ATTLEBRIDGE QUARRY, ATTLEBRIDGE, NORFOLK

APPLICATION TO EXTEND THE LIFE OF PREVIOUSLY PERMITTED MINERAL EXTRACTION AND PROGRESSIVE RESTORATION

LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FEBRUARY 2018

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1. APPOINTMENT AND SCOPE OF WORK ...... 3 2. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL CONTEXT ...... 4 2.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4 2.2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION SITE & IMMEDIATE SURROUNDS ...... 4 2.3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WIDER SURROUNDING AREA...... 5 3. PLANNING CONTEXT ...... 7 3.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 3.2. EXISTING LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENTS ...... 7 3.3. LANDSCAPE DESIGNATIONS AND POLICIES ...... 9 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 12 4.1. SUMMARY OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ...... 12 4.2. MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 12 5. ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL EFFECTS ...... 13 5.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 13 5.2. LANDSCAPE EFFECTS ...... 13 5.3. VISUAL EFFECTS ...... 15 6. CONCLUSIONS ...... 18 6.1. CONCLUSIONS ...... 18 7. REFERENCES...... 20 8. APPENDICES ...... 21 8.1. APPENDIX 1: FIGURES: ...... 21 8.2. APPENDIX 2: FULL LIST OF REGIONAL, COUNTY & LOCAL LANDSCAPE POLICIES & GUIDANCE ...... 21 9. METHODOLOGY ...... 24 9.1. GENERAL ...... 24 9.2. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL CONTEXT (BASELINE)...... 24 9.3. ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL EFFECTS ...... 26 9.4. ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL EFFECTS ...... 27

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. APPOINTMENT AND SCOPE OF WORK

1.1.1. DB Landscape Consultancy Ltd. has been appointed by CEMEX UK Operations Ltd. (hereafter referred to as CEMEX) to undertake a Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) relating to proposals to extend the working and restoration period for Attlebridge Quarry, Attlebridge, Norfolk for up to 6.5 years, comprising an operational period of 4 – 5 years and approximately 1.5 years for final restoration works. The previous permission has already expired and an application submitted in 2013 to extend this permission to 31st December 2017 has not been determined. 1.1.2. The requirement for an extended duration of working has arisen as a result of market slowdown over previous years meaning the reserve has not been sold as quickly as expected and therefore it has not been extracted at the anticipated rate. Additional time is therefore required to enable the remaining reserve to be extracted and processed. Norfolk County Council has confirmed that an assessment of potential landscape and visual effects associated with the extended duration of working is required. 1.1.3. This LVIA report has been prepared by Mr. David Brittain CMLI MIQ who is a Chartered member of the Landscape Institute and also a member of the Institute of Quarrying, with over 18 years professional experience gained in a broad range of mainly rural based projects in the minerals, renewable energy/climate change, commercial, residential and conservation sectors. Detailed knowledge of landscape and visual impact assessment with related skills in landscape planning and design, site restoration and habitat creation. Experienced in design contract preparation, management and implementation with particular expertise in landscape related IT software including AutoCAD, LSS (3d design, visualisation and volume calculation) and Photoshop. Able to prepare verified images and photomontage views for inclusion in planning applications. 1.1.4. The red line application boundary, approximately 17.67 hectares (Ha), extends around the extraction area and access road as shown on Figure 1: Landscape Character, Site Context and Viewpoint Locations. The land within the application boundary is referred to in this report as the ‘Site’. The 6.5 year extended duration of working is referred to as the ‘Proposed Development’. The approximate location of the centre of the Site is at the six figure grid reference E:614273, N:311081.

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2. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL CONTEXT

2.1. INTRODUCTION

2.1.1. The landscape and visual context (baseline) represents a study of the existing landscape features and character of the Site and surrounding area and its visibility, against which changes caused by the Proposed Development can be assessed. 2.1.2. Current landscape assessment practice utilises consideration of landscape character to help analyse and assessing the potential effects of any development upon the local landscape. 2.1.3. Figure 1 illustrates the location of some of the features within the landscape setting that are described below, and generally follows the standard OS map nomenclature. The combination of some or all of these landscape features contributes to the character and appearance of the Site and surrounds.

2.2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION SITE & IMMEDIATE SURROUNDS

2.2.1. The Site is located in the county of Norfolk to the south of Reepham Road and Felthorpe Road, highway routes that run between the town of Taverham and the village of Lenwade, with the Site some 12km to the northwest of the centre of Norwich. The Site, which has been cleared of all trees, is situated within an area of woodland called the Mileplain Plantation which consists of a mixture of coniferous and broadleaved tree species. Woodland adjacent to the Site is classified as Ancient Replanted Woodland (ARP) due to the higher value placed on the type and age of species included in that area (refer to Figure 1 for the ARP boundary) 2.2.2. The Site is reached by an access road leading off Reepham Road which passes southwest through part of the woodland before turning westwards into the Site. 2.2.3. The first phase within the Site is located within unwooded land which is characterised by extensive bracken growth along with grasses, forming a relatively large open space within the wider woodland, and views of the Site are bounded on all sides by mature vegetation, as indicated by Viewpoints 1 and 2 on Figure 2. The first phase has almost been fully worked out, and a number of soil bunds are located around the phase boundary. 2.2.4. The Site boundary is shown on Figure 1 and encompasses an area which has been felled of all trees, with the Phase 1 area having already been partly worked. The boundary is surrounded on all sides by mature woodland which provides very good screening for the operational activities, even when the extraction works are in close proximity to Reepham Road (northernmost parts of Phases 1 and 2) and properties between Reepham Road and Felthorpe Road, close to Phase 2 at the western end of the Site.

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2.3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WIDER SURROUNDING AREA

Landform and Topography 2.3.1. The Site lies at a general elevation of approximately 45m AOD with little variation across the area bounded by the red line on Figure 1. Land to the south of the wider woodland plantation reduces in height towards the A1067 (Fakenham Road), down to c. 20m AOD, close to the River Wensum. 2.3.2. Levels further to the south vary between c. 50m AOD and 20m AOD with the lower elevations associated with the aforementioned River Wensum and also the River Tud, further south, close to the A47. 2.3.3. To the north and east the land is gently undulating with levels remaining within the range 30m AOD to 40m AOD. To the west, the influence of the River Wensum as it curves further northwards close to Attlebridge, means that the land in this area is lower, at elevations of between 10m AOD and 20m AOD. Landuse and Vegetation Cover 2.3.4. The surrounding landscape, beyond the adjacent Mileplain Plantation woodland, is predominantly agricultural in nature, with arable fields interspersed with some grassland fields mainly utilised for arable crop production but also including some pasture use and stock rearing. Woodland blocks are also an important and frequent part of the landscape, especially to the east where Horsford Woods and Mansom Plantation extend across a relatively large area between the villages of Horsford and Hevingham. 2.3.5. Woodland cover is more infrequent to the north and west of the Site, where open fields predominate, interspersed with other land uses such as golf courses, small settlements and water features. 2.3.6. To the south, a landfill site operated by Biffa is located some 400m from the southern boundary of the Site. Further south, beyond the A1067 woodlands are again frequent in the landscape along with other land uses as above, including Wensum Valley Golf Course, agricultural fields and scattered settlements. 2.3.7. Another feature of the wider landscape, especially to the west and north, are well managed hedgerows bounding fields as might be expected for such an agriculturally dependant area. Settlement and Infrastructure 2.3.8. The closest residential property to the Site is located on Felthorpe Road, some 145m away from the Phase 2 boundary of the Site at its western end. There are a small number of other properties along this road, mowing westwards but views from all properties towards the site are extremely limited due to intervening vegetation and distance. 2.3.9. The closest settlements are the villages of Attlebridge, some 1.3km to the west and Felthorpe which is some 1.5m to the northeast. Apart from these small urban centres, the main settlements in the area are located to the southeast, with the centre of the small town of Taverham some 2.8km away marking the start of a more suburbanised zone extending towards Norwich.

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2.3.10. To the north and west the landscape is dominated by fields and woodland, with sparse evidence of settlement, apart from a number of small villages and a number of isolated farmhouses and other buildings. 2.3.11. Due to the largely rural location of the Site, there are very few major roads within the surrounding area except for the aforementioned A1067 and, further south, the A47. Other than these routes, roads are relatively minor and local in nature, with no roads other than Reepham Road and Felthorpe Road to the north of the site in close proximity to the Site. 2.3.12. Other relevant infrastructure is scarce in the surrounding area and there are no railway lines of note, although there are a number of greenhouses set within open areas amongst woodland to the north, indicating land use diversification. Water Features 2.3.13. The River Wensum, and, further south, the River Tud have been mentioned above and are the nearest water courses to the Site, although there are no views of the Site from any point along them. Public Rights of Way (PRoW) 2.3.14. The main PRoW of interest is the Marriot’s Way, a footpath, bridleway and National Cycle Network route which runs adjacent to Reepham Road to the north of the Site. The path runs along an old railway line and in places is set down a little lower than the elevation of the Site to the south, meaning that not only are views towards the site very well screened by intervening vegetation, but also by landform. The path passes across the Site entrance where the access road meets Reepham Road, so views of vehicles entering and exiting the site would be available, but would be fleeting. 2.3.15. There are a number of footpaths within Gilham’s Heath Plantation to the north, beyond Reepham Road, although again the vegetation cover means that views of the Site to the south are fully screened. 2.3.16. Apart from these PRoW, there are no others that pass close enough to the Site to allow views of the land, and this would remain the case even if machinery was moving around and extracting mineral.

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3. PLANNING CONTEXT

3.1. INTRODUCTION

3.1.1. The combined elements of a landscape set one area apart from those adjacent to it and make its character unique to the people who both live in or visit the area. Recognition of this character variation requires an understanding of these influences that give different areas a unique 'sense of place'. 3.1.2. This section reviews existing landscape character assessments that relate to the Site and its locality and also considers planning policies and landscape designations relevant to the Site. 3.1.3. Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) is a process of characterising a landscape and of informing decision makers when considering effects on landscape character. “Its role is to help ensure that change and development does not undermine whatever is characteristic or valued about any particular landscape, and that ways of improving the character of a place can be considered.” (Ref 1) 3.1.4. In general terms, the surrounding area is rural in nature, characterised by a landscape of gently undulating agricultural fields with regular woodland blocks and hedgerows, sparse built development to the north and west with isolated farms and villages to the north. 3.1.5. The existing quarry operation to the immediate east of the Site is generally uncharacteristic of the surrounding agricultural landscape although does have more in common with the nearby retail and commercial development. 3.1.6. Figure 1 illustrates the Site location together with relevant landscape character areas, the adjacent Ancient Replanted Woodland boundary and viewpoint locations. See below for further explanation.

3.2. EXISTING LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENTS National Level Character Assessment

3.2.1. At the national level landscape character assessment has been defined by the Countryside Agency’s (now assimilated into Natural England) own assessment work which has divided areas of England into areas with similar landscape character called National Character Areas (NCA’s) The site lies within NCA 78: ‘Central North Norfolk’ as defined in the Countryside Agency’s “Countryside Character Volume 6: East of England” (Ref.2). This character area does not describe the Site and its setting in detail; however, it provides the regional landscape context for the Site. Relevant characteristics of this NCA include:

 “A gently undulating, sometimes flat, landscape dissected by river valleys…;  Tranquil agricultural landscape with extensive areas of arable land, dominated by cereals with break-cropping of sugar beet and oilseed rape, and some pastures along valley floors;  Ancient countryside, much of it enclosed by the 16th century, with a sporadically rationalised patchwork field system, sinuous lanes and mixed

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hedges with hedgerow oaks;  Relatively well-wooded landscape, with ancient oak and beech woodland and areas of conifer plantation;  Important species, maritime cliff habitats and slopes, alkaline valley fen communities and areas of remnant heathland; and  Dense network of public rights of way including the Peddars Way and Norfolk Coast Path National Trail, with main recreational activity centred on coastal areas”

Regional/County/District Level Character Assessments

Broadland District Landscape Character Assessment, Chris Blandford Associates, May 2008, Updated in September 2013 (Ref.3) 3.2.2. This assessment, prepared for Broadland District Council in 2008 and updated in 2013, splits the district into six Landscape Character Types (LCT) and, within these, into sixteen Landscape Character Areas (LCA). The Site lies within LCT Woodland Heath Mosaic and within LCA B1: Horsford Woodland Heath Mosaic. The key, relevant characteristics for the LCT are as follows: Landscape Character Type: Woodland Heath Mosaic:

 “Generally flat, plateau landscape, covered with a pattern of large-scale woodland and plantations;  Mixture of old deciduous woodland and more recent coniferous plantations, interspersed with small areas of remnant heathland contained within the woodland;  Woodland is interspersed with relatively large arable fields;  Presence of boundary oaks within hedgerows;  General absence of settlements, other than sporadic 20th century settlements that line straight roads, which cut across the landscape;  Views are generally strongly contained by dense blocks of woodland;  Woodland provides a strong sense of enclosure; and  Small pockets of acid grassland (NVC category U4) within heathland mosaic”

Under the Evaluation: Landscape Condition and Strength of Character section, the following is stated in relation to the LCT:

“Strength of character varies throughout this Landscape Character Type. In places, there is a strongly recognisable sense of place as a result of views to adjacent Landscape Character Types. In others, however, due to the intermittent sense of enclosure provided by woodland, views are limited and sense of place is weaker. Overall, there is a strong landscape pattern as a result of the geometric arrangement plantation woodlands and the generally straight road network. Blocks of mature woodland are generally in good condition, however, there is evidence of decline at edges and also in the hedgerow network, which is gappy in places.” Specific Management Objectives for the LCT include:

 “Seek to conserve and enhance woodland, wood pasture and heathland and associated wetland habitats, which represent areas of high biodiversity importance with a wide range of habitats;  Seek opportunities for the creation of larger areas of heathland;  Encourage new woodland edge planting of native deciduous broadleaved to reduce the visual and ecological impact of the coniferous plantations; and

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 Encourage the use of native tree species in new planting, which reflects the underlying soil conditions and maintaining regional character”

For LCA B1: Horsford Woodland Heath Mosaic, the following of relevance is stated under Summary of Visual Character:

“Today, the area is a mixture of arable farmland, old deciduous woodland and recent coniferous plantations. Only small remnant patches of heathland and fen are found within interior parts of the woodland, often protected by European designations for their high ecological value. Large rectangular arable fields abut the woodland in northern and southern parts of the area.

Views are strongly contained by woodland, often forming close horizons. From outside the area, woodland is prominent within views, forming distinctive wooded horizons

A network of footpaths, cycle routes and bridleways traverse the area, including a national trail west of Horsford (Marriott’s Way). The plantations provide an important recreational resource for the public in the District.”

For LCA B1, the following Landscape Planning Guideline is relevant to the Proposed Development:

 “Seek to ensure that potential new developments comprise a fully integrated landscape and urban design strategy, which is consistent with the local landscape character and screen existing and potential harsh settlement edges”

Local/Site Level Character Assessment:

3.2.3. There are no studies that have considered the landscape character of the Site and immediate surrounding area. Phase 1 has been partially worked and left for a number of years so it has developed natural regenerated, heathy grassland areas with some patches of developing heather, which is, in part, similar to the “small remnant patches of heathland….found within interior parts of the woodland” as mentioned in relation to LCA B1 above. The rest of the site has been clear felled so is now open with areas of remnant brashings, bracken and rough grass, which is not generally typical of the immediate surroundings or of the LCA’s mentioned above. However, the nature of the adjacent mature woodland, which curtails all views and leads to a sense of enclosure, is evident within the wider landscape where dense areas of woodland contain medium and long distance views and results in a close horizon, as stated above in relation to LCA B1.

3.3. LANDSCAPE DESIGNATIONS AND POLICIES National Level Landscape Designations

3.3.1. The Site is not located within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) or National Park. Regional/County/District Level Landscape Designations and Landscape Related Designations

3.3.2. The Site does not lie within any areas designated for their landscape quality or value at the Regional, County or District level.

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3.3.3. In terms of landscape related designations, there are no Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments (SM’s) or Registered Parks and Gardens with views of the Site so the Proposed Development would not affect these places or their settings.

National/Regional/County/District Level Landscape Policies and Guidance

3.3.4. On a national scale, the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF Ref.4) was adopted in March 2012 and replaces a whole raft of former planning policy documents including most of the Planning Policy Statement (PPS), Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) and Minerals Planning Guidance (MPG) documents. 3.3.5. In relation to potential landscape and visual effects, relevant policies included within the NPPF are set out in Table 1 below. 3.3.6. Table 1 also summarises the relevant Regional, County and District level policy documents, associated policies and good practice guidelines that are applicable to the Site and surrounds. A table containing the full text of all the policies is included as Appendix 2 and Table 6 further below summarises how the development accords with these various polices. Table 1: Summary of National, Regional, County and District Level Landscape Policies and Guidance

Policy or Guideline Relevant Policy or Guideline Document National Planning Policy Core Planning Principles Framework, (adopted March 2012) (Ref.4)  ‘always seek to secure high quality design and a good standard of amenity for all existing and future occupants of land and buildings.’

 ‘take account of the different roles and character of different areas, promoting the vitality of our main urban areas, protecting the Green Belts around them, recognising the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside and supporting thriving rural communities within it.’

Section 7: Requiring Good Design

Point 56: ‘The Government attaches great importance to the design of the built environment. Good design is a key aspect of sustainable development, is indivisible from good planning, and should contribute positively to making places better for people.

Point 58: ....’Planning policies and decisions should aim to ensure that developments’:

 ‘Respond to local character and history and reflect the identity of local surroundings and materials, while not preventing or discouraging appropriate innovation’  Are visually attractive as a result of good architecture and appropriate landscaping’

Point 64: ‘Permission should be refused for development of poor design that fails to take the opportunities available for improving the character

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and quality of an area and the way it functions’.

Section 11: Conserving and Enhancing the Natural Environment

Point 109: The planning system should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by:

 Protecting and enhancing valued landscapes, geological conservation interests and soils;

Point 113: ‘Local planning authorities should set criteria based policies against which proposals for any development on or affecting protected wildlife or geodiversity sites or landscape areas will be judged. Distinctions should be made between the hierarchy of international, national and locally designated sites, so that protection is commensurate with their status and gives appropriate weight to their importance and the contribution that they make to wider ecological networks’.

Point 115: ‘Great weight should be given to conserving landscape and scenic beauty in National Parks, the Broads and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, which have the highest status of protection in relation to landscape and scenic beauty’. Norfolk Minerals and Waste Development Framework: Core Strategy and Minerals Policy DM8 – Design, Local Landscape and Townscape Character and Waste Development Policy DM14 – Progressive Working, Restoration and After-use Management Policies

DPD 2010 – 2026, Adopted September 2011, Norfolk County Council (Ref.5) Joint Core Strategy for Broadland, Norwich and South Norfolk (Adopted March 2011), amended Policy 1 – Addressing Climate Change and Protecting Environmental by the Broadland Part of Assets the Norwich Policy Area: Policy 2 – Promoting Good design Local Plan, (adopted Policy 12 – The remainder of the Norwich urban area, including the fringe January 2014), parishes Broadland District Policy 20 – Implementation Council, Norwich City Council and South Norfolk Council) (Ref.6) Development Management DPD, Policy EN1 – Biodiversity and Habitats Adopted August 2015, Policy EN2 – Landscape Broadlands District Policy EN3 – Green Infrastructure (Ref.7) Council)

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4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1. SUMMARY OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

4.1.1. A full description of the application is contained within the Planning Statement. However, the application essentially seeks to increase the timeframe of the permission at Attlebridge Quarry in order to complete all previously approved extraction operations and undertake final restoration works. 4.1.2. Potential sources of landscape and visual effects caused by the application are likely to include the following:

 Stripping and bunding of heathy soil which would involve machinery movements;  Installation and operation of a mobile crusher and screen adjacent to the southern boundary of the site;  Extraction of mineral in a progressive, phased manner across the Site, involving the use of mobile plant machinery;  Vehicle movements on surrounding roads and using the site access road for an extended duration in order to undertake extraction, transportation and restoration works. Most HGV’s would use Reepham Road to gain access to Norwich;  Final restoration earthworks involving machinery movements;  Other restoration operations across the restored land, involving cultivation, seeding, tree planting, spreading heather brashings, and any other related work as necessary;  Aftercare/maintenance of the ponds, mire, trees, heathland, shrub scrub and naturally regenerated scrubby vegetation as necessary, and in accordance with an existing Section 106 agreement; and  The appearance of the restored site 5 - 10 years after restoration planting.

4.1.3. It should be noted that extraction and subsequent restoration within the entire Site has previously been permitted, including a number of time extension applications (in 2003 and 2008), which demonstrates that the general principle of the land being worked and restored has repeatedly been accepted by the Mineral Planning Authority.

4.2. MITIGATION MEASURES

4.2.1. Due to the anticipated minimal landscape and visual effects of the proposed development, no specific mitigation measures have been proposed for the operational phases. However, it is considered that high quality restoration of the Site would itself provide mitigation for the effects of mineral extraction. Restoration works would include the development of wood edge shrub and heath shrub areas, heathland over sandy soils and seasonal ponds, all of which would create a landscape in character with the surrounding areas and would offer long term benefits to nature conservation. 4.2.2. However, the Site would be worked and restored progressively, with no more than two phases being worked at one time and restoration works following on as quickly as possible once land has been worked out, to minimise areas of unrestored land.

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5. ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL EFFECTS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

5.1.1. In this section of the LVIA, the Sensitivity and Magnitude of Effect are assessed for landscape receptors (landscape features and landscape character) before a separate sub-section considers how the two values combine to indicate an overall rating for Significance of Effects. Depending on the rating given, an effect is either considered likely to be ‘Significant’ or ‘Not Significant’, in accordance with the requirements of EU Directive 2011/92/EU. 5.1.2. The LVIA has been undertaken using the methodology described in Section 9, with reference to the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment: Third Edition published April 2013 (Ref.8). It is worth noting that the assessment has identified activities that are considered to be ‘worst case’ and estimated the approximate time during the development when these activities would be undertaken.

5.2. LANDSCAPE EFFECTS Introduction

5.2.1. Adverse or beneficial effects on the landscape resource can take place during all stages of the development proposals and have been described and assessed below. Assessment of Effects on Landscape Features

5.2.2. Sensitivity of the landscape features is assessed as Low. The Site has previously been permitted for mineral extraction and removal of the unremarkable woodland has already occurred, with the cleared land generally uncharacteristic of the surrounding landscape. There are no other features of notable landscape value on the Site. 5.2.3. The most direct effect on landscape features would be to the Site landform, which would be slightly lowered as a result of the extraction works. However, this work is already permitted so Magnitude of Effects would be Negligible. Therefore Significance of Effects on Landscape Features during the operational stage is classed as Negligible adverse. 5.2.4. Restoration operations, again already permitted, would result in the Site being restored to heathland/acid grassland, areas of shrubby scrub and random individual trees using basal sands/indigenous overburden, unsaleable sand and heathy soils. Restoration slopes would be at an angle of approximately 1:25 – 1:35, in part to reduce the effects of erosion and the final land surface would be lower than the original landform, as shown on the Restoration Plan: P2/975/12/2 (dated October 2017). Magnitude of Effects at the 10 Year Post Restoration stage are rated as Negligible beneficial with the Significance of Effects on Landscape Features at this point classed as Negligible beneficial. While the landform would appear slightly different to existing and the restored heathland would still be developing, individual trees (oak and hawthorn) plus scrubby areas of birch, broom and gorse would be evident along with heather patches and open, bare areas.

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The Site would be managed for the benefit of the heather development (involving periodic grazing if possible and vegetation removal as necessary).

Assessment of Effects on Landscape Character

Operational Stage

5.2.5. The sensitivity of the Site in terms of landscape character is classified as Low. The Site is not located within an area nationally designated for its landscape or scenic value such as a National Park or AONB and there are no other landscape or nature conservation designations relating to the Site that indicate its character is particularly sensitive. The partially worked Phase 1 area is naturally revegetating with heathy grass and patches of developing heather due to lack of activity for a number of years and as such is broadly similar to other small areas of heathland within surrounding woodlands, which are mentioned in LCA B1. However, the rest of the site has been clear felled and as such is generally uncharacteristic of the wider landscape. 5.2.6. During the operational stage, the character of the working phases and processing plant site area would change to that of an intermittently busy industrial operation, which would be immediately noticeable. However, these works have previously been permitted so there would be no new or additional effects to that already approved. These activities would be contained within the wooded Site boundaries so there would be no impacts on the wider landscape character, works would be temporary (approximately 4-5 years extraction, 1.5 years final restoration) and the adverse effects would be mitigated by the progressive restoration scheme. The Magnitude of Effects on landscape character would therefore be Small adverse. 5.2.7. Significance of Effects is therefore rated as Minor adverse. While there would be limited effects on landscape character, these would be very local in nature, of little consequence and would not affect the character of the wider surrounding area. 10 Years Post Restoration Stage

5.2.8. At this point, the restored Site would be integrating well with the surrounding woodland, with scrubby patches of vegetation evident in various areas across the heathland and the heather beginning to develop in clumps across the land surface. Grazing stock (preferably cattle) would ideally be introduced at certain times of the year which would help create the ideal conditions for the heathland to thrive, in combination with other management practices such as vegetation removal as necessary. The character of the Site would be vastly improved from the existing clear felled land and Magnitude of Effects on landscape character at this point would be Negligible beneficial. 5.2.9. Significance of Effects is therefore rated as Negligible beneficial. The character of the Site would be similar to other areas in the surrounding landscape, with open, gently undulating heathy grassland including some areas of naturally regenerated vegetation contained by mature woodland. Improved management would have helped the land develop well, provide benefits to nature conservation and integrate successfully with the boundary vegetation.

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5.3. VISUAL EFFECTS

5.3.1. Due to its very enclosed location provided by the extensive boundary woodland, views of the Site are screened from almost all publicly accessible locations such as Public Rights of Way (PRoW) and private properties in the vicinity, even in winter. The only clear view of the Site is available from the little used road accessing the adjacent landfill operation. Views of the access road itself, where it meets Reepham Road, are available from the Marriot’s Way, a long distance footpath and bridleway that also forms part of the National Cycle Network (its route is shown on Figure 1). 5.3.2. Five panoramic photographs have been presented in Figures 2, 3 and 4 which are included as part of this LVIA report. Viewpoints 1 and 2 show the appearance of the Site (albeit a few years ago) from a position just inside the southern boundary. These views do not represent any visual receptors and are included for information purposes only. Similarly, Viewpoint 3 is included to illustrate the well wooded surrounding area in close proximity to the Site and does not represent any visual receptor(s) looking towards the Site. 5.3.3. Viewpoint 4 is located on the Marriot Way, (part of the National Cycle Network) where it crosses the entrance to the Site access road, just off Reepham Road. While the Sensitivity of cycle path users is rated as High, the Magnitude of Visual Effects during the Operational Stage would be Negligible at best (i.e. during winter) at this location and at all other locations along the Marriot Way. Significance of Effects is therefore considered to be Minor adverse. At the 10 years post restoration stage Magnitude and therefore Significance would be Neutral. 5.3.4. Viewpoint 5 represents road users on Felthorpe Road to the north of Phase 2 who are classed as having a Low - Medium Sensitivity to the proposed development. The view looking southeast towards the Site shows how the mass of intervening vegetation completely screens views in summer. In winter, there may be partial glimpses of the edge of the Phase 2 area but these would be very limited and also transitory. Magnitude of Visual Effects during the Operational Stage would again be Negligible during winter and Significance of Effects is therefore considered to be Negligible adverse. At the 10 years post restoration stage Magnitude and therefore Significance would be Neutral. Accordance of the Proposed Development with Landscape and Visual Policies and Guidelines

5.3.5. Table 1 above summarises local and regional landscape policies and guidance relating to the proposed development. Table 2 below summarises how the proposed development accords with these polices and documents (note: refer to Appendix 2 for the full policy or relevant designation text)

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Table 2: Accordance of the Proposed Development with Relevant Policies and Guidelines

Policy or Guideline Accordance with Relevant Policy or Guideline Document Core Planning Policies It is considered that the permitted mineral extraction would have an adverse effect on landform and landscape character during the working phases, although due to the very good screening afforded by the surrounding woodland and the relatively low landscape value of the land being dug, impacts on the landscape resource and wider landscape character would be limited and would not be significant.

It is considered that the restored heathland and scrub would enhance the local landscape character by integrating well with the adjacent, more valuable Ancient Replanted Woodland and it would also benefit nature conservation more than replanting the original birch woodland. National Planning Policy Framework, (adopted March Section 7: Requiring Good Design (Points 56, 58, 64) 2012) (Ref.4) It is considered that the proposed development has been designed with care and attention to retain the adjacent, more valuable woodland, maintain peripheral vegetation for screening purposes and provide an area of heathland and scrub habitat valuable for wildlife as a result of restoration proposals.

Section 11: Conserving and Enhancing the Natural Environment (Points 109, 113, 115) The site is not located within an area designated for its landscape quality or value, either nationally, regionally or locally. The restoration scheme would both respect existing landscape character and enhance it, as set out above. Norfolk Minerals and Waste Policy DM8 – Design, Local Landscape and Townscape Character: Development Framework: See above re. good design, restoration to heathland/scrub and how the Core Strategy and Minerals Proposed Development, once restoration works have been completed, and Waste Development would both respect and integrate with the character of the wider Management Policies DPD landscape. There would be negligible visual intrusion caused by the 2010 – 2026. Norfolk County operational works due to the very good boundary screening. No Listed Council, adopted September Buildings, Scheduled Monuments or Registered Parks and Gardens (or 2011 their settings) would be affected in any way by the proposals.

Policy DM14 – Progressive Working, Restoration and After-use: The Final Restoration Plan illustrates how the land would be restored to gently undulating heathland and scrub which is deemed appropriate with the restoration soils available and the substrate that will be left following mineral extraction. The restored site would be in character with the surrounding landscape and would offer long term benefits to nature conservation. Joint Core Strategy for Policy 1 – Addressing Climate Change and Protecting Environmental Assets:

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Broadland, Norwich and The proposals would protect and improve the environmental assets of the South Norfolk (Adopted area by restoring the site to heathland and naturally regenerated scrub March 2011, Broadland with a gently undulating landform. This is considered beneficial to the District Council, Norwich character of the area in the long term. City Council and South (Ref.5) Norfolk Council Policy 2 – Promoting Good Design: See above.

Policy 12 - The remainder of the Norwich urban area, including the fringe parishes: Restoration of the site to heathland would be in accordance with this policy, although it should be noted that the heathland created would not directly link with any other heathland areas. It would still be beneficial to nature conservation. Restoration works would also involve the natural regeneration of scrubby vegetation which would enhance the heathland habitat, subject to appropriate management.

Policy 20 - Implementation: The proposed restoration would involve habitat creation which would enhance nature conservation and contribute to landscape character, as outlined above.

Development Management Policy EN1: Biodiversity and Habitats DPD, Adopted August 2015, See above re. creation and benefits of heathland restoration Broadlands District Policy EN2: Landscape Council)(Ref.6) While there would be some adverse impacts on landscape character and very minor impacts on visual amenity during the extraction phases, restoration of the site would offer benefits as outlined above, which would have regard to the landscape character of the surroundings. None of the listed features would be adversely affected by the proposals.

Policy EN3 – Green Infrastructure See above regarding the creation of heathland which would benefit nature conservation and create wildlife habitats, which would also contribute to the aims of the Norfolk Biodiversity Action Plan. The adjacent Ancient Replanted Woodland would be retained and protected as necessary. Broadland District Landscape Character Landscape Planning Guidelines: Assessment, (Chris See above regarding respecting local landscape character and screening of Blandford Associates, May the development provided by peripheral woodland. 2008 updated in September 2013 (Ref.3)

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6. CONCLUSIONS

6.1. CONCLUSIONS

6.1.1. This Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment report relating to proposals to extend the permitted working and restoration period for Attlebridge Quarry. The main landscape and visual elements in relation to this proposed development would include the following main proposals:

 4 – 5 years of additional operational activity to extract mineral and then up to a further 18 months for final restoration works;  Stripping and bunding (for later use in restoration) of heathy soil;  Vehicles using the site entrance and access road for a longer duration than currently permitted;  Extraction of mineral from the remainder of Phase 1 and all of Phases 2 to 5 which would involve machinery movements, as currently permitted:  Progressive restoration of the worked out land to heathland/acid grassland/mire, individual trees and areas of scrubby shrub by regrading earthworks and the use of basal sand, unsaleable sand, and previously bunded indigenous soils/overburden, as currently permitted:  5 years of aftercare/maintenance; and  The appearance of the site 5 - 10 years after restoration planting works.

6.1.2. Opportunities to mitigate unavoidable effects on the landscape resources and visual amenity are limited although due to the minor nature of the adverse effects predicted during the operational stage, further mitigation during these works is not considered necessary. Restoration would be undertaken in a progressive manner to minimise areas of worked out but unrestored land. 6.1.3. The proposed works would result in effects on landscape features of Negligible adverse Significance, mainly involving reduction in the landform, which is already permitted. Woodland has already been removed across the Site in accordance with the current permitted operations. Stumps would be removed/destroyed and soils would be stripped and bunded on Site for later reuse in restoration, so this important resource would be retained. Restoration works and aftercare would develop the Site as heathland with naturally regenerated, scrubby vegetation in some areas, which would, in the longer term, result in a slight beneficial Significance. 6.1.4. Due to the permitted operational activity, which would introduce vehicle movements and extraction activity into the site again, there would be effects on the landscape character of the Site of Minor Significance. The character of the land has already been degraded due to the permitted clear felling operations so the resurrection of operational activity would have limited notable effects on the existing character, taking the permitted works into consideration. Effects would be at a very local level due to the nature of the very enclosed Site location and there would be no effects on the character of the wider landscape. 6.1.5. Following restoration of the Site as noted above, the land would integrate well with the character of the surrounding, retained Ancient Replanted Woodland and would offer

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benefits to nature conservation, helping to meet the aims of the Norfolk Biodiversity Action Plan. 6.1.6. In terms of effects on visual amenity, due to the aforementioned very enclosed location of the Site, there are no views in the summer months from publicly accessible areas or from residential properties. In winter there may be partial glimpses through the woodland of the Phase 1 and Phase 2 areas from the Marriot Way (National Cycle Route) along the northern side of the Site, but these would be of Minor adverse Significance, would be transitory in nature and temporary during the operational period. Following restoration, visual effects would be Neutral. 6.1.7. The proposed development is in accordance with national and local planning policy, including Policies 1, 2, 12 and 20 of the Joint Core Strategy for Broadland, Norwich and South Norfolk (March 2011) which are mainly concerned with respecting landscape character, habitat creation and heathland re-establishment, all of which would be positively addressed by the proposals. In addition, the proposed development would be in accordance with policies contained within the Broadlands Development Management DPD (August 2015), including Policy EN1: Biodiversity and Habitats and Policy EN2: Landscape, again for the reasons outlined above 6.1.8. In terms of landscape character, the proposals would, following restoration, create a landscape in character with Landscape Character Area B1: Horsford Woodland Heath Mosaic, as defined within the Broadland District Landscape Character Assessment, Chris Blandford Associates (May 2008, Updated in September 2013). In particular, the Site would be typical of the following observation in the Assessment: “small remnant patches of heathland and fen are found within interior parts of the woodland”. 6.1.9. It is therefore concluded that the permitted extraction and restoration works, extending over a total period of up to 6.5 years, would have no Significant effects on landscape features, landscape character or visual amenity.

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7. REFERENCES

1. Landscape Character Assessment – Guidance for England and Scotland. Carys Swanwick and Land Use Consultants, 2002 2. Character of England Map containing 159 National Character Areas (NCA’s), Natural England, 2014. For reference see the following webpage: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6232246738485248?category=587130 3. Broadland District Landscape Assessment. Chris Blandford Associates, May 2008, Updated 2013 4. National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) adopted March 2012 5. Norfolk Minerals and Waste Development Framework: Core Strategy and Minerals and Waste Development Management Policies DPD 2010 – 2026. Norfolk County Council, adopted September 2011 6. Joint Core Strategy for Broadland, Norwich and South Norfolk. Broadland District Council, Norwich City Council and South Norfolk Council, adopted March 2011 7. Development Management DPD. Broadlands District Council, adopted August 2015 8. Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment: Third Edition. The Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment, April 2013

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8. APPENDICES

8.1. APPENDIX 1: FIGURES:

Figure Number Figure Title 1 Landscape Character, Site Context & Viewpoint Locations 2 Viewpoints 1 & 2 3 Viewpoints 3 & 4 4 Viewpoint 5

8.2. APPENDIX 2: FULL LIST OF REGIONAL, COUNTY & LOCAL LANDSCAPE POLICIES & GUIDANCE

Policy or Guideline Relevant Policy or Guidance Document Norfolk Minerals and Policy DM8 – Design, Local Landscape and Townscape Character: Waste Development Development will be permitted if it will not harm the conservation of, or Framework: Core prevent the enhancement of, key characteristics of its surroundings with Strategy and Minerals regard to the character of the landscape and townscape, including and Waste Development consideration of its historic character and settlement pattern, taking into Management Policies account any appropriate mitigation measures. In line with PPS1, new DPD 2010 – 2026, development, including ancillary landscaping and car parking areas, must Adopted September promote good design which is compatible with the existing or planned 2011, Norfolk County built form of the local area and the surrounding landscape. Applicants will Council (Ref.5) be expected to show how their proposals will address impacts on landscape and townscape. This would normally be undertaken through a study and evaluation of local landscape and townscape character and an assessment of how the proposal will impact on it, with reference to any relevant landscape character assessment or design guide. Alternatively it could be carried out through a local assessment using a suitable methodology, appropriate to the scale of the development proposed. In particular the potential individual and cumulative effects on the following issues must be addressed:

 landscape and townscape character, e.g. visual intrusion, the layout and scale of buildings and designated spaces, the built fabric, public access; and  landscape and townscape sensitivity and capacity, e.g. local distinctiveness, condition, historic patterns of development, semi- natural habitats, remoteness and tranquillity, and noise and light pollution.

Development will only be permitted where it would be within, or could affect the setting of, nationally or locally registered Historic Parks or Gardens, registered battlefields, conservation areas, listed buildings or the North Norfolk Heritage Coast, where the applicant can demonstrate that the development would not adversely impact on the historic form, character and/or setting of these locations, taking into account any mitigation measures.

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Policy DM14 – Progressive Working, Restoration and After-use: Proposals for new mineral workings must be accompanied by a scheme for the phased and progressive working and restoration of the site throughout its life. Restoration and after-use of mineral extraction sites and associated development, and temporary waste management facilities, will be determined on a case-by-case basis, prioritising the most appropriate after-use(s) for each site. This will include consideration of restoration to enhance biodiversity, geodiversity and landscape; support for green infrastructure; potential to restore and/or improve agricultural soil quality, and to facilitate leisure and recreational development (including footpaths). Preference will be given to after-uses and restoration that support the aims of Norfolk’s Sustainable Community Strategy, with particular emphasis on:  Enhancement to the Norfolk Ecological Network; and  The creation of new, high-quality, distinctive landscapes. The after- use and restoration proposal must demonstrate that:  The appropriate restoration and after-use is both feasible and achievable in the proposed time scales.  Due consideration has been given to opportunities to improve public access, particularly to implement the County Council’s Rights of Way Improvement Plan.  Due consideration has been given to supporting the aims of the Green Infrastructure Strategy.  Any important geology or geomorphology on the site will be retained in sample exposures for study purposes.

Joint Core Strategy for Policy 1 – Addressing Climate Change and Protecting Environmental Broadland, Norwich and Assets: South Norfolk, Development and investment will seek to expand and link valuable open Broadland District space and areas of biodiversity importance to create green networks. Council, Norwich City Council and South Policy 2 – Promoting good design: Norfolk Council, adopted All development will be designed to the highest possible standards, (Ref.6) March 2011, creating a strong sense of place. In particular development proposals will respect local distinctiveness including as appropriate:  the landscape character and historic environment, taking account of conservation area appraisals and including the wider countryside and the Broads area.

Policy 12 – The remainder of the Norwich urban area, including the fringe parishes: Green infrastructure and links between currently fragmented habitats and to the rural fringe will be protected, maintained and enhanced. This will include:  the re-establishment of heathland habitats in the north and northeast to link through to Mousehold;  tree planting to enhance amenity and habitat, and to ameliorate the impact of the ‘urban heat island’ effect

Policy 20 – Implementation: A co-ordinated approach will be taken to the timely provision and ongoing maintenance of infrastructure, services and facilities to support development.

Infrastructure that is essential to secure sustainable development will include:

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 open space and green infrastructure, including habitat creation, pedestrian and cycle links, allotments, recreation facilities, parks, trees, hedgerows, woodland and landscaping

Development Management DPD, Policy EN1: Biodiversity and Habitats Adopted August 2015, Development proposals will be expected to protect and enhance the Broadlands District biodiversity of the district, avoid fragmentation of habitats, and support Council)(Ref.7) the delivery of a co-ordinated green infrastructure network throughout the district.

Policy EN2: Landscape In order to protect the character of the area, development proposals should have regard to the Landscape Character Assessment SPD and, in particular, consider any impact upon as well as seek to protect and enhance where appropriate: i. Gaps between settlements; ii. Visually sensitive skylines, hillsides and valley sides and important views including the setting of the Broads Area; iii. Nocturnal character; iv. Conservation Areas; v. Scheduled Ancient Monuments; and vi. Historic Parks and Gardens; and vii. Green spaces including natural and semi-natural features as well as geological/geomorphological features which make a significant contribution towards defining the character of an area.

Policy EN3 – Green Infrastructure All development will be expected to maximise opportunities for the creation of a well-managed network of wildlife habitats.

Development will also be expected to make adequate arrangements for the management and maintenance of green infrastructure. Landscape Planning Guidelines: Broadland District Landscape Character The following Landscape Planning Guidelines apply to B1: Horsford Assessment, (Chris Blandford Associates, Woodland Heath Mosaic Landscape Character Area: May 2008, updated in  Seek to ensure that potential new developments comprise a September 2013 (Ref.3) fully integrated landscape and urban design strategy, which is consistent with the local landscape character and screen existing and potential harsh settlement edges.

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9. METHODOLOGY

9.1. GENERAL

9.1.1. Guidance for the undertaking of this Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment has been sourced from:  ‘The Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment’ (GLVIA, third edition), published April 2013 by the Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (Ref 8); and  ‘Landscape Character Assessment, Guidance for England and Scotland’, published April 2002 by the Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (Ref 1)

9.1.2. LVIA is ‘a tool used to identify and assess the significance of and the effects of change resulting from development on both the landscape as an environmental resource in its own right and on people’s view and visual amenity’ (Ref. 8). The two components of LVIA are the ‘assessment of landscape effects’ and ‘assessment of visual effects’ and while distinct from each other, they are closely linked. 9.1.3. LVIA can be undertaken as part of a formal Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) which is underpinned by EU Directive 2011/92/EU, where the regulations require that a final judgement is made about whether or not each effect is likely to be ‘significant’. Alternatively, LVIA can be applied informally to non EIA projects as a contribution to the ‘appraisal’ of development proposals. 9.1.4. The general approach used establishes the ‘Landscape and Visual Context’ (ie. Baseline) of the study area (site and surrounds) against which the potential landscape and visual effects of the development proposals can be identified, described and assessed.

9.2. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL CONTEXT (BASELINE) Introduction

9.2.1. Establishing the landscape baseline is a process of ‘desk study and fieldwork to identify and record the character of the landscape and the elements, features and aesthetic and perceptual factors which contribute to it. The process should also deal with the value attached to the landscape’. (Ref.8) 9.2.2. Similarly, the visual baseline should ‘establish the area in which the development may be visible, the different groups of people who may experience views of the development, the viewpoints where they will be affected and the nature of the views at those points. Where possible it can also be useful to establish the approximate number of different groups of people who will be affected by the changes in views or visual amenity’. (Ref.8). 9.2.3. Visual baseline information is established by desk study, ‘visibility mapping’ using manual techniques as well as digital approaches such as production of a Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) model (if necessary), and fieldwork. The viewpoints from which the proposal may be seen by the visual receptors should then be identified and

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the nature of the viewpoint locations, the views themselves and the respective receptors should be summarised. 9.2.4. Visual receptors can include individual or groups of residents, people working in the area, people passing through the area using various forms of transport, people visiting the area and people engaged in recreation or leisure pursuits in the area. 9.2.5. The process is undertaken to determine the baseline against which the development proposals are to be compared and to establish the importance of the constituent parts of the landscape and factors affecting the potential visibility of the proposed development. This provides information against which the Sensitivity, Magnitude of Effects and subsequently the Significance of Effects can be assessed. From this, it is then possible to make a judgement on whether effects are considered ‘Significant’ or not. Landscape Character Assessment (LCA)

9.2.6. Existing landscape character assessment studies are considered as part of the baseline work, in order to gather information about the intrinsic character of the site and its surrounds. 9.2.7. Studies at a number of scales are referenced including Natural England’s national level assessment of National Character Areas (NCA’s), and also Regional/County level landscape character studies. 9.2.8. Landscape character assessment is also undertaken on a more localised level if necessary and a description of the landscape characteristics can be provided in relation to the site itself and immediate surrounds. Landscape Designations and Policies

9.2.9. The baseline study also identifies national and local landscape designations, usually contained in the relevant Development Plan Documents. Whilst local designations are generally not supported in national planning policy, they can reflect the value of a particular landscape to the local population. 9.2.10. Landscape related planning policies from relevant Development Plan Documents are also referred to and how the development accords with them is considered in order to enable a critical comparison between the likely effects of the proposals and the aspirations/aims of the policies. Landscape Value

9.2.11. Establishing the value of the potentially affected landscape at the baseline stage will help inform later judgements about the significance of effects. GLVIA3 states the following: ‘Value can apply to areas of landscape as a whole or to the individual elements, features and aesthetic or perceptual dimensions which contribute to the character of a landscape. Landscapes or their component parts may be valued at the community, local, national or international levels’ (Ref.8)

9.2.12. Existing national level landscape designations relating to the site and surrounds are identified if applicable (ie. National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty) as well as other national level ‘landscape related’ designations (ie. listed buildings, Registered

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Parks and Gardens). In addition, regional and/or locally based indicators of landscape value are established that may include Special Landscape Areas, Tree Preservation Orders or Conservation Areas. The presence of long distance footpaths or National Trails can also indicate landscape value in an area. Site Visibility Study

9.2.13. The visibility of the site is considered through reference to Ordnance Survey plans, aerial imagery and fieldwork to help determine the visual baseline. 9.2.14. Close range views were judged to be within 50m of the site, mid-range from 50m to 100m and long range views at a distance of over 100m. This is mainly due to the very good boundary screening provided by mature woodland. 9.2.15. Five viewpoints have been included in the assessment and consideration of these includes potential impacts on different visual receptor types such as road users and users of Public Rights of Way (PRoW). 9.2.16. Panoramic photosheets included as part of this section, (refer to Figures 2 to 4) were taken using a Nikon D40 digital Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera with a 35mm lens (which is equal to a 52.5mm focal length in 35mm film format). Panoramic views were stitched together using Photovista software (version 2.0).

9.3. ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL EFFECTS Describing Landscape Effects 9.3.1. Once the baseline information has been gathered, this can be combined with understanding of the development proposals to identify and describe the potential effects on the ‘landscape receptors’ (ie. overall character and key characteristics, individual features or aesthetic/perceptual aspects). Effects on the receptors at different stages of the development are important to identify, as are the types of effects (ie. direct/indirect, secondary, cumulative, short/medium/long term, temporary/permanent, positive/negative) 9.3.2. GLVIA3 states that effects are likely to include:  “The nature of the view of the development, for example a full or partial view or only a glimpse;  The proportion of the development or particular features that would be visible (such as full, most, part, none);  The distance of the viewpoint from the development and whether the viewer would focus on the development due to its scale and proximity or whether the development would be only a small, minor element in a panoramic view;  Whether the view is stationary or transient or one of a sequence of views, as from a footpath or moving vehicle; and  The nature of the changes, which must be judged individually for each project, but may include, for example, changes in the existing skyline profile, creation of a new visual focus in the view, introduction of new man-made objects, changes in visual simplicity or complexity, alteration of visual scale and change to the degree of visual enclosure” (Ref.8)

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Describing Visual Effects

9.3.3. As with landscape effects, once the baseline information has been gathered, this can be combined with understanding of the development proposals to identify and describe the potential effects on the ‘visual receptors’. Again, it is important to identify the visual effects at different stages of the development and the type of effect that would be experienced by the receptor/s. 9.3.4. GLVIA3 states the following issues regarding effects on views should be considered, (though there may be others)

 ‘The nature of the view of the development, for example a full or partial view or only a glimpse;  The proportion of the development or particular features that would be visible (such as full, most, part, none);  The distance of the viewpoint from the development and whether the viewer would focus on the development due to its scale and proximity or whether the development would be only a small, minor element in a panoramic view;  Whether the view is stationary or transient or one of a sequence of views, as from a footpath or moving vehicle;  The nature of the changes, which must be judged individually for each project, but may include, for example, changes in the existing skyline profile, creation of a new visual focus in the view, introduction of new man-made objects, changes in visual simplicity or complexity, alteration of visual scale and change to the degree of visual enclosure’ (Ref.14)

9.3.5. In addition, seasonal differences in effects arising from the varying degree of screening and/or filtering of views by vegetation at different times of the year need to be considered.

9.4. ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL EFFECTS

Introduction 9.4.1. Separate judgements about the Sensitivity of the landscape and visual receptors and the Magnitude of Visual Effects need to be combined to allow a final judgement to be made about the Significance of Landscape and Visual Effects and, from that, whether any particular effects are considered high/important enough to be ‘Significant’ or not, as required by the EIA Regulations. 9.4.2. The sub-section below outlines the methodology for assessing Sensitivity of both landscape and visual receptors while the subsequent sub-section considers assessment of Magnitude of Landscape and Visual Effects. The methodology for assessing the Significance of Landscape and Visual Effects is then presented. Sensitivity of the Landscape Receptors 9.4.3. Sensitivity of landscape receptors is assessed by taking the following factors into account: (Ref. 16)

 “Susceptibility…of the landscape to change – the ability of the landscape receptor (overall character, individual feature or particular aesthetic/perceptual aspect) to accommodate the proposed development without undue consequences for the maintenance of the baseline situation and/or the achievement of landscape planning policies and strategies;

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 Value of the landscape receptor/s – established during the baseline study, covering the value of the Landscape Character Types or Areas based on review of designations or, in their absence, judgements based on criteria that can be used to establish landscape value. In addition, the value of individual contributors to landscape character such as key elements or features within the landscape, or notable aesthetic/perceptual qualities”. 9.4.4. It is important to note that sensitivity of the landscape resource should not be recorded as part of the baseline but should be considered as part of the assessment of effects. This is because landscape effects are particular to both the specific landscape in question and the specific nature of the proposed development. 9.4.5. Table M1 below sets out and explains criteria used to assess sensitivity of landscape resources

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Table M1: Explanation of Rating Criteria for Sensitivity of Landscape Receptors Sensitivity Typical Criteria Rating Susceptibility of Landscape to Change Value of Landscape Receptors

Overall Character: Designations Designated landscapes such as World Heritage Sites, National Parks, A landscape of particularly distinctive character or highly valued AONB’s, AGLV’s. Or undesignated but value perhaps expressed through for its scenic quality or rarity. A landscape where the intrinsic existing landscape assessment, planning policy, non-official publications character may be susceptible to slight changes. or through demonstrable use by the public. High Individual Elements or Features: Unique or rare landscape features are evident within the study Other Criteria Indicating Value area and if removed or altered the effect would be immediately High levels of tranquillity, remoteness/wildness, scenic beauty noticeable. High local consensus on value of the landscape Acknowledged cultural associations related to the landscape Aesthetic or Perceptual Aspects: Landscape or parts of it well used for conservation interests The landscape, or parts of it, has a particularly notable or special quality, especially in terms of wildness and/or tranquillity. Overall Character Designations A landscape of reasonably valued characteristics of medium importance, scenic quality or rarity. A landscape that may be Landscapes which are not considered as having a particularly notable reasonably tolerant to moderate changes without adversely quality requiring designation or other form of expression but that affecting its intrinsic character nevertheless may be reasonably valued locally for recreation and Medium amenity. Individual Elements or Features:

Reasonable - good quality landscape features are evident within the study area and if removed or altered the effect may be Other Criteria Indicating Value noticeable. Moderate levels of tranquillity, remoteness/wildness, scenic beauty Aesthetic or Perceptual Aspects: Possibly some local consensus on value of the landscape The landscape has a reasonable aesthetic and perceptual quality, Possibly some cultural associations related to the landscape but is not especially wild and/or tranquil Landscape may be used for some conservation interests

Overall Character Designations A landscape of lower importance which is not particularly valued for its quality, scenic beauty or rarity or is degraded and is Areas identified as having limited redeeming features or being tolerant of change which may potentially improve its character degraded, possibly identified for improvement or even recovery through planning policy. Low Individual Elements or Features:

Few landscape features of particular note or quality are evident within the study area and if removed or altered the effect is likely Other Criteria Indicating Value to be missed. Low levels of tranquillity, remoteness/wildness, scenic beauty Aesthetic or Perceptual Aspects: No or very small local consensus on value of the landscape The landscape does not have a particularly notable or special No cultural associations related to the landscape aesthetic quality ad is not considered wild and/or tranquil Landscape not used for some conservation interests

Negligible Overall Character Designations A landscape of no importance which is not valued at all for its quality, scenic beauty or rarity or is degraded and is tolerant of Areas identified as having no redeeming features or being degraded, change which would definitely improve its character possibly identified for substantial improvement and regeneration through planning policy. Individual Elements or Features:

No landscape features of particular note or quality are evident within the study area and if removed or altered the effect would Other Criteria Indicating Value not be noticeable. No tranquillity, remoteness/wildness, scenic beauty Aesthetic or Perceptual Aspects: No local consensus on value of the landscape The landscape does not have a notable or special aesthetic No cultural associations related to the landscape quality and is not considered wild and/or tranquil at all. Landscape not used for any conservation interests

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Sensitivity of Visual Receptors 9.4.6. Sensitivity of visual receptors (person or group of people likely to be affected at a specific viewpoint) is assessed by taking the following factors into account:  “Susceptibility of visual receptors to change – This is mainly a function of the occupation or activity of people experiencing the view at particular locations and the extent to which their attention or interest may therefore be focused on the views and the visual amenity they experience at particular locations. Visual receptors most susceptible to change are likely to include:

- Residents at home; - People, whether residents or visitors, who are engaged in outdoor recreation, including the use of public rights of way, whose attention or interest is likely to be focused on the landscape and on particular views; - Visitors to heritage assets, or to other attractions, where views of the surroundings are an important contributor to the experience; - Communities where views contribute to the landscape setting enjoyed by residents in the area; - Travellers on recognised scenic routes where awareness of views is likely to be particularly high

Visual receptors likely to be less sensitive to change include: - Travellers on road, rail or other transport routes where the main reason for the journey is to get from A to B with relatively minor interest in the surrounding landscape; - People engaged in outdoor sport or recreation which does not involve or depend upon appreciation of views of the landscape; - People at their place of work whose attention may be focused on their work or activity, not on their surroundings, and where the setting is not important to the quality of working life (although this is not always the case).

 Value attached to views – judgements should also be made about the value attached to the views experienced. This should take account of: - Recognition of the value attached to particular views, for example in relation to heritage assets or through planning designations; - Indicators of the value attached to views by visitors, for example through appearances in guidebooks or on tourist maps, provision of facilities for their enjoyments (ie. car parks, interpretation boards etc.) and references to them in literature or art”.

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9.4.7. Table M2 below sets out and explains criteria used to assess Sensitivity of visual receptors and Table 8.2 in the LVIA includes the visual receptor Sensitivity rating together with an explanation for each viewpoint. Table M2: Explanation of Rating Criteria for Sensitivity of Visual Receptors

Sensitivity Typical Criteria Rating Susceptibility of Visual Receptors to Value Attached to Views Change

Residents where direct views from rooms/gardens can Views within and towards designated landscapes such as World be gained; Heritage Sites, National Parks, AONB’s or AGLV’s. Or Communities where views contribute to the landscape undesignated but value perhaps expressed through existing setting enjoyed by residents in the area; and landscape assessment, planning policy, non-official publications High People using recognised National Trails or Long or through demonstrable use by the public. Distance Footpaths whose attention or interest is Particularly good views identified by tourist literature, largely focused on the landscape and/or on particular guidebooks, the presence of viewpoints/seating, car parks, views interpretation boards. Particularly good or recognised views from National Trails or Long Distance Footpaths Visitors to heritage assets, or to other attractions, where views of the surroundings are an important contributor to the experience; Travellers on recognised scenic routes where Views within landscapes which are not considered as having a awareness of views is likely to be reasonably high; and particularly notable quality requiring designation or other form Medium Public rights of way with reasonable landscape interest of expression but that nevertheless may be reasonably valued used primarily for travelling between locations and locally for recreation and amenity. general outdoor recreation

People engaged in outdoor sport or recreation which does not involve or depend upon appreciation of views of the landscape; and Views within areas identified as having limited redeeming Low Travellers on road, rail or other transport routes where features. Areas where tolerance to change is reasonably high the main reason for the journey is to get from A to B with relatively minor interest in the surrounding landscape. People at their place of work whose attention may be focused on their work or activity, not on their surroundings, and where the setting is not important Views within degraded areas possibly identified for Negligible to the quality of working life (although this is not improvement or even recovery through planning policy. Areas always the case); and where tolerance to change is very high, and actively encouraged People within areas without public or private views or people with likely no interest in the landscape.

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Magnitude of Landscape Effects

9.4.8. Each effect on landscape receptors needs to be assessed in terms of the following factors:

 ‘Size or scale – how these would affect change in the landscape that is likely to be experienced as a result of each effect. Judgements should take account of the following:

- The extent and proportion of existing landscape elements that would be lost and the contribution of that element to the character of the landscape; - The degree to which aesthetic/perceptual aspects of the landscape are altered either by removal of existing components of the landscape or by addition of new ones; - Whether the effect changes the key characteristics of the landscape, which are critical to its distinctive character.

 Geographical extent – distinct from size or scale of the effect, in general effects may have an influence at the following scales: site level, immediate setting of the site, landscape type/character area or on a larger (ie. multi LCA) scale.

 Duration and reversibility of the landscape effects – duration can be judged on a scale ranging from short to medium to long term (for instance), and then whether the various effects identified are temporary or permanent. If temporary, are the effects partially or fully reversible? The timescales involved and reasons why they have been selected also need to be stated’. 9.4.9. Table M3 below sets out and explains criteria used to assess Magnitude of Landscape Effects Table M3: Explanation of Rating Criteria for Magnitude of Landscape Effects

Magnitude of Typical Criteria Effects Rating Size or Scale of the Geographical Extent Duration of the Reversibility of Landscape Effects of the Landscape Landscape Effects the Landscape Effects Effects

Total loss of or major alteration

to key elements/ features/characteristics of the Permanent or long term Effects noticeable within site, baseline, i.e. pre-development (10 – 25 years) Effects long term or immediate/wider surrounds Large landscape and/ or introduction of permanent and and possibly across the wider elements considered to be totally irreversible LCA area/multi LCA area uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving landscape Partial loss of or alteration to key Medium term (3 – 10 elements/ features/characteristics of the years) baseline, i.e. pre-development Effects temporary (medium term) and Medium landscape and/ or introduction of Effects noticeable within site, elements that may be prominent immediate/wider surrounds partially reversible but may not be substantially uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving landscape

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Minor loss of or alteration to key Short term (1 – 3 years) elements/ features/characteristics of the Effects noticeable within the

Small baseline, i.e. pre- development site only and possibly landscape and/ or introduction of immediate surrounds to a Effects temporary (short elements that are not noticeably small extent term) and fully reversible uncharacteristic with the surrounding landscape Very minor/barely perceptible loss of or alteration to key Very short term (0 - 1 years) Negligible elements/ features/characteristics of the Effects noticeable within the baseline, i.e. pre- development Effects temporary (very site only, or distinct parts of it landscape and/ or introduction of short term) and fully elements that are largely reversible characteristic with the surrounding landscape

Magnitude of Visual Effects 9.4.10. Each of the visual effects identified needs to be evaluated in terms of the following factors:  “Size or scale – judging the magnitude of the visual effects identified needs to take account of: - The scale of the change in the view with respect to the loss or addition of features in the view and changes in its composition, including the proportion of the view occupied by the proposed development; - The degree of contrast or integration of any new features or changes in the landscape with the existing or remaining landscape elements and characteristics in terms of form, scale and mass; line, height, colour and texture; - The nature of the view of the proposed development, in terms of the relative amount of time over which it will be experienced and whether views will be full, partial or glimpses’.

 Geographical extent – this will vary with different viewpoints and is likely to reflect the angle of view in relation to the main activity of the receptor, the distance of the viewpoint from the proposed development and the extent of the area over which the changes would be visible.  Duration and reversibility of visual effects – as with landscape effects, these are separate but linked criteria. Similar considerations apply to visual as well as landscape effects”. 9.4.11. Table M4 below sets out and explains criteria used to assess Magnitude of Visual Effects;

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Table M4: Explanation of Rating Criteria for Magnitude of Visual Effects

Magnitude of Typical Criteria Effects Rating Size or Scale of the Geographical Extent Duration of the Reversibility of Visual Effects of the Visual Effects Visual Effects the Visual Effects

Where the proposals would be

readily apparent due to loss of and/or addition of features to Long term (5+ years) Direct angle of view for the Effects long term or the existing view, which would visual receptor/s; permanent and be intrusive; Receptor close to the irreversible Large proportion of the view Large development (within 300m); occupied by the proposed development; Wide extent of area over which the changes would be High degree of contrast visible between the development and the existing landscape features/character Where proposals would form a Medium term (2 – 5 visible and recognisable new years) development but where it is Somewhat offset angle of Effects temporary not unduly intrusive within the view for the visual (medium term) and overall view; receptor/s; partially reversible Medium Medium proportion of the view Receptor mid distant from occupied by the proposed the development (300m – development; 700m); Average extent of Medium degree of contrast area over which the changes between the development and would be visible the existing landscape features/character Where proposals constitute Short term (1 – 2 years) only a minor component of the wider view, which the casual

observer could miss or where Indirect angle of view for the awareness does not overly Effects temporary (short visual receptor/s; affect the quality/amenity of term) and fully the view; Receptor far from the reversible Small development (over 700m); Low proportion of the view occupied by the proposed Small extent of area over development; which the changes would be visible Low degree of contrast between the development and the existing landscape features/character Where proposals constitute Very Short term (0 – 1 only a barely visible component Negligible of the wider view, which the years)

casual observer is likely to miss Indirect angle of view for the or where awareness hardly Effects temporary (very visual receptor/s; affects the quality/amenity of short term) and fully the view; Receptor very far from the reversible development (over 1km); Very small proportion of the view occupied by the proposed Very small extent of area development; over which the changes would be visible Barely any contrast between the development and the existing landscape features/character

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Assessing the Significance of Landscape and Visual Effects

9.4.12. As mentioned above, Significance of Landscape and Visual Effects is assessed by combining Sensitivity with Magnitude of Effects to allow a final judgement to be made regarding Significance and, from that, whether the level of a particular effect is ‘Significant’ or not, as required by the EIA Regulations. 9.4.13. Table M5 below provides an indicative matrix to guide what Significance of Effects is likely to occur when ratings for Sensitivity and Magnitude of Effects are combined, although professional judgement supported by written explanation is also required to provide a rationale for the Significance level selected. Table M5: Matrix to Indicate Significance of Landscape or Visual Effects Ratings for Ratings for Magnitude of Landscape/Visual Effects Sensitivity of Landscape/Visual Large Medium Small Negligible Receptors

High Major Moderate - Moderate Minor Major

Medium Moderate - Moderate Minor - Negligible Major Moderate

Low Moderate Minor - Minor Negligible Moderate

Negligible Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible

9.4.14. Table M6 below sets out and explains what each Significance of Effects level indicates for both landscape and visual effects, although as stated above, further explanation is usually necessary in order to clarify why the particular rating has been selected. It is important to note that Significance of Effects can be adverse or beneficial and this is explained as necessary for both landscape and visual.

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Table M6: Explanation of Rating Criteria for Significance of Landscape or Visual Effects

Significance Level Landscape Effects Visual Effects The proposals would have a dominating The proposals would have a dominating effect on existing landscape features effect on existing visual amenity locally and Major and/or local character and would also would also effect visual amenity of the be noticeable at a wider scale wider area to some extent

The proposals would have a large effect The proposals would have a large effect on on existing landscape features and/or existing visual amenity locally and may Moderate - Major local character and may possibly affect possibly also effect visual amenity of the the landscape character of the wider wider area area

The proposals would have a noticeable The proposals would have a noticeable but but not overriding effect on existing not overriding effect on existing visual Moderate landscape features and/or local amenity although this would generally be character at a site scale restricted to local scale The proposals would have some, but The proposals would have some, but only a only a limited effect on existing Minor - Moderate limited effect on existing visual amenity at a landscape character and quality, at a generally site scale generally site scale The proposals would have virtually no The proposals would have virtually no Minor/Negligible effect on existing landscape character effect on existing visual amenity and quality

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KEY

APPLICATION BOUNDARY

LAND IN APPLICANTS CONTROL

VIEWPOINT LOCATION, NUMBER 1 AND DIRECTION OF VIEW

PUBLIC RIGHT OF WAY: FOOTPATH

PUBLIC RIGHT OF WAY: BRIDLEWAY

MARRIOT WAY (NATIONAL CYCLE ROUTE) 5 ANCIENT REPLANTED WOODLAND

THE FOLLOWING LCA's ARE INCLUDED IN THE 3 ''BROADLAND DISTRICT COUNCIL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT (MAY 2008)':

4 LCA B1: 'HORSFORD WOODLAND HEATH MOSAIC' 1 2

LCA A1: 'WENSUM RIVER VALLEY'

LCA E3: 'SPIXWORTH WOODED ESTATELANDS'

Note: The area shown on the drawing falls entirely within the National Landscape Character Area NCA 78: 'Central North Norfolk'

0 100 200 300 400 500 METRES

SCALE 1:10000 Client

Site

Project

Drawing Title

Date Drawing No.

Scale

File Ref. Revision

29 DALE LODGE ROAD SUNNINGDALE BERKSHIRE SL5 0LY T: 01344 624 709 M: 07736 083 383 [email protected] www.dblc.co.uk Unwooded area vegetated with bracken to be Phases 2 and 3 in this area to the northwest Ancient Replanted Woodland that would remain untouched. worked as Phase 5 of the extraction works which has since been cleared of the young This vegetation screens all views from the north plantation woodland evident in this view

Viewpoint 1: Looking northwest from the southern boundary of the site (note: this location is not publicly accessible - for illustrative purposes only)

Ancient Replanted Woodland along this boundary screens views from the 'Marriots Open, unwooded Phase 1 area which has Mature woodland along this boundary Way' National Cycle Route to the northeast mostly been worked out and partly restored screens views from the east

Viewpoint 2: Looking east from the southern boundary of the site (note: this location is not publicly accessible - for illustrative purposes only) KEY Client

APPLICATION BOUNDARY Site

Project

LAND IN APPLICANTS CONTROL Drawing Title

LOCATION AND DIRECTION OF VIEW 2 FOR ILLUSTRATIVE VIEWPOINTS Date Drawing No. 1 2 Scale File Ref. Revision

29 DALE LODGE ROAD SUNNINGDALE BERKSHIRE SL5 0LY T: 01344 624 709 M: 07736 083 383 [email protected] Location of Viewpoints 1 & 2 www.dblc.co.uk Woodland to the north of the site, opposite the site access road

Reepham Road

Site access road

Viewpoint 3: Looking north from the end of the site access road, as it meets Reepham Road

Quarry and landfill site access road Marriot's Way, part of the National Cycle Network, running alongside Reepham Road to the north of the site. Views of the extraction site from the path are screened by intervening vegetation and landform

Viewpoint 4: Looking west along Marriot's Way cycle path as it crosses the site access road

KEY Client

APPLICATION BOUNDARY Site 3 Project LAND IN APPLICANTS CONTROL Drawing Title 4 LOCATION AND DIRECTION OF VIEW 4 FOR ILLUSTRATIVE VIEWPOINTS Date Drawing No. Scale

File Ref. Revision

29 DALE LODGE ROAD SUNNINGDALE BERKSHIRE SL5 0LY T: 01344 624 709 M: 07736 083 383 [email protected] Location of Viewpoints 3 & 4 www.dblc.co.uk Road bridge over the Marriot Way (National The boundary of Phase 5 of the extraction area is in this direction, some 85m Cycle Route), a former railway line from Felthorpe Road. It is considered that views of the works within this phase would be extremely limited due to intervening vegetation and distance

Felthorpe Road

Viewpoint 5: Looking southeast through the intervening vegetation towards the site from Felthorpe Road

KEY Client 5 APPLICATION BOUNDARY Site

Project

LAND IN APPLICANTS CONTROL Drawing Title

LOCATION AND DIRECTION OF VIEW 2 FOR ILLUSTRATIVE VIEWPOINTS Date Drawing No. Scale

File Ref. Revision

29 DALE LODGE ROAD SUNNINGDALE BERKSHIRE SL5 0LY T: 01344 624 709 M: 07736 083 383 [email protected] Location of Viewpoint 5 www.dblc.co.uk