WASH Baseline Survey and Water Point Mapping 2016 Draft Report
0 | PageStatistics Sierra Leone and Ministry of Water Resources
Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ...... 3 1.1 Country Context ...... 3 1.2 Research Rationale ...... 3 2.1 Baseline data for the SDGs ...... 4 2.2 Objectives, Results and Deliverable of the study ...... 5 2.3 Research methodology ...... 6 2.3.1 Qualitative Research ...... 6 2.3.2 Household Survey ...... 7 2.3.3 Sampling and sample size ...... 7 2.3.4 Sample Allocation…………………………………………………………………………9 3.0 Survey Findings ...... 13 3.1 Characteristics of respondents (Household survey) ...... 13 3.2 Access to drinking water ...... 14 Basic water…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 Safely managed water...... 15 Impact of climate change on availability of water ...... 18 Basic water in schools ...... 19 Basic water in health facilities ...... 20 3.3 Use of sanitation services (latrines) ...... 22 Basic sanitation ...... 22 Safely managed sanitation ...... 23 Open defecation (ODF) ...... 23 Basic sanitation in schools ...... 24 Basic sanitation in health facilities ...... 26 3.4 Use of hygiene facilities (handwashing/menstruation) ...... 27 Handwashing at home...... 27 Handwashing in schools ...... 28 Handwashing in health facilities...... 28 Menstrual hygiene management in schools and health facilities ...... 29 3.5 Water point mapping ...... 29 3.6 Sanitation retail and service provision ...... 30 3.6.1 Latrine service providers ...... 30 Business profile of service providers ...... 31
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Demand for latrine providers services ...... 31 Payment terms for latrine service provision ...... 33 Service provider’s marketing strategies ...... 34 3.6.2 Sanitation retailers ...... 35 Business profile of sanitation retailers ...... 35 Demand for sanitation retail business ...... 35 Payment terms for sanitation retail ...... 36 Sanitation retailer’s marketing strategies ...... 36
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Statistics Sierra Leone and Ministry of Water Resources
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Country Context Governments across the developing world, and especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, faced significant challenges in meeting the sanitation objective of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 7: to halve by 2015 the proportion of populations without sustainable access to sanitationi. Constraints to reaching this MDG target in Sierra Leone include poor environmental conditions; lack of appropriate hygienic and environmental practices; population growth (particularly in slums around Freetown) leading to severe overcrowding in urban areas, and the destruction of water and sanitation infrastructure during the ten-year conflictii. Added to this is the pressure of climate change that is increasing the seasonality of water sources and flooding. Furthermore, unsafe disposal of human excreta can lead to several negative impacts on health and for infants and children the ingestion of bacteria, viruses or parasites and consequent diarrhoeaiii can be fatal, with diarrhoeal disease as one of the top three causes of under-five deaths in Sierra Leoneiv. Estimates put sanitation coverage at 30% overall in Sierra Leonev, and this masks inequity in coverage between poor (1%) and rich (79%) and between rural (17%) and urban (64%) areasvi. These constraints will continue as Sierra Leone implements policies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but data will be needed to monitor the progress achieved.
1.2 Research Rationale The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) came into force at the beginning of 2016, heralding the beginning of a new global development agenda. To plan for and implement this new agenda, data is needed, necessitating studies to collect baseline data on the indicators that have been agreed. This study aims to fulfil that role for the WASH sector in Sierra Leone. The instruments have been designed per the indicators selected to measure goal 6 on sustainable water and sanitation for all.
In 2012 a full census of water points was undertaken, allowing the government to map access to and functionality of water points. This is a key part of monitoring sustainable water supply. Therefore, the study will aim to update this mapping and put in place an online WASH information system, so that data can be continually updated in a sustainable manner. This will provide real time analytical capabilities for various line managers connected to this system in the cloud. Thus, there will be a direct information flow between managers and the WASH information data system.
Governments and NGOs do not have the resources to subsidise individual household water supply facilities and latrines, an approach that in any case is unlikely to lead to sustained behaviour change and consequent improvements in water supply and sanitation coverage and reductions in morbidity and mortality. Most new water supply facilities and sanitation in Africa continue to be privately acquired by individual households from small-scale providers in the market placevii. Households in developing countries make decisions and choices based on needs, preferences and constraints: marketing offers consumers something they want and are prepared to make money, time, effort or sacrifices forviii. Thus, understanding these consumer preferences, intentions, choices and constraints has the potential to inform
3 | Page effective marketing campaigns that will stimulate demand and, with a simultaneous supply- side response producing products that are well promoted in the right place and at an appropriate market price, these activities have the potential to close the water supply and sanitation access gap, in a cost-effective, financially sustainable way that has the potential to be taken to scaleix. The aim of this study is to determine baseline values for the WASH indicators as established by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This will serve to update the WASH monitoring and evaluation framework. The study has also updated the water point mapping undertaken in 2012. The study also investigated consumer demand for water, sanitation, supply chains for water and sanitation within the selected clusters. The study comprises three tasks: gathering baseline data on WASH indicators for the SDGs, a full census of water points across Sierra Leone, and a study of water and sanitation supply chains. Several data collection instruments were deployed in conducting the research. Further details on the content and objectives of the different studies, the data collection methodology administration and sampling strategies are outlined below by study. 2.1 Baseline data for the SDGs This part of the study consists of five survey instruments covering households, schools, health facilities, latrine service providers and sanitation retailers. The instruments will gather data on a selection of the indicators agreed for SDG goal 6, ‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all’. Specifically, these are:
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services (on premises, available when needed and free from contamination)
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand washing facility with soap and water
The study therefore aimed to: Describe the current water supply access, use and functionality Describe the current sanitation coverage; Assess demand for water supply improvements segmented by stage of adoption Assess demand for sanitation improvements segmented by stage of adoption; Describe current latrine emptying practices; Describe the demand for latrine emptying services;
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2.2 Objectives, Results and Deliverable of the study The purpose for the engagement between the various study parties was to conduct a WASH Baseline, Water point mapping update and building capacity of the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of the Water Directorate in the Ministry of Water Resources, specifically targeted at the following objectives that would support sector decision-making: i) Undertake a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Baseline Study in Sierra Leone; ii) Carry out a Knowledge, Practice and Attitude (KAP) Study amongst private sector actors in water and sanitation service provision; iii) Update Water Point Mapping (WPM) data countrywide; iv) Get a rapid assessment of the impact of climate change on the water sector; and v) Establish Reporting Tools for WASH Implementers. vi) Setup M&E MIS System in the Water Directorate that can monitor all WASH projects at all levels. vii) Update the WASH logical frame work viii) Develop M&E plans ix) Develop implementation plan for monitoring the Water point x) Providing technical support to statistics Sierra Leone in the implementation of the Baseline survey and updating water point. The WASH Baseline study: This was designed to establish the existing situation (beginning of 2016) regarding access to water supply and sanitation for households and institutions in Sierra Leone as the starting point for the internationally agreed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Efforts were also made to assess the impact of climate change on the WASH sector. The progress on WASH will be measured compared to this baseline over the next 15 years based on the definition of indicators developed for the WASH SDGs. The baseline and subsequent monitoring of progress will contribute substantially to improved sector planning towards achieving the Sierra Leone Poverty Reduction Strategy – Agenda for Prosperity. KAP Study: The private sector is expected to play a pivotal role in WASH service delivery and sustainability of service provision. The purpose of the KAP Study is to provide information on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of latrine builders, manufacturers and suppliers of sanitation materials, hand pump and spare parts suppliers and hand pump mechanics, among others. This will be important for the sector to design effective frameworks for promoting and regulating private sector actors. Water Point Mapping and Updating: In 2012 the Government of Sierra Leone in partnership with the Water Sanitation Programme (WSP), UNICEF and UK Aid completed the mapping of 28,485 water points across the country. This provided useful data on the functionality of water points. The purpose of the WPM Data was to update the 2012 data and put in place mechanisms for the recurrent update of the WPM data once activities had taken place in the
5 | Page field. The WPM data provides an important foundation for water sector planning and strategy development. 2.3 Research methodology 2.3.1 Qualitative Research Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in 14 districts, with the aim of assessing the capacity and needs of water and sanitation committees. The findings of this research will help inform further policy approaches to the WASH sector and plans to meet the SDGs. District and City Council authorities were consulted on whom should be recruited for the FGDs.
Objective: Focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to explore knowledge, attitudes and practices with regard to water supply and sanitations practices. This includes latrine use, purchasing, emptying and improvement as well as enabling and constraining factors to sanitation improvements and perceptions around the cost of these. FGDs were also used to understand the true nature of the water supply within the project area of study. To have a proper coverage for the FGDs, sessions took place in all 14 districts of the country. The recruitment for the FGDs in the urban areas was undertaken by requesting individuals from different organisations within the urban areas in consultation with the local Council authorities. As far as possible, a comprehensive list of organisations was represented in the urban areas. For the rural areas, the chief (or senior members of the traditional court) of the localities selected (together the Local Council authorities) people based on the numbers that were decided to be interviewed. Mode of administration: The supervisors on each team organised and moderated the FGDs and one enumerator took notes. Sampling and sample size: Fourteen FGDs of 6-8 people were undertaken in the districts as indicated above. Each FGD lasted no more than 2 hours. Data analysis: FGDs were translated and transcribed by Statistics Sierra Leone. Transcripts were analysed using CSPro 6.3 and SPSS 24 database and statistical software.
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2.3.2 Household Survey Objective: The household survey collected data on current water supply and sanitation access, use and functionality, attitudes and practices towards water supply and sanitation; demand for water supply improvements. Questions were pilot tested to assess acceptability, reliability, validity and responsiveness to the subject matter, with the questionnaires revised accordingly. Mode of administration: In each study site, the fieldworkers (survey team) comprised 4 interviewers and 1 supervisor. Questions were orally translated and asked in the local languages. The supervisors also re- administered the questionnaires to a limited number of respondents (5) and on a selected number items to establish the inter-observer reliability of the data. The teams executed the household survey using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) methods. Enumerators and Supervisors used tablet pc’s or smart phones to conduct the interviews. 2.3.3 Sampling and sample size In terms of selecting households no differentiation was made between households that own latrines and those that do not. The questionnaire were administered to the adult head of the household. Approximately 10800 households were surveyed across the country. This is a nationally representative sample survey using cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size. It covered rural areas and poor / low access urban areas. The study covered all districts in the Northern, Southern, Western and Eastern provinces. In each district the principal town was included and a multi-stage cluster random sampling was be used to select areas for coverage taking into consideration the rural to urban proportions. Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) PPS sampling was used to select clusters which provided a total of 10,780 households. These were stratified by latrine ownership.
Due to the nature of the data/information that was intended to be generated the following methodologies were applied in the data collection process: Probability sampling Purposeful sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING This method was used to generate household data/information. Data generated by this method must statistically enable projections over populations, and support valid conclusions and recommendations based on the sample population studied. Below is a detailed explanation of sampling procedures, sample size selection, as well as the sample allocation for the proposed study.
SAMPLING FRAME A sampling frame is one of the most important basic materials necessary for a probability based survey sampling. It allows a variety of ways to select a random probability sample, which guarantees a positive chance to be selected for every sampling unit of the target population. For a household based cluster survey, a sampling frame of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) is a complete list of area units or administrative units covering fully the target population of the survey. Such a list could be the list of Enumeration Areas (EA) created for population census; high resolution satellite pictures covering the target survey area; basic
7 | Page administrative units covering the target population, etc. In most cases the census EAs is the best sampling frame for household based surveys since they have the following characteristics:
full coverage of the target population appropriate EA size for field work load well maintained/updated social-economic and demographic information such as type of residence, number of households and inhabitants, etc. officially recognized geographical/administrative classifications cartographic materials (maps) with easily identifiable boundaries available for every EA For most of the household based surveys, the census frame is the best frame for PSU selection. In addition to the administrative units, during the 2015 Sierra Leone Population and Housing Census (SLPHC 2015) conducted by Statistics Sierra Leone, each administrative section was subdivided into convenient area units called Enumeration Areas (EAs). An electronic file of a complete list of all the EAs is available. The list contains census information on household, population, urban, rural specification and administrative structures for every EA. Therefore the census EAs will be used as primary sampling units (PSUs), also called clusters, for the study. The sample of the study will be selected from the frame of PSUs constituting the targeted districts/areas. An analysis of the frame of PSUs constituting the targeted areas/districts will be done to determine relative proportions of the stratified sub-levels.
SAMPLE SIZE The sample of the survey will be selected from the frame of PSUs (E.As). The number of PSUs to be canvassed will be determined by the formula given below 4 r 1 r f 1.1 n 0.05r 2 p h Where, n is the required sample size, expressed as number of households; 4 is a factor required to achieve the 95% level of confidence. r is the predicted or anticipated prevalence (coverage rate) of the key indicator; f is the shortened symbol of Design effect. Here we use 1.75 1.1 is the factor necessary to raise the sample size by 10% for non-response; 0.05r is the margin of error to be tolerated at the 95% level of confidence, defined by 5% of r (relative sampling error of r); p is the proportion of the total population upon which the indicator, r , is based; and, h is the average household size in Sierra Leone
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For the calculation, r (improved sanitation coverage in rural Sierra Leone) is estimated to be 5.0%1. The value of the design effect, f is taken as 1.75 based on surveys of similar kind, p (proportion of total population) is taken as 1, and h (average household size) is taken as 6. Using the formula above, the number of required households is calculated as 9,753, households. However, with the additional requirement that each district must have at least 30 clusters in order to calculate district level estimates, the sample size needed is 10,780 households. This is the sample size that was used in this study. 2.3.4 Sample Allocation PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING Purposeful sampling was used to determine key areas comprising a range of socio-economic and environmental conditions that are broadly representative of rural and urban settlements in Sierra Leone and encompass areas of high, medium and low access to sanitation and differences in sanitation status, practices and extent of supplier activity. The study covered fourteen (14) districts in Sierra Leone. Based on the sample size, the urban settlements accounted for 3,894 households (36% of households in selected districts). The distribution of the national sample based on proportional allocation is given in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Sample distribution households Location Number of Sampled Households Number of Clusters per District Urban Rural Total
Bonthe 97 503 600 30
Kambia 99 501 600 30
Koinadugu 52 548 600 30
Kono 237 463 700 35
Pujehun 58 542 600 30
Kailahun 176 605 780 39
Kenema 429 631 1060 53
Bombali 214 526 740 37
Port Loko 119 661 780 39
Tonkolili 97 523 620 31
Bo 378 522 900 45
1. Statistics Sierra Leone and ICF International.2014. Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Freetown, Sierra Leone and Rockville, Maryland, USA: SSL and ICF International.
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Moyamba 68 532 600 30
Western Rural 270 330 600 30
Western Urban 1,600 0 1600 80
Total 3,894 6,886 10,780 539
A sample taken of twenty (20) households per cluster/EA will yield about 539 clusters/EAs.
PROBABILITY PROPORTIONAL TO SIZE (PPS) In Sierra Leone, 64% of the household population lives in rural areas. Therefore the required number of rural households based on the overall sample size yielded 6,886 households, whilst that for the urban households (36%) was 3,894 households. That is, a total of 10,780 households were intended to be canvassed. With twenty (20) households to be sampled in a cluster/EA, a total of five hundred and thirty-nine (539) EAs were canvassed within the fourteen (14) districts. Thirty-six (36) teams of 5 people (4 enumerators plus 1 supervisor) were needed to complete the task in about 2 months (including travel and conducting FGDs).
SAMPLE SELECTION The sample was randomly selected using a two-stage cluster sampling methodology; using the 2015 population and housing census frame for the sampled areas/districts. Stratification was achieved by separating each study domain into urban and rural areas. Samples were selected independently in each stratum, by a two stage selection process. The first stage involved the selection of EAs, while the second stage involved the selection of households in the selected EAs. Samples were then selected independently in every stratum (urban, rural), with a predetermined number of EAs to be selected within each stratum. By using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling, an implicit stratification and proportional allocation was achieved at each of the lower administrative levels of the sampled areas, by sorting the EAs within each sampling stratum, according to lower administrative units. Household selection in the second stage was a random selection of fixed size: 20 households per cluster/(E.A). How to select the first household in a village/neighbourhood. A) Village/neighbourhood of 50 households or less: If the selected village has 50 households/compounds or less, the surveyor will randomly select the first household to survey using the Table of Random Numbers (Appendix A). B) Village/neighbourhood of more than 50 households: If the selected village/neighbourhood has more than 50 households/compounds the surveyor will: a) If enough detail is available on the EA map, divide the selected village/neighbourhood into 4 sectors on the map. Otherwise, create a sketch of the village/neighbourhood
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(example in figure 1) using identifiable landmarks (roads, church, mosques, schools, markets...) with the help of a local representative from the village/neighbourhood and divide it into 4 sectors (or more) of approximately the same population size. b) Select one sector randomly using the Table of Random Numbers (use Appendix A). c) Go to the centre of this sector d) If the selected sector has approximately 50 households/compounds or less, the surveyor will number them and randomly select the first household to survey using the Table of Random Numbers (Appendix A ) e) If the selected sector has more than 50 households/compounds, the surveyor will repeat steps a-c to divide the sector into smaller sectors.
See Figure 2 for an example of the procedure to select the first household. Figure 1 – Example of how a sketch of the village/neighbourhood may look like.
Figure 2 - Selection of one sector in the village/neighbourhood and then of the first household in the sector
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Example: The surveyors divided the village/neighbourhood in 4 sectors using the available landmarks (a river and a road); selected sector 4 randomly; they numbered all the households in that sector and selected number 13 randomly as the starting point of the survey. Section 3 – How to select the subsequent 19 households in a village/neighbourhood To ensure that the sample is spread across the entire village/neighbourhood it is not advisable to select households immediately next to each other. In the rural areas, once the first household is surveyed, after exiting the household, continue to the right. Leave three households between each selected household to survey about the sanitation status. In the urban areas, once the first household is surveyed, after exiting the household, continue to the right. Leave seven households between each selected household to survey about the sanitation status. Always move on the same side of the street as the first selected household. Continue the survey hereafter using the step described above until 20 eligible individuals are surveyed. If the edge of the village/neighbourhood is reached before 20 individuals in the cluster are surveyed move to the nearest village/neighbourhood in the same EA. Follow the procedure above to select the first household/compound (depending on the size of the settlement) and subsequent households in the settlement. The cluster will be completed once 20 individuals are surveyed.
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3.0 Survey Findings Table 1: Number of questionnaires completed in each district by survey District Household Health Schools Service Retailers facility providers Bo 898 32 40 19 18 Bombali 669 35 32 2 2 Bonthe 594 35 8 1 6 Kailahun 780 23 29 16 9 Kambia 588 20 20 12 9 Kenema 1,060 26 28 28 14 Koinadugu 580 37 16 11 5 Kono 699 27 40 1 4 Moyamba 570 45 23 8 3 Portloko 723 22 31 5 6 Pujehun 599 18 22 7 7 Tonkolili 620 21 8 16 2 Westernrural 600 22 13 15 22 Westernurban 1,582 31 63 36 15 Total 10,562 394 373 177 122
Table 1 shows the number of surveys completed by district for each questionnaire. In total, 10,562 interviews were completed for the household questionnaire, which means there was a response rate of 98.0%. 3.1 Characteristics of respondents (Household survey) Table 2: Characteristics of respondents by sex % Female Male Total Female % Male % Total Area Urban 1370 2274 3644 40.4% 31.7% 34.5% Rural 2021 4890 6911 59.6% 68.3% 65.5% Highest level of education Preschool 9 13 22 .3% .2% .2% Primary 308 643 951 9.1% 9.0% 9.0% Secondary 725 1841 2566 21.4% 25.7% 24.3% Higher 163 761 924 4.8% 10.6% 8.8% None 2184 3894 6078 64.4% 54.4% 57.6% DK 2 12 14 .1% .2% .1% Age <25 364 281 645 10.7% 3.9% 6.1% 25-49 1884 4070 5954 55.6% 56.8% 56.4% =>50 1143 2813 3956 33.7% 39.3% 37.5% Total* 3391 7164 10555 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
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*Responses missing for 7 respondents The characteristics of respondent to the household survey are summarised in table 2. Two thirds of respondents (65.5%) are from rural areas, just over a half have no education (57.6%) and are aged between 25-49 (57.6%). 3.2 Access to drinking water Figure 1 shows that just over half (51.8%) of households use an improved water source for their drinking water. Figure 1: Improved and unimproved drinking water sources by type 60%
50% 4.7% .6% 3.8% 11.3% 40% 16.0%
25.9% 30% 7.8% 20% 20.6%
10% 2.0% 7.4% 0% Improved Unimproved
Piped Protected spring Protected well Public tap / standpipe Rainwater collection Surface water Tube Well- Borehole Unprotected spring Unprotected well Other unprotected
For a quarter of households (25.9%) this is a protected well and less than a tenth of households (7.4%) have access to piped water (either into their dwelling or plot, or piped to a neighbour). Just under half of households (48.2%) use an unimproved water source for their drinking water. Of these, a fifth (20.6%) have no water services at all and use surface water as their drinking water source. Basic water: Percentage of population using an improved water source with a total collection time of no more than 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing Table 3: Main drinking water source by time taken to collect water How long does it take you to collect water Total (including waiting time)? Under 30 30 minutes Missing minutes and over
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Improved 42.0% 10.0% 0.3% 51.8% Piped 6.6% 0.9% 0.1% 7.4% Protected spring 1.2% 0.9% 0.0% 2.0% Protected well 21.4% 4.7% 0.0% 25.9% Public tap / standpipe 8.5% 2.8% 0.1% 11.3%
Rainwater collection 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%
Tube Well- Borehole 3.9% 0.7% 0.0% 4.7% Unimproved 31.9% 15.8% 0.9% 48.2% Surface water (river- stream- dam- lake- pond- canal- irrigation 12.5% 8.0% 0.3% 20.6% channel) Unprotected spring 5.0% 2.8% 0.0% 7.8% Unprotected well 12.3% 3.8% 0.1% 16.0% Other unprotected 2.1% 1.2% 0.6% 3.8% Total 73.9% 25.8% 1.3% 100.0%
Table 3 shows that two fifths (42.0%) of households have access to basic water facilities; that is they use an improved drinking water source as their main source for drinking water from which it takes less than 30 minutes to collect water. A tenth of households (10.0%) have limited access to drinking water as they use an improved source but it takes them over 30 minutes to collect water. Safely managed water :Population using a improved drinking water source which is located on premises, available when needed and free of faecal (and priority chemical) contamination Table 4: Location of drinking water sources Is the drinking water source on or off the premises? Off On Drinking water source premises premises Missing Total Improved 51.8 42.3% 9.4% .1% % Piped 3.8% 3.7% 7.4% Protected spring 1.6% .4% 2.0% Protected well 25.9 22.6% 3.3% .0% % Public tap / standpipe 11.3 10.0% 1.2% .0% % Rainwater collection .3% .2% .0% .6%
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Tube Well- Borehole 4.1% .5% .0% 4.7% Unimproved 48.2 42.9% 4.7% .6% % Surface water (river- stream- 20.6 dam- lake- pond- canal- irrigation 19.6% .8% .2% % channel) Unprotected spring 7.5% .3% .0% 7.8% Unprotected well 16.0 12.4% 3.5% % Other unprotected 3.3% .1% .4% 3.8% Total 100.0 85.3% 14.0% .7% %
Table 4 shows that less than a fifth of households (14.0%) have their drinking water source within their dwelling, yard or plot. Over four fifths of households (85.3%) collect their drinking water off their premises. Even for those households that use piped water half of these (50.6%) use a neighbours rather than having it piped to their own dwelling, yard or plot. There is little difference between those households using improved and unimproved water sources, in both cases around two fifths get their water off the premises. Figure 2: Availability of water by source type
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100% 1.6% 3.7% 3.5% 3.3% 4.0% .8% 2.5% 3.2% 6.8% 2.5% 2.3% 4.3% 2.6% 1.6% 2.7% 4.6% 11.3% 90% 9.5% 6.9% 7.6% 15.0% 5.8% 80% 16.9% 2.9%
70% 18.6% 25.9% 33.2% 60% 18.6% 36.1% 33.5% 48.8% 31.1% 50% 37.0%
40% 30.7% 14.4% 30% 35.6% 20%
10% 50.9% 53.1% 22.0% 30.3% 37.2% 47.2% 59.1% 61.6% 48.8% 0%
At least 12 hours a day Daily less than 12hrs Three - Five days a week One - two days a week Less frequent than once a week Figure 2 shows the water availability reported by households by drinking water source type. This shows that half of households (50.9%) have water for at least 12 hours a day. Availability is little affected by whether the water source is improved or unimproved. Protected wells have the highest availability with 92.2% reported to have water available daily. Piped water is much less available when needed with two fifths of sources (37.0%) only having water available 3- 5 days a week. Table xx shows the problems encountered with household water supply, just under half (47.8%) stated that reliability was problem. A quarter (24.9%) gave affordability as a problem. Only 6.5% of household had no problems with their water source. Two thirds of households (64.9%) reported water quality being an issue. While this study did not undertake any water quality testing, a quarter of households (26.9%) said that they took some action to make their water safer to drink. Of these, half (49.4%) add chlorine, while a third (28.4%) let it stand and a fifth (20.2%) strain it through a cloth. Table 5: Main problems encountered with drinking water supply
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What are the main problems you Number of % of encounter with drinking water supply? households households Water quality 6,856 64.9% Accessibility 4,621 43.7% Reliability 5,048 47.8% Adequate quantity 3,966 37.5% Affordability 2,629 24.9% Management burden 1,816 17.2% Time spent collecting water 4,584 43.4% Noproblems 690 6.5% Other 359 3.4%
Total households 10,562
Impact of climate change on availability of water Over a third of households (35.9%) have some months where they can not use their main water source, as seen in figure 3 below. Figure 3: Months during which drinking water is unavailable from main source (n=6510) 100% 93.2% 90% 79.2% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 32.4% 34.3% 30% 20% 13.5% 10% 3.5% 3.3% 3.2% 1.8% 0.4% 1.1% 4.3% 0%
Table 6: Comparison of usual and alternative water sources by type Usual water source Alternative water (n=6510) source (n=6510) Improved 42.6% 24.1% Piped 5.9% 2.8% Protected Spring 1.6% 2.6% Protected well 20.1% 10.1% Public tap/standpipe 10.4% 4.3%
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Rainwater collection 1.1% 2.4% Tube well/borehole 3.5% 1.8%
Unimproved 57.4% 76.0% Surface water 28.2% 35.1% Unprotected well 18.0% 19.4% Other unprotected source 11.2% 21.5% Total 100.0% 100.0%
Households were asked to specify the alternative source of water used if their usual source is not available. Table 6 compares these two for the households that have some months of the year where their usual source is not available. The proportion of households using an improved water soure almost halves when households are forced to use an alternative source. This is because households use surface water, water trucks, water carts and unprotected springs as alternative water sources. Collection time also increases when an alternative source is used. When households use an alternative water source a third of households (35.8%) collect water in under thirty minutes whereas when they use their usual water source this proportion is two fifths (42.9%). Basic water in schools: Percentage of pupils enrolled in primary and secondary schools with a functional improved drinking water source on or near premises and water points accessible to all users during school hours Table 7: Location and accessibility of school water points Is the water point accessible How far is the nearest water point to all pupils Main from the school during school drinking Total hours? water source Less Greater On site than 50 than 50 DK Yes No metres metres 0.5 Improved 39.4% 16.1% 18.2% % 56.6% 17.7% 74.3% 0.0 Piped 5.6% 1.1% 0.3% % 5.6% 1.3% 7.0%
Protected 0.0 Spring 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% % 0.3% 0.3% 0.5%
Protected 0.5 well 29.0% 12.3% 8.8% % 38.6% 12.1% 50.7%
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Public 0.0 tap/standpipe 1.1% 1.9% 6.4% % 7.2% 2.1% 9.4%
Rainwater 0.0 collection 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% % 0.3% 0.0% 0.3%
Tube 0.0 well/borehole 3.5% .8% 2.1% % 4.6% 1.9% 6.4% 0.8 Unimproved 1.9% 5.4% 17.7% % 10.5% 15.3% 25.7% 0.3 Surface water 0.3% 1.9% 8.0% % 3.8% 6.7% 10.5%
Unprotected 0.0 well 0.8% 1.6% 2.1% % 2.7% 1.9% 4.6% Other 0.5 unprotected 0.8% 1.9% 7.5% % 4.0% 6.7% 10.7% source 1.3 100.0 Total 41.3% 21.4% 35.9% % 67.0% 33.0% %
Table 7 shows approximately three quarters (74.3%) of the schools surveyed had basic drinking water; that is access to an improved water source. Of these, two fifths (39.4%) had improved water sources on the premises. Over half (56.6%) of these improved water sources are accessible to all pupils during school hours. A quarter (25.7%) of the schools surveyed had an unimproved drinking water source. Basic water in health facilities: Percentage of beneficiaries using health facilities with a functional improved water source on premises and water points accessible to all users at all times
Table 8: Location of health facility water points How far is the nearest water point from the health Total facility? On Less than Greater Dont premises 50 metres than 50 know metres Improved 65.2% 9.6% 11.7% 1.0% 87.6% Piped 12.2% 1.0% 0.8% 0.5% 14.5% Protected Spring 0.5% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 1.3% Protected well 36.3% 6.9% 7.9% 0.3% 51.3%
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Public tap/standpipe 3.8% 0.5% 1.3% 0.0% 5.6% Rainwater collection 0.8% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.3% Tube well/borehole 11.7% 1.3% 0.5% 0.3% 13.7% Unimproved 5.1% 1.8% 5.3% 0.3% 12.4% Surface water 0.5% 0.5% 2.0% 0.0% 3.0% Unprotected well 2.8% 1.0% 1.8% 0.0% 5.6% Other unprotected source 1.8% 0.3% 1.5% 0.3% 3.8% Total 100.0 70.3% 11.4% 17.0% 1.3% %
Two thirds (65.2%) of the health facilities surveyed have an improved water source on the premises, and 69% of improved water sources were reported as always having water available. A large majority (86.5%) of facilities described their water source as being accessible to all users (both in patients and outpatients) at all times. However 12% of health facilities are using an unimproved water source and 15% of health facilities report that their water is rarely or never available from the source they use. The most prevalent reasons for this are water point being damaged or broken (23.0%), it being dry due to seasonality (30.0%) or having no supply (18.0%).
Table 9: Availability of water in health facilities
During the last 2 weeks, was water available at all times when the facility was open for services? Always Often Rarely Never Dont available available available available know Total Improved 68.5% 7.4% 5.3% 5.6% 0.8% 87.6% Piped 10.4% 1.3% 1.3% 1.5% 0.0% 14.5% Protected Spring 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% Protected well 39.1% 4.3% 3.8% 3.6% 0.5% 51.3% Public tap/standpipe 4.6% 0.5% 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 5.6%
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Rainwater collection 1.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% Tube well/borehole 12.2% 1.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 13.7% Unimproved 6.1% 2.0% 2.5% 1.5% 0.3% 12.4% Surface water 1.3% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 3.0% Unprotected well 2.8% 1.0% 1.3% 0.5% 0.0% 5.6% Other unprotected source 2.0% 0.5% 0.8% 0.5% 0.0% 3.8% Total 74.6% 9.4% 7.9% 7.1% 1.0% 100.0%
3.3 Use of sanitation services (latrines) Basic sanitation: Population using an improved sanitation facility which is not shared with other households Table 10: Shared sanitation facilities by type
Do you share this facility with other households? No Yes Total Improved 22.7% 26.1% 48.8% Composting toilet 0.2% 0.6% 0.9% Flush to piped sewer system 0.5% 0.3% 0.8% Flush to pit (latrine) 1.2% 1.3% 2.5% Flush to septic tank 4.8% 0.9% 5.6% Pit latrine with slab 15.1% 22.0% 37.1% Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (VIP) 0.8% 1.0% 1.9% Unimproved 7.1% 13.5% 51.2% Bucket 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% Flush to unknown place / Not sure / DK where 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% Hanging toilet- Hanging latrine 0.9% 2.0% 2.8% Pit latrine without slab / Open pit 6.0% 11.4% 17.4% No facility- Bush- Field - - 30.6% Total 29.8% 39.6% 100.0%
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Table 10 shows that a fifth (22.7%) of households have access to basic sanitation, as they use an improved sanitation facility which is not shared with other households. A quarter (26.1%) have limited service, as they use an improved facility but share it with other households. Half of households (51.2%) use an unimproved sanitation facility, which includes a third of households (30.6%) who have no access to sanitation facilities at all. Safely managed sanitation: Population using an improved sanitation facility which is not shared with other households and where excreta is safely disposed in situ or treated off-site Table 11: Maintenance of improved sanitation facilities What maintenance does your latrine require? Empty septic Empty pit? No maintenance Type of improved tank (desludge)? required sanitation facility No Yes No Yes No Yes Improved 76.9% 23.1% 76.9% 23.1% 83.5% 16.5% Composting toilet 93.5% 6.5% 85.9% 14.1% 96.7% 3.3% Flush to piped sewer 89.7% 10.3% 92.0% 8.0% 62.1% 37.9% system Flush to pit (latrine) 80.7% 19.3% 62.6% 37.4% 74.8% 25.2% Flush to septic tank 90.9% 9.1% 81.2% 18.8% 51.2% 48.8% Pit latrine with slab 93.2% 6.8% 76.5% 23.5% 89.5% 10.5% Ventilated Improved 89.6% 10.4% 79.3% 20.7% 75.1% 24.9% Pit latrine (VIP)
Table 11 shows the different improved facilities, if they are shared or not and whether any effort is made to remove excreta. Only 6.5% of households use an improved facility that is not shared with other households and which they either empty or desludge. Half of those with a septic tank (48.8%) believe that no maintenance of their facility is required, and only 9.1% empty their tank.
Open defecation (ODF) Table 12: ODF status of communities surveyed Don't Question Yes No know
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Have you or any member of your household received training in relation to ODF? (n=10562) 12.6% 80.9% 6.5% Has your community been declared open defecation free? (n=10562) 16.4% 61.2% 22.4% Do you think your community is still ODF? (n=1736) 79.6% 12.2% 8.2% Are there trained natural leaders in your community? (n=10562) 24.4% 48.2% 27.4% Are the trained natural leaders performing their role effectively? (n=2577) 81.1% 13.4% 5.5%
Only a small proportion of households (13%) have received ODF training or were in a community that has been declared open defecation free (16%). Of those that have been declared ODF, 80% believe that their communities continue to be so. The reasons that respondents no longer consider their communities ODF are summarised in figure 4. Insufficient latrines can be as a result of new houses being built, lack of funds or not enough to facilities to cover the existing population. Figure 4: Reasons communities are no longer considered ODF
Latrines are broken down
22.3% 22.3% Insufficient toilet facilities
3.3% Observe open defecation
16.1% Children still practice open 36.0% defecation
Other
Basic sanitation in schools: Percentage of pupils enrolled in primary and secondary schools with functional improved separated sanitation facilities for males and females on or near premises
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Table 13: Separated sanitation facilities in schools by type Are male and female toilet facilities in separate blocks? Sanitation facilities in schools Total Doesn't Yes No apply Improved sanitation 41.8% 30.4% 1.9% 74.1% Flush to piped sewer system 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.4% Flush to pit (latrine) 1.0% 2.6% 0.2% 3.8% Flush to septic tank 2.6% 2.4% 0.0% 5.0% Pit latrine with slab 19.5% 18.3% 0.7% 38.5% Ventilated Improved Pit latrine 16.4% 6.2% 0.7% 23.3% (VIP) Composting toilet 1.4% 0.5% 0.2% 2.1%
Unimproved sanitation 9.5% 6.9% 9.3% 25.9% Flush to unknown place / Not sure 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% / DK where Hanging toilet- Hanging latrine 7.1% 5.0% 0.7% 12.8% No facility- Bush- Field 0.0% 0.0% 7.8% 8.1% Pit latrine without slab / Open pit 1.4% 1.9% 0.7% 4.0% Bucket 0.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 100.0 Total 51.3% 37.3% 11.2% %
Table 13 shows that two fifths (41.8%) of the sanitation facilities in the schools surveyed were functional single-sex improved sanitation facilities. Just under half the toilets surveyed (46.1%) were unisex facilities, in 4.5% of schools all toilets were unisex. For the most part the schools that have improved latrines keep them well maintained, in less than a fifth (17.6%) of these schools were the latrines described as dilapidated. In only a fifth (21.5%) of schools with improved pit latrines were they found to be full or nearly full. Over a third (37.3%) of schools have a caretaker that maintains the toilets.
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In terms of accessibility, only a quarter of schools (24.4%) had facilities for disabled pupils. In over half of schools (56.6%) facilities were locked. In over three quarters of schools (77.9%) teachers hold the keys, in 12.0% it is the caretakers or cleaners and in 6.5% the prefects. In terms of privacy, two thirds (64.3%) had a door lockable from the inside.
Basic sanitation in health facilities: Percentage of beneficiaries using health facilities with functional improved separated sanitation facilities for males and females on or near premises
Table 14: Separated sanitation facilities in health facilities by type Sanitation facilities in health facilities Do you have latrines that are for women only? Yes No Total Improved 62.4% 28.7% 91.2% Flush to Piped Sewer System 3.5% 0.7% 4.2% Flush to Septic Tank 10.9% 4.6% 15.5% Flush to Pit Latrine 2.0% 1.1% 3.1% Ventilated improved Pit Latrine 20.4% 7.0% 27.4% Pit Latrine with Slab 25.4% 15.1% 40.5% Composting Latrine 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% Unimproved 4.6% 1.1% 8.8% Pit Latrine Without Slab / Open Pit 3.1% 0.7% 3.9% Flush to Elsewhere 1.5% 0.4% 1.8% No facility 0.0% 0.0% 3.1% Total 67.0% 29.8% 100.0%
Almost all health facilities (95.7%) have toilet facilities, and 91% of these are improved. Of the facilities surveyed, 88.5% were found to be in sue and 82.3% were found to be well maintained. However only a fifth (21.8%) of health facilities have a budget for the maintenance of health facilities.
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3.4 Use of hygiene facilities (handwashing/menstruation) Handwashing at home: Population with a hand washing facility with soap and water in the household Figure 5: Availability of handwashing facilities in the home
Soap and water, 16.4%
No facility observed, Facility observed 65.0% 35.0% No water, 16.4%
No soap, 2.3%
Figure 5 shows that a handwashing facility was observed in 35.0% of households, and only 16.4% of households had both soap and water available. The reported and beliefs on use of soap of water are reported in table 15. Handwashing before certain activities such as eating or preparing food is below 20%, and awareness that handwashing should be undertaken is only slightly higher. Table 15: Use of soap and water in households What have you used soap and water for When should you (last 48 hours)? use soap and Use of soap and water (n=9181) water? (n=10562) 89.5% 61.0% Washing clothes 70.9% 52.5% Washing my body 58.1% 76.0% Washing child's bottom 37.6% 55.2% Washing child's hands 26.4% 34.8% Washing hands after defecating 25.5% 38.9% Washing hands after cleaning child 20.0% 23.9% Washing hands before feeding child 18.2% 30.1% Washing hands before preparing food
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17.5% 27.1% Washing hands before eating 2.7% 4.9% Washing hands before going out 0.8% 1.4% Washing hands before receiving visitors
Handwashing in schools: Percentage of pupils enrolled in primary and secondary schools with functional handwashing facilities, soap (or ash) and water available to girls and boys Figure 6: Availability of handwashing facilities in schools
No water, 12.9%
No soap, 14.5%
Not observed, 42.8% Observed, 57.2% Soap and water, 29.9%
In almost two thirds of schools (57.2%) functional handwashing facilities were observed. Thirty percent of these have both soap and water, but a similar proportion (27%) were missing either soap or water.
Handwashing in health facilities: Percentage of beneficiaries using health care facilities with adequate hand hygiene supplies available at key locations Table 16: Availability and placement of handwashing facilities in health facilities Availability and placement of handwashing Percentage of health facilities facilities surveyed (n=394)
Handwashing facilities available 97.0% Near entrance 83.5% In delivery room 60.7% Near triage / waiting room 53.0% Near toilet 49.5%
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Other 5.3% No handwashing facilities 3.0% Total 100.0%
Almost all health facilities (97.0%) have handwashing facilities available, table 16 shows the placement of these within facilities. Three quarters (75.6%) of the handwashing stations surveyed had soap, half (50.0%) had detergent and 12% had chlorine. Menstrual hygiene management in schools and health facilities
Table 17: Menstrual hygiene facilities in schools and health facilities Are basic facilities for % of schools % of health facilities menstrual management (n=373) (n=394) present? Yes 7.8% 39.8% No 83.4% 55.1% No facility 8.8% 4.3% Total 100.0% 100.0%
3.5 Water point mapping A water point census was started alongside the baseline surveys and is still underway. Table 18 gives the water points that have been collected so far in comparison to those collected during the 2012 water point mapping. Six districts have so far been completed, leaving eight uncompleted.
Table 18: Water points collected by district in the 2016 and 2012 water point mapping
Number of water points % of expected collected in Number of water water points District 2012 points submitted submitted Bo 4,902 3,204 65% Bombali 2,429 1,232 51% Bonthe 1,022 1,234 121% Kailahun 2,299 1,709 74%
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Kambia 992 626 63% Kenema 3,659 4,270 117% Koinadugu 1,782 1,870 105% Kono 1,994 1,171 59% Moyamba 1,685 642 38% Portloko 2,013 2,768 138% Pujehun 767 1,045 136% Tonkolili 1,742 1,014 58% Westernrural 1,865 1,307 70% Westernurban 1,694 2,295 135% Total 28,845 24,387
Table 19: Water points collected by type Number of Percentage water of water Type of water point points points Improved 20,458 83.9% Protected dug well 11,745 48.2% Public tap/standpipe (stand-alone or water kiosk 3,978 16.3% Tube well or borehole 2,109 8.6% Piped water into dwelling/plot/yard 1,833 7.5% Sand/Sub-surface dam (with well or standpipe) 493 2.0% Protected spring 243 1.0%
Rainwater (harvesting) 57 0.2% Unimproved 3,929 16.1% Unprotected dug well 3,408 14.0% Surface water (lake/river/stream) 173 0.7%
Unprotected spring 89 0.4%
Dam/pan (runoff harvesting) 28 0.1% Other 231 0.9% Total 24,387 100.0%
3.6 Sanitation retail and service provision
3.6.1 Latrine service providers In total 177 surveys of latrine service providers were carried out, at least one in each district. Sixty-two percent of surveys were conducted in rural areas and 38% in urban.
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Business profile of service providers
Figure 7: Type of work undertaken by latrine service providers 100%
80% 73.4% 56.5% 60% 55.4%
40% 25.4% 23.2% 20% 8.5%
0% Mason Carpenter Pit Digger Plumber Contractor Other
The graph above shows the type of work service providers undertake. Sixty-eight percent of those surveyed undertake more than one role in latrine service provision and for over half (59.9%) it is not in sanitation services that they get the most of their business income. The most popular type of work was constructing latrines (85.9%), followed by digging pit latrines (56.5%), improving or upgrading latrines (27.1%) and emptying latrines (6.2%). A fifth (20.5%) have been working in latrine services for less than five years, whereas just under half of those surveyed (43.5%) have more than 10 years’ experience. Half (49.7%) have received some training on sanitation services and half had not. Businesses are small and mostly informal, with only 14.1% being registered. Three quarters (75.7%) of service providers have employees, but the majority (67.2%) have less than five. It seems the majority of businesses are not experiencing high demand with only 16.4% feel they have more business than they can handle and only 28.8% subcontracting work.
Demand for latrine providers services
Figure 8: Customers of latrine service providers
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Private Households 92.7%
Schools 47.5%
NGO/CBOs 35.0%
Private business 32.8%
Government institutions 26.0%
Other 7.9%
Nearly all latrine service providers (92.7%) have private households as customers but schools, NGOs, private businesses and government are frequent customers. Most service providers (88.7%) stated that demand was highest in the dry season.
Table 20: Reasons stated given by customers for building latrines Percentage Reason for building latrine of customers Building a new home 69.5% No latrine at all 57.1% Neighbour got one 25.4% Someone told me I had to 24.9% Institutions that need facilities (restaurants, offices, etc.) 20.3% Improved income/ Had enough money to build 18.6% Had visitor from outside village coming 14.7% Preparing for an event (wedding/funeral/etc.) 11.3% Program was offering subsidy 7.9% Sick/old family member needed a latrine 6.2% Other 6.8%
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Payment terms for latrine service provision Almost all service providers (93.8%) report that customers are able to negotiate the price of latrine construction. Figure 9: Common ways of negotiating price for latrine services 100% 90% 80% 70% 54.8% 60% 49.7% 52.5% 50% 41.2% 40% 32.2% 30% 20% 10% 4.0% 0% Request cheapest Offer to supply Offer manual Offer to supply all Request discount Other materials some materials labour materials on labour charges
Table 21: Payment methods for latrine services Percentage of service providers Payment method reporting use of this method Cash in advance and balance payment upon completion 71.8% Cash over time (partial payment at different stages of work) 52.5% Cash upon completion (full payment once work is complete) 31.1% Cash up front (full payment at start of work) 26.6% Barter (exchange of goods for services) 7.9% Other 3.4%
Half of service providers (54.8%) believed that there were ways to make latrines cheaper for customers with less money. These include providing some of the labour or materials at a subsidised cost (18.6%), getting customers to provide labour or materials (15.5%), or using less or cheaper (often local) materials (17.5%). Many service providers (77.4%) give guidance to customers after they have installed a latrine. Three quarters (75.9%) advise on how to clean the latrine, nearly all (89.9%) tell customers how the latrine should be emptied and two fifths (39.4%) ensure that handwashing facilities are in place.
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Regarding upgrades, half of service providers (49.2%) had provided these in the last 3 months. The most common upgrades requested were reported as having a new pit dug (64.4%), constructing a permanent structure (58.8%), installing a new slab (48.0%). Service provider’s marketing strategies Only a quarter (26.6%) of service providers do any advertising of their business. The most popular methods were through relatives or friends (72.3%), or via previously satisfied customers (74.5%). A fifth reported using radio, community meetings or going door to door. Service providers stated that customers contacted them by mobile (75.7%) or by word of mouth (80.8%). Over half of providers (57.6%) were contacted by a combination of these two.
Table 22: Challenges faced by latrine service provider’s businesses Percent of providers Challenge faced (n=177) Lack of capital/money 65.5% Customers not paying on-time 57.1% Lack of customer demand 36.7% Too many competitors 36.7% Lack of transportation to move goods/materials 26.6% Problems with stock supply 24.3% Transportation costs 20.3% Customers not paying at all 19.2% Lack of trained staff 18.6% Lack of official license or permit 16.9% Other government taxes 5.6% Import taxes 2.8% Lack of staff 0.0% Other 6.8%
Table 22 shows the challenges service providers reported that their businesses face. It seems that government regulations do not represent a significant constraint as only 16.9% this affecting how they run or operate their business.
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3.6.2 Sanitation retailers In total 122 surveys of sanitation retailers were carried out, at least one in each district. 73.8% of surveys were conducted in rural areas and 26.2% in urban. Business profile of sanitation retailers
Figure 10: Type of business undertaken by sanitation retailers 100% 94.3%
80%
60%
40% 17.2% 20% 5.7% 5.7% 0% Retailer Wholesaler Importer Other
The graph above shows the type of trade sanitation retailers undertake. For two thirds (67.2%) it is not in sanitation services that they get the most of their business income. While 14.8% of sanitation retailers businesses have been operational for more than 10 years, just under half of those surveyed (46.7%) have been operational for less than 5 years. Two thirds of businesses (64.8%) are formally registered. Twenty eight percent of businesses have no employees, half (50.0%) have one or two employees, and 27% have three of more. Three quarters of retailers (73.0%) have only one store, a fifth (18.0%) have two and only 4.1% have more than two. Demand for sanitation retail business
Figure 11: Customers of sanitation retailers 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Households 84.4%
Masons/Contractors 45.9%
Private business 38.5%
NGO 23.8%
Government 18.9%
Other 9.0%
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The majority of sanitation retailers have (84.4%) have private households as customers but mason and contractors, NGOs, private businesses and government are frequent customers too. Over two thirds of retailers (68.9%) stated that they made their biggest profits in the dry season, but a quarter (24.4%) stated that the season made no difference to business profits. Payment terms for sanitation retail A large proportion of retailers (93.8%) report that customers are able to negotiate the price of latrine components. Two thirds of retailers (66.4%) provide credit to customers. Table 23: Payment methods for sanitation retail Percentage of service providers Payment method reporting use of this method Cash up front (full payment at start of work) 57.4% Cash in advance and balance payment upon completion 46.7% Cash upon completion (full payment once work is complete) 27.9% Cash over time (partial payment at different stages of work) 27.0% Barter (exchange of goods for services) 8.2% Other 5.7%
Sanitation retailer’s marketing strategies Over half of retailers (54.9%) reported having competitors in their area. Of these two fifths (41.1%) estimate the number of competitors to be between one and five, a tenth (9.8%) estimate between 6 and 10 and just 5.7% say they have over 10. A third (33.6%) of retailers advertise their business in some way. The most popular methods are radio (53.7%), billboards or posters (29.3%), by word of mouth (17.1%), or television (14.6%). Sanitation retailers stated that customers contacted them by mobile (67.2%) or by word of mouth (86.9%). Over half of providers (59.0%) were contacted by a combination of these two.
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Table 24: Challenges faced by sanitation retailers businesses Percent of providers Challenge faced (n=177) Lack of capital/money 63.1% Lack of transportation to move goods/materials 50.0% Customers not paying on-time 47.5% Lack of customer demand 41.0% Problems with stock supply 37.7% Too many competitors 32.0% Transportation costs 28.7% Other government taxes 13.1% Customers not paying at all 12.3% Lack of trained staff 11.5% Lack of official license or permit 10.7% Import taxes 10.7% Lack of staff 0.0% Other 4.1%
Table 24 shows the challenges sanitation retailers reported that their businesses face. Another factor is government regulations, two fifths (43.4%) reported that these affect how they operate their business. When asked to cite these the most popular responses were taxes in general (32.1%), and specifically GST (18.9%) and also the Sunday trading ban (5.7%)
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES Household survey (v. 4.0) Questionnaire identification
Cluster/EA _Household number ______number______
Region ______District______
Chiefdom______Area (Urban/Rural)
Section______Name of Village/Town______
Team number ______Interviewer number______We are from Statistics Sierra Leone . We are working on a project concerned with WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION. I would like to talk to you about these subjects. The interview will take about 60 minutes. All the information we obtain will remain strictly confidential and your answers will never be shared with anyone other than our project team. May I start now?
Yes- permission is given______(continue with interview)
No- permission is not given_____(end interview)
Household listing form
First, please tell me the name of each person who usually lives here, starting with the head of the household. List the head of the household in line 01. List all household members, their relationship to the household head, and their sex Then ask: Are there any others who live here, even if they are not at home now? If yes, complete listing for these persons. Name Is (name) male How old is Highest level of school or (name)? attended? What is the Has (name) female? relation-ship of Record in ever attended 0 Preschool 1 Primary (name) to the 1 Male completed years. If school or head of age is above preschool? 2 Secondary 2 Female household? 95, record ‘95’ 3 Higher 98 DK 1 Yes/ 2 No 8 Don’t Know Line Name Relation M F
1 __ __ 1 2 __ __
2 __ __ 1 2 __ __
3 __ __ 1 2 __ __
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4 __ __ 1 2 __ __
5 __ __ 1 2 __ __
6 __ __ 1 2 __ __
7 __ __ 1 2 __ __
8 __ __ 1 2 __ __
9 __ __ 1 2 __ __
10 __ __ 1 2 __ __
Water supply
Question Skip
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14. What is the main source of drinking water for members of your If Piped into dwelling or Piped into household? compound skip Q15 Piped into dwelling______Piped into compound- yard or plot______Piped to neighbour______Public tap / standpipe______Tube Well- Borehole______Protected well______Unprotected well______Protected spring______Unprotected spring______Rainwater collection______Tanker-truck______Cart with small tank / drum______If In own dwelling or own Surface water ______yard/plot skip Q17 If Elsewhere skip Q19 Bottled/sachet water______
15. Where is the main drinking water source located? In own dwelling______In own yard / plot______Elsewhere______
16. What is the main source of water used by your household for other purposes such as cooking and hand washing? Piped into dwelling______Piped into compound- yard or plot______Piped to neighbour______Public tap / standpipe______Tube Well- Borehole______Protected well______Unprotected well______Protected spring______Unprotected spring______Rainwater collection______Tanker-truck______Cart with small tank / drum______Surface water______
17. How many minutes does it take to go the water source, get water and come back? ______
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18. How frequently was the drinking water from the main source available to your house-hold during the last two weeks? At least 12 hours a day______Daily less than 12hrs______Three - Five days a week______One - two days a week______Less frequent than once a week______
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19. I would very much like to see your drinking water source. Would you be
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able to show it me? (if within compound) Water flowing______
Water not flowing______
Water point broken______
Refused to show______
20. What are the main problems you encounter as far as water supply is concerned? (Tick all that apply) Water quality______
Accessibility______
Reliability______
Adequate quantity______
Affordability______
Management burden______
Time spent collecting water______No problems______
21. Do you do anything to the water to make it safer to drink? Yes______
No______If No/Don't know skip Q22 Don't know______
22. What do you usually do to make the water safer to drink? Boil______
Add bleach______
Strain it through a cloth______
Use water filter______
Solar disinfection______
Let it stand and settle______
Don't know______
Add chlorine______
23. Did your household experience interruptions in the drinking water supply from the main source during the last two weeks? Yes______
No______If No/Don't know skip to Q31
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Don't know______
24. During these interruptions/ breakdowns, how many days was drinking water not available from the main source? ______
25. What was the reason for these interruptions? Water point damaged or broken______
Interruption in water supply______If Interruption in supply, dry
Dry due to seasonality______due to seasonality or don't Don't know______know skip to Q31
26. How long did it take for the water point to be repaired?A Few days______One week______
Within a month______
More than one month______
Not fixed yet______If not fixed skip to Q31 27. Who repaired the 30. H water point when it o was broken? w Privately hired repairman______m u NGO______c SALWACO______h GUMA VALLEY______d LOCAL COUNCIL______Don't i know______d y 28. Where did the o repairman get the u spares from?Bought p from the a market______y Supplied by the water f company______Don't know______o r 29. Did you pay for the t repair? Yes______h No______e r e
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pair? (Leones) ______
31. Do you pay for the water services you receive? Yes______No______
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If No skip Q30 If No skip Q32
32. If yes, how much do you pay per month? (Leones)?______
33. How much would you be willing to pay per month for water services? (Le) ______
34. Would you be willing to contribute financially to improvements to your water source? Yes______No______
35. What improvements would you like to make? Water source well protected______
Source provides water reliably______
Improve water quality______
36. Is there a wash management committee in the community that manages and maintains the water facilities? Yes______
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No______If No/Don't know skip to Q37
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Don't know______
37. If operation and maintenance is by a community group, is the group functioning? Yes______
No______
Don't know______
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38. Do you use water for any productive or commercial purposes?
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Yes______
No______If No skip Q39
39. If yes, which of the following are you engaged in?Irrigation of garden/farm______Car/bike/vehicle washing______
Animal/poultry rearing______
Sale of water to the public______
Climate change and seasonality
40. Are there some months where your household cannot use the main source of drinking water? Yes______
No______If No/Don't know skip to Q45 Don't know______
41. If yes, which month(s)? January______
February______
March______
April______
May______
June______
July______
August______
September______
October______
November______
December______
42. What is the main source of drinking water for your household during the months mentioned above?
Piped into dwelling______
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Piped into compound- yard or plot______
Piped to neighbour______
Public tap / standpipe______
Tube Well- Borehole______
Protected well______
Unprotected well______
Protected spring______
Unprotected spring______
Rainwater collection______
Tanker-truck______
Cart with small tank / drum______
Surface water ______
43. Do you know how many minutes it takes to go there, get water and come back?
Yes______
No______If No/Water on premises skip Water on premises______Q44
44. During those months, how many minutes does it take to go there, get water and come back? ______
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Sanitation
45. What kind of toilet facility do members of your household usually use?Flush to piped sewer system______Flush to septic tank______Flush to pit (latrine)______Flush to unknown place / Not sure / DK where______Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (VIP)______Pit latrine with slab______Pit latrine without slab / Open pit______Composting toilet______Bucket______Hanging toilet- Hanging latrine______No facility- Bush- Field______If No facility skip to Q68
46. Do ALL members of your household use this facility? Yes______No______If Yes skip Q47 and Q49
47. What do you think prevents people from using this toilet? ______
48. How do you dispose of small children’s excreta? Children use toilet/latrine______Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine______Put/rinsed into drain or ditch______Thrown into garbage______Buried______Left in the open______Not applicable______
49. Do men and women have equal access to the facility?Yes______If Yes/Don't know skip Q50 No______Don't know______
50. Why do men and women not have equal access?______
51. Is your latrine accessible to physically challenged people? Yes______No______Don't know______d? 52. Do you share this facility with others who are not members of your househol If No skip Q53
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Yes______No______
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53. How many households in total use this toilet facility, including your own household? 1-5 households______
6-9 households______
10 or more households______Don't know______
54. Is the toilet located in your own compound? Yes______No______
55. How many minutes does it take to go to the toilet?______
56. I would like to see your toilet - would you kindly show it to me? Yes______
No______
57. Observations about toilet Visible faecal residues around the drop hole or basin______
Visible faecal residues on the floor-wall or door______
Visible used anal cleaning material(e.g. Toilet paper)______
Surface flow of sewage______
The toilet smells bad______Toilet looks good______
58. How far is the toilet from the nearest water source? Less than 30 meters______Greater than 30 meters______Don't know______
59. What kind of maintenance is needed for the household toilet? Empty pit______
Empty septic tank (desludge)______
Dig new hole (when pit is full)______
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Cleaning______If No skip Q57
No maintenance required______
60. Do you know how much you approximately spend per year for repair and cleaning of the toilet? Yes, I know______
No, I don't know______
Household not responsible for toilet maintenance______
61. How much does your household approximately spend per year for repair and cleaning of the toilet?(Leones) ______
62. Do you know what were the household's total expenses for building the toilet, including hired labour, materials etc.? Yes I know______If Don't know or household Not applicable______not responsible skip Q62
Don't know______
If Yes skip Q55 If No skip Q56, Q61, Q62
If Not applicable or Don't know skip Q63
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63. What were the household's total expenses for building the toilet, including hired labour, materials etc.? ______
64. Would you like to make improvements to your toilet? Yes______If No skip to Q67 No______
65. How would you like to improve it? Install permanent superstructure______
Improve ventilation______
Install pour flush______
Improve water supply______
Replace slab______
Install lockable door______
Paint walls______Add tiles______
66. Would you be willing to pay for these improvements?Yes______No______
Don't______
67. What is the main material your toilet facility is constructed with? Bamboo______
Thatch______
Sandcrete blocks (cement)______
Landcrete (mud)______Wood______
68. Do you know of any diseases associated with the use of unclean toilets? Yes______
No______If No skip Q69
69. If yes, please name them ______
70. How does your household dispose of waste? Public dustbin removed daily______
Public dustbin removed weekly______
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Public dustbin removed monthly______
Burn waste in own compound______
Dispose of outside compound______
71. Have you or any member of your household received training in relation to open defecation? Yes______
No______
Don't know______
72. Has your community been declared open defecation free (ODF)? Yes______
No______If No/Don't Know skip to Q75 Don't know______
73. Do you think your community is still open defection free (ODF)? Yes______If Yes skip Q74 No______0
Don't know______
74. Why do you think it is not open defecation free (ODF)?______
75. Are there trained natural leaders in your community? Yes______
No______If No/Don't Know skip to Q76 Don't know______
76. Are the trained natural leaders performing their role effectively? Yes______
No______
Don't know______
Handwashing
77. Can I please see the hand washing device members of your household most often use to wash their hands? Observed______
Not in dwelling / plot / yard______If Not in dwelling/No No permission to see______permission to see skip to Q81
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78. Observe presence of water at the specific place for hand washing. Water is available______
Water is not available______
79. Observe what device is present for hand washing. No device present______Tap______
Bucket______
Sink______
Water kettle/cooler______
80. Record if soap or detergent is present at the specific place for hand washing. Bar soap______If Bar soap/Detergent/Liquid Detergent (Powder / Liquid / Paste)______soap/Ash skip to Q83 Liquid soap______
Ash / Mud / Sand______
None______
81. Do you have any soap or detergent (or other locally used cleansing agent) in your household for washing hands? Yes______
No______If No skip Q82
82. Can you please show it to me? Bar soap______
Detergent (Powder / Liquid / Paste)______
Liquid soap______
Ash / Mud / Sand______
Not able / Does not want to show______
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83. Why do you use this type of detergent or soap for handwashing?______
84. Have you used soap today or yesterday? Yes______No______If No skip Q85
85. When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? WASHING CLOTHES______WASHING MY BODY______WASHING CHILD'S BOTTOM______WASHING CHILD'S HANDS______WASHING HANDS AFTER DEFECATING______WASHING HANDS AFTER CLEANING CHILD______WASHING HANDS BEFORE FEEDING CHILD______WASHING HANDS BEFORE PREPARING FOOD______WASHING HANDS BEFORE EATING______WASHING HANDS BEFORE GOING OUT______WASHING HANDS BEFORE RECEIVING VISITORS______
86. When do you think you should wash your hands with soap and water? WASHING CLOTHES______WASHING MY BODY______WASHING CHILD'S BOTTOM______WASHING CHILD'S HANDS______WASHING HANDS AFTER DEFECATING______WASHING HANDS AFTER CLEANING CHILD______WASHING HANDS BEFORE FEEDING CHILD______WASHING HANDS BEFORE PREPARING FOOD______WASHING HANDS BEFORE EATING______WASHING HANDS BEFORE GOING OUT______WASHING HANDS BEFORE RECEIVING VISITORS______
87. Results of household interview Completed______No household member or no competent respondent at home at time of visit______Entire household absent for extended period of time______Refused______Dwelling vacant / Address not a dwelling______Dwelling destroyed______Dwelling not found______
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Health facility questionnaire (v. 5.0)
Questionnaire identifcation Cluster/EA number______Team number Province ______District______Chiefdom______Area (Urban/Rural) Section______GPS coordinates Number of users in the past month Photo ______Type of health facility CHP______MCHP______District hospital______CHC______Private______Section 1 Question Skips
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11. Is there a water supply within the health If No skip Q12 facility? Yes______No______
12. How far is the nearest water point from the health facility? Less than 50 metres______Greater than 50 metres______Don't know______
13. What is the main source of water for the health facility ? Piped into dwelling______Piped into compound, yard or plot______Piped to neighbour______Public tap / standpipe______Tube well, borehole______Protected well______Unprotected well______Protected spring______Unprotected spring______Rainwater collection______If Always Tanker-truck______available skip Q15 Cart with small tank / drum______Surface water______Bottled water______
14. During the last 2 weeks, was water available at all times when the facility was open for Always available______services? Often available (interruptions of less than 2 hours per day)______Rarely available______Never available______Don’t know______
15. State the reasons for non-availability of water during the last 2 weeks ? Water source damaged/broken______Water source dry (seasonality)______No supply______Water contaminated______Don't know______
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16. Is the water point accessible to all users at all times, including both inpatients and Yes______outpatients? No______
17. Does the health facility have hand washing facilities available? Yes______
No______If No skip to Q20
18. Where are the handwashing facilities Near toilet______Near triage / waiting room______In delivery room______Near entrance______Don't know______
19. What is used for handwashing in the Soap______Detergent______Chlorine______Nothing______Don't know______
20. Are there any latrines in this facility? Yes______No______If No skip to Q32
21. Of the total of cubicles, how many are shared? ______
22. How many cubicles are in the facility? ______
23. How many cubicles do you have that are for male only? ______
24. How many cubicles do you have that are for female only? ______
25. How many cubicles do you have that are for children only? ______
26. How many are presently in use? ______
27. How many are well maintained (clean – door for privacy – intact slab)? ______
28. What type off latrines does the health facility have? Piped Sewer System______Septic Tank______Pit Latrine______Elsewhere______Don't Know______
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Ventilated improved Pit Latrine______Pit Latrine with Slab______Pit Latrine Without Slab / Open Pit______Composting Latrine______
29. Are sanitary facilities available for menstruating females that allow washing, changing and for the disposal of menstrual waste? Yes______No______Don't know______
30. How is medical waste disposed of at Incinerator (in use)______If No skip to Q34 this facility? Burning pit______Other (please specify) ______
31. Does the health facility conduct Yes______delivery of babies? No______
32. Does the delivery room have Yes______running water? No______
If No skip Q36 Yes______33. Does the delivery room have a No______functioning Yes______No______34. Is there water available for laundry? Yes______35. Does the health facility have a No______budget for maintaining water and sanitation facilities? Governement______NGO's______36. Where does this funding come Other (please specify) ______from? ______
37. General comments, if any
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School Questionnaire (v. 3.0)
Questionnaire Identification
Cluster/EA number______Team number Province ______District______Chiefdom______Area (Urban/Rural) Section______Name of Village/Town______Headmaster name GPS coordinates Total school population Photo Total male population
Total female population
INSTRUCTIONS: COORDINATE WITH THE SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR FOR THE STRUCTURED OBSERVATION AND FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION.
ARRIVE ABOUT 15 MINUTES BEFORE LUNCH TIME BEFORE THE START OF OBSERVATION TIME.
SIT IN A PLACE WHERE YOU CAN BEST SEE CHILDREN COMING OUT OF THE LATRINE AND EATING/OR WATER FACILITES. THIS MIGHT BE THE BEST VANTAGE POINT.
DO NOT DRAW ATTENTION TO YOURSELF. THIS MAY INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE CHILDREN, ESPECIALLY IF THEY HAVE RECENTLY HAD HYGIENEEDUCATION IN SCHOOL OR COMMUNITY.
CARRY OUT THE OBSERVATIONS UNTIL THE END OF LUNCH PERIOD. TAKE NOTE OF WHETHER CHILDREN ARE ASKED TO WASH HANDS WITH SOAP BEFORE RUNNING BACK TO CLASS AFTER LUNCH.
AFTER OBSERVATIONS, FILL IN SECTION 3 ON THE CONDITION OF THE TOILETS BEFORE CONDUCTING THE FGD.
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PLEASE ENSURE THAT YOU OBSERVE THE SANITATION FACILITIES THAT ARE USED BY THE PUPILS RATHER THAN THOSE ALLOCATED TO TEACHERS
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115. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Section 2: Observation of children's hand wash behaviours before eating
Person Snack (S)/Meal (M) Didn’t Wash Hands Wash Wiped Didn’t see Male Female Wash Hand With Water Hands Hands on With Soap Clothes 201. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 202. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 203. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 204. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 205. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 206. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 207. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 208. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 209. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 210. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 211. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 212. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 213. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 214. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 215. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
Skips
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18. What is the main source of drinking Piped water into dwelling______water for the school? Piped water into yard / compound______Public tap / street pump______Borehole______Protected dug well______Unprotected (or open) well______Protected spring______Unprotected spring______Rainwater collection______Bottled water/sachet water______Push cart vendor with 19. What is the main source of water drums/buckets______for the school other uses? Tanker/Water bowser______Surface water ______
Piped water into dwelling______Piped water into yard / compound______Public tap / street pump______Borehole______Protected dug well______Unprotected (or open) well______Protected spring______Unprotected spring______Rainwater collection______20. How far is the nearest water point Bottled water/sachet water______from the school? Push cart vendor with drums/buckets______Tanker/Water bowser______Surface water ______
On site______Less than 50 metres______Greater than 50 metres______Don't know______Section 3: Observation of sanitation facilities Question
21. Is the water point accessible to all pupils during 23. What is the total amount of toilet cubicles? school hours? Yes______No______
Flush / Pour flush latrine to: 22. What type of latrine does the school have? -Piped sewer system
-Septic tank
-Pit latrine
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-Elsewhere -Don’t know Composting Latrine
Pit Latrine Bucket
Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Hanging Latrine Latrine Other (Specify): Pit latrine with slab ______
Pit latrine without slab / open pit ______
24. Of the total amount of toilet cubicles, how many of them are shared by male/female?______
25. How many male toilet cubicles does the school have? ______
26. How many female toilet cubicles does the school have? ______
27. Are the female and male toilets in separate blocks? Yes______
No______Doesn't apply______
28. Are there separate toilet facilities for teachers? Yes______
No______
29. Does each block of boys toilets have at least one urinal? Yes______
No______
30. Are there any facilities for disabled pupils? Yes______No______
31. Are toilets locked?
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Yes______If No skip Q32
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No______
32. Who holds the keys to the toilets? Head Teacher only______Teachers (plural)______School prefect______Don’t know______
33 Does the toilet have a lockable door 36. What is the condition of the structure of (from the inside)? Yes______the No______recently______Dilapidated (poor 34. Is there a caretaker who maintains condition)______the toilets? Yes______No______Sewer connection/septic tank 35. Is some form of toilet paper or water (WCs)______available? (Please observe and verify a toilet Yes______Pit, not full______used by pupils) No______toilet? Pit, visibly nearly full______Pit full______Pit overflowing______unable to verify______37. Can you visibly see what the situation is in the pit? Please observe and verify Extremely smelly and disgusting______
Smelly and disgusting______
Reasonable______38. Subjectively, how would you find using the toilet? Very clean and free of smell______
Yes______
39. Are sanitary facilities available for No______menstruating females that allow for washing, changing and for the disposal of menstrual waste? 40. How is waste disposed of at the school? Waste bin in each classroom Well maintained, roofed, well only______painted______Reasonable, Waste bin in each classroom and some cracks, painted but not central bin
Central waste bin only______
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No waste collection______
Section 4: Observation of handwashing facilities
43. Is there a place for handwashing in the
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No______
44. Is water present at the specific place for handwashing? [Turn on tap and/or check container and note if water is present] Water is not availble______Water is available______
45. Is soap or detergent present at the specific place for handwashing?Yes______No______
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46. What type of soap or detergent is present at the specific place for handwashing?Multipurpose bar soap______Toilet bar soap______Detergent (powder/laundry soap)______Liquid soap______Local soap (black soep / soap Africana)______No soap present______
47. What device is present for handwashing at this handwashing station? No device present______Tap______Wash basin______Bucket______Water kettle/cooler______
48. Is it possible to wash both hands without touching the washing device? Yes______No______If No device skip 50. Is there a towel or cloth to dry hands present at the handwashing station? Q48 Yes______No______
49. Does the towel or cloth appear to be clean? Yes______No______
Section 5: Management of sanitation 51. Is there a school management committee at If No skip Q49 this school? Yes______No______
52. Is the school management committee functioning? Yes______No______53. Are there any health clubs in existence at If No skip Q52 the school? Yes______No______
54. Are the health clubs functioning? Yes______No______If No skip Q54
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Water Point Mapping Baseline (v. 5.0)
Background Information Community name ______Water point name______Province ______District______Chiefdom______Area (Urban/Rural) Section______Geolocation______Photo Water point details Question Skips 6. Type of water point If Rainwater/Unequipped Protected spring______borehole/Spring/Dam/Pan/ Protected dug well______Surface water skip to Q12 Tube well or borehole______Rainwater (harvesting)______Sand/Sub-surface dam (with well or standpipe) ______Public tap/standpipe (stand-alone or water kiosk______Piped water into dwelling/plot/yard______Unprotected spring______Unprotected dug well______If Hand pump or surface Unequipped borehole______pump, continue to Q8, Dam/pan (runoff harvesting) ______other response skip to Q9 Surface water (lake/river/stream)______
7. Extraction system type Hand pump______Submersible pump______Surface pump______Hydram pump______Gravity______Hand manual (e.g. rope pump, rope & bucket)______
8. Pump type Afridev______Bucket______Consallen______India Mark______Inkar______Only answer if you PB Mark II______responded well/borehole Vergnet footpump______to Q6 Unidentified______If No skip Q11
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India Mark II______India Mark III______Kardia______
9. Number of taps at this point ______
10. Are you able to measure the depth of well?Yes______No______
11. Measure the depth of the well (in metres) ______
12. Water point Functiona Yes – Functional (and in use)______If Yes skip Q13
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Yes – Functional (but not in use)______If No skip Q21, Q22,
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Q23
Yes - But damaged______
No - Broken down______
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No - Still under construction______If Still under construction
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No - Under rehabilitation______skip to Q34
13. When did the water point break down? Within the last week______
Within the last month______
Within the year______
Over a year ago______I don't Know______
14. Last time the water point broke down, how long did it take to repair?Water point has never broken down______Less than a week______
Over a week______
Over a month______
More than a year______I don't know______
15. Is/was this point monthly or regularly chlorinated? Yes______Do not ask if responded No______Rainwater/surface water Unkown______
16. Does this Water point have any damage? Damaged Well______
Damaged Apron______
Damaged Pump______
Damaged Pipe______
Damaged Tap______
Damaged Concrete______
Damaged Tank______
Damaged Reservoir______No Damages______
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17. Is water available throughout the year? Dry always / Never water______If Dry/Always water skip
Seasonal______Q18
Always water______
18. During the seasonal drought of the well, how long is it not available? (months) ______
19. Is/was this point used for drinking water Yes______If Yes/Unknown skip Q19 No______
Uknown______
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20. Why is this point not used for drinking water?
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______
21. Is the water paid for at this point?No payment – its free______Yes, Per jerrican 20L______Yes, Metered (LE/m3)______Yes, Flat rate (LE/HH/month)______
Only after system breakdown______
22. How reliable is the water point? Good, practically always______Reasonable (< 7 days per month no supply)______Insufficient (> 7 days per month no supply)______
23. Is the water clean or is there a quality problem? Crystal clear______Coloured (e.g. whitish, brown, green)______
Salty______
24. Year of construction ______
25. Installer / implementing agency______
26. Others Installer / implementing agency ______
27. Who owns the water point? Community______NGO______
GUMA______
SALWACO______School______
Health Facility______Other Institution______
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Private Individual______Unknown______CBO______
28. Who is maintaining the water point (routine repairs)? WASH management committee______
Other community group______Privat owner______SALWACO______GUMA______
School______
Health Facility______Other Institution______Local council______NGO______
No management______Uknown______
29. Is there a WASH management committee? Yes______If No/Don't know skip No______Q30 Unknown______
30. Is the WASH management committee functioning? Yes______No______Don't know______
31. Is there a trained mechanic available at this point? Yes______If No/Unknown skip Q32
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No______Unknown______
32. Were trained mechanics provided with toolkits? Yes______No______Don't know______
33. How many minutes does it take to reach the nearest spare part supplier?______
ODF 34. Has the community been declared ODF?Yes______No______Don't know______
35. Do you think the community is still ODF?Yes______No______If No/Don't know skip to Don't know______END 36. Are there functioning latrines in this village? Yes______No______Don't know______
37. Do the latrines have handwashing facilities?Yes______No______If No/Don't know skip Don't know______Q37
38. Are there trained natural ODF leaders in this community?Yes______No______Don't know______
39. Are the trained natural ODF leaders performing their role effectively?Yes______No______If No/Don't know skip Don't know______Q39
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Latrine Service Providers Questionnaire (v. 6.0)
Questionnaire identification Cluster/EA Team number number______Province ______District______Chiefdom______Area (Urban/Rural) Section______Name of Village/Town______GPS coordinates Photo PROFILE OF SERVICE PROVIDER / BUSINESS
Question Skips
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7. What type of work do you Mason______do in building latrines? Plumber______Pit Digger______Contractor______Carpenter______8. What are the sanitation services that you provide? Building Latrines______Digging Pit Latrines______Latrine Emptying Services______9. Is your business formally Improving/Upgrading registered? Latrines______
Yes______10. What was your motivation No______for getting involved in this work? (i.e. the sanitation sector) Only opportunity available______Motivated by someone I know who was doing well in the same business______11. Where do you get the bulk Experience/training in the this of your business income? business______Easy and profit making business______12. Do you have employees who also work on building latrines There was demand for the with you? services/products Inherited the trade______
13. If yes, how many employees do you have? Sanitation services______If No skip to Other business activities______Q15 14. What types of employees do you have? Yes______No______
______15. Do you have more business than you can handle? Masons______Pit Diggers______If No skip Q16
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Carpenters______Plumbers______
Yes______No______
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16. If yes, why do you believe you have more business than you can handle: ______
17. Do you sub-contract your business/work contracts? Yes______
No______If No skip Q18
18. Who do you sub-contract to and for which latrine building/sanitation services?
______
QUALIFICATIONS OF SERVICE PROVIDER
19. How many years have you been building latrines? ______
20. Have you received training on sanitation services (i.e. build latrines)? Yes______If Yes skip Q21
No______
21. Why have you not received training? Lack of funds/money to pay for training______All responses skip
Don’t know where to get training______to Q26
No training available in my area______
Don’t think training is necessary
for my work 22. Where did you receive your training? (Main
______
23. How long did you receive training for? Less than 1 week______
1-3 weeks______
1 month______2 - 11 months______
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1 year or more______
24. What courses/topics did you learn from Reading blueprints______
Latrine design______
Apprenticeship______
Didn't follow any courses/topics______
25. What concrete mix would you use to construct a toilet slab? How many headpans of sand, cement and stone would you use? ______
SERVICE PROVIDER EXPERIENCE
26. Select the most common type of latrines that you build (circle those that apply) 27. How many build does it take to build this type of latrine? 28. What are the total costs of building this type of latrine? 29. Why do you think this latrine is popular among customers? Modern / Good style______
Easy to clean______
Affordable / Less expensive______
Easy to construct______
No smell______
No flies______
Children can use it______
No need to empty for a long time______
Durable______
Easy to Improve______Don’t see faeces______
Privacy______
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30. What problems do you face Technical problems______when building this latrine? Shortage of skilled labour______Lack of access to materials______Water table problems______Rocky soil______Homeowners with limited space______Lack of building permits______By-law regulations______Customers lack of money to pay for services Low demand for latrines/No business______HOW LON G DOES IT TOTAL COST OF WHY POPULAR PROBLEMS TAKE (DAY S) LATRINE FACED WHEN BUILDING Flush / Pour flush latrine to:
-Piped sewer system Le: ______
-Septic tank Le: ______
-Pit latrine (lined) Le: ______
- Pit latrine (unlined) Le: ______
-Elsewhere Le: ______
-Don’t know where Le: ______
Pit Latrine
Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine Le: ______
Pit latrine with slab (unlined) Le: ______
Pit latrine with slab (lined) Le: ______
Pit latrine without slab / open pit (unlined) Le: ______
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Pit latrine without slab / open pit (lined) Le: ______
Composting Latrine Le: ______
Other (Specify): ______Le: ______
Don’t know
SERVICE PROVIDER EXPERIENCE II Question Skips
31. Aside from the latrines you Piped sewer system______normally build, what other types Septic tank______of latrines do you know how to Pit latrine______build/construct? Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine______Pit latrine with slab______Pit latrine without slab / open pit______Hanging Latrine______Composting Latrine______
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32. Do you use any resources when you build
a latrine? Blueprints (Plan)______
Diagrams______
Manual______
Moulds______
Other (Please specify) ______
33. Who do you normally provide sanitation services to/build latrines for? Government institutions______
Private business (e.g.restaurant, bank, office)
NGO/CBOs______
Private Households______
Schools______
Other (Please specify) ______
34. When is there highest demand for latrine building? Rainy Season______
Dry Season______
35. Where are the majority of your clients from: In my area/village/town______
Outside my area/village/town______
Rural (outside of major urban areas)______Peri-urban (on the periphery or borders of large towns and cities)______
Urban areas (headquarter towns, large towns and cities)______
Other (Please specify) ______
36. For the majority of your clients, what are the reasons why they contact you to build No latrine at all______latrines? Building a new home______
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Program was offering subsidy______
Institutions that need facilities (restaurants, offices, etc.)______
Improved income/ Had enough money to build
Someone told me I had to______
Neighbour got one______
Preparing for an event (wedding/funeral/etc.)
Had visitor from outside village coming______
Sick/old family member needed a latrine______
Other (Please specify) ______
Payment Terms
39. Are your customers able to negotiate the price of latrine construction? Yes______
No______If No skip Q40
40. What are the common ways that customers negotiate price? Request cheapest materials______
Offer to supply certain materials______
Offer manual labour______
They want to provide all of the materials______
Ask for a discount on labour charges______
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41. What is the most common methods of
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Cash up front (full payment at start of work) Cash upon completion (full payment once work is complete)______
Cash in advance and balance payment upon completion______
Barter (exchange of goods for services)______
42. Are there any ways you can make latrines cheaper for customers with less money so Yes______more of them can afford to build a latrine? No______If No skip Q43
43. If yes, what are some of the ways you make latrines cheaper for customers who have less money? ______
44. Do you give any guidance to customers after you have installed a latrine? Yes______
No______If No skip Q45
45. If yes, what guidance have you provided to Guidance on how to clean latrine______
Guidance on how to use latrine______
Guidance on how to empty latrine______
Ensure handwashing facilities are in place___
Guidance on handwashing after using latrine
46. In the last 3 months have you provided latrine maintenance and/or upgrading services Yes______to customers? No______If No skip Q47
47. What are the reasons why customers have called you for latrine maintenance and/or Cracked slab______upgrading services? Collapsed latrines______
Full latrines______
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Broken superstructure______
Building a new home______
Program was offering subsidy______
Social pressure______
Improved income/ Had enough money to build
Neighbour got an upgrade______
Preparing for an event (wedding/funeral/etc.)
Had visitor from outside village coming______
Don’t know______
48. In your experience, what are the most popular/common upgrades or improvements Building a new pit______that customer’s ask for? Lining pit______
Replacing grass roof______
Constructing a permanent structure______
New cement slab______
49. Is there a fluctuation in demand for latrine maintenance/improvements around harvest Yes______time or due seasonal changes (i.e. dry and No______If No skip Q50
50. If so, when is the highest demand for Harvest time______
Rainy season______
Dry season______
SERVICE PROVIDERS MARKETING STRATEGIES
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52. Do you advertise in any way?53. If yes, how
do you advertise?
54. How do customers contact you?
55. What are the most common challenges that you face when conducting your business?
56. Do any government policies or regulations affect how you are able to run and operate your business now, or have they in the past? Word of mouth______
Through work previously completed / satisfied customers______
Community leaders/elders (chiefs, traditional
leaders)______
Radio______
Government official (District Council, WDC,
etc.)______Through an 51. How do customers hear association______about your services?
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Through sanitatio n material retailers ______
Other (Please specify) ______
Yes______
No______If No skip Q53
Posters______
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Radio___ supply______Lack of customer Commun demand______ity Lack of trained meetings staff______Lack of transportation to move goods/materials______Door-to- door___ Lack of official license or ___ permit______
Through Too many relatives competitors______/friends______Lack of staff______
Previous Customers not paying satisfied on-time______custome Customers not paying at rs______all______
Import taxes______Cell phone__ Other government ____ taxes______
Land line Transportation telephon costs______e______Other (please Through word of mouth / send a specify)______message______
Other Yes______(Please No______specify) ______I ______f N Lack of o capital/ s money__ k ____ i Problem p s with Q stock 5 7
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57. If yes, which policies or regulations affect you the most? ______
58. What are the areas of support that you are most in need of? Training______
Access to financing______
Increased demand______
Access to trained staff______
Working tools______
Access to cheap sanitation products______
Transport______
Business advertising______
Literacy______
59. What ideas do you have about how to improve or expand your latrine building services? ______
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5.Sanitation Retailers Questionnaire (v. 6.0)
Questionnaire identification Cluster/EA number______Team number Province ______District______Chiefdom______Area (Urban/Rural) Section______Name of Village/Town______GPS coordinates Photo Business description and business history Question Skips
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5. Do you retail, wholesale or import latrine related products and/or construction materials? Retailer______Wholesaler______Importer______
6. Is your business formally registered? Yes______No______
7. How long has your business been in operation? (in years) ______
8. What is the number of employees that you have? (casual workers or fulltime employees) ______
9. Who do you mainly sell latrine components to? Households______Private business (e.g.restaurant, bank, office) Ngo's______Masons/Contractors etc.______Government______
10. How many stores do you own/operate? ______
Section 3: distributing/selling latrine components and services 11. What season do you make the most sales for latrine components? Dry season______Rainy season______Both seasons equally______
12. Where do you get the bulk of your business income? Sanitation retail______Other business______
13. What latrine components are the three biggest sellers? ______
Section 4: payment terms 14. What are the most common methods of payment for customers? Cash over time (partial payment at different stages of work)______Cash up front (full payment at start of work)___ Cash upon completion (full payment once work is complete)______Cash in advance and balance payment upon completion______Barter (exchange of goods for services)______15. Are your customers able to negotiate the price of construction materials/latrine Yes______components? No______
16. Do you ever provide credit to customers?
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(This includes households, masons, contractors, Yes______etc.) No______
Section 5: analysis of competition and competitors 17. Do you have competitors in your area/community? Yes______No______If No skip to Q20
18. How do you deal with competition? ______
19. On estimate, how many competitors do you think you have in your area/community? ______
20. Do you advertise in any way? Yes______No______If No skip Q21
21. If yes, how do you advertise? Radio______Newspaper______
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TV______
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Billboard/Posters______Other (please specify)______
22. How do customers contact you? Cell phone______Land line telephone______Email address______Through people______Other (please specify)______
Section 7: constraints and opportiunities 23. What are the most common challenges that you face when conducting your business? Lack of capital/money______Problems with stock supply______Lack of customer demand______Lack of trained staff______
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Lack of transportation to
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move goods/materials______Lack of official license or permit______Too many competitors______Lack of staff______Customers not paying on- time______Customers not paying at all______Import taxes______Other government taxes______Transportation costs______Other (please specify)______
24. Do any government policies or If No skip Q25 regulations affect how you are able to run and operate your business now, or have they in the Yes______past? No______
25. If yes, which policies or regulations affect you the most? ______Educating customers on sanitation______26. What do you think would help most to Improve the quality of the sanitation product(s) increase the amount of people wanting to buy Lower the cost of materials______Lower the cost of labour______sanitation products and services? Sensitization from community leadership______Sensitization from NGOs______Educating customers on latrine options______District enforcement of sanitation bylaws______Advertisements______Other (please specify)______
Training in sanitation technologies______Access to financing______27. What would help you the most to Access to trained staff in sanitation technologies promote your business? Access to more markets______Transport______Business advertising______Literacy______Other (please specify)______
______
28. What ideas do you have about how to
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i Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, United Nations, New York 2009, page 45. ii http://www.sl.undp.org/Goal7.htm iii Fisher, J. The Child Health Millennium Development Goal: What Water, Sanitation and Hygiene can do. WELL Briefing Note 3 2004 [cited 2009 20 July 2009]; Available from: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN%20Child%20Healthl.htm. iv Deaths from diarrhoeal diseases are at 20%, WHO 2006 data in Countdown to 2015 2008 Report: Sierra Leone Maternal, Newborn & Child Survival v Multi Indicator Cluster Survey 3 (2005) reported in Sierra Leone: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper – Progress Report 2005-2007, IMF Country Report No.08/250, July 2008 vi The Republic of Sierra Leone Poverty Reduction Strategy 2008-2012 : An Agenda for Economic and Social Empowerment, page 80 vii Beth Scott and Mimi Jenkins, Sanitation Marketing for Managers: Introducing a sustainable approach to sanitation programmes, May 27 2005 viii Beth Scott and Mimi Jenkins, Sanitation Marketing for Managers: Introducing a sustainable approach to sanitation programmes, May 27 2005 ix Beth Scott and Mimi Jenkins, Sanitation Marketing for Managers: Introducing a sustainable approach to sanitation programmes, May 27 2005