Evolution of Thermal and Hydric Regime of Soils From

Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LX, 2017 ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785 Gobiet, 2012; Lereboullet et al., 2013; Niacsu water for irrigations during 1975-2010, in Italy et al., 2015; Luo et al., 2016). and in the Iberian Peninsula we have noticed an EVOLUTION OF THERMAL AND HYDRIC REGIME OF SOILS According to the fifth evaluation report, AR5 increase of the water volume needed for FROM THE TRANSILVANIAN PLAIN DURING 2008-2014 of IPCC (IPCC, 2014) the climate projections irrigations while in other parts of south-eastern during 2016-2035 compared to 1985-2005 Europe it decreased. According to the EEA 1 1 2 1 Teodor RUSU , Ileana BOGDAN , Lech Wojciech SZAJDAK , Paula Ioana MORARU , show a rise of the air temperature worldwide by report (2012) under the influence of future 1 3 3 4 Adrian Ioan POP , Valentina ANDRIUCA , Olesea COJOCARU , Ioan Aurel CHERECHES , 0.3ºC up to 0.7ºC, this warming being caused climate changes in the south of Europe, an 1 1 Avram FITIU , Horia POP by the emissions resulted from the increase of the need for irrigations in anthropogenic activity, but also by the natural agriculture is forecast (Trif and Oprea, 2015). 1 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, climate variabilitaty. The global temperature The Transylvanian Plain (TP) which has a Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania average, calculated during 1880-2012 shows a surface of approximately 395,616 ha is 2 Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, 19, Bukowska rising tendency by 0.85ºC (0.65ºC-1.6ºC) for favoured for cereal crops on relatively large Street, 60-809, Poznan, Poland several series of independent data, with a surfaces (wheat and maize), but also for soy, 3 State Agrarian University of Moldova, 42 Mircesti Street, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova varied interannual and decade variability; sunflower and sugar beet, these are the main 4 Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Blvd., 400641, Cluj-Napoca, Romania during 1998-2012, the warming rate was agricultural crops present in this geographical 0.05°C per decade, with variations up to 0.15ºC unit, which covers surfaces from Cluj, Bistrita- Corresponding author email: [email protected] per decade (AR5, IPCC, 2014). Năsăud and Mures counties. The surface of Changes in the rainfall regime, at a European arable lands, which occupies approximately Abstract level, show a higher time and space variability 60% of the territory of the Transylvanian Plain

Tranyilvanian Plain is considered as an area with a low capacity to adapt to climate changes, monitoring the climate compared to temperatures, these rising in the tends to reduce due to the transformation of and implementing the adaption measures being essential for the development of certain durable agricultural north and north-west of Europe, but falling in certain large surfaces of productive lands into technologies. The monitoring and variability of climate elements were achieved during 2008 (March) - 2014, through a the south of Europe. Most of the projections of degraded lands, and even unproductive, process network of 10 HOBO stations which store soil temperature data electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air (at 1 m the climate models show a continuity of rising resulting from: applying certain irrational hight), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) and are equipped with rain gauges. The purpose of the paper is to establish the rainfall in the north of Europe and their agricultural technologies, deforestation, setting tendency in the evolution of the soil thermal and hydric regime, to predict and identify the climate tendencies from the Transylvanian Plain. The thermal regime of soils in this area is mesic, the differences between the annual averages of decrease in the south of Europe (EEA, 2012). up communal pasturs on fast slopes, summer temperatures and the average of winter temperatures 50 cm deep in the soil are ranging between 12.81- For Romania, in "The Guidance on adaptation pseudogleization, alkalinization and 20.01°C. The evolution of temperatures at the soil level during 2008-2014 indicate the clear tendencies of rising to climate change" prepared by the Ministry of salinization of soils (Sopterean, 2012; Haggard, temperatures at the soil surface (0 cm). The coefficients of linear correlation among the data lines analyzed indicate a Environment and Forests in 2008, approved by 2012). rising synchronous evolution of the annual average temperature, with values of the correlation indices of 0.52-0.81. the Order of Ministry no. 1170/2008 are The Transylvanian Plain is considered as an The same linear tendency in evolution of rising of the annual average temperature is recorded also in the case of temperatures from 10 cm and 30 cm deep in the soil. The evolution of temperatures in the air during 2008-2014 shows mentioned rising of extreme temperatures area with a low capacity to adapt to climate slightly rising evolutionary tendencies. The evolution of rainfall during 2008-2014 shows a falling linear tendency of during 2070-2099 compared to 1961-1990 by changes thus, under these conditions, them, the highest values of the annual average is recorded in 2010 (631 mm), and the lowest quantities of rainfall were 4.0°C-6.0°C inside the Carpathian region and monitoring the climate and implementing recorded in 2012 (263.9 mm). The value of the correlation coefficient associated to the falling evolution tendency of lower in the rest of the country in the case of measures to adapt to these conditions are rainfall is r = -0.51. The multiannual average of rainfall from the Transylvanian Plain is 466.52 mm. From the analysis minimum winter temperatures and 0.8°C-0.9°C essential for the development of certain durable of the statistical relation between rainfall and soil moisture, the calculated correlation coefficient has a value of r = 0.92 which indicates a direct and positive causal relation between the two parameters. in the north-west and north-east of the country. agricultural technologies. The climate changes As for the average of the summer maximum from the last years modified significantly the Key words: thermal regime, hydric regime, climate changes, Transylvanian Plain. value, there is a rising recorded of 4.0°C-5.0°C climate indicators of the Transylvanian Plain, in the north of the country, a higher rising is as our previous research shows (Rusu et al., INTRODUCTION and/or certain external anthropogenic factors recorded in the south of the country. These 2017). which result in the change of the atmosphere temperature changes were obtained by Monitoring the soil thermal and hydric regime, Climate is the dynamics of all meteorological composition by the increase of concentration of projecting the simulations made with the air temperature and the rainfall from the phenomena from the atmosphere, including the greenhouse gases (Perry, 2015; Marin et al., HadAM3H global climate model under the Transylvanian Plain aims to set up the tendency soil thermal and hydric regime, from a certain 2016). conditions of A2 IPCC scenario (Coste, 2015). in the evolution of these parameters. The paper place or region in the world, during a very long In the fourth evaluation report, AR4 (IPCC, When it comes to the soil moisture there aren’t responds to the need of making a long term period of time (Dumitrescu et al., 2015). The 2007) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate any clear clues in the tendencies to retain water monitoring of climate variability, a forecast and climate change supposes the systematic Change it is mentioned that during 1956-2005 in the soil due to the lack of systhematic and an identification of climate tendencies which deviation from the average state which defines a rise of temperature by 0.13°C/decade took harmonized data. Projections suggest a had a negative impact on agriculture in order to a climate, which lasts for a longer period of place, a value approximately double compared reduction of the soil moisture in the greatest evaluate the risk of agricultural surfaces and of time, usually tens of years or even more, to a to the value of 0.74°C from the last 100 years part of Europe, significant reductions in the the species cultivated as well as to take the best new average state, a new climate (Coste, 2015; (during 1906-2005). This rise of temperature mediterranean region and its rising in north- measures to adapt to the effects of climate Purton et al., 2015). Climate changes can be during the last 50 years is much and with a high eastern Europe (EEA, 2012). At a European changes. caused by the simultaneous action of certain probability caused by greenhouse emissions level, from the point of view of the need of internal as well as external natural factors coming from human activities (Heinrich and 150

Gobiet, 2012; Lereboullet et al., 2013; Niacsu water for irrigations during 1975-2010, in Italy et al., 2015; Luo et al., 2016). and in the Iberian Peninsula we have noticed an EVOLUTION OF THERMAL AND HYDRIC REGIME OF SOILS According to the fifth evaluation report, AR5 increase of the water volume needed for FROM THE TRANSILVANIAN PLAIN DURING 2008-2014 of IPCC (IPCC, 2014) the climate projections irrigations while in other parts of south-eastern during 2016-2035 compared to 1985-2005 Europe it decreased. According to the EEA 1 1 2 1 Teodor RUSU , Ileana BOGDAN , Lech Wojciech SZAJDAK , Paula Ioana MORARU , show a rise of the air temperature worldwide by report (2012) under the influence of future 1 3 3 4 Adrian Ioan POP , Valentina ANDRIUCA , Olesea COJOCARU , Ioan Aurel CHERECHES , 0.3ºC up to 0.7ºC, this warming being caused climate changes in the south of Europe, an 1 1 Avram FITIU , Horia POP by the emissions resulted from the increase of the need for irrigations in anthropogenic activity, but also by the natural agriculture is forecast (Trif and Oprea, 2015). 1 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, climate variabilitaty. The global temperature The Transylvanian Plain (TP) which has a Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania average, calculated during 1880-2012 shows a surface of approximately 395,616 ha is 2 Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, 19, Bukowska rising tendency by 0.85ºC (0.65ºC-1.6ºC) for favoured for cereal crops on relatively large Street, 60-809, Poznan, Poland several series of independent data, with a surfaces (wheat and maize), but also for soy, 3 State Agrarian University of Moldova, 42 Mircesti Street, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova varied interannual and decade variability; sunflower and sugar beet, these are the main 4 Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Blvd., 400641, Cluj-Napoca, Romania during 1998-2012, the warming rate was agricultural crops present in this geographical 0.05°C per decade, with variations up to 0.15ºC unit, which covers surfaces from Cluj, Bistrita- Corresponding author email: [email protected] per decade (AR5, IPCC, 2014). Năsăud and Mures counties. The surface of Changes in the rainfall regime, at a European arable lands, which occupies approximately Abstract level, show a higher time and space variability 60% of the territory of the Transylvanian Plain

MATERIALS AND METHODS of primary data recorded by HOBO stations, The analysis of the soil thermal regime from in the soil, a percentage of 53.33%, is during the research years 2008-2014. Upon the the Transylvanian Plain during 2008-2014 by represented by the annual average temperatures Monitoring and variability of climatic elements opening of the electronically stored data files, a indirect determination according to RSST, ranging between 11.01°C and 12.00°C, was achieved during 2008 (March) - 2014, diagram is generated with the series of data 2012 (adding 2°C to the annual average recorded at the majority of stations from the through a network of 10 HOBO-MAN-H21- recorded by each sensor for the period starting temperature of the soil 50 cm deep from the Transylvanian Plain. In a percentage of 26.66% 002 (On-set Computer Corp., Bourne, MA, with launching the program and up to the surface) is not confirmed as, in the case of the are found the annual average temperatures USA) stations which store soil temperature data download of data. majority of stations from the Transylvanian ranging between 10.01°C and 11°C at Band, electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air After the data was visualized, its export was Plain, the values of the annual average Triteni, Zoreni and Silivasu de Campie stations. (at 1 m hight), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) made into Excel calculation sheets ordering the temperature, 50 cm deep in the soil are higher In order to analyze, statistically, the general and rain gauges. HOBO Smart Temp (S-TMB- data series into a continuous form for each year than the air ones. Figure 1 presents the multian- direction in time of the soil temperature, the M002) temperature sensors and Decagon EC-5 according to the station and to the climate nual averages of soil temperatures during 2009- linear tendency of the annual average tempera- (S-SMC-M005) moisture sensors were parameter analyzed. 2014 in the Transylvanian Plain, where one can tures at the soil surface was used, 10 cm, 30 cm connected to HOBO Micro Stations. The analysis instruments of the program allow notice that the highest values are registered at and 50 cm deep during 2008-2014, achieved Additionally, tipping bucket rain gauges (RG3- the customization of graphs and the differen- Filpisu Mare, and the lowest at Triteni, Caianu based on the size of the determination index R2 M) were deployed to measure rainfall. Data tiated analysis of data series (calculation of and Silivasu de Campie stations. and of the correlation coefficients. Temperature was downloaded from the Micro Stations every monthly, annual and multiannual averages of The resulted values of the thermal regime of data indicate clear growing tendencies of four months via laptop computer using soil, air temperatures and soil moisture for each the soils, directly, by calculating the difference temperature at the soil surface (0 cm) for Band, HOBOware Pro Software Version 3.7.2. Soil station). between the average of summer temperatures Taga (Figure 2), Triteni, Filpisu Mare and Zoreni types, land slope and exposition, altitude and For the calculation of rainfall, HOBOware and the average of winter temperatures of soils, stations. The linear correlation coefficients of the geographic coordinates of the locations in program allowed to record events (daily 50 cm deep, were used to establish the thermal data lines analyzed indicate a growing which stations were set are shown in Table 1 monitoring of the number of dumpcart of the regime of the soils from the Transylvanian synchronous evolution of the annual average (Haggard et al., 2010). The majority of soils arm to collect rainfall) which in their turn have Plain. It results that the thermal regime of the temperature, with more clear tendencies at have a loam-clay texture, pH between 6 to 8.69 been exported into Excel calculation sheets soils from the Transylvanian Plain is mesic, Zoreni, Filpisu Mare and Band stations, where and humus content of 2.5 and 4.15 in the first where the monthly and annual quantity of with values of the annual average temperature the value of the correlation indices is 0.81 at 20 cm (Rusu et al., 2014). rainfall was calculated by multiplying the of the soil 50 cm deep ranging from 8°C to - Zoreni station, 0.61 at Filpisu Mare station and The determination of modifiations of the soil number of events by 0.2 (mm), value which 15°C, and the differences between the averages respectively 0.52 at Band station (Figure 3). thermal and hydric regime from the corresponds to each swing of the dumpcart of summer temperatures and the averages of At 10 cm deep in the soil the linear tendencies Transylvanian Plain is based on the calculation mechanism the rain gauge is equipped with. winter temperatures are higher than 6°C at 50 of evolution of the annual average temperature cm deep in the soil. are rising at the majority of stations except for Table 1. Analytical data on location of measuring stations The annual averages of the soil temperature Triteni station, where the linear tendency shows No Station (County) Soil Type and Subtype* Latitude Longitude Elevation, m Slope, % Exposition have values ranging between 10.58°C and a slight evolution down of the annual average 1 Caianu (CJ) Chernozem calcaro-calcic 46º79’ 23º52’ 469 17 SE 13.72°C and one can notice, during 2012-2014, temperature. The same linear tendency in 2 Mociu (CJ) Chernozem luvic 46º47’ 24º04’ 435 5 V 3 Taga (CJ) Preluvosol typic 46º97’ 24º01’ 469 17 N increases of values of the annual averages by growing evolution of the annual average 4 Branistea (BN) Eutricambosoil typic 47º17’ 23º47’ 266 1 V 0.55°C up to 0.86°C compared to the previous temperature is recorded also in the case of 5 Dipsa (BN) Phaeozem typic 46º96’ 24º26’ 356 3 E period 2008-2011. Even if the value limits of temperatures 30 cm deep in the soil, except for 6 Zoreni (BN) Preluvosol typic 46º89’ 24º16’ 445 17 NV the annual average temperatures grew during Silivasu de Campie station where the tendency 7 Silivasu de Campie (BN) Eutricambosoil mollic 46º78’ 24º18’ 463 7 NV 8 Filpisu Mare (MS) Districambosoil typic 46º74’ 24º35’ 375 19 S 2012-2014, the soil set up in the mesic type indicates a clear decrease of the annual average 9 Band (MS) Phaeozem luvic 46º58’ 24º22’ 318 1 SE thermal regime established previously (Rusu et temperatures (Figure 4). 10 Triteni (CJ) Phaeozem vertic 46º59’ 24º00’ 342 10 N al., 2014) hasn’t changed. The linear correlation coefficients indicate a SE =southeast; V = west; N = north; E = east; NV = northwest; S = south; *RSST, 2012 Evolution of soil temperatures during 2008- rising evolution of the annual average tempe- CJ = Cluj county; BN = Bistrita-Nasaud county; MS = Mures county 2014. The temperature from the soil surface (0 rature, with clear tendencies for Branistea, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS of covering the soil surface with vegetation. cm) was recorded at Taga, Filpisu Mare, Band, Dipsa and Zoreni stations, followed by Filpisu The soil surface receives a certain quantity of Triteni and Zoreni stations, the annual averages Mare, the value of correlation coefficients of Soil thermic regime from the Transylvanian energy which is converted into thermal energy ranging between 10.12°C (Triteni, 2013) and which is 0.82, 0.73 and 0.72, respectively 0.63 Plain. The soil thermal regime depends on a which subsequently is propagated and/or taken 13.00°C (Filpisu Mare, 2014). The annual for Filpisu Mare station. In the case of Triteni complex of factors, first on the intensity of over, then, by the soil layers by conduction. average temperatures of the soil recorded 10 station, the value of correlation coefficient solar radiation and its periodic variations in The soil thermal regime influences in its turn cm deep ranged between 10.32°C, in 2013, at associated to linear tendency (-0.04) indicates a time, to which we add the soil physical the plant growth, the biological activity and Triteni and 13.89°C, in 2014, at Filpisu Mare drop of the anual average temperature insig- properties, composition, structure, texture, the water movement inside the soil. In the station. At 30 cm deep in the soil, the annual nificant almost inexisting, and for Silivasu de soil moisture or dryness degree, the specific evaluation of the soil thermal regime, the average temperatures ranged between 10.91°C Campie station is -0.46, indicating a higher heat and thermal conductivity, the orientation multiannual average of temperature represents at Caianu station in 2012 and 12.22°C at Dipsa decrease of the annual average temperature 30 and Branistea stations in 2014. At 50 cm deep cm deep (Figure 5). and tilt slopes, as well as the nature and degree the value mostly used. 152

14 where the linear tendency indicated a rising evolution of soil moisture. 13.5 y = 0.1216x - 232.95 y = 0.0896x - 168.45 Dipșa station Dipșa station 13 R² = 0.5425 R² = 0.3333 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.2

C 12.2 ° 12 12

T 12 11.8 11.5 10 cm 11.8 T °C T °C 11.6 11 11.6 50 cm 11.4 11.4 10.5 11.2 11.2 10 11 11 2009 2011 2013 2009 2011 2013

10 cm 30 cm 10 cm 30 cm 50 cm Linear (10 cm ) 50 cm Linear (30 cm)

Figure 1. Multiannual average of soil temperature in Transylvanian Plain (2009-2014) Figure 4. Linear trend of annual averages temperature evolution (10 cm, 30 cm) at Dipsa station 1 y = 0.0911x - 172.56 Țaga station Țaga station y = 0.068x - 125.93 R² = 0.1208 R² = 0.0879 0.9 12 12 0.8 0.8 11.5 11.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 11 11 0.5 T°C T°C 0.4 10.5 10.5 0.4 0.3 10 10 0.2 R 0.2 R 9.5 9.5 0.1 0 2009 2011 2013 2009 2011 2013 0 -0.1 0 cm 10 cm 0 cm 10 cm -0.2 50 cm Linear (0 cm) 50 cm Linear (10 cm) -0.4 Figure 2. Linear trend of annual averages temperature evolution (0 cm, 10 cm) at Taga Station -0.6 1 Figure 5. Values of correlation coefficient associated with trend evolution of annual average temperature at 10 cm (left) 0.8 and 30 cm (right) 0.6 The correlation coefficients associated to the For a synthetic image of the space and time R 0.4 falling linear tendencies of soil moisture, variability of the soil moisture variation we 0.2 presented in Figure 6 have values ranging used the standard deviation, frequently used in between - 0.95 at Branistea and -0.04 at Caianu climatology, index which has the same 0 station. measuring unit like the one of the values from Band Taga Triteni Filpisu Mare Zoreni The negative values and the values close to the data lines used. From the analysis of the Figure 3. Values of correlation coefficient associated with trend evolution zero of the correlation coefficients from Caianu values of the standard deviation calculated for of annual average temperature at soil surface (0 cm) and Taga stations (-0.13) indicate us slightly each station, it results that the soil moisture falling tendencies, almost insignificant to nul of varies by 0.021 m3/m3 up to 0.027 m3/m3 The tendencies of temperature evolution 30 cm elements derived from atmosphere with a the soil moisture. compared to the multiannual average of each deep in the soil indicate growing, moderate to determining role, next to other factors, for the The positive value, close to zero, of the station analyzed (Figure 7). significant tendencies, for Dipsa (r = 0.57) and ongoing under optimal conditions of the plant correlation coefficient in the case of Dipsa Branistea (r = 0.8) stations compared to vegetation cycle. station (0.13) indicates a growth almost Evolution of air temperature during 2008- Silivasu de Campie (r = -0.4) station where The evolution analysis of the annual average insignificant of the soil moisture. 2014. Air temperature was recorded at the there is a moderate falling tendency. values of soil moisture, recorded 10 cm deep, The most clear tendencies of falling evolution station equipped with rain gauge, 1 m high during 2008-2014 the Transylvanian Plain of soil moisture were recorded at Branistea, from the soil surface. The annual averages of Evolution of soil moisture during 2008-2014. indicates a general falling tendency at the Silivasu de Campie and Filpisu Mare stations, air temperature are ranging from 10.53°C at The soil moisture is one of the meteorological majority of stations except for Dipsa station followed by Zoreni and Triteni stations. Band (2012) to 12.18°C at Mociu (2014). 154

C 12.2 ° 12 12

T 12 11.8 11.5 10 cm 11.8 T °C T °C 11.6 11 11.6 50 cm 11.4 11.4 10.5 11.2 11.2 10 11 11 2009 2011 2013 2009 2011 2013

10 cm 30 cm 10 cm 30 cm 50 cm Linear (10 cm ) 50 cm Linear (30 cm)

The variation of air temperatures (daily, monthly In 2009, the average of rainfall recorded at the Mare and respectively 0.52 at Band station. The The evolution of air temperatures during 2008- and annual) is determined by a complex of stations from the Transylvanian Plain was same linear tendency with a rising evolution of 2014 shows slightly rising evolution factors which comprises aspects related to 533.1 mm, value close to the inferior limit in the annual average temperature is recorded also tendencies, except for Căianu station where the orientation and tilt slope, altitude variation, cir- the area, and in 2011 rainfall was recorded in in the case of temperatures 10 and 30 cm deep evolution tendency of the annual average culation of air masses, content of water vapors average value of 372.75 mm, 2011 being in the soil. temperature is slightly falling. or powders in suspension, vegetal cover etc. considered a year with deficit in rainfall. In After the analysis of evolution tendencies of the 2012 the rainfall deficit emphasized, a drop of annual average temperatures, based on the data their average by 14.13 mm compared to the Silivașu Filpișu de recorded during 2008-2014 one can notice that previous year was recorded. In 2013 and 2014 Band Taga Triteni Mare Zoreni Dipșa Câmpie Braniștea Căianu at Dipsa, Silivasu de Campie (Figure 8) and the annual average values of rainfall were 0.13 Branistea stations they are rising, and at Caianu under the inferior limit of the normal value in station the evolution tendency of the annual the area, they were 466.72 mm, respectively -0.04 R average temperature is falling. The values of 436.93 mm. -0.29 the correlation coefficients (Figure 9) In order to visualize the statistical relation -0.51 associated to the evolution tendencies of the air between rainfall and soil moisture we used the -0.72 -0.67 -0.83 -0.84 annual average temperature at Branistea and correlation graph betwen the two variables. The -0.95 Dipsa stations indicate insignificant growths of correlation coefficient calculated for the air temperature, and at Caianu station the value analysis of the relation between rainfall and soil of the correlation coefficient of -0.55 indicates moisture 10 cm deep has a value of r = 0.92 Figure 6. Values of correlation coefficient associated with trend evolution of annual average soil moisture in a moderate tendency of falling evolution of the which indicates a very close, direct, positive Transylvanian Plain air annual average temperature. At Silivasu de and significant relation between the two Campie station, the value of the correlation parameters (Figure 11). The value of the coefficient associated to the evolution tendency relation coefficient indicates a very good Braniștea 0.027 of the air annual average temperature indicates association between the two parameters, and Silivașu de Câmpie 0.025 2 a very slight rising tendency. the value of the determination coefficient R Dipșa 0.026 indicates the fact that 84% of moisture Zoreni 0.024 Evolution of rainfall during 2008-2014. From variation can be explained by the linear relation Filpișu Mare 0.025 the data recorde at the stations equipped with with rainfall. Triteni 0.022 rain gauges, the highest quantities of rainfall from the Transylvanian Plain were recorded at CONCLUSIONS Țaga 0.021 Branistea station in 2014 (580.65 mm/year), Band 0.026 and the lowest at Mociu station (267.06 The Transylvanian Plain is the unit with the 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 mm/year). highest water deficit from the Transylvanian Deviatia Standard / Standard Deviation From the analysis of data regarding the quantity Depression. The soil thermal regime in this of rainfall recorded in the Transylvanian Plain area shows a mesic type regime, the differences Figure 7. Standard deviation of annual value of soil moisture (m3/m3) during 2008-2014 one can notice its falling between the annual averages of summer linear tendency, the highest values of the temperatures and the averages of winter annual average are recorded in 2010, with an temperatures 50 cm deep in the soil are ranging Silivașu de Câmpie station average value of 631 mm, it is considered a between 12.81-20.01°C. The multiannual 12 year with rainfall close to the normal in the averages of the differences between the area. The lowest quantities of rainfall were averages of the summer months and the 11.5 recorded in 2012 (358.62 mm), a drought year averages of the winter months are ranging 11 from the point of view of the quantities of between 13.77-15.89°C. C ° rainfall (Figure 10). The multiannual average The evolution of temperatures at soil level T 10.5 (2009-2014) of rainfall in the Transylvanian during 2009-2014, indicate the clear growing y = 0.0591x - 108.05 Plain is 466.52 mm, under the inferior limit of tendencies of temperature at the soil surface (0 10 R² = 0.025 the area (500-700 mm/year). cm). The value of the correlation coefficient The coefficients of linear correlation among the 9.5 associated to the falling evolution tendency of data lines analyzed indicate a rising 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 rainfall is -0.51 which indicates a reverse, synchronous evolution of the annual average T°C Linear (T°C) moderate to good index of the relation between temperature, with values of the correlation Figure 8. Linear trend of annual averages air temperature evolution at Silivasu de Campie station the two variables analyzed. indices of 0.81 at Zoreni station, 0.61 at Filpisu 156

The evolution of soil moisture during 2008- Haggard B., Rusu T., Weindorf D., Cacovean H., Moraru 0.15 0.077 0.006 2014 recorded 10 cm deep indicates its general P., Sopterean M., 2010. Spatial soil temperature and moisture monitoring across the Transylvanian Plain falling tendency at the majority of stations Caianu Dipșa Silivașu de Braniștea in Romania. Bulletin UASVM Agriculture, 67(1): R Câmpie except for Dipsa station where the linear 130-137. tendency indicated a slightly rising evolution, Haggard B., 2012. Soil climate and pedology of the almost negligeable of soil moisture. The values Transylvanian Plain, Romania. Ph.D. Thesis, -0.55 of the correlation coefficients associated to Louisiana State University, USA. Heinrich G., Gobiet A., 2012. The future of dry and wet linear tendencies of soil moisture are ranging Figure 9. Values of correlation coefficient associated with trend evolution of annual average air temperature spells in Europe: a comprehensive study based on the between -0.95 at Branistea and -0.04 at Caianu ENSEMBLES regional climate models. International station. The most clear falling evolution Journal of Climatology, 32: 1951-1970. 700 tendencies of soil moisture were recorded at Lereboullet A. L., Beltrando G., Bardsley D. K., 2013. Branistea, Silivasu de Campie and Filpisu Mare Socio-ecological adaptation to climate change: A 600 comparative case study from the Mediterranean wine stations, followed by Zoreni and Triteni 500 industry in France and Australia. Agriculture, stations. Ecosystems & Environment, 164: 273-285. 400 From the analysis of values of the standard Luo Z., Wang E., Rossel R. A. V., 2016. Can the

mm sequestered carbon in agricultural soil be maintained 300 deviation calculated for each station it results that soil moisture varies by 0.021 m3/m3 up to with changes in management, temperature and 200 3 3 rainfall? A sensitivity assessment. Geoderma, 268: y = -28.223x + 57238 0.027 m /m compared to the multiannual 22-28. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.01.015. 100 R² = 0.264 average of each station analyzed. From the Marin D.I., Bolohan C., Oprea C.A., Ilie L., 2016. analysis of the statistical relation between Influence of sowing period and fertilization on the 0 naked oat crop grown in the Ilfov county. Agrolife 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 rainfall and soil moisture, the calculated correlation coefficient has a value of r = 0.92 Scientific Journal, 5(1): 127-130. Niacsu L., Ionita I., Curea D., 2015. Optimum which indicates a direct and positive causal agricultural land use in the hilly area of eastern Figure 10. Linear trend of rainfall evolution in Transylvanian Plain during 2009-2014 relation between the two parameters, a very Romania, case study: Pereschiv catchment. good association between them, and the Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental 0.300 moisture variation can be explained by the Sciences, 10(1): 183-192. 0.290 linear relation with rainfall (84%). Perry J., 2015. Climate change adaptation in the world's 0.280 best places: A wicked problem in need of immediate 0.270 attention. Landscape and Urban Planning, 133: 1-11. 0.260 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Purton K., Pennock D., Leinweber P., Walley F., 2015. 0.250 Will changes in climate and land use affect soil 0.240 This paper was performed under the frame of the organic matter composition? Evidence from an m3/m3 m3/m3 0.230 ecotonal climosequence. 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Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Intensive farm applications which were the major solution were proposed to nutrient to growing human population, damage to soil fertility, ecosystem elements and human healthy seriously. This damages come up long terms. Intensive farm applications cause to decrement of soil fertility and yield quality. While the soil reduces because of intensive farm applications human population increases every year. So intensive farm applications is not a good solution and idea for nutrient to increasing human populations. This study aimed to present solutions alternative of intensive farm applications. We propose to alternative farm applications against to intensive farm applications are organic farm (OF), organo-mineral farm (OMF). In this paper it was given some organic and chemical farm applications results to compare. Some of the results of organic and mineral applications given in this paper were studied by our research group. Some of results of this paper showed that, some of organic farm applications were increased to yield more than chemical applications. However organic applications cost is higher than other chemical or intensive farm applications. Because of the high cost and low yield of organic farming it is not prefer commonly. So that we suggested that organic and mineral (organo-mineral) applications together with suitable rate for sustainable agriculture and soil quality.

Key words: organic farm, soil ecology, intensive agriculture, organo-mineral farm.

INTRODUCTION Anatolia with a share of about 30% and at least about 0.7% in Marmara. In the same year, the Organic agriculture; including preparation of amount of organic production in Turkey was soil before planting in agriculture, in 310,125 tons in 2002 while it increased by 3.75 agricultural production from planting to times in 2015 to 1,164,202 tons (Kızıltuğ and harvest, chemical fertilizer, drug, etc. can be Fidan, 2016). named as the form of agricultural production in The lack of chemical fertilizers in organic which inputs are not present and each stage is agriculture contributes to the reduction of input controlled in a certificated manner. Organic cost in production and contributes to soil agriculture has also become popular in fertility and sustainability and it may be developing countries other than developed considered that our current fertile soil will be countries. The organic agriculture in Turkey, transferred to future generations and directly which is among the developing countries, affect the future nutritional problem. started production in the middle of the 1980s Otherwise, the increase in the use of chemical with the aim of meeting the demands of the fertilizers and medicines is not difficult to developed countries first. Production started predict, firstly, that our existing agricultural with contracted production with a few kinds of land will become inefficient in time and products such as raisins, dried figs, dried deteriorate the quality of the products. apricots and hazelnuts and the production Excessive chemical use destroys the viability of quantity and fields continued to increase with the soil and can cause poisoning after a certain the increasing demand in years. While the area place. Turkey has increased its use of chemical of organic production in Turkey was 89,827 fertilizers by 4.8% in the last 6-7 years. But our hectares in 2002, it increased by 5.7 times in arable land has decreased by about 1.5% in the 2015 with 515,268 hectares. The organic same years (TUIK, 2015). As understood from production area in Turkey was seen in Eastern this, the use of chemical fertilizers has reduced 160