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Syneresis of Curd SYNERESISO FCUR D CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0086 6497 Promotor:Dr .Ir .P .Walstra ,hoogleraa ro ppersoonlijk e gronden Co-promotor:Dr .Ir .J . Schenk,hoogleraa r ind etechnisch enatuurkund e Y]\n<?2o i gotf (2 H.J.M, van Dijk SYNERESIS OF CURD Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C.C. Oosterlee, hoogleraar in de veeteettwetenschap, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 6 oktober 1982 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen. ,ÄÄl;I>üü '^HOGESCHOOL WAGENINGES il c \'>i^(fo] BIBLIOTHEEKLH . o 1 m. -332 DNTv.TiJösewum ("c) H.J.M,va nDijk ,Melkuni eHollan d P.O.Box222 ,344 0A EWoerden ,th eNetherland s nvnMo\. opd LAZs STELLINGEN 1.D esyneres e vanwronge l kano pbevredigend e wijze inmode l worden gebracht. Uitdi tmode l blijkt datd eendogen e syneresedruk ongeveer 1P ais . Dit proefschrift. 2. Devlokkin g vanparacaseïnemicelle ne nd epermeabiliteit , synerese(druk) en reologische eigenschappen vanwronge l hangen alle nauw samen. Dit proefschrift. 3. Indien uitvlokking vancolloïdal e deeltjes ongestoord (dusbi jafwezighei d van stroming ensedimentatie ) plaatsvindt, resulteert deze ind evormin g van éénnetwer k doord egehel e vloeistof. 4.D ehypothes e vanVa nde nTempe l datd einhomogenitei t vanee nnetwer k van uitgevlokte colloïdale deeltjes wordt bepaald door detij d dieno g niet geaggregeerde deeltjes hebben omnaa r hetcentru m vangrot e aggregaten tediffunderen , isonjuist . M.v.d . Tempel, 1979.J .Colloi dInterfac e Sei., 71:18-20. 5.D ebelangwekkend e proeven vanSchmid t c.s. overd estabilitei tva n kunstmatige caseïnemicellen vanvariabel e samenstelling zoudenme t vrucht uitgebreid kunnen wordenme tstremproeven , teneinde hetinzich t inhe tstremproce s end estruktuu r vancaseïnemicelle n tevergroten . 6. Hetmode l vanPayen s voord estremmin g vanmel k isonjuist . Veel betere resultaten kunnen worden bereiktme tee nsimulatiemode l waarbijd e volgende informatie tevens inaanmerkin g wordt genomen: -d eonderling e positie vand eK-caseïnemolecule n ophe tm ice loppervla k -d esplitsin g vandez e moleculen inaselect e volgorde -d egevolge n vanno gnie t volledige splitsing voord erepulsi e tussen micel le n T.A.J.Payens , 1979.J . Dairy Res., 46:291-306. 7.D eopvattin g vanBeltma n datsyneres e door diffusie bepaald wordt, isi n zijn algemeenheid onjuist. H. Beltman, 1975.Proefschrift , Wageningen. 8.He tlactosegehalt e vand e(verdunde )we l geeft aanvankelijk geen juist beeld van hetwaseffek t van warm water dat aand ewei-wronge l:1 s toegevoegd. 8. Het subsidie dati nhe t kader van het scheppen van werkgelegenheid aan bedrijven In het Oostene nNoorde n van het land wordt verleend, schept althans bij zulvelbedrijven geen extra werkgelegenheid. 10. Enkele door het Zuivel-kwaliteitskontrolebureau gehanteerde methoden ter beoordeling vand ekwalitei t van boter, tewete nd ebepalin gva n diacetylgehaltee nd estevigheid , kunnen misleidende uitkomsten geven. 11. Voedingswaarde-etikettering heeft voord econsumen t het meestenu t indien deze zeer globaal ise nslecht s die voedingsstoffen worden vermeld waarvan een niet onaanzienlijk deel vand econsumente n tevee l oft eweini g gebruikt. Bijd eopgegeve n gehaltene nenergie-inhou d moet vermeld wordeno fdez e relatief hoogo flaa g zijn. 12. Wiskundige statistiek ensimulatietechnieke n kunnen uitstekend worden toegepast bij het bepalen vand espeltaktie k ind erugbysport . 13. Ingevolged eWe t Gelijke Behandeling dient bij een advertentie voor 'kaasmeisjes'd etoevoegin g M/V teworde n geplaatst. Proefschrift vanH.J.M ,va n Dijk The syneresiso f curd Wageningen, 6oktobe r 1982 Aan nrCjn ouders WOORDVOORA F Aanhe t totstan dkome nva ndi tproefschrift ,wa tmogelij ki s gemaakt doord e financiëlehul pva nd eStichtin gJ.Mesdagfond st e Leeuwarden,hebbe nvele nee nbijdrag e geleverd. Inhe tbese fnie t volledig tekunne n zijn,wi l ikd evolgend epersone nme tnam enoemen . Ind eeerst eplaat sprof .dr . ir.P .Walstra ,di ehe t initiatief heeft genomento tdi tonderzoe k endi em e erbijheef tbegeleid .Aa n deverslagleggin g heefthi j insterk emat ebijgedragen . Vervolgensprof .dr .ir .J . Schenk,di evoora lme t betrekking totd ewiskundig eweergav e adviezenheef tgegeven . Eengroo tdee lva nd e experimenten isuitgevoer ddoo rd ehee r H.Stemphe r (permeabiliteit ensynerese) ,mevrou wA.E.A .d eGroot - Mostert (reologie)e n ir.J.G . vand eGrootevhee n (experimentenbetref ­ fendeFig . 8.4).D ehee rD . Schoonderbeek verrichtted emetinge nme t deKwantime t ImageAnalyzer ,welk e doord eStichtin gvoo rBodemkarte - ring teWageninge n terbeschikkin gwa s gesteld. Belangrijkeadvieze nhe b ikmoge nontvange nva no.m .prof .dr . A.Prins ,prof .dr .ir .S .Brui ne nmedewerker s vand eSecti eProces - kunde,dr . ir.T .va nVlie t endr .ir .Th .J .Geurts . Desymbolen -e nliteratuurlijs t zijnopgestel d doormevrou w ir.T.H .va nOijen . Debenodigd e apparatuur isgrotendee l gemaakt doord emedewerker s vand ewerkplaat sva nhe tBiotechnion . Aanhe tvormgeve nwerkte no.a .mee ,wa tbetref the t typewerk: mevrouwB.A . deJon g- va nde rLuijt ,mevrou wG.H.J .Pelleman s- Wunderink enmevrou wN.J.Walstra ;correcti e enadvie sverslaglegging : mevrouw ir.M.C .va nde rHaven ;foto -e ntekenwerk :d ehere nA . van Baaren,C .Rijpm ae nM .Schimmel . Mijnhuidig ewerkgeve rMelkuni eHollan d teWoerde nbe n ikerkente ­ lijkvoo rd emedewerkin gverleen dbi jhe tvoltooie nva ndi tproef ­ schrift. Mijnoprecht edan kaa nalle n dieaa ndi tproefschrif t hebben meegewerkt,voora l aandegene ndi ebetrokke nware nbi jhe to p schrift stellenva ndi tonderzoek .Bi jhe tneme nva ndez e laatstehinderni s heb ikva nu buitengewoo nvee lhul pgekregen . PERSOONLIJKEGEGEVEN S Deauteu rwer dgebore no p 6apri l 1948t eUden .Hi jbehaald e in 1971he tdiplom ava nd eHoger eLandbou wTechnologisch eSchoo lt e 'sHertogenbosch . Indatzelfd ejaa rwer dme td estudi eaa nd eLand ­ bouwhogeschool inWageninge nbegonnen .He tkandidaatsexame nLevens ­ middelentechnologiewer dafgeleg di njanuar i 1976e nhe tdoctoraal ­ exameni njanuar i 1978.D eingenieursstudi eomvatt enaas the tver ­ zwaardhoofdva k Zuiveltechnologie enMelkkund ehe thoofdva kIndustri ­ ëleBedrijfskunde .Va nnovembe r 1977to tme i 1981werkt ed eauteu ral s promotie-assistento phe tlaboratoriu mvoo rZuive le nLevensmiddelen - natuurkunde.Sind sme i 1981 ishi jwerkzaa mbi jMelkuni eHollan dt e Woerden. CONTENTS List of symbols 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Skimmil k powder 2.2 Rennet 2.3 Whey 2.4 Thimerosal 2.5 Concentratedmil k 2.6 Treatmento fth ege lan dstartin g syneresis 2.7 Standard conditionsfo rrenne tgel s 2.8 Standardcondition sfo raci d gels S Endogenous syneresis pressure 9 4 Permeability 11 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials andmethod s 4.2.1 "Tube"metho d 4.2.2 The"torsionflux "metho d 4.2.3 Calculationo fpermeabilit y coefficient(5 ) 4.2.4 Calculationo fth eviscosit yo fth ewhe y 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Validityo fth eequatio no fDarc y 4.3.2 Resultswit hth etub emetho d 4.3.2.1 Influenceo fdeformatio no npermeabilit y 4.3.2.2Chang eo fpermeabilit yo fundeforme dcur dwit htim e 4.3.2.3Influenc eo fconcentratio n 4.3.2.4Influenc eo ftemperatur e during measurement 4.3.2.5Influenc eo ftemperatur e during renneting 4.3.2.6Influenc eo frenne t concentrationan dtyp eo fski mmil k 4.3.2.7Influenc eo fCaCl 2 addition 4.3.2.8Influenc eo facidit yo npermeabilit y 4.3.2.9 Influenceo ffa tconten t 4.3.2.10Permeabilit yo faci dgel s 4.3.3 Influenceo fdeformation ,temperatur ean dp Ho n permeabilitya smeasure dwit hth etorsionflu xmetho d 4.4 Discussion 5 The Theological behaviour of curd 32 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods 5.2.1 Dynamicmeasurement swit hth e"De nOtter "rheomete r 5.2.2 Creepmeasurement swit hth e"Deer "rheomete r 5.2.3 Resultsan ddiscussio n 6 The model 39 6.1 Thedifferentia l equation 6.2 Numerical solution 6.3 Parameters 7 Syneresis of thin slabs (Testing the model experimentally) 48 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods 7.3 Resultsan ddiscussio n 7.3.1 Testingth emode l 7.3.2 Effecto fsom evariable s 7.3.3 Therelatio nbetwee nclottin go fmil kan d permeability,syneresi s (pressure)an drigidit y ofth ecur d 7.4 Conclusions 8 Syneresis as influenced by external •pressure or deformation 73 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methods 8.3 Results Summary 79 Samenvatting 82 References 85 LISTO FSYMBOL SAN DABBREVIATION S a constanti nEq . 6.12 a radiuso fa tub e (m) b constanti nEq . 6.12 2 B\B, permeability (coefficient) (m) B(0) permeability (coefficient)a tth e 2 momento fth efirs treadin go f h(,t) (m) B permeability (coefficient)a tth e momentwhe nth ege li spressurize d 2 ordeformedeforme d (m) Sn permeabilityo fth ecur dsla ba tth e starto fsyneresi s (m) 2 a constanti ntria lfunction s for P(i); a d /d£ - ^y\03 d diameter d volume-surfaceaverag ediamete r (m) dt tubediamete r (m) DS -1 jrr substantialtim ederivat eoperato r (s ) D B(1- e)3 P'/n (seeEq .6.1 ) (s"1) 2 -1 g accelerationdu et ogravit y (m» s ) 2 G' storagemodulu s (N/m) 2 G" lossmodulu s (N/m) 2 GQ instantaneousshea rmodulu s (N/m) h differencebetwee nth elevel so fth e unwetted curdan dth eadjacen twhe y (Chapter3 ) (m) h heightbelo wsurfac eo fth ege l (m) h. t;h(k,t) thicknesso fslic enumbe r k attim e t (inth emodel ) (m) h{t) levelo fth ewhe y inth etub e (Eq.4.2 ) (m) H heighto fth esla b (m) 5Q heighto fth esla ba t t =0 (m) LH shrinkageo fa sla b (m) i\i, , volumeo fconcentrate dmilk/volum e oforigina lmilk ; h^ t/hk Q k numbero fth eslic ei nth esla b (in themodel ) K' ;K dimensionlesstim evariabl e (K' = ZK)
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