Rb-Sr glauconite isochron of the Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina
W. BURLEIGH HARRIS 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North VICTOR A. ZULLO Carolina 28403
ABSTRACT MARTIN-MARIETTA QUARRY
The 11-m-thick lectostratotype of the Castle Hayne Limestone in New Hanover County, North Carolina, consists of lower phosphate pebble biomicrudite; middle bryozoan biosparrudite; and upper bry- ozoan-sponge biomicrudite. The relative age of the Castle Hayne Limestone is equivocal. The planktic foraminiferal fauna and part of the molluscan fauna suggest that the entire formation should be corre- lated with the Gulf Coast Claibornian Stage (middle Eocene), whereas calcareous nan- nofossils, bryozoans, barnacles, and some molluscs indicate that the upper bryozoan- sponge biomicrudite is a Gulf Coast Jack- sonian Stage (upper Eocene) equivalent. Be- cause of problems correlating the Castle Hayne Limestone to equivalent Gulf Coast stages, the lectostratotype was dated by application of the Rb-Sr glauconite iso- chron. Figure 1. Location of Martin-Marietta quarry, New Hanover County, North Carolina. Five hand-picked glauconite concentrates Sample of Castle Hayne Limestone was collected at this quarry. analyzed for Rb, Sr, and Sr-isotopic com- position yielded an isochron age of 34.8 ± Harris and Bottino (1974), Harris (1976), Bassler, 1920; Kellum, 1925, 1926; lm.y. (ARb 87 = 1.42 x lCT'^r1) with an and Harris and Baum (1977), and in Cheetham, 1961; Copeland, 1964). Brown 87 8Oligocene bound- nite ages has also demonstrated that they correlating the Castle Hayne Limestone ary, it agrees with fission-track and K-Ar can aid in the resolution of problems in cor- with equivalent stages in the Gulf Coastal ages of tektites and microtektites, and K-Ar relation where faunal data differ. Plain or in Europe, the lectostratotype was ages of bentonites and glauconites in upper As a result of these recent successful ap- examined for diagnostic fauna and was Eocene marine and nonmarine units plications of Rb-Sr and K-Ar dating radiometrically dated by application of the throughout the world. methods to glauconite, the Eocene Castle Rb-Sr isochron method to glauconites. Hayne Limestone of the North Carolina INTRODUCTION Coastal Plain was selected for radiometric GEOLOGIC SETTING and faunal study. The Castle Hayne Lime- Recent work in the United States by stone has been correlated with the Jackso- The Castle Hayne Limestone occurs Ghosh (1972), Owens and Sohl (1973), nian Stage (Clark, 1909; 1912; Canu and throughout eastern North Carolina; how-
Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part I, v. 91, p. 587-592, 4 figs., 1 table, October 1980, Doc. no. 01005.
587
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ever, the unit crops out only between the Neuse and Cape Fear Rivers. Miller (1912) BED named the unit for exposures in the vicinity of Castle Hayne, New Hanover County, North Carolina. Because Miller did not des- POST-EOCENE ignate a type section of the Castle Hayne Limestone, Baum and others (1978) desig- GC LU nated the Martin-Marietta quarry, 4.5 km CL co northeast of Castle Hayne, the lecto- Û- H 1 8- ÔTâ BRYOZOAN-SPONGE stratotype (Fig. 1). w BIOMICRUDITE The Castle Hayne Limestone consists of >z- three units: a lower phosphate pebble is < 1 6 biomicrudite, a middle bryozoan biospar- e» LU w rudite, and an upper bryozoan-sponge O X biomicrudite (Baum and others, 1978). As LU O LU 1 4 defined by Baum and others (1978), the _J LU Castle Hayne Limestone does not include O 1 2- O < BRYOZOAN the overlying Spring Garden Member of O Ward and others (1978).The phosphate BIOSPARRUDITE pebble biomicrudite (New Hanover BIOMICRUDITE Member of Ward and others, 1978) forms a CO CE discontinuous conglomerate at the base of ZD m the Castle Hayne Limestone that does not O exceed 1.5 m in thickness. It is present LU SANDY, along the outcrop belt and is thickest where O z it overlies the Rocky Point Member of the < B PELECYPOD-MOLD O BIOSPARRUDITE Peedee Formation of Late Cretaceous age. I- CL The bryozoan biosparrudite unit discon- LU > formably overlies the basal pebble biomi- OC crudite of the Castle Hayne Limestone. It O O occurs as isolated patches in the vicinity of o Œ. cc the Cape Fear fault and thickens to the LU northeast to a maximum of 12.2 m, where CL it interfingers with the overlying bryozoan- Û. sponge biomicrudite. Bryozoan-sponge ZD biomicrudite occurs throughout the area EXPLANATION between the Cape Fear and Neuse Rivers and is the dominant unit exposed in out- crop. In the area of the Cape Fear fault, it contains numerous diastems and is locally 1 / 1 1 f / dolomitized (Baum and others, 1978). The SAND MUD LIMESTONE DOLOMITE bryozoan biosparrudite and bryozoan- sponge biomicrudite lithofacies are the * i J J o0o Comfort Member of the Castle Hayne J o 0 - J ? Limestone of Ward and others (1978). PHOSPHATE BRYOZOANS BIVALVES CROSS At the lectostratotype, the Castle Hayne BEDDED PEBBLES -SPONGES Limestone is 11 m thick; it disconformably LIMESTONE overlies the Cretaceous Rocky Point Member of the Peedee Formation, and dis-. Figure 2. Columnar section of the lectostratotype of the Castle Hayne Limestone. conformably underlies post-Eocene sand Sample dated in this study was collected from the lower part of the bryozoan-sponge and gravel or Pliocene(?) sediments (Fig. 2). biomicrudite. Bed D is the New Hanover Member. The lower contact of the Castle Hayne is the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and is a regional disconformity characterized by so- lution pits, phosphate, and glauconite. All separates the bryzoan biosparrudite PALEONTOLOGIC ANALYSES three units of the Castle Hayne occur at the lithofacies from the overlying bryozoan- AND RESULTS lectostratotype; however, the bryozoan- sponge biomicrudite lithofacies. The glau- sponge biomicrudite forms the dominant conite sample that was used for radiometric The fauna of the Castle Hayne Limestone part of the section. It consists of loose, un- dating in this study was collected from a was considered equivalent to Jacksonian consolidated carbonate sediment which 25-cm-thick glauconite-rich zone im- Stage (late Eocene) faunas of the Gulf Coast contains a 1-m-thick dolomitized zone mediately below the dolomitized zone in the until the publication of Cooke and Mac- about 1.5 m above the disconformity that bryzoan-sponge biomicrudite facies (Fig. 2). Neil's (1952) revision of South Carolina
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Tertiary stratigraphy. In that paper, Cooke not recognize any unit of Jacksonian age in NP-18 zone is considered basal Jacksonian and MacNeil concluded that the lower part the subsurface in North Carolina. All sub- (Bybell, 1975). of the Castle Hayne Limestone (the basal surface sediments associated with the Castle As noted by both Cheetham (1961) and phosphate pebble biomicrudite and the Hayne Limestone or the overlying New Brown (1963), and as evidenced by the overlying biosparrudite facies) in the type Bern Formation were considered Claibor- paleontological discussion, the relative age area was equivalent to the Santee Limestone nian equivalents. These subsurface data of the Castle Hayne Limestone is as much of South Carolina and the middle Claibor- were not related to previously described disputed now as it has always been. The nian Stage (middle Eocene) of the Gulf outcrops of the Castle Hayne Limestone, lack of conformity of opinion is a result of a Coast. The upper part of the formation (the nor were previous determinations of sub- complex of factors. The Castle Hayne fauna bryozoan-sponge biomicrudite) was corre- surface Jacksonian microfossil assemblages is highly endemic, although it has been lated with newly discovered strata overlying (for example, Brown, 1958; Copeland, suggestd that some so-called endemics may the Santee Limestone in South Carolina. 1964) discussed. be conspecific with Gulf Coast species (for Fossils from these beds were correlated with Baum and others (1978) and Zullo and example, Ward and others, 1978). The the fauna of the Gosport Sand that is con- Baum (1979) also considered that most of value of some species that do appear to af- sidered uppermost Claibornian in Alabama. the Castle Hayne Limestone was Claibor- ford an opportunity for interregional corre- Cooke and MacNeil (1952) cited the fol- nian but suggested that the uppermost unit, lation is lessened because of doubts con- lowing fossils in the Castle Hayne as indic- the bryozoan-sponge biomicrudite, might cerning their identification and strati- ative of Claibornian age: late Claibornian: extend into the Jacksonian Stage. The over- graphic range both in the Atlantic and Gulf Crassatella alta; middle Claibornian: lying New Bern Formation was considered Coastal Plains, and because of the lack of Eurhodia raveneli (= E. rugosa), Hem- Jacksonian. Ward and others (1978) re- updated systematic treatments of the genera ipatagus subrostratus, and Ostrea garded the Castle Hayne Limestone and the or species groups to which they are as- sellaeformis. overlying New Bern Formation as Claibor- signed. Another major factor contributing Species previously considered as Jackso- nian equivalents. They cited the presence of to the dispute is the overwhelming tendency nian indicators were discounted because Cubitostrea sellaeformis in the basal phos- to include the Santee Limestone (in the they were thought to have been misiden- phate pebble biomicrudite (their New broadest sense) of South Carolina in any tified, or were found only at localities far Hanover Member), of Crassatella alta, Pec- discussion of the age of the Castle Hayne removed from the type area of the Castle ten clarkeanus, and P. membranosus in the Limestone. Hayne Limestone, or were known to occur overlying biosparrudite and biomicrudite Although depositional environments rep- as well in Gulf Coast Claibornian units. lithofacies (their Comfort Member), and of resented by Paleogene sediments in South LeGrand and Brown (1955) recognized Crassatella alta, Macrocallista neusensis Carolina are similar to those in North both Claibornian and Jacksonian fora- (Harris), and Bathytormus protextus (Con- Carolina, it is not correct to presume that miniferal and ostracod assemblages from rad) in the New Bern Formation as evidence similar sediment types in the two regions presumed Castle Hayne Limestone of Claibornian age. are contemporaneous. It has long been rec- localities between the Cape Fear and Neuse Cheetham (1961) argued for a Jackso- ognized that Cretaceous and Tertiary dep- Rivers. The single Claibornian fauna listed nian age for the Castle Hayne fauna. From osition in the Carolinas has been influenced is from the vicinity of Fort Barnwell, Cra- a biostratigraphic analysis of 155 cheilos- by episodic movement along the Cape Fear ven County. Microfaunal assemblages de- tome bryozoan species described by Canu fault (for example, Stephenson, 1912; scribed from localities in the type area were and Bassler (1920) from the type area of the Richards, 1950; Baum and others, 1978). considered of Jacksonian age. LeGrand and Castle Hayne Limestone, Cheetham con- More recently, it has been demonstrated Brown concluded that the Castle Hayne cluded that a late Jacksonian age was indi- that additional structural elements ("Santee Limestone was a time-transgressive unit in cated. He also suggested that such previ- fault," Neuse fault, Graingers wrench zone, which deposition began in Claibornian time ously determined Claibornian indicators, Carolina fault) have affected Cretaceous and lasted through Jacksonian time. Brown such as Crassatella alta and Cubitostrea and Cenozoic intrabasinal sedimentation in (1958), on the basis of ostracod as- sellaeformis were misidentified, as these the Carolinas (Brown and others, 1972; semblages from wells in the North Carolina identifications were based on molds, casts, Baum and others, 1978; Harris and others, Coastal Plain, recognized Claibornian and or juvenile forms. Zullo (1979), in an 1979; Zullo and Harris, 1979). The net re- questionable Jacksonian strata in presumed analysis of the barnacle fauna from the sult of these discoveries is to emphasize the subsurface equivalents of the Castle Hayne bryozoan biomicrudite facies, concluded fact that the stratigraphic column cannot Limestone. In the southeastern counties of that the majority of species, including Ar- be interpreted merely in terms of eustatic North Carolina, in the vicinity of the type coscalpellum jacksonense, Euscalpellum n. transgressive-regressive cycles on a passive area, only Jacksonian(P) strata were en- sp., and Solidobalanus n. sp. A, were in- foreland. Rather, it is clear that the effects countered. In the central counties, between dicative of Jacksonian age. The remaining of eustatic sea-level change were specifically the New and Neuse Rivers and in the region species were undiagnostic. Studies on cal- modified by tectonism. where the New Bern Formation of Baum careous nannofossils from the bryozoan- Lithologic similarities between the Castle and others (1978) overlies the Castle Hayne sponge biomicrudite unit of the lectos- Hayne and Santee Limestones reflect re- Limestone, both Jacksonian(P) and Clai- tratotype by Turco and others (1979) and gional paleogeography. The absence of bornian microfossil assemblages were rec- by Worsley and Turco (1979) indicated clastics and the prevalence of calcareous ognized. To the northeast, only Claibornian that this unit is assignable to zones NP-19 bank deposits suggest a broad, low-lying strata were encountered. and NP-20, or Jacksonian. Worsley and foreland over which the sea transgressed Brown and others (1972), again primar- Turco also noted the presence of zone NP- rapidly, and an adjacent hinterland of low ily on the basis of ostracod zonation, but 18 nannofossils from an isolated outcrop relief whose sluggish streams transported also utilizing foraminiferal evidence, did near Newton Grove, Sampson County; the little sediment to the sea. Individual deposi-
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tional environments within the Santee sessments, but we agree fully with their sisted of the well-ordered to disordered Limestone reflect the syndepositional- philosophical approach (Fig. 3). glauconite defined by Bentor and Kastner tectonic history within and about the Santee (1965). depositional basin; those of the Castle ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND The five glauconite samples were Hayne Limestone reflect the history of its RADIOMETRIC RESULTS analyzed for Rb, Sr, and Sr-isotopic com- basin. Thus, the initiation of deposition of position using standard chemical and these formations are, more likely, the prod- A composite sample of the glauconitic isotopic dilution procedures. A technique ucts of intrabasinal environmental condi- zone was collected from the lectostratotype using concentrated acids and small ion- tions and are not indicators of contem- of the Castle Hayne Limestone, New exchange columns also was employed for poreneity. The time-transgressive nature of Hanover County, North Carolina. Five separation of Rb and Sr (Russell, 1978). In Santee-Castle Hayne biofacies was alluded glauconite concentrates were separated on addition, Fe was separated from all Sr to by Cooke and MacNeil (1952, p. 24): the basis of grain size and external samples using these small columns. The re- morphology into samples designated: sults are shown in Table 1. Rb and Sr It is not surprising that the faunas of the San- MM1-100HT; MM1-100HM; MM1- blanks were collected in order to monitor tee, Castle Hayne, and Ocala limestones are 100HF; MM1-70HF; and MM1-70HT. contamination encountered in handling and somewhat similar, for these three formations The samples were further prepared for preparing the samples for analysis. Analysis represent similar facies. The Santee and Castle analysis according to the procedure de- of the blanks has shown that procedural Hayne faunas were not recognized as of scribed by Harris and Bottino (1974). The contamination for the Rb and Sr was negli- Claiborne age because no similar bryozoan- bearing limestone facies occurs in the concentrated samples contained less than gible. Therefore, no correction for the Claiborne west of the Carolinas. 1% impurities of pyrite and dolomite. blanks has been made on the values given in X-ray diffraction analysis of the glauconite Table 1. On the basis of analyses of the Na- We may not agree with their age as- samples confirmed that the samples con- tional Bureau of Standards Standard Sam-
SOUTH CAROLINA NORTH CAROLINA
WARD BROWN COOKE & HAZEL BANKS BAUM WARD BAUM COOKE & MACNEIL 4 OTHERS 4 OTHERS 4 OTHERS 4 OTHERS 4 OTHERS & OTHERS MACNEIL 1978 THIS PAPER 1952 1977 1979 1980 I978 1978 1972 1952 Lower 6 Lower 6 New Bern Cooper Fm. Cooper Fm. Fm. 1 New o Lower Ol Cross c ~ co to "O Cooper Cross O 3 Bern
o Fm. Fm. 3 >> fc < Fm. .o .2 Fm. ~3
Santee 7-9 Spring Garden Castle Member 1 bryozoan Castle CC "O o k_ Hayne Hayne Q. CO CO a Comfort CO o Ls. Santee o Ls. o !a Member LU Santee Santee 2,3,5 Clai- Z 8,9
Figure 3. Suggestion correlation of Eocene strata of North and South Carolina. Numbers indicate equivalent rock units.
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TABLE 1. Rb-Sr ANALYTICAL DATA FOR THE EOCENE CASTLE HAYNE in North America and East Africa place the LIMESTONE, LECTOSTRATOTYPE, NEW HANOVER COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Eocene-Oligocene boundary between 33.9 and 37.5 m.y. (Evernden and others, 1964). Sample Rb (ppm) Sr (ppm) Rb87/Sr86 (Sr87/Sr86), In addition, Tarling and Mitchell (1976) MM1-100HT 202.08 13.39 43.77 0.7301 used isotopic age determinations of sedi- MM1-100HM 195.91 26.85 21.14 0.7182 ments overlying oceanic magnetic MM1-100HF 199.80 29.66 19.52 0.7188 anomalies to suggest that the "probable MM1-70HT 189.78 50.25 10.94 0.7135 stratigraphie age . . ." for the Eocene- MM1-70HF 196.96 19.48 29.31 0.7223 Oligocene boundary is close to 35 m.y. Several conclusions may be drawn from pie 70a, K-feldspar, the one-standard- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS this study. An abundance of published deviation experimental errors are ± 0.0005 radiometric ages of glauconite, tektites and for the Sr^/Sr86 and 1.0% for the Rb87/Srs6 Funnell (1964), Berggren (1972), and microtektites, and volcanics indicates that ratios. Hardenbol and Berggren (1978) placed the the Eocene-Oligocene boundary is closer to The Sr87/Sr86 values in Table 1 have been Eocene-Oligocene boundary between 37.5 33 than to 37 m.y.; this age is supported by normalized to S^ISt88 = 0.1194. The value and 37 m.y. on the basis of a compilation of the 34.8 m.y. isochron age of the Castle obtained from the Massachusetts Institute various age types. However, the volcanic Hayne Limestone. Secondly, the glauconite of Technology standard Eimer and Amend ages of Evernden and others (1964), the isochron method can provide accurate ages carbonate sample during the period of glauconite ages of Ghosh (1972) and of for conversion of the standard geologic col- analyses was (S^'/Si86^ = 0.7090. The Odin and others (1978), and the microtek- umn to a radiometric column. Although isochron age was calculated using the re- tite ages of Glass and others (1973) and many Rb-Sr glauconite ages may be young cently proposed decay constant of XRb87 = Glass and Zwart (1977) indicate a much because of the preferential loss of radi- 87 1.42 X lO-'V-1 (Steiger and Jager, 1978). younger age for the boundary, between 33 ogenic Sr relative to Rb (Thompson and The Rb-Sr mass spectrometry was per- and 35 m.y. Odin and others (1978) de- Hower, 1973), the agreement of the Rb-Sr formed with a single-focusing, 12-in., termined glauconite ages of marine se- isochron age of the Castle Hayne Limestone triple-filament mass spectrometer. Data quences in England (type Barton beds) and with published ages from Europe, Africa, were collected and analyzed with a Nuclide in Germany and suggested that the age of and North America indicates that this is not DA/CS-III automation and data-reduction the Eocene-Oligocene boundary was about a problem in this study. computer system. 33 m.y. In marine sequences in North The results on the five glauconite samples America, Glass and others (1973) and Glass AC KNO WLEDGMENTS have been calculated as an isochron age and Zwart (1977) considered the Eocene- using the least-squares regression method of Oligocene boundary less than 34.2 to 34.6 We thank Paul D. Fullagar for reviewing York (1966). The isochron plot for the five m.y. on the basis of microtektite ages; this the manuscript and for allowing use of the glauconite samples indicates an age of 34.8 conclusion is supported by the glauconite mass spectrometer. John Hower also re- ± 1 m.y. for the Eocene Castle Hayne and bentonite ages of Ghosh (1972) from viewed the manuscript and provided many S7 86 marine exposures in Mississippi and Limestone with an initial (Sr /Sr )0 = helpful suggestions. This study was par- 0.7083 ± 0.0004 (Fig. 4). Alabama. Data from nonmarine sediments tially funded by grant no. 829 from the North Carolina Board of Science and Technology. 735R
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Plain of North Carolina: American Phil- Plain of North Carolina: Carolina Geologi- Hardenbol, J., and Berggren, W. A., 1978, A new osophical Society Transactions, v. 40, 83 p. cal Society Field Trip Guidebook, p. 31 — Paleogene numerical time scale, in Cohee, Russell, G. S., 1978, U-Pb, Rb-Sr, and K-Ar 40. G. V., and others, eds., The geologic time isotopic studies bearing on the tectonic de- scale: American Association of Petroleum velopment of the southernmost Appala- MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY FEB- Geologists, Studies in Geology 6, p. 213 — chian orogen, Alabama [Ph.D. thesis]: Tal- RUARY 14, 1980 234. lahassee, Florida State University, 196 p. REVISED MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED MAY 27, 1980 Harris, W. B., 1976, Rb-Sr glauconite isochron, Steiger, R. H., and Jager, E., 1978, Subcommis- MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED JUNE 19, 1980
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