict Cumberbatch, Rashida Jones, Angela Lansbury, Kenan Thompson

In the outskirts of Whoville, there’s an unpleasant fellow known only as The Grinch. He lives in a cave on Mt. Crumpet with his inventions and his dog, Max. He only ever sees his Who neighbors when he has to get himself food. One holiday season, the Grinch catches wind that the Whos plan to make their routine Christmas celebrations three times bigger this year, something he can’t tolerate in the slightest. Eventually, he has the ultimate epiphany: to keep the peace and quiet he loves so much, he must become Santa Claus and steal Christmas. Meanwhile, in the town of Whoville itself, one particular holiday loving Who, Cindy-Lou Who, just wants to thank Santa Claus for help for her overworked single mom. How does she do it? Plot with her friends to catch him, of course! Ralph Breaks the Internet Genres: Animation, Adventure, Comedy, Family, Fantasy Directors: Phil Johnston, Rich Moore Stars: John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, Taraji P. Henson

Six years after the events of the first film, the steering wheel controller on the Sugar Rush game console breaks, forcing Mr. Litwak to unplug the machine. Wreck-It Ralph and Vanellope Von Schweetz evacuate all of the Sugar Rush residents to other games before it is shut down, placing them in care of the recently- married Fix-it Felix and Sergeant Calhoun. Ralph and Vanellope then use the arcade’s new connection to the Internet to go looking for a replacement steering wheel.

November 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 31 Lifestyle www.Mahan.aero

What Makes People Cooperate or Not?

32 August 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine Lifestyle www.Mahan.aero When cooperation turns selfish New studies show cooperation does not always go the way people might expect.

Researchers have been trying to a connection seemed costly, other competitive situations. understand what makes members individuals were more likely to limit When faced with a high-performer, of a social group cooperative. their efforts. For example, primates others can answer in two ways: People, animals, plants, and even spend more time grooming family “One is to step up your own game. bacteria help each other. members than others in the group. The other is to bring the other Researchers’ first finding deals Or, you and I may go to the trouble person down.” with the kinds of relationships of sending a holiday gift to a distant And often, people make the or ties organisms formed. Were relative, but not to someone we second choice. They claim the these connections with random just met on a bus. high-performer is a hypocrite or strangers? Or were they with those As individuals spent time working question his or her real reasons for related or already known to them, on their connections with family being helpful. The goal is to reduce such as with family members or members and friends, the the social benefit such people friends of their parents? cooperative nature of the group earn for their generous acts. It is Not surprisingly, they learned returned. also to avoid having to do better that groups with many related And what about those who did not themselves. connections became cooperative. cooperate at all? The defectors Researchers suggest that one However, as cooperation became “pay no cost and provide no reason may be found in early more common, they noticed benefit.” human history. If one person was something new: Cooperating But they missed something, if an excellent hunter, the others individuals also began to help everyone cooperated, they all feared he would take control and people they were not related to. would have received more in become their leader. The group They helped everyone. return. wanted to defend their equal But a few individuals did not give When good guys finish last status more than reward a really back. As a result, the cooperative Another study examines how we good hunter. nature of the group changed. react to extremely cooperative or There is a similar situation with Everyone began to act selfishly. generous people. In brief: We don’t activists who urge others to take Selfish societies were not a goal of like those who make us look bad. action to improve the environment researchers’ study. So they tried to Researchers He found that people or society. Instead of joining the find what could bring cooperation across cultures enjoy punishing cause, others may choose to back. they looked again at the link an individual they see as too continue in their behavior and between individuals. good. They especially dislike very attack the activist. they observed that when making cooperative people at work or in

August 2018 Mahan Inflight Magazine 33

جبل الخواجه

يقــع جبــل الخواجــه المكــون مــن حجــر مــن ألــف ســنة مضــت. يصــل ارتفــاع هــذه علمــاء اآلثــار علــی كهــف فــي الجبــل. البازلــت األســود فــي ســهل سيســتان. هــذا الجــدران الــی 40 متــراً. فــي خضــم أبحاثــه ان كثــرة المعالــم األثريــة والتاريخيــة فــي الجبــل الــذي يبلــغ ارتفاعــه عــن ســطح البحر وتنقيباتــه التــي أجراهــا الباحــث وعالــم سيســتان وبلوتشــتان وتنوعهــا دفعــت عــدداً 609 أمتار، يتوســط بحيرة هامــون كجزيرة. اآلثــار األلمانــي »إرنســت هرتســفلد« علــی كبيــر اًمــن علمــاء اآلثــار والخبــراء االيرانيين جــاء تســمية هــذا الجبــل بالخواجــه مــن جبــل الخواجــه، سـ ّـمی هــذه المجموعــة واألجانــب، الــی أن يعتبــروا هــذه المنطقــة مقبــرة الخواجــه مهــدي التــي تقــع علــی بـــ »تخــت جمشــيد المبنــي مــن الطــوب«. »أرض الشــمس« و»جنــة علمــاء اآلثــار«. قمــة هــذا الجبــل. كان الخواجــه مهــدي ورد فــي بعــض المصــادر التاريخيــة ان جبــل الــی ذلــك، عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار أثنــاء أحــد المواليــن المحبيــن للعلوييــن؛ ممــا الخواجــه كان مــكان عبــادة الزرتشــت مــع حفرياتهــم وتنقيباتهــم األثريــة علــی جعــل هــذا الجبــل ًمكانــا مقدسـ ًـا لــدى أهورامــزدا. رســومات جداريــة عــدة عــن صــور الملــوك المســلمين والمســيحيين والزرادشــتية. كمــا أن هنــاك معالــم أثريــة أخــرى يتضمنهــا ورجــال البــاط وكذلــك القصــص الدينيــة جبــل الخواجــه عبــارة عــن قلعــة كبيــرة جبــل الخواجــه، تعــود الــی أقــوام الســكا. وصــور أشــخاص فــي حــاالت مختلفــة مثل وحصــن مدنــي فريد مــن نوعــه يعــود تاريخه الزخــارف والتزيينــات المعمارية المســتخدمة العــزف علــی اآلالت الموســيقية والرقــص الــی العصريــن األشــكاني والساســاني. يقبــع فــي بعــض القــاع والحصــون تشــبه النمــط واأللعــاب البهلوانيــة واللعــب علــی الحبــل فــي هــذا الجبــل معبد نــار يرجــع تاريــخ بنائه المعمــاري اليونانــي. رؤوس األعمــدة وغيرهــا مــن االكتشــافات األثريــة المهمــة الــی القــرن االول بعــد الميــاد. في معبــد النار المســتديرة ذات إلتــواءات عريضــة بنيــت فــي جبــل الخواجــه. مــن الرســومات هــذا هنــاك قاعــة مركزيــة تتوســطه اضافــة علــی أســاس نمــط دوريــك المعمــاري، الجداريــة المكتشــفة يمكــن اإلشــارة الــی الــی ممــرات محيطــة بــه تــؤدي الــی مدخــل وتزيينــات أخــرى علــی شــكل زهــور رســم جــداري عــن ثلثــة ملــوك، ورســم رئيســي ذي أربعــة أقــواس بنيت علی أســاس لوتــوس الصغيــرة، يشــبه بعضهــا الفــن ألــة »أوروس« أي آلهــة النصــر الراكــب علــی النمــط المعمــاري القائــم فــي ذلــك الوقــت. المعمــاري اإلخمينــي والبعــض اآلخــر يشــبه الفــرس، ورســم الملــك والملكــة ناهيــك فــي التنقيبــات األثريــة التــي أجريــت فــي النمــط المعمــاري القائــم فــي بيــن النهريــن. عــن صــور ورســومات عــن رجــال البــاط جبــل الخواجــه والقــاع الموجــودة فيــه، اكثــر المكتشــفات قد ًمــا فــي جبــل البارتــي وأبــراج القــاع التــي تعــ ّد مــن عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار علــی جــدران مبنيــة الخواجــه هــي عبــارة عــن قطــع فخاريــة الرســومات المتبقيــة مــن هــذه الحضــارة بالطــوب يعــود بناؤهــا الــی مــا قبــل اكثــر تعــود الــی العهــد اإلخمينــي. كمــا عثــر العظيمــة التــي عرفتهــا ايــران. العين االصطناعية ألول مــرة، تــم العثــور فــي المدينــة المحروقــة علــی عيــن اصطناعيــة تعــود الــی 4800 ســنة خلــت. عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار علــی هــذه العيــن االصطناعيــة التــي كانــت قــد زرعــت في جســد امــرأة يبلــغ عمرهــا مــا بيــن خمســة وعشــرين الــی ثلثيــن ًعامــا، عثــروا عليهــا فــي إحــدى مقابــر هــذه المدينــة. العيــن االصطناعيــة هــذه قــد زرعهــا أطبــاء العيــون وقتــذاك فــي عيــن المــرأة اليســرى، ورغــم أنــه مضــی نحــو 4500 ســنة علــی صناعــة العيــن هــذه، إال أنهــا مازالــت ســالمة وعلــی شــكلها األول. المــواد المســتخدمة فــي هــذه العيــن االصطناعيــة لــم تحـ ّـدد بعــد، ولكنــه يبــدو أن مــن صنــع هــذه العيــن اســتخدم الزفــت الطبيعــي الممــزوج بنــوع مــن الدهــن الحيوانــي. يذكــر أنــه تــم طــاء الجــزء العلــوي للعيــن االصطناعيــة هــذه بأســاك ذهبيــة علــی شــكل الشــعيرات الدمويــة فــي داخــل العيــن، يصــل قطرهــا الــی أقـ ّـل مــن نصــف ميليتــر؛ كمــا تــم تصميــم »انســان العيــن« أو »بؤبــؤ« فــي وســط العيــن االصطناعيــة، تحيطــه خطــوط موازيــة عـ ّـدة. جراحة الدماغ قبل 5000 سنة مضت أحــد المكتشــفات الرائعــة للمدينــة المحروقــة يؤشــر علــی بــوادر علميــة- طبيــة تتحــدث عــن أقــدم جراحــة أجريــت علــی الدمــاغ هنــاك، يعــود تاريخهــا الــی قبــل 5000 عــام. هــذه العمليــة الجراحيــة أجريــت علــی جمجمــة فتــاة تبلــغ مــن العمــر اثنتــي عشــرة او ثــاث عشــرة ســنة. هــذه الفتــاة كانــت تعانــي مــن مــرض »هيدروســفالي« أي تجمــع الســائل فــي الجمجمــة، مــا جعــل األطبــاء يجــرون عمليــة جراحيــة علــی جمجمــة الفتــاة المريضــة ويســحبون جــزءاً مــن عظــم الجمجمــة. مسطرة عمرها 5000 عام عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار خــال الحفريــات التــي أجروهــا فــي المدينــة المحروقــة، علــی مســطرة خشــبية مصنوعــة مــن شــجرة آبنــوس. هــذه المســطرة طولهــا 10 ســنتيمرات ودقتهــا نصــف ميليمتــر. المســطرة المكتشــفة هــذه تؤمــی الــی أن أهالــي المدينــة المحروقــة كانــت لديهــم انجــازات وتطـ ّـور ملحــوظ فــي علــم الرياضيــات. أقدم طاولة نرد في العالم كمــا عثــر فــي مقبــرة المدينــة المحروقــة األثريــة علــی أقــدم طاولــة نــرد فــي العالــم اضافــة الــی 60 فــرزة منهــا. طاولــة النــرد هــذه هــي أقــدم مــن تلــك التــي اكتشــفت فــي مقبــرة مدينــة »أور« الملكيــة فــي بيــن النهريــن. أول صورة متحركة )األنيميشن( في العالم عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار أثنــاء تنقيباتهــم فــي مقبــرة تعــود الــی قبــل خمســة آالف ســنة، عثــروا علــی كأس نقشــت عليهــا صــورة عــن ماعــز وشــجرة. وبعــد اجــراء أبحــاث متعــددة علــی الــكأس هــذه، توصــل علمــاء اآلثــار الــی نتيجــة مهمــة وهــي أن الصــورة المنقوشــة علــی هــذه الــكأس وخل ًفــا لباقــي المكتشــفات فــي محيــط المدينــة المحروقــة، تتبــع تكــراراً ًهادفــا يؤمــی الــی توجــه الماعــز نحــو الشــجرة. وفــي الحقيقــة ان الفنــان والرســام الــذي جعــل مــن هــذه الــكأس الفخاريــة لوحــة للرســم، صمــم بريشــته وانطل ًقــا مــن مهارتــه ونبوغــه، ماعــزاً يتحــرك باتجــاه الشــجرة وليتغــذى مــن أوراقهــا، وذلــك مــن خــال رســم خمــس حــركات مكــررة هادفــة؛ األمــر الــذي جعــل علمــاء اآلثــار ّيقربــون هــذه الصــور الــی بعضهــا البعــض ونجحــوا أخيــرا ًفــي إنتــاج صــورة متحركــة )األنيميشــن( تبلــغ مدتهــا عشــرين ثانيــة. المدينة المحروقة

تقــع »المدينــة المحروقــة« األثريــة علــی بيــن ســنوات 3200 الــی 2750 قبــل أن المدينــة المحروقــة كانــت مدينــة صناعيــة 56 بعــد كيلومتــراً مــن مدينــة زابــل فــي الميــاد، اشــتهرت »بالمدينــة المحروقــة«. تضـ ّـم ورشــات عمــل ومعامــل عــدة لصنــع محافظــة سيســتان وبلوتشســتان. تأتــي أهمية المدينــة المحروقــة هــي مــن اكثــر المــدن الفخاريــات والمجوهــرات، ناهيــك عــن أن هــذه المدينــة االيرانيــة المســجلة فــي قائمــة األثريــة نــدرة مــن حيــث أن النســاء كانــت ســكان المدينــة كانوا يســتفيدون من األشــجار التــراث العالمــي لليونســكو مــن أن تاريــخ لهــن إدارة الشــؤون الماليــة لألســرة. وتــدل والنباتــات المتوفــرة فــي الطبيعــة المحيطة بهم بناءهــا يعــود الــی اكثــر مــن خمســة آالف االكتشــافات األثريــة علــی ان المدينــة تتســع كوقــود. المكتشــفات األثريــة فــي المدينــة ســنة مضــت أي عندمــا ظهــرت أولــی بــوادر الــی 151 هكتــاراً. يشــير مــا تبقــی مــن المحروقــة تنطــوي علــی الفخاريــات بمختلف حضــارة وثقافــة بشــرية قدمــت هــذه المنطقــة المعالــم األثريــة فــي المدينــة المحروقــة الــی أنواعهــا وأوان حجريــة وحياكــة األقمشــة وفن التــي عرفــت فيمــا بعــد بــأرض ايــران. أنهــا كانــت تتضمــن خمســة أحيــاء ســكنية المعرقــات ممــا يــدل علــی وجــود صناعــات قامــت هــذه المدينــة قبــل 3200 عــام قبــل واقعــة فــي الشــمال الشــرقي للمدينــة، فضـ ًـا منوعــة فيهــا خاصــة النســيج وانتاج األقمشــة الميــاد، وكانــت مؤهلــة بالســكان طــوال عــن أحيــاء تتوســط المدينــة، ومنطقــة التــي كانــت شــهدت تطــورا ملحوظــ ًا آنــذاك. أربــع مراحــل وحقــب تاريخيــة تخلخلــت مــا صناعيــة وأبنيــة تذكاريــة ومقبــرة، كلهــا يقــع اكتشــف لحــد اآلن فــي المدينــة المحروقــة بيــن 3200 الــی 1800 ســنة قبــل الميــاد. علــی شــكل هضــاب وتــال متتاليــة مترابطة. علــی 12 نوعــ ًا مــن األقمشــة المحاكــة ذات الفنــاء األثــري للمدينــة المحروقــة تــم بنــاؤه االحيــاء الســكنية كانــت تشــمل ثمانيــن لــون واحــد أو متعــددة األلــوان وصنــارة صيــد فــي األلفيتيــن الثانيــة والثالثــة قبــل الميــاد، هكتــاراً مــن المدينــة المحروقــة. هــذه المدينة األســماك، ممــا يشــير الــی ان اهالــي المدينــة علــی أيــدي مــن هاجــروا الــی هــذه المدينــة كانــت مركــزاً لنشــاطات صناعيــة وفنيــة كانــوا يســتفيدون مــن أقصــاب المســتنقعات مــن مختلــف الجهــات االربــع للمعمــورة. متعــددة. أجريــت فــي المدينــة المحروقــة المحيطــة ببحيــرة هامــون لصنــع الســات لــم يعثــر بعــد الباحثــون وعلمــاء اآلثــار حفريــات وتنقيبــات أثريــة مختلفــة. والحصائــر، اضافــة الــی بنــاء ســقوف البيوت. علــی كتيبــة أثريــة او وثيقــة تاريخيــة فــي المرحلــة السادســة مــن هــذه ســكان المدينــة المحروقــة كانــوا يحترفــون تتحــدث عــن االســم القديــم والحقيقــي الحفريــات، عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار علــی أيضـ ً ـاصيــد األســماك وحياكــة شــباك صيــد لهــذه المدينــة التــي اشــتهرت جــراء حريــق نمــاذج رائعــة مــن الحلــی وآالت الزينــة. األســماك. وال ريــب فــي ّأن المدينــة المحروقة وقــع فيهــا خــال فترتيــن تاريخيتيــن اي كمــا أثبــت أعمــال الحفر فــي مراحلها الســابقة كانــت ّتعــد مــن المــدن المتطــورة جداً آنــذاك.

ماهنامه داخل پروازی ماهان Mahan Inflight Magazine اسفند 96 125 السیاحة في ایران محافظة سيستان و بلوتشستان

تقــع محافظــة سيســتان وبلوتشســتان فــي سيســتان و بلوتشســتان حــارة وطويلــة بأهميــة خاصــة فــي كافــة األدوار والعصــور فــي الجنــوب الشــرقي اليــران. هــذه غيــر أن فصــل الشــتاء فيهــا قصيــر. تفــوق التاريخيــة، ومــن األحــداث التاريخيــة المهمة المحافظــة االيرانيــة الواســعة لهــا حــدود درجــة الحــرارة فــي جميــع مــدن هــذه التــي عرفتهــا هــذه المحافظــة االيرانيــة فــي مشــتركة مــع كل مــن باكســتان وأفغانســتان المحافظــة تفــوق اربعيــن ســنتيغراداً. العصــر االســامي، يمكــن االشــارة الــی ويحدهــا مــن الجنــوب بحــر عمــان. هــذه سيســتان و بلوتشســتان تذكرنــا بــأرض ظهــور أول حكومــة ايرانيــة مســتقلة بعــد المحافظــة ّتعــد مــن أكبــر المحافظــات األبطــال األســطوريين االيرانييــن مــن أمثــال دخــول االســام ايــران علــی يــد »يعقــوب االيرانيــة مســاحة، كمــا أنهــا تتميــز رســتم وســهراب و زال و غيرهــم. ورد ليــث الصفــاري« فــي ســنة 248 للهجــرة بامتلكهــا لبيئتيــن مختلفتيــن ًتمامــا مــن اســم هــذا االقليــم فــي كثيــر مــن الكتــب القمريــة وهجــوم المغــول علــی سيســتان حيــث الظــروف المناخيــة والطبيعيــة. والمصــادر التاريخيــة، كمــا أتــی الشــاعر فــي ســنة 662 للهجــرة القمريــة وكذلــك المظاهــر الطبيعيــة فــي هــذه المحافظــة الملحمــي االيرانــي ابوالقاســم الفردوســي الهجــوم الوحشــي للقائــد المغولــي تيمــور هــي عبــارة عــن الريــاح الموســمية القويــة باســم هــذا االقليــم مــرات عــدة فــي لنــك )تيمــور األعــرج( علــی هــذا االقليــم والعواصــف الرمليــة وزخات المطــر والرطوبة كتابــه الشــهير الشــاهنامة )ســيرالملوك(. وارتكابــه مجــزرة بشــعة بحــق أهاليــه فــي العاليــة والضبــاب فــي الصبــاح. ايــام الضيف هــذا وكانــت سيســتان وبلوتشســتان تحظــی ســنة 785 للهجــرة القمريــة.

125 ماهنامه داخل پروازی ماهان Mahan Inflight Magazine اسفند 96