CHEN JHEN

THE ISLAND OF STRANGERS The Island of Strangers 3 Missing pieces of Taiwanese Identity

The first series of photos taken in , John Thomson, Lalung, Formosa, 1871, glass photonegative, wet collodion, 25.5x30.5cm. ABSTRACT 4 The attempt of the thesis is to clarify the inconclusive 5 argument of Taiwanese national identity. By examining the school textbooks and the landscape in the New Park, to seek for the connection between the current social circumstances and the history of oppression, which includes Japanese colonization and Chiang Kai Shek’s totalitarian.

The first part elaborates the school textbooks by asking several questions: When the concept of history class came about in Taiwan? What is the initial purpose of the history class? How different the school textbooks are in the periods of Japanese colonization and Chiang’s regime, and how different authorities describe the same historical confrontation in totally opposite way.

The second part investigates the landscape in Taipei New Park, and looks into the details of each element, the first radio station, the first museum, the politian statues and coconut trees: how these constructions lead us to adopt new habits and influence our identity, and how the elements relevant to the wave of colonization of the world.

In the last part, a short description about how I, as an information designer, narrate history in different way from historians or other experts, and how to lead the investigation to a deign proposal. 8 INTRODUCTION 7 Who Were We And Who Will We Be STATE APPARATUS 20 Forming National Ideology in Mind 56 Forming National Ideology by Landscape 92 CONCLUSION Do Not Look at It Directly

The first series of photos taken in Taiwan, John Thomson, Takaw harbour, 124 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES Formosa, 1871, glass photonegative, wet collodion, 25.5x30.5cm. CITED AND CONSULTED 8 INTRODUCTION 9 Who Were We And Who Will We Be

For many of us from Taiwan, it has always been a mixed feeling to say “I am Taiwanese“. When I was a child, our school teacher taught us to be a “confident Chinese“. However, the television news and other media would address ““ as our enemy. And if someone asked me where I was from, I would answer confusedly “I am both Chinese and Taiwanese“.

Formosa (Taiwan) before foreign invasion, At the time, of course I could not really understand the John Thomson, Lalung, Formosa, 1871, glass photonegative, wet collodion, 25.5x30.5cm. complicated and multiple meaning behind this simple question. But as I grow up, I found many Taiwanese of my generation share the same experience.

To some extent, writing this thesis helps me answer the questions and resolve the confusion that I could not in the past. Moreover, with this thesis, I also wish to help Taiwanese of my generation to reunderstand and face their belonging, as well as to honestly coexist with the history of nowadays.

John Thomson, Pepohoan girl, John Thomson, Pepohoan male, Baksa, Formosa, 1871, glass Baksa, Formosa, 1871, glass photonegative, wet collodion. photonegative, wet collodion. In 1895, Japan acquired Taiwan as its first formal 10 highly appreciate Japanese’ major construction 11 colony after a resounding victory in the Sino-Japanese projects in Taiwan. Some of them still refer to Japan as war. Fifty years later, in 1945, at the end of World War their motherland, including Taiwan’s former president II, the Republic of China (ROC) 1 led by China’s new Lee Teng-hui. 4 Two scenes from the movie“A Borrowed political regime (KMT) 2 took over Taiwan. Life“ 5 explained this kind of sentiment: Perhaps we can simply see the confusion and struggle for us to call ourselves Taiwanese as a result of the scene 1. Once my father took a peek at my Playboy dramatic political and cultural changes over the magazine and scolded me for learning bad things. I hundred year history. Nevertheless, as we give up and replied that I was learning English, but he glowered gain new identity again and again, must we become at me saying “American women are too big, Japanese confused and unsured of who we are? Does our identity women are much better, more delicate“ (this scene exists objectively? shows how the father yearn towards Japan and also points out the fever of learning English during 1950s Compared to Hong Kong, which was colonized by as a result of American’s aid of the time). United Kingdom for more than a hundred fifty years (1841-1941,1945-1997), Hong Kongese nowadays do not scene 2. While doing her homework, the daughter is to have such problem as “am I a Hong Kongese or a color the national flag. The father tried to help but he British?“ One can also say it is because Hong Kongese fills the sun on the flag with red that should have been and British are two totally different races. Nevertheless, white. The daughter cried and the father said in South Korea that was also colonized by Japan in the Taiwanese dialect “the sun should be red, or what else? same historical period as Taiwan (1910–1945) had a Have you ever seen the Japanese flag? What color is totally different emotion towards Japan’s dominance. it?“ Then the daughter replied with Mandarin “you Korea may be considered one of the most intense traitor! Wang Jingwei“ 6 anti-Japanese society in the world. 3 On the contrary, Taiwanese, especially the older generation,

1 ROC: Republic of China established 3 In BBC World Service Poll in 2007 5 The movie was wrote and directed at 1912. After Chinese Civil and 2009, South Korea and People's by Wu NienJen, A autobiographical War, retreated to Taiwan, ruled Republic of China were the only story about the life of a poor by KMT party and its leader ones whose majorities rate Japan family in the Taiwanese countryside General Chiang Kai-shek. negatively. during the 1940s and 1950s as the Japanese rule of the island 2 KMT: Kuomintang political party, 4 Former Taiwanese president Lee ends and nationalist forces which was a single-party once Teng-hui had referred to Japan, of Kwomintang arrive when the ruled Taiwan from 1945-1987. former colonial master of Taiwan, Communists take the mainland. as his ex-“motherland“ in the media. It may not be a coincidence that the same colonization 12 and process, we might trace the origin of these terms 13 in different contexts lead to be different results. and ideologies, and when the identity crisis started to Leo T. S. Ching, a Doctor from the University of ferment. If our identity is an artificial concept, what California, points out that “Its premise rests on the forms the connection and bonding between us? assumption that cultural and political identities, be they metropolitan or colonial, do not exist prior to the processes of colonialism.“ Before 1895, the idea of “Taiwanese“ referred to the Chinese migrants who lived in Southern Taiwan (). Until 1920 there is no evidence showing the word “Taiwanese“ being used to refer to residents of the whole island. Thus, the definition of “Taiwanese“ changed all the time. It is a fluid concept resulting from colonization and it does not exist objectively.

Since “Taiwanese“ is not an objective existence, it maybe be worthwhile digging into how the idea of “Taiwan“, “Taiwanese“and “Taiwaneseness“ has been constructed. How these terms and categories have attempted to mediate, conceal and displace our contradictions of colonialism. This thesis tries to reexamine and comb through the process of changing identity, analyzing the different policies or methods of Japan and China to remove or recreate the national ideology. By examining this development

6 Wang was a close associate of Sun Yat-sen. Wang served as the head of state for this Japanese puppet government. The typical narratives often regard him as a traitor in the War of Resistance. In 1920s, Japanese period, the Japanese The movie is about Taiwanese daily life, the flag was risen in a high school in daughter is to color the national flag and then Taipei. sorce: www.fotoe.com fight with her father about their different National identities, Wu Nien Jen, A Borrowed Life, 1974, movie still. Flag of Japan. source: www.taipics.com/flags.php Flag of Republic of China. source: www.taipics.com/flags.php 18 19

source: plus.google.com/wm/2/108153100316135731147/posts/TNaRH2Y2LG2

source: zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 臺灣光復 source: pylin.kaishao.idv.tw/?m=200909

source: www.tonyhuang39.com/tony0551/tony0551.html

source: www.chinayouth.org.hk/anti-japan/ victory60years/photo/tw_anti_jp/

source: distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch23/ch23_sec01.htm

source: lifeofarooster.com/2014/04/16/taiwan-1940s/ source: zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 理蕃政策 The struggle of man against power is the 20 STATE APPARATUS 21 struggle of memory against forgetting. Forming National Ideology in Mind Milan Kundera

This part of the research is about education and school in Taiwan. Before 1900, there was no such concept as “history class“. How did this idea suddenly come about after 1900? During hundred years of “history“ education, only few people questioned the purpose of it, even though it is an essential subject in Taiwan’s compulsory education now. What is the authority’s role going to be?

A movement against school as a factory A member of the “Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement“, Lin Guan Hua, committed suicide as a protest against the controversial content of a recently published high school textbook on 30th July 2015. The news shocked the society and the public started to take the protest seriously. The “Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement“ was organized by students from high schools. Students gathered in front of the ministry of education and protested against the KMT government adjusted large proportion of Taiwanese history, where the goal is to implant the sinocentric conception in history class. Students were also concerned that the policy was the restoration of Chiang’s dictatorship and the continuation of his brainwash. 22 Whose history? 23 How did the idea of history teaching come about after 1900? Louis Althusser has said: “ Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence“, which explained well how Taiwanese history class works since 1900. By teaching selected historical facts, the educator created the connection between the distant past and the present, in addition, to embellish the value of our existence in the moment.

Either under Japanese colonization or KMT’s dictatorship, the authority indoctrinated their ideologies in the schools. On the one hand, teachers taught students loyalty as their basic moral standard to legitimate the new authority and to obscure the negative image of the new power. On the other hand, schools used selected historical facts as the material to control or remove the original collective memory and to instill the idea of a new community.

The making of standard object Historical facts cannot be wiped out. But people can use them as a tool, by the process of operating, ignoring Students protest for “Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement“. and selecting, to consecrate the value of the state or source: littlelifer.pixnet.net/album/photo/602112508 certain individuals. In 1899, Emperor Meiji promulgate the “Imperial Rescript on Education“ which are the guiding principles of education for the Empire of Japan. The Rescript requested of the people that they “always respect the Constitution and observe the laws; should emergency arise, offer yourselves courageously to 24 the State; and thus guard and maintain the prosperity 25 of Our Imperial Throne coeval with heaven and earth“. The Rescript was also the outline of school textbooks in the colonial period.

In 1922, Japanese history officially became part of the education system in Taiwan. Then, in 1933, the title of the subject was changed to the national history. traslation: promote common interests; always The Japanese traditional myth was introduced in the Know ye, Our subjects: respect the Constitution and observe Our Imperial Ancestors have founded Our the laws; should emergency arise, opening chapter, which is about the earliest Emperor Empire on a basis broad and everlasting offer yourselves courageously to the and have deeply and firmly implanted State; and thus guard and maintain who was said to be a descendant from Heaven. virtue; Our subjects ever united in the prosperity of Our Imperial Throne loyalty and filial piety have from coeval with heaven and earth. So shall The content of the history book was a mix of facts and generation to generation illustrated ye not only be Our good and faithful the beauty thereof. This is the glory subjects, but render illustrious the mythological stories, and the judgment of the historical of the fundamental character of Our best traditions of your forefathers. Empire, and herein also lies the source The Way here set forth is indeed the of Our education. Ye, Our subjects, be teaching bequeathed by Our Imperial figures was based on their loyalty and sacrifice to the filial to your parents, affectionate to Ancestors, to be observed alike by your brothers and sisters; as husbands Their Descendants and the subjects, state. The distorted history story was usually written and wives be harmonious, as friends infallible for all ages and true in true; bear yourselves in modesty and all places. It is Our wish to lay it with vivid illustration. For the children, the over- moderation; extend your benevolence to heart in all reverence, in common to all; pursue learning and cultivate with you, Our subjects, that we may exaggerating stories were more inspiring than simple arts, and thereby develop intellectual thus attain to the same virtue. faculties and perfect moral powers; The 30th day of the 10th month of the descriptions of the fact. That is to say, the school history furthermore advance public good and 23rd year of Meiji. book was not simply a part of an educational system, source: www.meijijingu.or.jp/about/3-4.html but primarily a strategy to encourage patriotism.

After 1949, high school history textbooks were edited by the National Translation and Compilation Center 7 an institute controlled and censored by the government. The first chapter was still about the (left)Portrait of Nuwa.Xiao Yuncong, 1596-1673 - Original from: Tianwentu, traditional myth, but the main charater changed from imprint of the (1644- 1912) Reproduced in: The Mysterious Path to Immortality. Heaven, Earth, the son of the heaven to Nuwa who represented the and Beyond: Prints and Illustrations of Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist origin of China. By replacing the original figure of the Figures (exhibit). Taipei: . nation, the history book emphasized that “we“ have the

(right)the earliest Emperor of same ancestor, and “we“ belonged to the same group as Japan, the son of the heaven. source: ameblo.jp/ayudreamstar/ the population in mainland China. image-12146540179-13610977164.html When students opened their history books in 1960s, 26 Different versions of history 27 90% of the content was about Mainland China’s After 2000 commercial publishers were allowed to edit history, only few chapters mentioned Taiwan. However, their own history books, although the minister of students gradually realized the disconnection between education still defined the framework of these books. It what they learned in school and the real life. created several versions of history. Looking at different versions of history textbooks throughout the time, each of them described the same event differenly. Take the 228 incident for example 8 . Although it is the biggest historical confrontation between the government and the people, the history books before 1990 never mentioned it at all. Between 1990 to 1998, only a few lines were dedicated to the subject in history textbooks. This shows how the authority deliberately made the new generation neglect and forget what it does not want people to know. The following three paragraphs are descriptions about the 228 incident from history textbooks of 1991, 1992 and 2006.

7 The National Institute for currently located in Taipei's Da'an 8 The February 28 Incident, also 28. Estimates of the number of Compilation and Translation is District. Among its other duties, known as 228 Incident, was an deaths vary from 10,000 to 30,000 the highest translation agency in the Institute publishes textbooks anti-government uprising in or more.The massacre marked the the Republic of China. It is in considered essential for the Taiwan. Taking its name from the beginning of the Kuomintang's charge of translating academic Taiwanese college entrance exam. In date of the incident, it began period in Taiwan, in and cultural texts, as well as addition, before private Taiwanese on February 27, 1947, and was which thousands more inhabitants textbooks. It was established on companies were allowed to publish violently suppressed by the KMT- vanished, died, or were imprisoned. June 14, 1932, in , China, textbooks, the Institute was the led Republic of China government, This incident is one of the most under the Ministry of Education. sole supplier of textbooks for which killed thousands of important events in Taiwan's modern In June, 1949, the Institute Taiwanese elementary and secondary civilians beginning on February history. followed the ROC in its relocation schools. to the island of Taiwan, and is 1991 version: 28 1992 version: 29

Taiwan came back to Republic Taiwan came back to Republic of China's territory. However, of China's territory. However, when Chen-Yi was the Governor- due to the serious damages of General of Taiwan, his mistake war, social unrest and economic in some policies and the collapse, people experienced a confiscation of contraband high unemployment and difficult cigarettes led to the “228 life. When Chen-Yi was the incident“ in the 36th year of Governor-General of Taiwan, his the Republic Era(1947), that mistake in some policies and cause many injuries and deaths. the confiscation of contraband Chiang Chung-cheng1, Chairman cigarettes led to the “228 of the incident“ in the 36th year of China, ordered Chen-Yi to of the Republic Era(1947), stop the vengeance, otherwise that caused many injuries and their crime would rank as deaths. Chiang Chung-cheng1, disobedience. Then Chiang Chairman of the Nationalist Immediately replaced Chen's Government of China, ordered position, reformed Taiwan to Chen-Yi to stop the vengeance, provincial administration, and otherwise their crime would comforted the public. rank as disobedience. Then Chiang immediately replaced Chen's position, reformed Taiwan to provincial administration, and comforted the public. For soothing the wound, the set up the “228 special committee“ in November, 1990, that researched the truth and review the history. The Executive Yuan also built the 228 massacre monument to comfort the victims in heaven.

＊ The boldface part was the difference from the previous version. 2006 version: the voice of reformation and 30 in exile overseas changed their 31 communicated with the government position to support Taiwanese 1. the outbreak of 228 incident: for solutions. In these independence. After 228 incident, In the end of 1945, mainland committees, the “228 Incident the government degraded the China's economy and the military Settlement Committee“ in Taipei power of the Governor-General developments turning worse, which is the most representative one, of Taiwan to only provincial also influenced Taiwan's economy that submitted “The 32 Demands“ , administration. The first Governor and made the price of rice with the main request for greater was Wei Tao-ming who had non- Woodcut “horrible check“ by Huang increased strongly and created a autonomy. After the uprisings Rong Can, the woodcut illustrates military background. Although shortage of food supply making subsiding, the center government the blood oppression during 228 the Taiwanese elites didn't play incident, Huang was killed in the people feel insecure. On 27 in mainland China assembled a incident as well. important roles in the government, February 1947, the confiscation of military force and indulged many of them were recruited as contraband cigarettes triggered armed suppression. Although the committee members. In the past few the 228 incident. The Tobacco center government has a clear decades, the government refused Monopoly agent hit a cigarette order indicating vengeance are to make the 228 truth public, and vendor called Lin Jiang-mai forbidden, the officials still nobody didn't dare to research with a rifle butt, prompting the lynched the civilians. Estimates or discuss this incident. In surrounding Taiwanese crowd to of the number of deaths was more 1980s, a legislator first raised offend the agents, One agent than 10,000. question about it. In 1987, the fired a warning shot, killing one “Memorial Foundation of 228“ was bystander by accident. The crowd 3. the influence and aftermath: established, the Investigation and rose up after this event. The The government has researched research of 228 incident came to next day, the Governor-General's and compensated the damages of finally carry weight. Admitting the Office, unable to comfort the mainlander public servant and responsibility by the government, public emotion, also shot into Taiwanese civilians. However, in 1995, President Lee Teng- the crowd, which had already after the “clearing up“1, in hui(1923~) addressed an apology reached its breaking point. Some July, due to the out break of to the public, in the same year, civilians attacked the mainlanders ,the government passed a bill, who were regarded as the rulers. enacted the “Mobilization for the that gave compensation to the The violence spread out in all of Suppression of Communist Rebellion victims of 228 incident. Taiwan. Provisional Act“. The 228 incident became a taboo topic. The family 2. voice of reformation and of victims had been prohibited violent suppress: Local leaders to leave Taiwan. Taiwanese 228 memorial museum and monument in 228 Peace Memorial Park, Taipei. and representatives as the gradually turned to politically In 1995, February 28 has been designated Peace Memorial Day, there backbone, Taiwanese civilians apathetic. The Taiwanese elites are many 228 monuments in Taiwan. established several settlement such as Thomas Wen-I Liao (1910- committees, that organized 1986) and his fellows who were

＊ The boldface part was the difference from the previous version. Outside of the history textbook 32 badly. He was rushed to hospital but still died in the 33 The ideology does not only exist inside the history end. According to the witness, a school principal, textbook, but also within the school environment. on the way to the hospital, Chan refused to speak In the Japanese period, many “Hoandens“ were Taiwanese and kept singing the Japanese National installed in school for worshiping the Japanese anthem ““. After this story had spread over Emperor. Hoanden is a small temple-like building that the whole island, the governor-general decided to housed a photograph of the incumbent Emperor and erect his statue in his hometown and recorded his Empress, together with a copy of the Imperial Rescript story in the school textbook. Besides, Chan’s story was on Education. On commemorative days, the principal filmed as a propaganda film to encourage the young to would bow to the Hoanden and read the Imperial join the army. However, according to a recent research Rescript on Education in front of the students, through by professor Chen Chi Pon, Chan’s story was made-up by the rituals to highlight the ruler’s Sublimity. the witness. After the war, Chan’s family took down the statue and sold it for a water pump. In the public space of school, specific sculptures were erected. Ninomiya Sontoku’s statue was one of them. Ninomiya Sontoku was a prominent 19th-century Japanese agricultural leader and economist. But more important, in the popular , he was the symbol of diligence, honesty and loyalty. In school textbooks, Ninomiya Sontoku was mentioned even more frequently than the Menji Emperor. In 1935, a newspaper article wrote: “The image of Ninomiya Sontoku carrying wood is a good model for the uncivilized islander.“ Some alumni donated statues to the school to show their loyalty.

Another interesting example was a young man named Chan De Kun, also known as the “National anthem boy“. When the big earthquake happened in 1935, ten- year-old Chan was hit by a falling house and injured

Statue of Chan De Kun. source: www.th.gov.tw/epaper/site/page/82/1131 1 2 3

Students bow to Hoanden. source: www.kobe-np.co.jp/rentoku/rensai/03/201503/0007841068.shtml

4 5 6

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Different kinds of Hoanden.source: 1 www.kumagaya-bunkazai.jp/museum/gallery/s1.htm 2 hokkaidonobunka.sapolog.com/index_32.html Students bow to Hoanden. source: www.shiro1000.jp/houanden/houanden.html 3 mejiro.asablo.jp/blog/2015/04/07/7606269 4 shakaigaku.exblog.jp/22147898/ 5 shiro1000.jp/houanden/houanden3.html 6 trc-adeac.trc.co.jp/WJ11E0/WJJS06U/0938605100/0938605100100020?hid=ht003200 7 blog.goo.ne.jp/ticktack946/e/1cd71c895e445d7ab3f32791339595c6 8 blog.livedoor.jp/yamatodamasii1208/archives/1752357.html 9 shiro1000.jp/houanden/houanden2.html 36 37

Statue of Ninomiya Sontoku, source: lib.mlc.gov.tw/webmlh/wd_Content640.asp?SID=895

Sculptor and his Ninomiya Sontoku statue, photo provided by Lui An Chang.

Statue of Ninomiya Sontoku, source: image.digitalarchives.tw/ImageCache/00/6d/5c/1e.jpg

Statue of Ninomiya Sontoku, Statue of Ninomiya Sontoku, source: catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/6d/8f/4d.html source: luhgaang88.pixnet.net/blog/post/43378591- 昭和十年臺 中市村上公學校敬贈 ( 二宮尊德 ) THE FACTORY OF IDENTITY 1915-2015 Graduation Photos

This is a sub-project of the graduation project, The Island of Strangers, in which the goal is to visualize the national identity of Taiwanese in the past a hundred years. According to Louis Althusser’s theory, ideological state apparatuses reinforce the rule of the dominant class primarily through ideology, to churches, schools, families, and so on. In other words, school is like a factory to produce ideal citizens according to the government’s beliefs and standard. In this project, Chen collected a hundred graduation group photos from 1915 to 2015. Reading through this book photo by photo can help readers to understand the changes of Taiwanese politics and society.

Work link: www.masterinformationdesign.info/chenjhen Montsuki HaoriHakama

In the Edo period, people of samurai society wore it as simplified formal attire, which became the most formal wear for men of common people in the middle of the Edo period, and which became further popular as a formal garment in the Meiji period when the government designated 'black haori hakama bearing five family crests' as official formal attire by the decree of the Grand Council of State.

Gakuran

The gakuran or the tsume-eri are the uniforms for many middle school and high school boys in Japan. The color is normally black, but some schools use navy and dark blue as well.

The gakuran is derived from French Army uniforms. The term is a combination of gaku meaning “study“ or “student“, and ran meaning the Netherlands or, historically in Japan, the West in general; thus, gakuran translates as “Western student (uniform)“.

text source: wikipedia

1917 Japanese colonization, Dai Shu elementary school, source: picturechina.com.cn 1919 Japanese colonization, Da Jia elementary school, the 17th graduation group photo, source: Guo Shuang Fu

1920 Japanese colonization, Da Jia school, group photo, source: Guo Shuang Fu 1933 Japanese colonization, Normal School, graduation trip, group photo, source: Wu Yong Fang

1936 Japanese colonization, Da Jia girl's school, group photo, source: Li Zhe Yi Kokuminfuku

On November 2, 1940, the Japanese government promulgated the National Uniform Edict as a kind of law. The Outline of Wartime Clothing Simplification stated that when the male clothing is produced, the color would be left to the discretion of the producer, but the shape should be limited to the Otsugo national uniform or close to it. Private companies mass- produced national uniforms in their factories, and a great number of the national uniforms were distributed among the people.

text source: wikipedia

1941 Japanese colonization, Shi Guang elementary school, , group photo, source: school archive 1946 KMT period, Da Jia second school, group photo, source: Li Yang Khaki

In the period of 1940s-1950s, Taiwan has , which means all the schools have to wear Khaki uniform. khaki the name itself comes from a hindi word. The weave of khaki contains the inscribed names of soldiers and generals. In 1848 Sir Herry Burnett Lumsden and Willian Stephen Raikes Hodson selected it as the fabric for the uniforms of the soldiers stationed in India: with its traditional beige color and cotton and wool fibers, khaki proved to be the ideal fabric for the monsoon climate of the colonies.

text source: wikipedia

1951 KMT period, Dong Shi middle school, Taichung, group photo 1960 KMT period, Shi Guang elementary school, Hsinchu, group photo, source: school archive The ban on students' hairstyles and dress was first introduced in 1969 by the ministry, and text source: wikipedia is now considered to be a relic of authoritarianism. The Ministry of Education's decision in 2005 to first ban public-school restrictions on permissible hairstyles and later lift those on shoes and socks for secondary-school students, sparked debate on whether students should be given total freedom over their appearance. 56 STATE APPARATUS 57 Forming National Ideology by Landscape

This part analyzes the landscapes built by the Japanese and KMT governments to see the Taiwanese identity constructed through their construction activities.

Taipei New Park A western-japanese style neoclassical architecture, a radio station built in 1935, five Chinese style pavilions along with other monuments and buildings from different ages are the protagonists of New Park, a park Taipei New Park, source: Taipei EXPO Album, Tokyo international information company, 1936 located in Taipei, Taiwan. It full of monuments of different periods. This area is also an perfect model for depicting the oppression history in Taiwan.

It was very definitely untrue The park was built from 1899 to 1908 on a former temple ground. Since this is the second park in Taipei, of Corbusier, who was an people called it New Park instead of its official name authoritarian centralist, and Taipei Park. In Asian culture, we did not have such of most members of the City public space like park, and people usually gathered at temples or markets instead. At the time, of its Beautiful movement, who were construction the park was a symbol of westernization, faithful servants of finance which the Japanese wanted to introduce to their new colony, Taiwan, to demonstrate their power. capitalism or totalitarian

9 Peter Hall, Cities of dictators. Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning 9 and Design since 1880, Wiley Peter Hall Blackwell, 2002, p2~3 The term “park“ was first introduced in 1871 as the 58 Park - Mutant Concept 59 Iwakura Embass 10 brought the idea from western In western societies, Parks were planned as a result culture. In 1873, The Japanese government annouced of overdeveloped urbanization. the word “park“ the news that they were going to build the first park in contains the ideas of demacrocy, freedom and equality. Japan and introduced the park-operation policies in Ironically, when the concept was imported to Taiwan, 1906: it became the space for showing off political power. Bih Herng-Dar, a professor of Graduate Institute of 1. building for public entertainment, should not have Building & Planning, National Taiwan University, said negative impact on public hygiene and discipline, “Space is the extension of body, a symbol of self- such as: public clubs, foreign restaurant, photo identity, it is a battle field of social culture and political studio, tea house, seat, swing and so on. power.“ 11 The 228 Peace Memorial Park is a perfect 2. building for commemorating great people for their example to investigate the process of forming high morality and loyalty to guide and benifit national identities. citizens’ mind and act of conduct, such as: statue, monument and so on. The park is located in the area where a 120 years ago 3. building for academic purpose that also have both there was a temple called Tian-Hou temple which was entertaining and sightseeing functions, such as built in the Qing dynasty period. Not only for religious growing plants and animals. use; the locals also took this place as a school and 4. park management facilities, such as toilets, security gathering place for their community. A temple usually booth and so on. played an important role in traditional Chinese culture. It’s a domain for forming community, the economic, education and political center within a community. When Japanese army moved in in 1895, the authority replaced it with a military camp, and then the official

10 The Iwakura Mission or Iwakura 11 Bih Herng-Dar, The power of Embassy was a Japanese diplomatic space, PsyGarden Publishing journey around the world, Company, 2001 initiated in 1871 by the oligarchs of the Meiji period. Although it was not the only such “mission“, it is the most well-known and possibly most important for the modernization of Japan after a long period of isolation from the West.

The old Tian-Hou temple. source: blog.roodo.com/spacefan/archives/40044404.html office and the dormitory of the Governor’s Medical 60 School. In 1899, the fifth Taiwanese governor Sakuma Samata 12 decided to remove the temple, and build a park for commemorating the former governor Kodama Gentaro. 13 In addition, the Japanese government built the Taiwan Bank, a residence of governer-general, a school, the governor’s office and a court of appeal around the park. The government started a new urban plan, where the city of Taipei became the center of power, and further replaced the social as well as political function that the temples used to have.

Urban Plan-space of power Taipei city is not the only example in which urban planning was used to achieve dominance. In 1911, king George V wore the newly created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony, and declared the shifting of the Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi. Architecture Edwin Lutyens 14 and Herbert Baker 15 were commissioned to create the new city. Baker was an imperialist architect, his works always presented celebrating atmosphere. The new cityscape was introduced. The Secretariat Building, India Gate and source: Sir Edwin Lutyens, Plan of New Delhi was designed by Sir Edwin Connaught Place as the cores, where radiated 30 or 60 Imperial Delhi, India, 1912-1930 Lutyens at the beginning of the twentieth century, in the middle of the colonial degree’s main roads, the roads meet together, became era. The city was founded in 1912 by the will of the British Empire to create a large administrative area next to the ancient Delhi. This area had the ideals of modern urban western world and they 12 Sakuma Samata (1844~1915) was 13 Kodama Gentaro (1852~1906) 14 Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens 15 Sir Herbert Baker (1862~1946) was transmit the core values​​, through giants a general in the Imperial was a general in the Imperial (1869~1944) was a British a British architect remembered public buildings with the aim of hosting Japanese Army, and 5th Japanese Army. Kodama became architect who is known for as the dominant force in South the institutions. Governor-General of Taiwan from Governor-General of Taiwan. imaginatively adapting African architecture for two 11 April 1906 to May 1915. During his tenure, he did traditional architectural decades, and a major designer of much to improve on the styles to the requirements some of New Delhi's most notable infrastructure of Taiwan of his era. government structures. and to alleviate the living conditions of the inhabitants. a hexagon. This kind of geometral cityscape can often 62 central city, when walking from India Gate to be seen in colonies in the early 20th century. However, Rashtrapati Bhavan, through the clean and wide main ignoring the local geography and social structure, road, where repugnantly full of neoclassical buildings forcibly importing the ideas of the dominant civilization, with Indian decoration. It’s hard to imagine, science, is actually the physicalization of totalitarianism. Rashtrapati Bhavan and Villa Savoye 17 by Le Corbusier were both completed in 1929. Even with totally Peter Hall has commented on this situation: “Within different faces, these two kinds of architecture styles the hexagonal grids, houses were allocated according to are actually the non-identical twins from the same era. a bewilderingly complicated formula of race, Lutyens' design is grandly classical overall, with occupational rank, and socio economic status: From the colours and details inspired by Indian architecture. viceroy, via the Commander-in-chief, Members of the This kind of mixing style of ancient Greek, Rome and Executive Council, senior gazette officer, gazette officer, local ornament was very popular in colonies all over down to superintendents, peons, sweepers and dhobis, the world, like Flagstaff House 18 in Hong Kong, a carefully stratified spatial order was integrated, both Ruínas da Antiga Catedral de São Paulo 19 in Macau in terms of physical distance and special provision, and the in Taipei (built in to the social structure of the city. This feat, to conceive 1908, by Japan). intellectually of an elaborate social structure then to render it literally in concrete on the ground, was a National Taiwan Museum- window of colonization triumph of highly abstract planning; it had nothing to The National Taiwan Museum (former Taiwan do with the traditional structure of ’civil lines’ in India, Governor Museum) is located in Taipei New Park, and it which had evolved in a vary British fashion, that is to is the greatest building inside the park. It was first built say informally. 16 “ for commemorating the 4th governor Kodama Gentaro, there are two statues (the 4th governor Kodama In modern India, we can still observe the traces of old Gentaro and general Kabayama Sukenori 20 ) and colonial atmosphere. Comparing messy areas around decorated governor’s family logo in its central hall. Two

16 Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: 17 Villa Savoye is a modernist villa 18 Flagstaff House, built in 1846, 19 The Ruins of St. Paul's are the An Intellectual History of Urban in Poissy, in the outskirts of is the oldest example of Western- ruins of a 16th-century complex in Planning and Design since 1880, Paris, France. style architecture remaining in Macau including what was originally Wiley Blackwell, 2002 Hong Kong. It is located at 10 St. Paul's College and the Church Cotton Tree Drive, Central- within of St. Paul also known as “Mater the Hong Kong Park. It has been a Dei“, a 17th-century Portuguese longtime residence of the Commander church dedicated to Saint Paul the of the British forces in Hong Apostle. Today, the ruins are one Kong during colonial times. Today of Macau's best known landmarks. Flagstaff House houses the Museum of Tea Ware. 1 Town Hall in Penang, 2 City Hall in Penang, 3 Municipal Hall in Macau, built in 1880. built in 1903. built in 1784.

4 Ruínas da Antiga Catedral de 5 Secretariat Building in India, 6 India Gate in India, São Paulo in Macau, built in 1583. built in 1910. built in 1931.

The National Taiwan Museum (former Taiwan Governor Museum), source: Taiwan Landscape, Inuzukabookstore, 1932

7 Capitolio Nacional in Cuba, 8 Colonial Building in Cambodia. 9 Colonial Building in Cambodia. built in 1929.

10 Government-General Office 11 City Hall and Supreme Court 12 The Museum of Natural in Korea, built in 1929. in Singapore, built in 1929 History in Mozambique.

source: 1 reggallia.wix.com/fnbe0318214toomunfai#!cc-weekly-journal-project-3/c1z8v 2 www.pbase.com/klyim/image/124484340 3 blog.xuite.net/toyko/dearbaby/75134171-%5B 澳門 %5D+ 夜遊文化世界遺產 %3A 民政總署 - 議事亭前地 - 仁慈堂 - 玫瑰堂 4 www.minube.pt/fotos/sitio-preferido/2190030/7242340 5 reparationlaw.com/caselaw/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Secretariat-MEA-North-South-Blocks.jpg 6 no.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Gate 7 www.visiontimes.com/2013/02/02/ones-fate-is-determined-by-good-deeds.html 8 asian-images.photoshelter.com/image/I0000cXeNr46lV7E 9 www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1186597 10 www.gettyimages.nl/license/566464609 11 heesterbeek.net/Singapore.htm 12 pictures.traveladventures.org/images/fr/colonial-maputo08 houses with Japanese tile roofs was extended beside 66 67 the central structure. The official building should be According the No.83 policy by Japan government: magnificent in the colonial land, where the goal is to “to establish the Taiwan Governor Museum in Taipei show off the power of the only authority. Gerneral for collecting, exhibiting the specimen and reference of Kabayama Sukenori has commented: “Taiwanese is the academy, craftsmanship and industry“. The goal was race of fetish, they admire gold, luxury house, immense to declare their total sovereignty and achievements of garden. The song of Tang Dynasty also addressed this ruling Taiwan. In addition, they controlled the power idea, without seeing the great king palace, people can’t of interpreting Taiwanese knowledge and history by understand how distinguished the king is. To rule this museum. this kind of people, building a majestic official house will help.“ There is a story to prove the idea. The Republic of Formosa 21 was a short-lived republic that existed on The rise of modern museum is the result of the the island of Taiwan in 1895 between the formal cession spread of western colonization. The European world of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of China to the Empire started to become interested in documenting Asian of Japan. The Republic only existed for 5 months before it / African race, animals, plants, agriculture and was defeated by Japanese troops. In 1923, the Japanese lifestyle. They plundered huge amounts of artifacts governor exhibited Republic of Formosa’s flag with the from their colonies, then put them into their own name of “flag of Taiwanese traitors“ in Taiwan governor collection of the museums. Musée du Louvre, British museum. However, in 2001, the same museum Museum and Pergamonmuseum all have the dark (changed the name to National Taiwan museum in side of their history. The Museum was an instrument 1999) showed the same flag juxtaposed with official of national glory. Japan was an Asian surrogate for seal, official silver 22 , official document of the republic western colonialism, the idea of museum naturally of Formosa. This time they tried to address positive was from the same parents. Karl Max has said, “The idea that the Republic is a loyal spirit against the invader. bourgeoisie draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization.“

20 Kabayama Sukenori (1837~1922) 21 The Republic of Formosa was a 22 official currency issued by was a Japanese samurai military short-lived republic that existed government. leader and statesman. He later on the island of Taiwan in 1895 became the first Japanese between the formal cession of Governor-General of Taiwan Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of during the island's period as a China to the Empire of Japan by Japanese colony. the Treaty of Shimonoseki and its invasion and occupation by Japanese troops. 68 69 ICOM(International Council of Museums) 23 briefly gave the definition for museum:“ An establishment in which objects are the main means of communication “. The text of the museum is specimen and artifact. Until now, The museum is still an important space of forming Imagined Communities and National Identity.

Radio Station On the other side of the park, a radio station stood in front of the fountain. In 1925, for celebrating the 30 anniversary of Japan-rule, the governor set up first broadcasting equipment inside the governor’s office for making speech when celebrating ceremony. In 1930s, radio was a new media, people had to pay periodically and buy a radio, which was quit expensive at that

Yellow tiger flag, the flag of Republic of Formosa, source: National Taiwan Museum. time, so that normal citizen couldn’t afford it. For popularizing radio business and propagating policies, the government built a radio station in New Park in 1935. The broadcasting spoke in Japanese. Except for policy promote, it also played music to encourage people do same-act exercise in the sport field (next to the station). Through the music, by following the rhythm, people implanted Japanese spirit into their body. The radio station played military song as well, especially in the time of WWII.

23 International Council of Museums is an organization for promotion and development of museums and museum professionals at an Share certificate and Post Stamp of international level. Republic of Formosa, source: www.tanji.com.tw/2015/05/ 臺灣民主國股份票 / 70 In Japanese period, three public statues were erected 71 in New Park. First one was for commemorating the chairman of Taiwan Bank, Kazuyoshi Yagyu, which was located in north part of the park. Behind the fountain, with a formal ceremony, Goto Shinpei and Kodama Gentaro’s statues were unveiled in 1911.

For the authority, the moment of presenting to the public probably is more important than the statue itself. According the record of Taiwan Ni-Ni-Chin newspaper 24 . Before the opening ceremony, most of

The Radio Station in Taipei New Park, the important politicians and local elites would receive source: blog.xuite.net/min351205/twblog/132958098- 臺北放送局（JFAK）廣播亭 a formal invitation card. They would dress Japanese kimono or the same level of formal dresses and gather Ironically, In 1945, Japanese Emperor Hirohito read in from of the statue at 9 o’clock 25 . The ceremony out the “Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the would begin with firework and music by orchestra. War“ broadcasted through this radio station as well, Usually the statue would be covered by a piece of cloth, announcing to the Japanese people that the Japanese then the cloth would be removed by a young girl Government had accepted the Potsdam Declaration (the daughter or relatives of the fundrai ser). The demanding the unconditional surrender of the pigeons hidden inside the cloth would fly out to Japanese military at the end of World War II. introduce the moment which the statue first shown in front of the public. Along with worship by Shinto Statue-iconography of identity (traditional Japanese religion) , the ceremony became Politician statues are symbolic artifact for specific a ritual, a process of deifying the brass figure. regimes, especially for totalitarianism. Statue is not only the replica of the real person. It is also considered In the 1920s, building statues raised an upsurge, as a doppelganger of him (usually him). The politician’s not only the official made statues, those fund by image could be infinitely reproduced and erected in public spaces everywhere. Also, these statues were built 24 Taiwan Ni-Ni-Chin newspaper is 25 24-hour clock was first introduced a Taiwanese daily newspaper, to Taiwan from Japan. in actual size of real person. People spontaneously take found and published by Japanese governor. The newspaper has them as the target of worship or hatred. biggest circulation in Taiwan. 72

Iwai Tatsumi Statue's opening ceremony, source: Taiwan Times, November, 1911.

Sprinkling cake, Iwai Tatsumi Statue's opening ceremony, source: Taiwan Ni Ni Chin newspaper, November, 15.10.1911.

Sun Yat Sen's statue, in front of Zhong Shan Hall, source: Pu Tien Sheng Sculpture museum.

Sun Yat Sen's statue, source: Pu Tien Sheng Sun Yat Sen's statue, source: Pu Tien Sculpture museum. Sheng Sculpture museum.

Kazuyoshi Community, which is an organization associated with the first chairman of Taiwan bank. Members have their photo taken in front of Kazuyoshi Yagyu's statue. sorce: Tokyo Kazuyoshi Community, 1939 Politician Statues In Taipei City Japanese Period

N

1 Kodama Gentaro 2 Goto Shinpei

3 Iwai Tatsumi 4 Oshima Kumaji

5 Kodama Gentaro/Goto Shinpei 6 Kabayama Sukenori

statue building or public space

source: 1 Formosa Today, 1917 2 臺灣大觀 , 1912 source: Li Pin Kuan, Study of Taiwanese Modern Commemorating 3 臺灣大觀 , 1912 4 zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ statues in Japanese Colonial Period , Graduate Institute of 偉人銅像 _( 臺北市 ) 5 Taipei Historical Attraction Journey 台北古蹟偵探遊 ,Yuan-Liou Publishing Co.,Lt, 2004, p151 Art History, National Taiwan Normal University, 2009, p55 6 blog.xuite.net/cst125kimo105/twblog/168260915- 銅像─公園、衡陽路與榮町通 ( 二 ) Politician Statues In Taipei City KMT Period

N

1 Chiang Kai Shek 2 Chiang Kai Shek

3 Sun Yat Sen 4 Lin Sen

5 Chiang Kai Shek 6 Chiang Kai Shek

statue building or public space

source: 2 jaungyoungming-club.blogspot.nl/2011/01/blog-post_12.html 3 Pu Tien Sheng sculpture museum 4 zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 林森 source: research by author 6 photographer Lui Geng Hong, www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20160229/805315/ nongovernmental organization also erected in public statues were removed from their plinth or toppled by 79 space of main cities in Taiwan. Different statues carried the new regime. The 192 day of KMT’s occupation, first different mission: Statues of Japanese politicians, such Chiang Kai-shek’s statue was already erected. as Sakuma Samata, Kabayama Sukenori, Mizuno Jun 26 …etc, was made for the Legitimacy and authority of Japanese regime; The ancient strategist Kusunoki Masashige 27 was for educating to admire the Mikado (the emperor of Japan). The citizens who have special contribution to the society were also popular subjects for statues, such as doctor, economist, and so on. People even built a statue for a western hydraulician, William Kinninmond Burton in Gongguan, Taipei. In schools, young Ninomiya Sontoku was considered the most popular statue, no matter in Taiwan or japan. Ninomiya Sontoku was a symbol of traditional spirit. Typically these statues show him as a boy reading a A comic illustrates statue sacrifices himself to be military supply. book while walking and carrying firewood on his back. source: Taiwan newspaper, 19. 6 1939 These statues are depicting popular stories that said Ninomiya was reading and studying during every In order to reinforce leader’s personal power and moment he could. keep his only legality in China, the cult of personality of Chiang started from 1930s-1940s in Nanjing, China, After 1937, the war began, making metal statue was the period of Chinese Civil War. In 1949, When KMT forbidden. The three statues in New Park also couldn't troop retreated to Taiwan, a small island which survive from the disaster. They were melted and experienced 50 years detachment with China, built recycled for military supply. Followed by the end of the cult of personality became urgent. Chiang’s image the war, the KMT troop got into Taipei City, the rest of and thinking once occupied every space in Taiwan.

26 Mizuno Jun(1851~1900) was a 27 Kusunoki Masashige (1294~1336) 1950s, making Chiang’s statues was too popular. An new government official of the Meiji was a 14th-century samurai who period, and first Chief of Home fought for Emperor Go-Daigo in industry was formed by government, public, artist, Affairs of Taiwan. the Genko War, the attempt to wrest rulership of Japan away factory, local elite, school and sponsor. For a sculptor, from the Kamakura shogunate and is remembered as the ideal of it’s not only a job for money, but also an honor both samurai loyalty. showing their aesthetic and loyalty to the authority. 80 Making leader’s statue was not easy. In order to control 81 the quality of the statues, the government introduced a series of rules and made a booklet called “The president Chiang Kai-Shek statue making standard“. The dress, face expression, gesture and all the details, even the number of buttons were recorded in this thick booklet.

We could see the statue making fever from an advertisement on newspaper at the time: A sculpture making company introduced a new series of Chiang’s statues, standing Chiang, chair-sitting Chiang and horse-back riding Chiang. When the fever reached its peak, a famous sculptor could receive over 30 commissions each year.

Working process of Chiang's statue. source: Pu Tien Sheng sculpture museum 2000s, with the lifting of martial law, a de-Chiang movement was encouraged by new ruling party, DDP (Democratic Progressive Party). The essence of the movement is to deny the legitimacy of Chiang’s dictatorship and pave the way for democratic society. Most of the core characters of DDP party were victims of white terror in Chiang’s period. They considered Chiang was the person who should take responsibility for killed people. Even if Chiang already passed away for over 25 years. DDP government firstly asked the military camps to remove Chiang’s statues. Other new measures were released afterward, such like repealing the memorial day: “The Late President Chiaing Kai- shek's Birthday“ and “The Late President Chiaing Kai-shek's Death Day“; removing Chiang’s image from

People are celebrating the 5th president's inauguration in front of his statue. source: Wang Chi Ho, Pu Tien Sheng sculpture museum

84 the note; forbidding teaching Chiang’s memorial song 85 in elementary school…etc. The De-Chiang’s movement was known as kind of desinicization.

In 2003, the Chiang’s statue that stood in National Central University was beheaded by someone. Following this accident, the same kind of sabotages happened everywhere around Taiwan. The statues were dressed in funeral decoration in the midnight or covered by oil paint, sometime the inscription on the plinth was replaced by graffiti “series killer“. Most of the statues were removed to storages or dismantled into pieces.

In the end of the catastrophe, around 250 statues were transported to Taoyuan and rebuilt in a park. Florian

Chiang's statue was painted or decorated by protest board, Gottke’s has a perfect description about the park: source: www.facebook.com/Installationart99/?fref=ts “…toppled and discarded statues of former leaders were placed together in sculpture parks. Restricted to each other’s company their symbolic meaning fails to unfold, without the context of the public domain, the architectural and social environment, they can only refer to each other.“ It also reminded me those ancient statues in museums were forced to leave their culture and context, juxtaposed with statues from other world, cannot make any voice, but only been gazed, touched, mocked imitated by the visitors.

p82-83, source: Chen Jhen, Cihu Mausoleum, sculpture park, Taoyuan, 2016 Missing pieces and recontexualization 86 87 However, when Chiang’s statues had their heyday, there were about 45,000 statues in the whole Taiwan. Now around 250 statues were in the sculpture park. Where are those other statues? Chiang’s contribution and sin are undefined. Some people still appreciate his construction and ruling. They took abandoned statues and dressed them in god’s cloth, worshiping them as god. Some are found in front of garbage collection shop. The others became signboards of restaurants or supermarkets.

How about the statues in Japanese period? The recent news revealed a story in Tainan. A statue head was discovered under the ground of an old Japanese professor dormitory. The head was from the statue of the 4th governor general, Kodama Gentaro. Historian surmised that the head was hide by a Japanese professor, when KMT troop came and started to destroy Japanese artifact. In the end of the war, Those Japanese who lived in Taiwan had to repatriate back to Japan and not allowed to bring too much personal belongings, Head of Statue of Kodama Gentato (undefined), source:TMACH so it was not possible to carry this head. The head had slept underground for 70 years until someone found it again. However, as time flies, nowadays people must identify its historical position and aesthetic in totally different way. Palm tree – imaginary tropical island 88 This idea could be proved by the visual design in 89 In 1898, Japanese botanist Yasusada Tashiro 28 was Taiwan Expo in 1935. The palm tree image was printed commissioned to plan the urban tree planting. on the poster, ticket and exhibition design of Taiwan He developed a theory that the street tree was “social Expo. Many local artists brought palm tree into ornament“, which reflected the civilization and progress their painting. Gradually, palm tree became a typical of a country. Taiwanese image until now.

He visited Europe and studied the cases of how did When KMT got into Taiwan, the symbolic plant of European empire plan the landscape in their colonies. power was replaced by lotus pond, which was full The study led him to the conclusion that the palm tree of Chinese image. Five Chinese style pavilions were was the perfect plant for the image of “tropical island“. built on the former baseball ground in the New Park. On the other hand, the palm tree was wind-resistant After1945, many baseball ground was disappeared, and able to survive from typhoon. By 1903, he firstly but many basketball ground were built by the influence brought coconut tree seeds from Hawaii and plant in of American culture. the biggest Botanical garden in Taipei. Then palm trees were widely grown in parks and schools. The famous Because of the different authorities and influence from “Roystonea Regia Boulevard“ in National Taiwan other countries, Taiwanese landscape changed all University (former Taihoku Imperial University) was the time. The New Park is just like an open museum also planned from 1932. The palm tree has straight and of our colonial history. The objects, monuments, bold trunk, looked like the pillars in Rome Temple. architectures and plants remind us what we have Japanese considered the street tree plan as a symbol of experienced in the past. conquering the Southeast Asian.

Followed by western historical context, it is common that people regarded the palm tree as the symbol of tropical colony. A 1908 French illustration named “human evolution“ showed African and palm tree companied together on the ground, on the other corner 28 Yasusada Tashiro (1856-1928)was a of the picture, there were group of Caucasian with rose botany expert who worked for the Taiwan Governor Genera's Office bouquets standing on the cloud. An author of during the Japanese occupation period. A pioneer in Taiwan “The Cambridge History of Japan“, published in 1988, botanical studies, Tashiro left behind numerous field reports and wrote “Japanese invasion was from Pinaceae to arecaceae “. other research manuscripts. 91

Chen Cheng Po, coconut trees, 1938, oil on canvas, 97x130cm, Artist's family.

Huang Shui Wen, The Beginning of Summer in Albert Eckhout, African man, 1964,oil on canvas, South Land, 1940, eastern gouache, 155.5x247cm, 264x162cm, Copenhagen National Museum of Danmark. National Art Museum. It doesn’t matter what you say, it also matter 92 CONCLUSION 93 what you don't say. What you don’t get is part Do Not Look at It Directly of the identity of what you do get. Slavoj Žižek

The thesis is an attempt to trace back the process of forming identity, and by collecting many historical facts to brief a short history of oppression in Taiwan. The concept of identity first began from an idea, then became a policy, a custom, a culture, then eventually became a collective memory. In the same time, by analyzing the materials, not only to figure out who we are within this island, it is also urgent to redefine our roles and seeking for an appropriate position in the world.

However, after rereading school history textbooks and observing Taiwanese landscape, I found what I tried to clarify is never clearer than before. Because even though people live on the same island, each person’s identity is constructed on different experience and memory. The spectre of Japanese ruling is still haunting around, Chiang’s dictatorship is not gone, and the new community is not established yet, we still dwell in the in-between world. Therefore, the only thing I can be sure of is that we have many identities, not a collective identity yet. This is how Slavoj Žižek describes ideology: “It doesn’t 94 matter what you say, it also matter what you don't say. What you don’t get is part of the identity of what you do get.“ The design proposal is not meant to answer the question about what is Taiwanese identity. Instead, I try to collect the missing pieces of identities and recompose a new narrative to bring more awareness of Taiwanese identity crisis now. source: Chen Jhen, Wei Li Chi Studio, Taipei, 2016

source: Chen Jhen, Wei Li Chi Studio, Taipei, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Wei Li Chi Studio, Taipei, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Pu Tien Sheng Sculpture Museum, Taipei, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Cihu Mausoleum, sculpture park, Taoyuan, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Cihu Mausoleum, sculpture park, Taoyuan, 2016 source: Chen Jhen,Yin Ji restaurant, Taipei, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Old De jI Restaurant, Taipei, 2016 source: Chen Jhen,Le Shan Elementary School, Taidung, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Lui's Antique Store, , 2016 source: Chen Jhen, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Nine Dragon Temple, Hsinchu, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Tian Ho Temple, Hsinchu, 2016 source: Chen Jhen, Li Yun Temple, Taoyuan, 2016 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES 124 125 CITED AND CONSULTED

Thesis

AUTHOR YEAR TITLE INSTITUTE Qiu Yue Ting 2009 “white terror“ documentary, the Institute of Taiwan Literature, trauma narrative and political National Tsing Hua University memory after martial law Institutional Repository Huang Cai Ying 2009 Study of the city park image Graduate Institute of Art History, during the Japanese occupation National Taiwan Normal University period(1895-1945)

Li Pin Kuan 2009 Study of Taiwanese Modern Graduate Institute of Art History, Chen Hung Wen 2008 A Comparative Study of Graduate Institute of International Commemorating statues in National Taiwan Normal University Textbooks for Elementary and Comparative Education, National Japanese Colonial Period Education in Colonial Taiwan and Chi Nan University Japan—The Case of Language Textbooks 1937-1945 Zhou Xiang Yun 2009 The making of Taiwan Tropical Institute of History, National Tsing Lin Ru yu 2013 The Construction of National Institute of Sociology, National Tsing image in Japanese Colonial Hua University Identity as Refugee in Tibetan Hua University Period, A Study of Coconut Tree Schools in Diaspora

Cheng Yao 2011 The Air-raid Shelter and The Department of Taiwan and Regional Yao Tsun Xiong 2009 The Establishment of Visual Graduate School of Design, Master Residents’Raid Memories in Studies, National Dong Hwa Sign of Colonial Gaze: A Study & Doctoral Program, National Yunlin Hualien Railway Cultural Park University of “Taiwan Image“ in Graphic University of Science and Technology Design During the Japanese Colonial Period Chen Hung Tu 2013 Environment Writing of post- Department of History, National war senior high school history Dong Hwa University textbooks(1952-2008) Cheng Yao 2011 The Air-raid Shelter and The Department of Taiwan and Regional Residents’Raid Memories in Studies, National Dong Hwa Hualien Railway Cultural Park University Tsai Yu hua 2009 The Development of Western Department of Architecture, National Timber Truss during the Japanese Cheng Kung University Governed Period Based on the Documents of Former Taiwanese Lin Yih Shuian 2012 The Spatial Transformation of Department of Urban Planning Governor General’s Office in Taiwan Urban Parkways:A Case Study of and Spatial Information, Feng Chia Five Cities in Taiwan University Su Yuh Jyh 2010 The Content Analysis of the Graduate Institute of Curriculum and National Ideology in Japanese Instruction, MingDao University Cultural Textbooks

Hong Chen shuan 2014 The study on Standard Building Department of Architecture and Drawings of Officer’s Residences interior design, National Yunlin prepared by Taiwanese Governor University of Science and Technology General’s Office during the Article Japanese Governance

AUTHOR YEAR TITLE Ni Yu Tin 2005 Japan rules in the historic site Department of Japanese Language investigation of I-Lan and Literature, Chinese Culture University Kuan-Hsing Chen 2001 Why is ‘great reconciliation’ im/possible? De-Cold War/Decolonization, or Modernity and Its Tears

Lee Kuang Chih 2006 Study of Taiwanese “National“ Institute of Political Science, National Fu Chang Wang 2005 Why bother about School Textbooks?: An Analysis of the Origin of the Curriculum in Japanese Colonial Sun Yat-sen University Disputes over Renshi Taiwan Textbooks in 1997 Period Wang Ming Ko 1996 Whose Memories﹖:The Social Memory Essence of Biography, Autobiography and Oral History. 126

Book

AUTHOR YEAR TITLE Publisher

Hsu Hong Yi 2013 Illustrating Taipei City in Owl Publishing House Co., LTD. Japanese Period

Hsu Hong Yi 2011 Illustrating Taipei City in Qing Owl Publishing House Co., LTD. Dynasty

Herng-Dar Bih 2001 The power of space PsyGarden Publishing Company

Peter Hall 2002 Cities of Tomorrow: An Wiley Blackwell Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design since 1880

Leo T. S. Ching 2001 Becoming “Japanese“ University of California Press Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation

Maurice Halbwachs, 1992 On Collective Memory University of Chicago Press Lewis A. Coser

Franco Ferrarotti 1990 Time, Memory, and Society greenwood press

Cheng Yao 2011 The Air-raid Shelter and The Department of Taiwan and Regional Residents’Raid Memories in Studies, National Dong Hwa Hualien Railway Cultural Park University This publication resulted from research 128 conducted as part of the individual thesis project in the Master department Information Design at Design Academy Eindhoven (NL).

Tutors Joost Grootens, Simon Davies, Arthur Roeloffzen, Gert Staal

Special thanks to

Chan Chiao Chun 詹喬鈞 Pu Tien Sheng sculpture museum 蒲添生故居 National Taiwan Normal University 台灣師大校史室 Museum of National Cheng Kung University 國立成功大學博物館 Taina City Government 臺南市政府文資管理處 Mr and Mrs. Lui (Antique store)

Wei Li Chi 衛立之 Angel Chung 鍾安琪 Leo Lin

Publication date May 2016