Integration or Disintegration? Europe at the crossroads in 2016 The view from Germany, Greece, and the

Thursday 28 April, 2016 St Antony’s College, Integration or disintegration? Europe at the crossroads in 2016 The view from Germany, Greece, Poland and the United Kingdom

Introduction

Not since its origins in the 1950s has the European Union (EU) faced such a dangerous concert of destabilizing events. In the wake of the Eurozone crisis (now quiescent but only partly resolved), in the middle of the migrant crisis (straining the EU’s consensus), and in the run up to the referendum on Britain in the EU (with implications for the cohesion and global influence of both the UK and the rest of the EU), the summer of 2016 could prove to be a crucial turning point for Europe’s destiny. This conference aims to analyse Europe’s developing existential crisis from the perspective of four countries: Germany, Greece, Poland and the United Kingdom. The first is a founding member of the EU, the rest are later arrivals in successive decades, and all of them had different reasons for joining. Two are members of the Eurozone, two are not. One is (for the moment) the undisputed hegemonic power in the EU, another finds itself returned to its historic role of semi-vassal state, while the other two operate in less obedient orbits around the centre. Few seem entirely happy in this constellation. The seminar (see overleaf) is structured around three key themes: (i) What were the original ambitions of these four countries in joining the EU, to what extent have these been met, and what are their current concerns? (ii) What are we to make of the economic and financial architecture of the EU—is it doomed or will it work—and how does all this fit into the evolving globalized economy? (iii) In what way and how strongly do these four countries feel “European”, is there a common European identity which they can all recognize, and how does this square with nationalist identities? Is this European identity strong enough to meld the EU into “ever closer union” or not? Conference participants include historians, economists, and political scientists, from each of the four countries considered, in order to gain a genuinely European view. Participants have also been drawn from Oxford University’s own distinguished pool of experts, and from elsewhere in the UK. The Conference has been convened by Professors John Darwin, David Vines and Jan Zielonka of Oxford University, and organized by Adam Bennett and Stuart Sweeney under the combined umbrellas of the Political Economy of Financial Markets (PEFM) program at the European Studies Centre, St Antony’s College, and the Oxford Centre for Global History. The conference is being supported by Citi, which has contributed to its funding. This conference at St Antony’s College forms part of a series of events in celebration of the Fortieth Anniversary of the European Studies Centre, and follows a connected event hosted by the Oxford Martin School on April 27th.

Presentations will be On the Record, but Q and A will be under the Chatham House Rule.

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Programme

09:30-10:00 Registration and coffee (Lobby, Hilda Besse Building) 10:00-10:15 Welcome by Margaret MacMillan and Andrew Pitt 10:15-11:15 Whither Europe? Keynote speeches by Lord Patten (Political Vision) and Willem Buiter (Economic Vision) Chair: Margaret MacMillan 11:15-11:35 Questions from the floor 11:35-11:55 Coffee break (Lobby, Hilda Besse Building) 11:55-13:10 Motivations, aspirations and the level of satisfaction with the EU Timothy Garton Ash Ulrike Guérot Ioannis Papadopoulos Bogusław Chrabota Chair: John Darwin 13:10-13:30 Questions from the floor 13:30– 14:55 Lunch (The Buttery and Fellows’ Dining Room, Ground Floor, Hilda Besse Building) 14:55-16:10 Globalization, trade, financial crisis and the EU David Vines Wolfgang Munchau George Pagoulatos Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz Chair: Edmund Phelps 16:10-16:35 Questions from the floor 16:35– 17:00 Coffee break (Lobby, Hilda Besse Building) 17:00-18:15 Europe, the EU and nation-states: Competing identities and loyalties Simon Jenkins Christian Joppke Kalypso Nicolaïdis Jacek Rostowski Chair: Jan Zielonka 18:15-18:40 Questions from the floor 18:40-19:30 Drinks reception (Lobby, Hilda Besse Building) 19:30 Dinner in Hall (1st floor, Hilda Besse Building) After-dinner addresses by Margaret MacMillan, Ivan Rogers and Anders Borg

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Speakers

Anders Borg Advisor, Citi Anders Borg served as Sweden’s Minister for Finance from 2006 to 2014. In the early 1990s, he was a political advisor to Prime Minister Carl Bildt. From 1998 to 1999 he was Chief Economist at ABN Amro Bank in Stockholm and from 1999 to 2001 he was Head of the Economic Analysis Department at Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) in Stockholm. From 2001 to 2002 he served as an Adviser on monetary policy issues to the Executive Board of the Swedish National Bank (the Swedish central bank). Borg now serves as an advisor to Citi’s Europe, Middle East, and Africa business, and as a member of the global bank’s Nordic Advisory Board. Borg also chairs the World Economic Forum’s Global Financial System Initiative and is Vice chairman of the Swedish investment company Investment AB Kinnevik. In addition, he is Vice Chairman of Millicom, an international media and telecommunications company in which Investment AB Kinnevik holds a major stake. Borg was educated at Uppsala University and Stockholm University.

Willem Buiter Chief Economist, Citi Willem Buiter joined Citi in January 2010 as its Chief Economist. Buiter was previously Professor of Political Economy at the School of Economics and is a widely published author on economic affairs in books, professional journals and the press. Between 2005 and 2010, he was an adviser to Goldman Sachs. Prior to this, Buiter was the Chief Economist for the European Bank for Reconstruction & Development between 2000 and 2005, and from 1997 and 2000 a founder external Member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the . He has been a consultant to the IMF, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank, the European Commission, and an adviser to many central banks and finance ministries. Buiter has held a number of other leading academic positions, including Cassel Professor of Money & Banking at the LSE between 1982 and 1984, Professorships in Economics at Yale University in the US between 1985 and 1994, and Professor of International Macroeconomics at Cambridge University in the UK between 1994 and 2000. Willem has a BA in Economics from Cambridge University and a PhD in Economics from Yale University. He has been a Member of the British Academy since 1998 and was awarded a CBE in 2000 for services to economics.

Boguslaw Chrabota Editor of Rzeczpospolita Bouguslaw Chrabota was appointed in December 2012 as the editor of the daily newspaper “Rzecapospolita”, one of the most prestigious newspapers in Poland. He obtained his PhD from the Faculty of Law at the Jagiellonian University. In 1993 he co-founded TV Polsat. Chrabota is a commentator on Tok FM and Radio PiN, a blogger, and author of many books and screenplays. In addition, he is a press publicist and newspaper columnist. From 1990 to 1992 he was a doctoral student at the Institute of Political Science of the Jagiellonian University and a journalist of the Krakow Center TVP. He was also (for one year) deputy editor-in-chief of the Polish Television Information Agency. In 1993 he was appointed program director of Polsat and subsequently became head of its information and journalism department. Since 2008 at Polsat News, Poland’s premier news channel, he managed its magazine Events Opinions Comments. He has been active across Polish radio and television, while also lecturing at the University of Warsaw.

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Speakers

Timothy Garton Ash Professor of European Studies, Honorary Chair, European Studies Centre and Isaiah Berlin Professorial Fellow, St Antony’s College, Oxford After reading Modern History at Oxford, Garton Ash’s research into the German resistance to Hitler took him first to Berlin, where he lived on both sides of “the wall”, and then later travelled widely behind the “iron curtain” to report on the emancipation of Central Europe from communism during the 1980s. He was Foreign Editor of the Spectator, editorial writer on Central European affairs for the London Times, and a columnist on foreign affairs in the Independent. In 1986-87 he was a Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington DC. A Fellow of St Antony’s College since 1990, Garton Ash directed the European Studies Centre (ESC) from 2001 to 2006. Since 2010, he has directed the Dahrendorf Programme for the Study of Freedom, based at the ESC. He became a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, in 2000. A frequent lecturer, he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, the Royal Historical Society and the Royal Society of Arts and a Corresponding Fellow of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. He has honorary doctorates from St Andrew’s University, Sheffield Hallam University and the Catholic University of Leuven. His books include “The Uses of Adversity: Essays on the Fate of Central Europe” (1989); “We the People: The Revolution of ‘89 witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague” (1990); “In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent” (1993); “The File: A Personal History” (1997); “History of the Present: Essays, Sketches and Despatches from Europe in the 1990s” (1997), Free World: Why a crisis of the West reveals the opportunity of our time (2004) and, most recently, “Facts are Subversive: Political Writing from a Decade Without a Name” (2009).

Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz Mayor of Warsaw Gronkiewicz-Waltz is a Polish lawyer, and liberal politician who has been the Mayor of Warsaw since 2 December 2006. She is the first woman to hold this position. Between 1992 and 2000, she was the Chairman of the , the central bank of Poland. She resigned to take the position of Vice President at European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a position she held between 2001 and 2005. Gronkiewicz- Waltz was elected to the Sejm in 2005, running on the list. Gronkiewicz-Waltz is a Fellow of Collegium Invisibile as a Professor of Economics and was formerly a professor at the Warsaw University faculty of Law and a professor at Catholic University in Warsaw (UKSW) in the faculty of Social Sciences.

Ulrike Guerot Director, European Democracy Lab, European School of Governance, Berlin Ulrike Guérot studied Political Sciences, history and philosophy and got her PhD from University of Münster, Germany, in 1995 with a dissertation on the French Socialist Party and Europe. From 1998 to 2000 she was Assistant Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School for Advanced International Studies in the Department for European Studies of Johns Hopkins University, in Washington, D.C. After her return to Berlin in 2000, Ulrike took over the European Studies Unit at the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) until 2003 and then moved as Foreign Policy Director to the Berlin office of the German Marshall Fund (GMF). In 2007 she opened the Berlin office of the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) and served until 2013 as its first Director. Recent publications include “What does Germany think about Europe?” (2011); and secondly “Germany in Europe: A Blog Chronicle of the Euro-crisis” (2013). Guérot teaches at Viadrina European University in Frankfurt/ Oder and Bucerius Law School in Hamburg. She is an honorary board member of Europa-Union Deutschland.

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Speakers

Simon Jenkins The Guardian Simon Jenkins is a journalist and author. He writes for the Guardian as well as broadcasting for the BBC. He has edited the Times (1990-92) and the London Evening Standard (1976-78) and chaired the National Trust (2008-14). Simon Jenkins also served on the boards of British Rail 1979–1990 and London Transport 1984–86. He was a member of the Millennium Commission from February 1994 to December 2000 and sat on the Board of Trustees of the Architecture Foundation. From 1985 to 1990, he was deputy chairman of English Heritage. His recent books include “England’s Hundred Best Views” (2013), and “Mission Accomplished? The Crisis of International Intervention” (2015). He has written extensively on the EU in The Guardian and elsewhere. In the 2004 New Year’s Honours, Simon Jenkins was appointed a Knight Bachelor for services to journalism.

Christian Joppke Professor of General Sociology, University of Bern, Switzerland Professor Christian Joppke is a German political sociologist, and Professor of General Sociology at the University of Bern, Switzerland. He was previously a professor at the American University of Paris (2006-11), the International University Bremen (2004-06), the University of British Columbia (2003-04), and the European University Institute in Florence (1995-2002). He is the author of more than one hundred publications, monographs and manuscripts, and is among the most widely cited authors in the field of immigration. Essentially a critic of multiculturalism, Joppke has defined himself as "a reactionary liberal ”. Joppke obtained his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley, United States. His most recent book is “The Secular State Under Siege: Religion and Politics in Europe and America” (2015).

Margaret MacMillan Professor of History, University of Oxford; Warden, St Antony’s College, Oxford Margaret MacMillan was previously provost of Trinity College and Professor of History at University of Toronto. Margaret works on a range of modern history covering the British Empire and imperial history, social history, history of war and society and international relations. MacMillan’s publications include “Women of the Raj” (1988) as well as “Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to Make Peace” (2001). The latter was published in North America as “Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World” and won the Duff Cooper Prize, the Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction (the first woman to do so), the Hessell-Tiltman Prize for History, the Silver Medal for the Council on Foreign Relations Arthur Ross Book Award and the Governor-General’s prize for non-fiction in 2003. It was a New York Times Editor’s Choice in 2002. She has subsequently written Nixon in China: The Week That Changed the World (entitled Nixon and Mao in the US) and The War that Ended Peace: How Europe abandoned peace for the First World War (2013). Her most recent book is History’s People: Personality and History (2015). She comments frequently in the media on historical issues and current affairs.

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Speakers

Wolfgang Munchau Associate Editor, Wolfgang Münchau is an associate editor of the Financial Times, where he writes a weekly column about the European Union and the European economy. Before taking up this position in September 2003, he was co- editor of Financial Times Deutschland for two years. Before joining FT Deutschland, Münchau was a Frankfurt correspondent and later economics correspondent of the Financial Times, reporting on the preparation for the final stage of monetary union and the launch of the euro. His published work includes a book on “The Meltdown Years: The Unfolding of the Global Economic Crisis” (2009). Munchau holds the degrees of Diplom-Mathematiker (Hagen), Diplom-Betriebswirt (Reutlingen) and M.A. in International Journalism (City University, London).

Kalypso Nicolaïdis Professor of International Relations and director of the Centre for International Studies, University of Oxford Kalypso Nicolaïdis was previously associate professor at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. She is chair of South East European Studies at Oxford and Council member of the European Council of Foreign Relations. In 2012-2013, she was Emile Noel-Straus Senior Fellow at NYU Law School (2012- 2013). In 2008-2010, she was a member of the Gonzales reflection group on the future of Europe 2030 set up by the European Council. She also served as advisor on European affairs to George Papandreou in the 90s and early 2000s, the Dutch government in 2004, the UK government, the European Parliament, the European Commission, OECD and UNCTAD. She has published widely on international relations, global governance, trade ethics, law and democracy promotion, as well as the internal and external aspects of European integration in numerous journals including Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Public Policy and International Organization. She edited (with Justine LaCroix) “European Stories: Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Context” (2010). She received her PhD from Harvard in 1993.

George Pagoulatos Professor of European Politics and Economy, Athens University of Economics and Business George Pagoulatos holds a Law degree from the University of Athens, M.Sc. and D.Phil. in Politics from the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. His research and publications focus on the EMU and the European Union, and the political economy of Southern Europe and Greece. From November 2011 to June 2012 Pagoulatos served as Senior Advisor and Director of Strategy under Greek Prime Ministers Papademos and Pikrammenos. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the think-tank ELIAMEP, Board member at the European Policy Centre (EPC) in Brussels, member of the Advisory Board of Social Europe, and board member of various academic and civic organizations. He served as member of the High Council of the European University Institute in Florence (2010-13), and President of ECSA-Greece (2013-14). Pagoulatos is the author of several books and many articles in leading international academic journals. His monograph “Greece’s New Political Economy: State, Finance and Growth from Postwar to EMU” (2003) won the Academy of Athens award for best book in economics.

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Speakers

Ioaannis Papadopoulos Professor of Public Policy, University of Lausanne; Visiting Fellow, St John’s College, Oxford Ioannis Papadopoulos started his academic career at the University of Geneva, where he obtained his doctorate in political science in 1987. Since 1990, he has been a professor of public policy at the Institut d’études politiques, historiques et internationales (IEPHI) of the University of Lausanne and is a member of the Laboratoire d’analyse de la gouvernance et de l’action publique en Europe (LAGAPE). He has also been a research director with the French CNRS and a visiting professor at the European University Institute (Florence), Sciences Po. Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, and in various Swiss and French universities. Papadopoulos’ research concentrates on the various implications of governance transformations for democracy and accountability. He has published several books, edited collections, and journal special issues. His most recent works include “Democracy in Crisis? Politics, Governance and Policy” (2013) and “Accountability and European Governance” (co-edited with Deirdre Curtin and Peter Mair; 2012). Papadopoulos’ work has been published in many professional journals.

The Right Honourable The Lord Patten of Barnes Chancellor of University of Oxford Christopher Patten is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, and Honorary Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He served as Chancellor of Newcastle University from 1999 to 2009, and was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford in 2003. He joined the Conservative Research Department in 1966. He was seconded to the Cabinet Office in 1970 and was personal assistant and political secretary to Lord Carrington and then Lord Whitelaw during 1972-1974. Patten was elected as Member of Parliament for Bath in 1979, a seat he held until 1992. In 1983, Patten was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Northern Ireland Office and in 1985 Minister of State at the Department of Education and Science. In 1986 he became Minister for Overseas Development at the FCO. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1989 when he also became Secretary of State for the Environment. In 1990 he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Patten was Governor of Hong Kong from 1992 through 1997, overseeing the return of Hong Kong to China. He was Chairman of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, which reported in 1999. From 1999 to 2004 he was European Commissioner for External Relations, and in 2005 he took his seat in the House of Lords. He was Chairman of the BBC Trust from 2011 to 2014. His publications include “What Next? Surviving the 21st Century” (2008); “Not Quite the Diplomat: Home Truths About World Affairs” (2005).

Andrew Pitt Global Head of Citi Investment Research, Citi Andrew Pitt joined Citi in 2008 as its Global Head of Citi Investment Research where he is responsible for managing all of the firm’s independent investment research across Economics, Fixed Income, Equities and Commodities. Citi Investment Research employs over 1,000 staff in 28 countries and publishes around 65,000 research reports per annum. Pitt launched the Global Perspectives & Solutions (Citi GPS) research series in 2011 which has become an industry leading research brand addressing the key challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. He chairs the Editorial Board for the Citi GPS series, is a member of the Citi Markets & Banking Management Committee and is Citi’s Senior Statesman for Oxford University. Pitt gained a BA in Modern

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Speakers

History from Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1987 and a Masters’ degree (M.St.) in 1988. He was subsequently a College Lecturer in Modern History at Keble College, Oxford, where he taught early modern European history and managed the entrance examination process for History students to the College. Pitt was awarded Oxford University’s AM Read prize in 1990 for original research into 17th century English social history.

Jacek Rostowski Former Polish Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland Jacek Rostowski was a lecturer at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UCL from 1988-95. He was subsequently a professor of Economics at the Central European University in Budapest during 1995-2000, and head of its Department of Economics from 2005-06. From 1997 to 2000, Rostowski was Chairman of the Macro- Economic Policy Council at the Polish Ministry of Finance, and from 2002-04 was an Economic Adviser to the National Bank of Poland. Rostowski joined the Cabinet of Premier in 2007, and served as Finance Minister of the Republic of Poland until 2013, including as Deputy Prime Minister in the final year. Rostowski has published around 40 academic papers on European enlargement, monetary policy, currency policy and the transformation of post-communist economies. He is the author of academic books including, Macroeconomic Instability in Post-Communist Countries (1998).

Ivan Rogers UK Permanent Representative to the EU Sir Ivan Rogers (KCMG) is the UK Permanent Representative to the EU. Sir Ivan took up his appointment in early November 2013. Prior to this, Sir Ivan worked as the Prime Minister’s Adviser on Europe and Global Issues and Head of the European and Global Issues Secretariat, and Head of UK Public Sector business at Barclays Capital. He also worked as Head of UK Public Sector at Citigroup. Previous roles in the civil service include: Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister; Director of Budget and Tax Policy at HM Treasury; Director of EU Strategy and Policy at HM Treasury; Chef de Cabinet to the Vice-President of European Commission; and Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Sir Ivan was awarded a knighthood (KCMG) in 2016 for services to British, European and International Policy.

David Vines Professor of Economics and Fellow, Balliol College, Oxford; Acting Director, PEFM David Vines is Adjunct Professor of Economics at the Australian National University, and a Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research. From 2008 to 2012 he was the Research Director of the European Union’s Framework Seven PEGGED Research Program, which analysed Global Economic Governance within Europe. Professor Vines received a BA from Melbourne University in 1971, and subsequently an MA and PhD from Cambridge University. From 1985 to 1992 he was Adam Smith Professor of Political Economy at the University of Glasgow. His research interests are in macroeconomics, including financial frictions, fiscal and monetary interactions, and financial crisis. His recent books include: “The Leaderless Economy: Why the World Economic System Fell Apart and How to Fix It” (2013, with Peter Temin); “The IMF and its Critics: Reform of Global Financial Architecture” (2004, with Christopher Gilbert) and “The Asian Financial Crisis: Causes, Contagion and Consequences” (1999, with Pierre-Richard Agénor, Marcus Miller, and Axel Weber).

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Chairs

John Darwin Professor of History and Fellow, Nuffield College, University of Oxford John Darwin has been Beit Lecturer in Commonwealth History, and a Professorial Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford since 1984, and set up the Centre for Global History in 2011. Darwin’s main field of interest has been in the history of empires, both their rise and fall, and in global history – that is the history of the movement of peoples, goods, ideas and information across the world and across national boundaries. His focus has been on the ways in which empires exploit, adapt to and are often disrupted by global movements over which they have little if any control. Darwin has explored these connections in three recent books: “After Tamerlane: the global history of empire” (2007); “The Empire Project: the rise and fall of the British World System 1830-1970” (2009); and “Unfinished Empire: the global expansion of Britain” (2012). John’s current research is into the role of the great port cities of the nineteenth and twentieth century (including Montreal, New Orleans, Cape Town, Calcutta, Singapore, Hong Kong) in shaping the growth not only of a new global economy, but also of the exchange of ideas and the different visions of modernity that accompanied earlier phases of globalisation.

Edmund Phelps Director, Center on Capitalism and Society, Columbia University Edmund Phelps is an American economist and the winner of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel committee highlighted “his analysis of inter-temporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy”, adding that Ed’s work had “deepened our understanding of the relation between short-run and long-run effects of economic policy”. Phelps has been McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University since 1982. Phelps was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (USA) in 1981, was made a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association in 2000, and was elected to be a full member of the Russian Academy of Science in December of 2011. In 2008, he was named Chevalier of France’s Legion of Honor. Four months later he was given the Global Economy Prize of Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Phelps has published several books including “Fiscal Neutrality toward Economic Growth” (1965) and “Golden Rules of Economic Growth” (1966), his selected papers in Studies in Macroeconomic Theory (1980), the reader Economic Justice (1974), a conference volume “Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory” (1975), his textbook “Political Economy” (1985), a monograph (with J.P. Fitoussi) “The Slump in Europe” (1988), his Arne Ryde lectures “Seven Schools of Macroeconomic Thought” (1990), and “Rewarding Work: How to Restore Participation and Self-Support to Free Enterprise” (1997).

Jan Zielonka Professor of European Politics and Ralf Dahrendorf Fellow, St Antony’s College, Oxford Before moving to Oxford Jan Zielonka held posts at the Universities of Warsaw and Leiden and the European University at Florence. Jan teaches European Politics at Oxford and directs a large international project funded by the European Research Council on media and democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. His main areas of expertise are Comparative Politics, International Relations and Political Theory. Zielonka has published numerous works in the field of international relations, comparative politics and the history of political ideas. He is currently involved in an analysis of Europe’s efforts to project power and spread norms in its external relations with the rest of the world. He is also engaged in a comparison of four contemporary empires: America, China, Europe and Russia. His recent books include “Is the EU doomed?” (2014), “Europe as Empire. The Nature of the Enlarged European Union” (2006), and “Explaining Euro-Paralysis. Why Europe is Unable to Act in International Politics” (1998).

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Organisers

Adam Bennett Deputy Director, PEFM, and Academic Visitor, St. Antony’s College, Oxford Adam Bennett is an Associate of South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX) and the coordinator of its political economy work. He also lectures at Cardiff University. Prior to joining St. Antony’s College, Bennett worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) where he was Senior Advisor (aka Deputy Director of Department) in the IMF’s European Department. Before that, he was Senior Advisor in the Middle East Department, and head of the IMF office in Cairo from 2000-02. During the second half of the 1990s he was chief of the IMF’s Stand-by Operations division, covering all the IMF’s big ticket programs of that era. In his early career, Bennett worked for the UK Treasury (specializing in monetary policy and forecasting), and for two investment banks. Bennett’s published work has ranged over macroeconomics, monetary economics and post- conflict economics. His most recent book is “Remaking the Balkan Economy: Economic and Policy Foundations for Growth in South East Europe”, co-authored with Russell Kincaid, Peter Sanfey, and Max Watson (2015). Bennett was educated at Cambridge University and the LSE.

Mahnaz Safa Managing Director, EMEA Banking, Citi Mahnaz Safa is managing director of Citi EMEA Banking, advising Citi’s clients on corporate finance and risk management. Ms Safa joined Citi in 2013 after 19 years at UBS, where she headed the EMEA Debt Capital Markets business, leading a team responsible for bond and loan origination, securitization, liability management, derivatives, and pensions, and was chosen as one of Financial News’ Top 100 Women in Finance in 2010, 2013 and 2015. Ms Safa previously served on the British Business Bank’s investment committee, which provides capital to non-traditional SME loan providers, including peer-to-peer platforms. She has advised new platforms for working capital finance and is an investor in start-ups in the FinTech space. She is also co-chair of Citi’s EMEA Banking executive committee for women’s leadership and promotes STEM initiatives in education. Ms Safa holds a PhD in engineering from Imperial College.

Stuart Sweeney Research Associate at the Oxford Centre for Global History Stuart Sweeney spent over twenty years in the City of London at Kleinwort Benson, Paribas Capital Markets and UBS Warburg/UBS, during which time he covered fixed income products spanning sovereigns, supranationals, corporates, banks and insurance companies. Most recently (until 2014) he was Managing Director, European Head of Corporate Debt Capital Markets, at UBS. Sweeney previously held a junior research fellowship at the Institute of Historical Research, London. His research interests are focused on finance and industry in the British Empire and other European Empires where he is at present looking at financial crises in colonial settings. He is also working on a project on the History of European Integration, with an emphasis on European Empires in that context. Sweeney studied PPE at Oxford, then Modern History at LSE before returning to Oxford, where he attained a DPhil in Modern History in 2008. Since that time he has published “Financing India’s Imperial Railways, 1875-1914” (2011) and articles including “Indian Railroading: Floating Railway Companies in the Late Nineteenth Century” in Economic History Review (2009).

Conference Administrators: Julie Adams (St Antony’s College) and Claire Phillips (Oxford Centre for Global History)

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This conference is organised by the Political Economy of Financial Markets (PEFM) programme at the European Studies Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford in association with the University of Oxford Centre for Global History and the Oxford Martin School

The organisers would like to thank Citi for their generous support.