The Role of the Liveable Promenade in Revitalizing an Entertainment Tourism City: the Case of Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT

MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74

The Role of the Liveable Promenade in Revitalizing an Entertainment Tourism City: The Case of Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT.

Khalid S. Al-Hagla

Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

Culture relates to objects and is a phenomenon of the world; entertainment relates to people and is a phenomenon of life. Hannah Arendt

PAPER NO. 10

Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74

ABSTRACTS

Paper No. 10 Available online at: http://www.archnet.orgU U

Archnet, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74

The Role of the Liveable Promenade in Revitalizing an Entertainment Tourism City: The Case of Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT.

Khalid S. Al-Hagla Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

Abstract

Promenades are major constituents of entertainment tourism cities and their contribution to liveability adds value to the entertainment qualities these cities have. Sharm El-Shaikh is one of these leading entertainment tourism cities. Its fame as a city of peace makes it attractive for a large number of tourists. Naama Bay is the major natural / urban feature for the city’s entertainment zone. A large part of the city's reputation for liveability is directly related to the qualities of Naama Bay's promenades. This paper tackles the relationship between the typological structures of these promenades and the liveability of Naama Bay. It analyzes the environmental and urban contexts that control their role, and investigates their morphological analyses, spatial configurations, activities, and different architectural and urban treatments. This paper uses these analyses to identify a set of parameters that controls the liveability scale of these promenades, and consequently the liveability of their wider context. © 2010 Archnet. All rights reserved.

Keywords: promenade, entertainment tourism cities, liveability, Naama Bay, Sharm El-Shaikh

1 PAPER NO.10

Available online at: http://www.archnet.org Archnet, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74

The Role of the Liveable Promenade in Revitalizing an Entertainment Tourism City: The Case of Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT.

ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺯﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﻀﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺸﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ – ﻤﺼﺭ

ﺩ/ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ - ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ – ﻤﺼﺭ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ - ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ - ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ

ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ

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1 البحث ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ

MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74

The Role of the Liveable Promenade in Revitalizing an Entertainment Tourism City: The Case of Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT.

Khalid S. Al-Hagla Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

Culture relates to objects and is a phenomenon of the world; entertainment relates to people and is a phenomenon of life. Hannah Arendt THE

PAPER

PAPER NO. 10

Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT

Available online at: http://www.archnet.org

Archnet, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74

The Role of the Liveable Promenade in Revitalizing an Entertainment Tourism City:

The Case of Sharm El-Shaikh, EGYPT.

Khalid S. Al-Hagla *

Department of Architecture, Alexandria University, Egypt - Faculty of Architecture, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon

Abstract

Keywords: promenade, entertainment tourism cities, liveability, Naama Bay, Sharm El-Shaikh

1. Introduction

The importance of liveability has lately been dis- approach takes into account the vital role of 'Place' as cussed frequently (AARP, 2005). The variety of ap- a media of community interactions (people/people – proaches that tackle 'liveability' reflects the wide range people/place). The typology of recreational and enter- of its related practices and application requirements. tainment activities takes the quality of these interac- This is a direct function of community typology and tions as a parameter of their success. This is based on the specific role played by 'liveability' at different the hypothesis that the prosperity of these communi- community scales. ties is related to their qualities as 'Places' that have potential to meet their people’s needs. This paper follows the 'Place Making' approach as being relevant to understanding of liveability in recre- The physical planning of Naama Bay is similar to ational and entertainment tourism communities. This that of many other tourism centres spread along the

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 2 coastal highway by the Red Sea in Egypt; its ability to The planning morphology of Naama Bay is shaped attract an increasing number of tourists cannot be de- by two main physical constraints: the coastal highway nied. Its reputation as a distinguished tourism centre is system and the setbacks. The first of these is a signifi- based on its ability to configure both natural and spa- cant feature shaping development along the Red Sea. tial potentials to allow for a better interaction between It is the spine around which each tourism centre grows people and place. These potentials are utilized to meet and splits the tourism centre into two zones. Accord- the needs of this recreation and entertainment commu- ingly, the development of tourism centres follows two nity. consecutive stages; the first is confined between the coastal line and the highway, and the second is spread Promenades, spread along Naama Bay, are among on the upland side. Another typical planning con- the most vital aspects of its physical structure. They straint is the existence of the setbacks from the high are the domain through which people experience water mark to the building front lines (at seafront Naama Bay as a 'Place'. In addition, they are the me- properties) and other open spaces in each of the tour- dium within which the entertainment and recreational ism centres (figure 2). They represent important op- community is formulated. This paper investigates the portunities to ensure attractive and accessible pedes- potential of these promenades to play their assigned trian, bicycle and horseback-riding use (TDA,1998). role in meeting the needs of the tourism community in Naama Bay. To achieve its goals, this paper classifies these promenades into four main types, it studies the needs of the recreational and entertainment tourism communities, and it analyzes the role of these promenades in meeting those needs.

2. The recreational tourism Community in Sharm El-Shaikh

Sharm El-Shaikh is a major recreational tourism centre by the Red Sea. It is situated on the southern tip Fig.2. Naama Bay: aerial view of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, on the coastal strip Source: (http://www.redseahotels.com/index.php?id=41) between the Red Sea and Mount Sinai (figure 1). Its natural resources, particularly its long stretches of natural beaches, together with its proximity to Euro- The tourism centre in Naama Bay has been devel- pean tourism markets, have stimulated the rapid oped in two consecutive stages, like all the tourism growth of its tourism industry. Guest nights increased centres along the coastal highway. Its subdivisions are from 16,000 in 1982 to 5.1 million in 2000. The total planned with parcels on both sides of the highway, number of resorts increased in that period from 3 to 91 i.e., a row of properties on the waterfront side and a (TDA,1998). row on the upland side. Adjustments are made to minimize the negative impact of the coastal highway Naama Bay is the central resort area of Sharm el going through the Naama Bay tourism centre. These Sheikh. It comprises a stylish strip of hotels, with an give priority to pedestrians at a number of key points attractive pedestrian promenade along its sandy beach- that link the upland resort properties to coastal ameni- front. The promenades at Naama Bay are the central ties. Moreover, the careful planning of commercial attraction of the community of resorts and tourist fa- centres, secondary circulation throughout the tourism cilities that make up Naama Bay. Through their qual- centre, and vehicular / pedestrian access to coastal ity of design, the promenades’ attractiveness for tour- amenities (beaches, marinas, drive sites, and so on) ists is utilized as a catalyst for the flourishing of the minimize this negative impact (TDA,1998). In spite of sense of entertainment along this area (TDA,1998). all of these adjustments, the tourism centre is physically split into two parts, which negatively affects its unity and cohesion.

The waterfront side is shaped based on a pattern of non-contradicted motor and pedestrian circulation routes. This permits the accessibility of all parcels of the tourism centre and facilitates pedestrian movement along its different promenades.

Four types of promenades can be identified when analyzing the spatial morphology of the waterfront side of Naama Bay. They are organized in a hierarchy, starting at the El Salam Road–the main highway that Fig.1. Naama Bay’s location on the coast of Red Sea links Naama Bay to other Sharm El-Shaikh districts Source:(http://www.oonasdivers.com/maps_naamabay.shtml) (the coastal highway)–and ending at the beach. These 2.1. Morphological analysis of Naama Bay categories are as follows (figure 3): K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 3

Fig.3.a. Promenade (A) Photo Source: Fig.3.b. Promenade (B) (http://www.flickr.com/photos/sunrisecalls/2424854393/) Photo Source: Author

Fig.3.c. Promenade (C) Fig.3.d. Promenade (D) Photo Source: (http://www.touregyptphotos.com Photo Source: (http://www.touregyptphotos.com /showphoto.php?photo=1821&password=&sort=1& /showphoto.php?photo=1819&password=&sort=1& cat=517) cat=998)

Fig.3. Four Types of promenades at the waterfront side of Naama Bay. Source: Author

A) The first is a major promenade starting at 'El D) The fourth is a coastal trail (or corniche) traversing Salam Road' going towards the beach. It is largely a the setback along the entire coastline. It provides more pedestrian route except for a small portion of it where than a path for pedestrians. It is a commercial and vehicles and pedestrians meet without connecting. A social centre for at least a portion of the resort com- large number of light-structured cafeterias and restau- munity. Through its linear nature, it offers the oppor- rants are spread along one side of the promenade. tunity to link all parts of the resort community using Moreover, a number of franchises, nightclubs and design elements such as paving, plantings, street furni- restaurants are grouped near the final portion of it. ture and lighting. They greatly contribute to the lifestyle of this part of In addition to these key types of promenades, a the city. number of platted walkways between different desti- B) The second is located at the heart of Naama nation points (marinas, beaches, commercial areas, Bay. It runs parallel to the beach line. It is a com- highway, and so on) have been developed to promote pletely pedestrian route starting at the end of the first walking opportunities. They connect the coastal trail promenade. Different pedestrian amenities and cafete- with a system of horseback trails, bicycle paths and rias are continuously spread along the length of the walking trails along the wadis and across platted promenade. They define an attractive space. Addition- walkways. They present varied systems of circulation ally, they act as a magnet for a very large number of that connect the visitor with the mountains and the sea tourists, creating a vibrant street life, especially at and to all points of interest throughout Naama Bay night. Beyond the slight definition of the pedestrian (TDA,1998). circulation route, the promenade is physically well defined by tourist buildings and facilities (mainly ho- 3. Place making as an approach to 'Liveability' tels). Different 'Liveability' definitions show that a live- C) The third category contains a number of small able community is something that everybody wants, pedestrian promenades that link the second type to the but that does not mean the same thing to all people main beach promenade. They penetrate the tourist (TRB, 1997). This study discusses the two different development parcels adjacent to the beach. They are but compatible points of view through which the live- mainly passageways for pedestrians to access the able community is defined. The first tackles the physi- beach. A small number of shops, kiosks, and beach cal characteristics of the community as 'Liveability' amenities are spread along these promenades. indicators. Such approaches see that "a livable com- K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 4 munity is one that has affordable and appropriate entertainment activities–and places that have to meet housing, supportive community features and services, their recreational and entertainment needs. Time is and adequate mobility options, which together facili- another important aspect to be considered. These tate personal independence and the engagement of communities are based on short time relationships residents in civic and social life." (AARP, 2005, p. 2) between people and people, and people and place. The second addresses the ability of community mem- Two levels of 'Liveability' are to be addressed. The bers to interact with these qualities to achieve liveabil- first is the micro level, 'Vitality', which is more rele- ity. This approach defines liveability as "the quality of vant to the short-term community formulation. It is life experienced by a member of a community and concerned with meeting the needs of 'People'. The affected by a sense of belonging to a unique town, second is the macro level, 'Liveability', which supports one’s health condition, and chances to enjoy public long-term relationships related to the 'Place' itself. amenities." (Scott et al, 2008, p. 5) 4. The role of promenades in meeting community These compatible points of view and their related needs in Naama Bay definitions highlight the mutual relationship between the physical characteristics of a community, and the way community members interact with these qualities Meeting community needs in public open spaces is the first line of attack for 'Place making' as a liveabil- to achieve liveability. This relationship is a function of both its two variables; people and places. However, ity approach. An understanding of the purposes of Donovan Rypkema defines ‘Place’ as the vessel these places and their use by people is essential for within which the ‘spirit’ of community is stored, and any speculation about their qualities. People generally ‘Community’ as the catalyst that imbues a location go to public open spaces for specific reasons. In recreational and entertainment communities, those rea- with a ‘sense’ of place. He asserts that "The two are not divisible. You cannot have community without sons involve long-range purposes and are often less place; and a place without community is a location. A obvious, for example, than the need for a change or the opportunity to exercise. group of people with a shared concern but not a shared place is an interest group, not a community". (Ryp- The specific reasons drawing people to entertain- kema, 2004, p. 16) ment tourism areas reflect many aspects of life, especially urban life. One reason is the need to escape Making communities liveable through the 'Place- making approach' tackles this inseparable relationship from the confusion, noise, crowds and "overload" between 'Community', and 'Place' (figure 4). It con- (Milgram, 1970) in urban surroundings – notable features of complex, urban settings. In this instance these nects understandings of liveability with the specific places used by people in communities. It begins at the tourist communities are provide a contrast to the order scale that a community finds both manageable and of daily life. They satisfy the periodic need people have to regroup their resources. As such, users usually relevant. This works in two parallel and compatible ways; the first is to assess the concerns and needs of use such words as "relaxing and comfortable," "tran- the community and then using this assessment to make quil, peaceful urban oasis, sanctuary" when giving reasons for coming to recreational and entertainment improvements to the places in that community. The second is to identify the specific places used by peo- tourism centres (Nager & Wentworth, 1976). ple. Within the wide range of literature that discusses human needs in urban open spaces (Whyte, 1980; Lang, 1994; Francis C & Marcus, 1997; Francis M, LIVABILITY 2003) stand the needs determined by Carr, Frances, Rivlin, & Stone, as particularly applicable to recrea-

Place Making Approach tional and entertainment communities (Carr et al., 1992). They identify five types of needs people have in public spaces: comfort, relaxation, passive engage-

Community Place ment with the environment, active engagement with the environment, and discovery. Any one encounter with a place may satisfy more than one purpose. Meeting needs in Livable Street public space 4.1. Comfort

Comfort is a basic need. Without comfort, it is Walkability difficult to perceive how other needs can be met. Re- lief from sun or access to sun are major factors in at- Fig.4. Place-Making approach to liveability taining physical comfort in urban open spaces. These Source: Author factors directly influence the way public open places are used at Naama Bay. The high average temperature Communities that are based on entertainment tour- in Sharm El-Shaikh (ranging from 15-35 Co (59-95°F) ism activities have their own particular character. in winter, and from 20-45 Co (68-113°F) in summer)– They are developed based on a direct relationship especially in summer–causes the majority of commu- tween people who are sharing the same interests– nity members to escape from the sun. K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 5

Fig.5.a. Vernacular Bedouin seating at Fig.5.b. 'Sittable space' – promenade (A) promenade (A) photo Source: photo Source: (http://www.flickr.com)

(http://www.kontours.info/sharm_picture.htm)

Fig.5.d. Seating orientation - attaining Fig.5.c. Varieties of seating at street cafés – promenade (B) photo Source: Author social and psychological comfort. photo Source: (http://www.holiday-beds- direct.com)

Fig.5. Comfort aspects along the promenades of Naama Bay. Source: Author

This has direct impacts on when and how different choice: sitting up front, in back, to the side, in the sun, promenades at Naama Bay are used. People usually in the shade, in groups, off alone" (Whyte, 1980, p. use these promenades just to access the beach during 28). the day, as they do not have sufficient protection against extreme weather conditions, but they become The layout of the seating orientation along the attractive places at noon and at night. On the beach, promenades at Naama Bay is another aspect that pro- shade from trees and umbrellas, and some forms of vides social and psychological comfort. They are gen- shelter are used to meet the needs of people that may erally organized to allow people to be seated facing not value maximum exposure to sunlight. pedestrian flow, so they can avoid sitting with their backs were turned to all or part of this traffic. This is The large variety of physically comfortable seating achieved, for example, in promenade (B) where the in promenades (A), (B), and (D) is an added value to space proportions and the density of pedestrians create the quality of these spaces in meeting the need for a vibrant promenade. comfort (figure 5). This includes steps as a fixed seating option, seating that is movable, seating for indi- A sense of security is another important aspect of viduals and groups, seating that enables eating, talk- social and psychological comfort. It is a deep and per- ing, resting and privacy, and seats with backs. Most of vasive need that extends to people's experiences in these types are offered in the street cafés and vernacu- public places. The features that reduce threats to safety lar Bedouin tents–used as cafeterias–spread along are likely to increase comfort in public settings these promenades. The pedestrian public amenities (Franck & Paxson, 1989). While this value is among contribute less to meeting this need. They lack a num- the most critical aspects to be achieved in other types ber of important features of physically comfortable of communities, the nature of recreational and enter- seating. This includes the orientation of the seating, tainment communities facilitates attaining this value. and its proximity to areas of access. Promenade (C) This is achieved in Naama Bay's promenades mainly doesn't have any major seating facilities as it is used by separating the movement of vehicles and pedestri- mainly as a beach access route. ans. In addition to design features that enhance the area’s openness, providing visual access into the site, In addition to physical comfort, seating spread the large number of people in the space is a vital along the promenades offers a large degree of social means of achieving natural surveillance. and psychological comfort as well. The variety of types and themes meets the need for a "sittable space" , as William Whyte states: “it is particularly related to K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 6

4.2. Relaxation natural features and the change of level to naturally accentuate the place. Furthermore, the natural features Relaxation is distinguished from comfort by the of promenade (D), its landscaping elements, propor- level of release it describes. It is a more developed tions, and direct links to the beach increase its ability state with body and mind at ease. Relaxation is fre- to meet this need. quently cited by designers as their goal in planning space, and the description of a site as "relaxing" de- 4.3. Passive engagement fines the experience possible in the place more than the physical setting, although the two are clearly inter- Passive engagement with the environment could related (Carr et al., 1992). lead to a sense of relaxation, but it differs in that it requires an encounter with the setting, albeit without becoming actively involved. This category includes the frequently observed interest and enjoyment people

derive from watching the passing scene (Carr et al., 1992). In Naama Bay, there are many examples of places–spread along its promenades–that serve this

function, and their popularity testifies to this need.

According to Whyte (1980), "What attracts people most, it would appear, is other people" (13). When analyzing the behaviour of people in Naama Bay, it is found that the favourite seating places are adjacent to Fig.6.a. Falling water located at the inter- the pedestrian flow, in particular, near street corners. section of the promenades (A) and (B) photo Source: Author The open cafés along the promenades (A,B,D), and especially (B), are enjoyed as much for the opportunity to watch pedestrian traffic as for their refresh- ments. Moreover, the restaurants at promenade (A) have obtained permits to spill over onto the streets as this contributes positively to the vitality of the promenade. In addition, both natural and physical characteristics of the site and the type of architecture used to de-

fine space facilitate visual contacts with people while they are physically separate. The upper balconies from which one may look down at the crowd allow the ob- Fig.6.b. Natural features at promenade (D) server to "watch people while avoiding eye contact" photo Source: (Marcus, 1978, p. 39). This is particularly important http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naama _Bay_Promenade_R01.jpg in observing performers and formal activities (figure 7). Fig.6. Relaxation aspects along the promenades of Naama Bay. Source: Author

Promenades at Naama Bay offer a brief pause from the routines and demands of city life. Their configurations, which offer respite from or contrast to the urban lifestyle, appear to be prominent among the factors that support relaxation. Separation of different traffic modes, and banning vehicular traffic in promenades (B), (C), and (D), makes it easier for users to be relaxed. This is supported by a complete sense of safety and security resulting from the large number of people usually using these promenades at night. Fig.7. "Watching people while avoiding eye contact" – promenade (B) photo Source: (http://www.flickr.com/photos/cheekablue/366996977/i Natural features–particularly water and trees and n/set-72157594495875763/) other greenery–have been found to be the dominant factors in attaining a sense of relaxation (Carr et al., 1992). Regarding Naama Bay, water is seen as a key The physical and aesthetic characteristics of landscaping attribute (figure 6). In addition to the Naama Bay are among the qualities that draw people main water feature–the beach–there are a number of to urban open spaces. The promenades’ scenery and fountains spread along the promenades. Another ma- panoramic views are important aspects of the enjoy- jor water element is the falling water located at the ment of the public scene. They have a strong drawing intersection of the promenades (A) and (B). It uses the power because of the vistas they offer, especially the K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 7 waterfront at promenade (D). They give people the These hubs encourage a sense of social connection, opportunity to observe games and sporting events that increasing opportunities for interaction. In these places offer a kind of desirable passive engagement. More- people are able to "make out the faces and half hear over, different landscaping elements spread along the the talk" (Alexander et al., 1977, p. 313) In addition, promenades give people the strongly desired opportu- dynamic encounters with physical elements of a set- nity to be close to plants, trees, flowers, and water; ting represent another dimension of active engage- there is some evidence that these elements have relax- ment. This leads to direct physical contact rather than ing and "restorative" qualities (Hartig, Mang, & Ev- just being within or moving across a place. This is ans, 1991; Kaplan, 1983, 1985; Kaplan & Kaplan, clear at some nodes where young people gather to join 1990). nightclubs and discos. The quality and the diversity of the natural features shaping the face of Naama Bay inspire a sense of chal- 4.4. Active engagement lenge and mastery. Consequently, they stimulate Active engagement represents a more direct ex- community interest and use. This, in addition to a perience with a place and the people within it. Al- number of traditional activities, results in what Alex- though some people find satisfaction in people- ander calls "triangulation" whereby these features watching, others desire more direct contact with peo- "provide a linkage between people and prompt strang- ple – whether they are strangers in a site or members ers to talk to each other" (Alexander et al., 1977, p. of their own group. (Carr et al., 1992) 94) The activities practiced in Naama Bay–water sports in particular–add another opportunity for posi-

tive engagement (figure 8). They enable participants to exercise both their bodies and their competitive desires, which is an attractive challenge for young people. Moreover, for adults, particularly young adults, considerable socializing occurs in the context of recreation.

Ceremony, celebration, and festivity are impera- tive qualities that the promenades in Naama Bay facilitate. Their spatial configurations work together to achieve the required joyousness that the community Fig.8.a. Water sports – the positive engagement domain at Naama Bay needs. The complexity and diversity that promenades Photo Source: Author (A) and (B) have in particular are responsible for giving people the opportunity for positive engagement in multifaceted activities that encompass people- watching, socializing, being entertained, and consum- ing or buying food and other goods.

4.5. Discovery

Discovery represents a desire for stimulation and the delight people have in new, pleasurable experiences (Lynch, 1963). In the context of public open spaces, discovery has some specific meanings. It is the Fig.8.b. Celebration at a nodal space at opportunity to observe the different things that people Naama Bay photo Source: are doing when moving through a site (Carr et al., http://www.pachasharm.com/photo_album 1992). The major aspects of discovery in Naama Bay

appear to be diversity in the physical design and the Fig.8. Active engagement aspects along the changing vistas. Changes in perspective offer a suc- promenades of Naama Bay. Source: Author cession of vistas to enjoy. Lynch (1963) suggests that contrast and juxtaposition of elements can provide a pleasurable sense of surprise. Christopher Alexander addresses this need in discussing the role of promenades in creating communi- The natural change of level overlooking the ties. He states that "people with a shared way of life promenades (promenade B in particular) has the po- gather together to rub shoulders and confirm their tential to meet the requirements for this need (figure community" (Alexander et al., 1977, p. 169). This 9). People enthusiastically use the cafeterias located behaviour is clearly noticeable on Naama Bay's on these levels as they offer different views of the promenades, especially on promenade (B) (figure 8). Bay. In addition to these physical qualities, for dis- Nodal spaces (promenades' intersections especially covery to be part of the community experience, it is (A) and (B)) facilitate contact between strangers. essential to have changing human activity. The place K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 8 itself must provide the stimulation that enables users' roadway, there is substantive disagreement about interests to endure. While a sense of discovery is en- their effect on safety. (Duany et al., 2000; Jacobs, hanced by the design of these long, perpendicular 1993) However, the small number of palm trees promenades, it has the potential to be increased by the and other trees spread along the promenades development of more activities and events. doesn’t create any threat to safety or security. In addition, the high density of pedestrians, especially at night, offers high degree of natural surveillance.

Walkability is at the heart of creating liveable promenades. It plays a key role in place making, leading to the creation of a sense of community identity and unity. In Naama Bay, unique structures that are compatible with the character of the community (e.g., streetscapes, facilities and trails, and public open spaces) are a source of distinctiveness. High pedestrian activity on the

street is also an important factor in decreasing criminal activity, which is detrimental to any community’s sense of place and unity (Scott et al., 2008).

Fig.9. The natural change of level Among the approaches used to assess a com-

overlooking promenade (B) munity’s walkability, ‘NED’ is a simple and Source: Author practical one (Scott et al, 2008). It examines three In spite of richness in both natural variety and ac- study areas, Network, Environment, and Destina- tivities in Naama Bay, it has less ability to meet the tion, as a three-pronged parameter to assess a `discovery’ need than 'Safaris', where tourists go on community’s walkability. Applying these pa- organized trips with Bedouins to the hinterland de- rameters to Naama Bay shows the positive per- serts. The experience of discovering these deserts in- formance of the promenades’ network. This re- cludes a sense of mystery that tourists prefer. They go fers to the presence and completeness of the pe- to new places to discover their special qualities, to destrian network including sidewalks, paths, meet new people, to find new challenges in landscapes trails, crosswalk connections, and direct routes that contrast with familiar ones. between destinations and origins. Moreover, 5. The Liveability of Naama bay Promenades these promenades offer a pleasing and aestheti- cally appealing environment. They are safe, se- There is a general consensus on the character- cure, and barrier free, and adequately orient istics of liveable streets. At a minimum, they seek buildings and walking spaces. In addition to this, to enhance the pedestrian character of the street the promenade network is designed to promote by providing a continuous sidewalk network and access to the community’s major destinations, by incorporating design features that minimize especially the beaches, with carefully studied the negative impacts of motor vehicle use for pe- distances between origins and destinations (short destrians. (Duany et al., 2000; Ewing, 1996; Ja- and direct routes). This assures the quality of cobs, 1961) However, the study of liveability in Naama Bay as a 'Walkable Community'. The Naama Bay's promenades extends beyond these promenades meet the majority of the items in- initial liveability requirements. These prome- cluded in IPA ‘Implementation Checklist for nades offer complete segregation of different Walkable Communities’: Continuity, Safety, types of movement. While all of the promenades Comfort, Convenience, and Visual appeal (Table 1). (B, C, D) are for pedestrians only, promenade (A) permits a balanced coexistence of both vehicles 6. The role of promenades in Naama Bay in and pedestrians. In this promenade, an important attaining community's liveability role is played by roadside features such as street The following matrix (Table 1) correlates as- trees and on-street parking, which serve to buffer pects that are responsible for meeting community the pedestrian realm from potentially hazardous needs in recreational and entertainment commu- oncoming traffic, and to provide spatial definition nities with the different spatial and physical con- for the public right-of-way. While most would figurations of Naama Bay's promenades. It shows agree that the inclusion of trees and other street- the role played by different types of promenades scape features enhances the aesthetic quality of a in increasing the community's vitality. Further- K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 9 more, it can be used to evaluate the performance of these promenades compared with the roles they are assigned to achieve. Promenade (A) Promenade (B) Promenade (C) Promenade (D)

tures and Landscaping

Activities and events Pedestrian facilities Proportion and definition Amenities and Landscaping Natural features Activities and events Pedestrian facilities Proportion and definition Amenities Natural features Activities and events Pedestrian facilities Proportion and definition Amenities and Landscaping Natural features Activities and events Pedestrian facilities Proportion and definition Amenities and Landscaping Natural fea Relief from sun    – –    – –   – – –     – comfortable and sufficient seating           –  – – –      social and psychological comfort  – – –     –  – – – – –      (seating orientation) Comfort Sense of Pedestrian safety       – – –   – – –   – – –                    security natural surveillance  

accentuating a contrast to the urban – –          – – –       setting Separating different traf- Sense of   Relaxation – –  –  – –    – – – –  – –  fic modes safety

watching the passing scene   –        – – – –       physical separations  –  – –    – – – –  – –      the physical and aesthetic qualities  –  –   –  –  – –  – –  –  – – of the site

gagement Passive e n- observe games and sporting events – – –  –  –   –  –  – –     

sense of social connection            – –        sense of challenge and mastery  –  – – – –  – – – –  – –  –   – triangulation –    – –     – –  – – –    – activities – – –  – –    – – – – – –    – The dynamic encounters with     –   –  – – – – – – –  –  – physical elements of a setting

Active engagement Ceremony, celebration, and festivity     –      – – – – – –  –  –

pleasurable experiences –   – –  –   – –      – – – –

diversity in the physical design and       –  – –       –  – – Discovery the changing vistas

Walkability   –         – –  –     

Table 1. The matrix of recreation and entertainment community needs (Correlating aspects responsible for meeting community needs with the different spatial and physical configurations of Naama Bay's promenades. ( Direct positive influence  Indirect positive influence  Negative influence – No influence). Source: the Author.

Conclusions With these findings, this study addresses the role of promenades in Naama Bay, Sharm El-Shaikh, Egypt This paper follows the 'Place Making' approach to in attaining a vital and vibrant recreational and enter- verify the parameters of ‘Liveability’ in recreational tainment community. However, it classifies the spatial and entertainment communities. This is based on a morphology of Naama Bay into four main types of valid hypothesis that relates the success of these promenades. They are the domain through which these communities to their settings' ability to accommodate needs are met. This paper concludes with a matrix that recreational and entertainment-related behaviours. correlates aspects responsible for meeting community This paper places special emphasis on five major needs with the different spatial and physical configu- needs that are important to recreational and entertain- rations of Naama Bay's promenades. This matrix ment communities: comfort, relaxation, passive en- shows the positive role that the promenades in Naama gagement with the environment, active engagement Bay play–in general–in meeting community needs. with the environment, and discovery. They utilize all of their configurations (proportion and space definition, natural features, activities and events, K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74 10 amenities and landscaping elements, and pedestrian Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American facilities) to create a liveable tourism community. A Cities. New York: Vintage Jones, R. (2006) Livable Communities: A Multidisciplinary thorough analysis of this matrix shows that: Dialogue on Designing a Sustainable Future. The News of America’s Community of Architects, Vol. 13, AIA. - The positive role that both (B) and (D) prome- Retrieved June 3, 2008, from www.aia.org nades play in meeting most of the needs of the Lynch, K. (1963). The Image of the City. Cambridge: MIT recreation and entertainment community in Press. Naama Bay. The proportions of promenade (B) Milgram, S. (1970). The experience of living in cities. (height and width), the activities (especially the Science 167,1461-8 street cafés spread along the promenade), and the Nager, A. R., & Wentworth, W. R. (1976). Bryant Park: A comprehensive evaluation of its image and use with im- distinguished pedestrian facilities are all respon- plications for urban open space design. New York: Cen- sible for meeting different community needs ter for Human Environments, City University of New (‘passive engagement with the environment’ in York. particular) and providing walkability, thus creat- Rypkema, D. (2004) The Economically Competitive Place ing a liveable environment. In addition, natural in the 21st Century. In Colorado Preservationist Maga- features and activities practiced along promenade zine, 18, ( 1). (D) are responsible for meeting the needs of ‘ac- Scott M., Boyle M., Eckley J., Lehman M., Wolfert K. tive engagement with the environment’ and ‘re- (2008) Healthy Communities: A Resource Guide for De- laxation’ as major needs for a recreational tour- laware Municipalities. Institute for Public Administra- tion College of Human Services, Education & Public ism community. Policy University of Delaware, USA. Retrieved May 15, - The minor role played by promenades (C) in the 2009, from Naama Bay community. Their role is limited to http://www.ipa.udel.edu/publications/planning.html beach access. Their amenities, landscaping ele- Tourism Development Authority (TDA) & the Policy Man- agement Group (PMG). (1998) Best practices for tour- ments, and activities do not actively contribute to ism center development along the Red Sea coast. Tour- meeting community needs, especially the need ism Development Authority, Cairo, Egypt for ‘discovery’. Transportation Research Board (TRB). (1997) The Role of Transit in Creating Livable Metropolitan Communities. The proportions of promenade (A) and the coexis- Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report tence of vehicles and pedestrians in the same space 22. National Research Council, National Academy Press (regardless of their physical separation) produce a New York. USA. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from feeling of discomfort. In contrast to this, natural fea- http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/153824.aspx tures, amenities and landscaping elements practiced Whyte, W.H. (1980), The Life of Plazas, in Whyte, W.H. along the promenade are responsible for meeting the (1980). The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, Conser- needs of ‘active engagement with the environment’ vation Foundation, Washington D.C., 16-23, Project for and ‘discovery’. Public Spaces, New York. Whyte, W. H. (1988). City: Rediscovering the Center. New References York: Doubleday. AARP Public Policy Institute (2005) Livable Communities: Sources of Photos An Evaluation Guide based on Pollak, B., (2000). Ari- zona State University, Herberger Center for Design Ex- Oonasdivers, n.d. Tour maps – Na’ama Bay. Retrieved Feb- cellence. Washington, USA. Retrieved May 15, 2009, ruary 1, 2010, from from www.aarp.org/ppi http://www.oonasdivers.com/maps_naamabay.shtml Alexander, C., S. Ishikawa, M. Silverstein, M. Jacobsen, I. Red Sea hotels, Egypt, n.d. Sharm El Sheikh. Retrieved Fiksdahl-King, & S. Angel. (1977). A Pattern Lan- February 1, 2010, from guage. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.redseahotels.com/index.php?id=41 Carr, S., Frances, M., Rivlin, L.G. and Stone, A.M. (2007). Flickr, n.d. Naama Bay. Retrieved February 1, 2010, from Needs in public space. In M. Carmona, and S. Tiesdell http://www.flickr.com/photos/sunrisecalls/2424854393/ (Ed.), Urban design reader (pp 231-240). Elsevier, Inter City. (2003) Tour Egypt photos. Retrieved February 1, Architectural Press, Oxford, UK 2010, from http://www.touregyptphotos.com Dumbaugh E. (2005) Safe Streets, Livable Streets. Journal Kontours, (2009) Pictures of Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt. Re- of the American Planning Association, 71, ( 3). trieved February 1, 2010, from Fabrizio, C., & Marco, M. (2001) Sharm el Sheik, Sinai and http://www.kontours.info/sharm_picture.htm the red sea, White Star publishers, Vercelli, Italy Holiday Accommodation Overseas, n.d. Sharm el Sheikh Francis, C. and Marcus C. (1997). People Places: Design Accommodation, Hotels and Apartments. Retrieved Guidelines for Urban Open Space, 2nd edition. Wiley February 1, 2010, from http://www.holiday-beds- Press direct.com Franck, K. A., & Paxon. 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K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 4 (2010) 57-74

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ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research

Archived and Indexed by Architecture Archnet Planning Avery Index to Architectural Built Environment Studies Periodicals DOAJ-Directory An International Fully Refereed Journal of Open Access Journals Published three times a year EBSCO Current Abstracts-Art and Volume (4) - Issue (1) - March 2010 Architecture Intute Arts and Copyright © 2010 Archnet-IJAR, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Humanities All contributors granted Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“MIT”) worldwide rights and permission to reproduce, distribute, publicly display, and publicly perform the following Work in electronic format on the ArchNet Internet web site at URL http://archnet.org. Views, opinions, and research results are the responsibility of the contributors. Copyright Permission Images and ﬁgures are provided by the contributors.

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ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Architecture Planning Built Environment Studies An International Fully Refereed Journal Published three times a year Volume (4) - Issue (1) - March 2010

Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama Advisory Board Attilio Petruccioli, Besim S. Hakim, Hashim Sarkis, Henry Sanoff, Jamel Akbar, Michael J. Crosbie, Mohamad Al-Asad, Nasser Rabbat, Nicholas Wilkinson, Nikos A. Salingaros, Peter Rowe, Suha Ozkan, William Mitchell

Editorial Board Ahmed Elseragy, Akhtar Chauhan, Aleya Abel-Hadi, Ali Cengizkan, Amer Moustafa, Amira Elnokaly, Anne Beamish, Budi Sukada, Dalila Al-Kerdani, Donatella Mazzoleni, Ebru Cubukcu, Eman El-Nachar, Fuad Mallick, Hisham Elkadi, Hulya Turgut, Ihab Elzeyadi, M. Alaa Mandour, Malika Bose, Magda Sibley, Mashary Al-Naim, Mirjana Lozanovska, Nada Al Nafea, Peter Kellett, Rabee Reffat, Sonja Nebel, Yasser El-Shehstawy, Yasser Mahgoub.

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Contents

What Culture, Whose Space and Which Technology? 7/19 The Contested Transformation and the Changing Historic Built Environments of South Asia Tasleem Shakur, Ishrat Islam, Javeria Masood

Economy, Environment, Culture: Global Dreams by Two Asian Cities 20/41 Mahbubur Rahman

Participatory Planning at Mesa-Koru: Toward a More Sustainable Future 42/56 Aydin Özdemir, Metin Başal, Fürüzan Aslan

The Role of the Liveable Promenade in Revitalizing an Entertainment Tourism City: 57/74 The Case of Sharm El-Shaikh, Egypt Khalid S. Al-Hagla

Controllability of Traditional Neighborhood and its Simpliﬁed Layout 75/84 M. Salim Ferwati

Sethi Haveli, an Indigenous Model for 21st Century ‘Green Architecture’ 85/98 Samra M. Khan

Sustainable Architectural Design: 99/110 Reviving Traditional Design and Adapting Modern Solutions Ibrahim Mostafa El Demery

The Meanings of Dwelling Attributes for Temporary Residents from 111/129 Different Cultures: The Case of Korean Temporary Residents in the United States Eunsil Lee and Nam-Kyu Park

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International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet- IJAR Volume (4) - Issue (1) - March 2010

Comprehensive Environmental Design (CED) Studio 130/148 in Two Architecture Schools in Karachi: Evolution, Process, and Impacts Noman Ahmed

Assessment Tools: Mathematical Factorial and Adjacency 149/157 Distribution Theory for Housing Typology in Gaza City Emad S.Mushtaha, Mohammad Arar, Faisal Hamid

History, Morphology and Perfect Proportions of Mughal Tombs: 158/178 The Secret to Creation of Taj Mahal Krupali Uplekar Krusche, Danny Aijian, Selena Anders, Iva Dokonal and Jill Kapadia

Re-Usability of High-Rise Buildings: 179/193 A Case Study of the Arts Tower in Shefﬁeld, United Kingdom Ali M. S. Kashkooli and Haşim Altan

Review and Trigger Articles

An Architectural Analysis: The Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran, Iran 194/207 Kambiz Navai

The Generative Nature of Islamic Rules for the Built Environment 208/212 Besim S. Hakim

Cultural Evolution and the Arab House in Egypt 213/217 Book Review: La casa araba d’Egitto: costruire con il clima dal vernacolo ai maestri contemporanei by Adelina Picone Ashraf M. Salama

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research

Archived and Indexed by Architecture Archnet Planning Avery Index to Architectural Built Environment Studies Periodicals Krupali Uplekar Krusche)

DOAJ-Directory of An Internationall Fully Refereed Journal Open Access Journals Published thhreee times a year

EBSCO Current http://www.aarchnetet.orgg Taj Mahal ( Abstracts-Art and Architecture

Intute Arts and Humanities Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama

Includes Regular Refereed Papers Review and Trigger Articles Volume (4) - Issue (1) March 2010

ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research

Attribution Non- Commercial No Regular Refereed Papers Derivatives (CC-BY- Review and Trigger Articles NC-ND)

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 2

ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 1

International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet- IJAR

ArchNet International Journal of Architectural interested in developing their understanding Research – Archnet-IJAR is the ﬁrst of its kind; and enhancing their knowledge about how an interdisciplinary comprehensive scholarly environments are designed, created, and used in journal of architecture, planning, and built physical, social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic environment studies, that is blind reviewed and terms. Archnet-IJAR content keeps readers published on the World Wide Web three times up-to-date on the latest ideas, designs, and a year. developments in built environment related ﬁelds.

Objectives Archnet-JAR publishes research studies, criticisms Archnet-IJAR objective is to establish a bridge and evaluation studies, and critical analyses between theory and practice in the fields about the creation, use, and evaluation of of architectural and design research, and different types of environments at the macro urban planning and built environment studies. and micro scales. The journal includes original It reports on the latest research findings and empirical research papers, analytical case innovative approaches for creating responsive studies, and high quality position papers. Three environments, with special focus on architecture major areas are covered by Archnet-IJAR: and planning in developing countries. Architectural and Design Research: Archnet-IJAR is truly international and aims Topics include –but not limited to: architectural at strengthening ties between scholars from pedagogy and design studio teaching practices; different parts of the world with contributors architectural technology and sustainable design; and readers reaching across geography, design methods and architectural theories; boundaries, and cultures. design and project programming; environment- behavior studies; information technology; Archnet-IJAR articles come from architects, Islamic architecture; computer applications interior designers, planners, and landscape and virtual environments; post occupancy and architects, and from those working in these fields facility performance evaluation; and social and in academic institutions, universities, research cultural factors in design. centers, government agencies, and private practice. Urban and Built Environment Studies: Topics include --but not limited to: administrative Reader and political factors contributing to the shaping Archnet-IJAR addresses academics, practitioners, of communities, cities and urban regions, and students of archi-tecture, planning and community planning; sustainable urban interior design. It addresses those who are conservation; environmental planning and eco

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 2

development; housing policy, planning, and Interested contributors contact the chief editor design; new urbanism; sustainable development; expressing interest, and submitting a summary of space syntax and GIS applications; and way- their paper. One page will do. ﬁnding and signage systems. The chief editor consults with the advisory and editorial board members according to their Critical Essays on Architectural and relevant expertise. Planning Projects: Essays that cover the above topics; critically Soon after receiving feedback from the referees, discussing projects in use; after they have been author(s) are contacted to submit their full designed, built and occupied. Articles are papers. preferred to utilize the case study approach as a When full papers are received, they will be critical method in built environment research. forwarded to two editorial board members for blind review, according to the referee form. Advisory and Editorial Boards The Chief Editor is in charge of developing The chief editor contacts the author(s) with the journal issues, seeking out resources and articles, referee form ﬁlled by the reviewers. While papers establishing publishing strategies, coordinating will be blind reviewed, in exceptional cases the review process, and posting each issue author(s) will be asked to communicate directly and its articles online. Archnet-IJAR has two with the reviewers. boards; advisory and editorial. The range of Author(s) revise their papers as noted by the expertise of the boards that include the panel reviewers and re-submit their work to the chief of referees –academics and professionals- editor. - ensures high quality scholarly papers and allows for a comprehensive academic review Author(s) should make sure that their submissions of contributions that span wide spectrum of should be free of jargon, clear, simple and to the issues, methods, theoretical approaches, and point. professional practice. Papers will be published in the next issue according to the following schedule: Submission Process March 30th (publishing date): December 15th Unlike other printed Journals where contributors (deadline to receive papers after reviews) wait for periods that reach two or three years July 30th (publishing date): April 15th for their work to get published, the value of (deadline to receive papers after reviews) Archnet-IJAR as an online journal is that it November 30th (publishing date): August 15th eliminates the large lead time needed for (deadline to receive papers after reviews) publication. However, submission, referee, and publishing processes are strict and adhere to Interested reviewers and members of the the following procedures: advisory board may submit their work for publication in Archnet-IJAR. Their work will go

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 3

through the same blind review process and will the readers’ search on Archnet Website, and follow the preceding procedures. should not exceed 5 key words. Articles Notes to Contributors Articles should not exceed 6000 words, including references. 1. Submission of Manuscripts The language of the journal is English. All Notes submissions will be online. One copy of the Avoid the use of footnotes and endnotes, if manuscript (in word document format) together unavoidable, label as (1), (2) and list all together with original figures and tables must be submitted at the end of the paper. to the editor: Ashraf Salama [email protected] The name, mailing address, position, affiliation, References telephone, fax, and email of each author must References in the text should give the surname be supplied in a cover letter attached to an of the author and the year of publication in email. All papers will be blind reviewed and brackets, for example, Rowe (1985) or (Rowe, assessed by at least two referees. 1985), followed by a, b,...when two or more references to work by one author are given 2. Preparation of Manuscripts for the same year. Page numbers should be Layout given for quotes (Mitchell, 2003:33). At the Manuscripts should be typed in double spacing end of the text the references should be on one side of A4 (21x29.7 cm) paper with listed in alphabetical order of authors’ names reasonable margins (2.5 cm). All pages should and in chronological order for each author. be numbered consecutively. Initial and final page numbers of articles and Title page (page 1) papers should be given. The names of books The first page of the manuscript must contain a and periodicals should be given in full, and concise and informative title; names, affiliations the publisher and the city of publication should and addresses (including e-mail) of all authors, be given for books, conference proceedings, and identify the corresponding author (who etc. Details of availability should be given for will be responsible for correspondence and unpublished conference papers. Full references reviewing proofs). An abbreviated title of less should also be given for legal judgments, bylaws than 50 characters (including letters and spaces) and regulations, and government publications, should also be suggested. etc. Examples of reference citation are given below. Title of paper, abstract and keywords (page 2) Title of the paper should be witten at the top Dutton, T.A. (Ed.). (1991). Voices in Architectural of abstract without authors’ name. A concise Education: Cultural Politics and Pedagogy, Bergin & and informative abstract must not exceed 300 Garvey, New York, NY, USA. words in length, should summarize the objective, Hegvold, L. (1999). “Seeking an Effective Cross- methods and major findings of the paper. Cultural Design Pedagogy.” In William O'Reilly (Ed.), Keywords must be carefully selected to facilitate Architectural Knowledge and Cultural Diversity,

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Comportments, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 93-100. 3. Submission Process, Copyright, and Salama, A. (1998). “Integrating Environment-Behavior Originality of Work Studies into Architectural Education Teaching Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author Practices,” In J. Teklenburg, J. Van Andel, J. Smeets, for checking. Proofs should be returned within & A. Seidel (Eds.), Shifting Balances: Changing Roles one week of receipt. Authors should correct in Policy, Research, and Design, EIRSS Publishers, typesetting errors only; they should not add any Eindhoven, Netherlands, pp.128-139. new material to the paper at proof stage. Salama, A. (2006). “Learning from the Environment: Evaluation Research and Experience Based Please read the submission process and Architectural Pedagogy,” Transactions, CEBE-Center procedures, and copyright notes under the for Education in the Built Environment, Cardiff, UK, 3 general outline of the ARCHNET-IJAR. (1), pp. 64-83. Salama, A., O’Reilly, W. & Nochis, K. (Eds.). (2002). Architectural Education Today: Cross Cultural Perspectives, Comportments, Lausanne, Switzerland. Sanoff, H. (1992). Integrating Programming, Evaluation, and Participation in Design, Avery, London, UK.

Tables Each table must be typed, and con-secutively numbered. They should have a brief informative title placed as a heading. Tables should be understand-able without reference to the text, but they should be referred to in the text. Explanatory captions should be brief and placed beneath the table. Figures Figures should be numbered consecuti- - vely throughout the paper and identified with the authors’ name and the figure number outside the reproduction area. Figures should be referred to in the text and should be placed within the body of the paper. However, all figures should be supplied in separate files as JPEG file format. All correspondence should be addressed to Figure dimensions should not exceed 21x30 cm. the chief editor. Photographs should be used with restraint and must be of high quality. Explanatory captions Professor Ashraf M. Salama should be brief, placed beneath the figure. [email protected]