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Lower Silurian Distal Shelf Storm-Induced Turbidites in the Welsh Borders: Sediments, Tool Marks and Trace Fossils

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Lower Silurian Distal Shelf Storm-Induced Turbidites in the Welsh Borders: Sediments, Tool Marks and Trace Fossils J. geol. Soc. London, Vol. 138, 1981, pp. 675-694, 13 figs. Printed in Northern Ireland. Lower Silurian distal shelf storm-induced turbidites in the Welsh Borders: sediments, tool marks and trace fossils M. J. Benton & D. I. Gray SUMMARY: The Upper Llandovery Hughley Shales of Shropshire are interpreted as storm- induced distal shelf turbidites. They comprise a sequence of calcareous sandstones interbedded with purple mudstones. The trace fossils, body fossils, and palaeogeography indicate a deep shelf position for their deposition. The thin sandstone units are interpreted as having been deposited from density current bedload and suspension. Storm surge ebb traction currents, arising from intermittent major offshore storms, are considered to have initiated the density currents. A deepened storm wave base allowed transportation of fine sand in suspension out onto the distal shelf. Internally,the resultant sands are differentiated from distal (fan) turbidites by multi- directionalbedload currents, which are shown most clearly by spectaculartool marks on sandstonebases. The tools are clearly identifiable in manycases as indigenousbenthonic organismssuch as horn corals, coral colonies, crinoids, brachiopods and trilobites. The sandstone beds were later colonized by burrowers and other track-producing organisms. The tracefossils include Diplocraterion (or Corophioides), Palaeophycus, Skolithos, Chondrites, Scolicia, Rusophycus, Cruziana and Diplichnires (Cruziana facies assemblage). A new ichno- species, Walcottia deuilsdingli is established for small burrows with regular lateral appendage marks at certainpoints. ~ The Lower Silurian Hughley Shales(‘Purple Shales’ of (SO 4268 8532), and a tributary of Hughley Brook Whittard 1928) are exposed at several places in the (SO 56229762). Several hundred specimens of the central Welsh Borders region. In their main outcrop, a ‘turbidite-form’ bedswere collected, and mostdis- longnarrow strip running NE fromthe Wrekin to played undersurfaces covered with a spectacular array Buildwas, theyare 76-107m thick(Earp & Hains of well preservedtool marks, and the top surfaces 1971), and consist of mudstones interbedded with thin showed a range of finely detailedtrace fossils. The siltstone and sandstone units. sedimentology,tool marks and trace fossils are The Llandovery Series of the area is divided into 3 described, and an interpretation of the origin of the units: the Kenley Grit, Pentarnerus Beds and Hughley sandy layers in theHughley Shales is given in terms of Shales, of which the latter two are regarded as Upper shelf storm transport. Figured specimensare deposited Llandovery in age (Whittard 1928, 1952; Pocock et al. in theHancock Museum,Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1938). The Hughley Shales pass conformably into the (H.M.), andother material in the Geology Depart- Buildwas Beds, which are the basal beds of the Wen- ment, University of Newcastle (N.U.G.D.). lock (Bassett et al. 1975). Brachiopodsand graptolites collected at Buildwas indicate an assignmentof the Hughley Shales to the C5 Substage of the typeLlandovery area, and to the Sedimentology griestoniensis Zone, respectively(Cocks &L Walton This section is based on observations and collections 1968). Fossils from other areas suggest an age range madeat the Hughley Brooktributary and Devil’s from turriculatus to crenulataZones (C.&& thus Dingle localities. The succession consists of mudstones latestLlandovery (Telychian) (Cocks & Rickards interbedded with finecalcareous siltstone and 1969; Bassett et al. 1975). sandstone units each 1-20 cm thick. Currentpalaeogeographic models(Ziegler et al. 1978b; Ziegler1970; Bridges 1975) place the main Hughley Shales outcrop inthe middle of the Telychian Mudstone units shelf. The sedimentology, however, indicates the pres- ence of horizonsinterpreted as turbidites by Cocks The mudstone units are 2-50 cm thick and laterally &L Walton(1968), and we attempt to explainthis persistent. They are finely laminated and show occa- apparent paradox. sional siltstone and thin ochrous bands. Colours range We studiedvarious sections in the main Hughley from grey-green to chocolate-maroon,and variably Shales outcrop, including the Devil’s Dingle tempor- developed green ‘reduction’ spots maybe present. The ary dam site near Buildwas (SJ 639 052) (Fig. l), the mudstonescontain a diversebenthonic fauna domi- famousOnny River section near Cheney Longville nated by brachiopods and corals. 0016-7649/81/110&0675$02.00 @ 1981 The Geological Society 676 M. J. Benton 8z D. 1. Gray layerscontain a mixed assemblage of clast ‘genera- tions’ with fragmented, rounded and micritized clasts admixed with undamaged benthos of all ontogenetic stages,and the compositionranges from clast- supportedcoquinas (rudstones) tomatrix (coarse sand)-supported heterogeneous mixtures of fossils and lithic (laminated siltstone) clasts. All coarse layers lack clear fining-upwards grading. Ripple lamination is also common, and when pres- ent, occursmainly in the middle parts of thicker FIG. 1. Northernportion of themain Hughley Shales outcrop in Shropshire (shaded). Palaeocur- rent directions,shown by rosediagrams, taken fromslabs collected at Devil’s Dingle (A) and Hughley Brook tributary (B). Readings taken from unidirectional prod and groove marks readings (75 10 from A, 120 from B) and grouped in 20” intervals. Siltstone and sandstone units The silts and sands vary from 1-20 cm in thickness andare laterally persistent over tens of metres of outcrop, although they pinch and swell gently. They CN are grey, weathering to buff; their bases are moulds of tool-marked surfaces and their tops contain a diverse assemblage of well-preserved trace fossils. The silts andsands are mostly well-sorted and 5 grain size is 20-500 pm. The cement is ferroan calcite and the matrixconsists of variable proportions of mud QI and silt-grade material. Claymatrix is minimal, but apparently greater in silt laminae. A small amount of CCI clay material has been introduced post-depositionally W through infaunal bioturbation and piping of overlying muds and silts in burrow systems. b The sand sheets are dominatedby mm-scale parallel lamination.Laminae alternate and grade between -- matrix-deficient fine sands and matrix-rich sands and silts. Bioclasts progressively decrease in size and quan- titytowards the upper laminae of thesand sheets, whereassilt-dominated laminae increase upwards FIG. 2. Sedimentarylog of a 16 m sectionat within the beds. Devil‘sDingle. Fine and coarse units are shown, Manysandstone beds showdiscontinuous coarse and relative grain size is indicated by the log to the shelly layers up to 5 cm thick at the base (Fig. 3a), at right. Fossil and trace fossil occurrences are indi- the top (Fig. 3b), and in the middle (Fig. 3c). These cated. Lower Silurian shelf storm deposits 677 msf m depressions (depth S5cm, diameter 230 cm) are oc- casionally seenon the bedbase. Upward directed ruptures may occur within ripple-laminated sets and they are truncated by overlying parallel laminatedfine sand and silt layers (Fig. 3b). Rare erosional furrows (gutter casts) occur along scour surfaces at sand sheet bases. They are up to 12 cm across, with one steeply undercuttingbank producing an asymmetrical cross section. Smaller tool marks trend at an angle to the axis of these furrows. Palaeocurrents -7 10 cm Currentdirections were measured from unidirec- tionalgroove marks andprod marks on twoslabs, eachabout 1 msquare, from the Hughley Brook tributary and from Devil's Dingle (Fig. 1).The Hugh- ley Brook slab (Figs lB, 4) shows two major current directions, one directed SSW (from020"), andthe other WSW (from 070"). Neither direction occurs first everywhere, nor is either associated with a particular suite of tool marks, but the long axes of some shallow furrows that parallel theSSW current direction may be discerned. The Devil's Dingle slab does not indicate a singledominant direction (Fig. lA), andthe tool marks are more crowded and confused than in the first specimen. Transport directions estimated from ripple lamination are in approximate agreement with under- lying tool-marked surfaces. Bridges (1975) interpreted the Pentamerus Beds as --. near-shorefacedeposits and postulated a Telychian coastline of the Midland Block 150 km to the E and running roughly NNE-SSW. The 'shelf' margin proba- bly lay some tens of km to the W. Thus the Hughley Shales currentdirections areshore-parallel to offshore. These compare with the NW offshore direc- tions obtained by Cocks & Walton (1968) from ran- & Bioclasts dom samples at Devil's Dingle. Trace fossils FIG. 3. Cross-sections of sandstone units showing Fauna features of lamination, sedimentary structures, fos- sil lags and trace fossils. Grain size is indicated by The indigenous body fossils of the Hughley Shales are the log to the right. Features to note: 3u: basal reviewed briefly because of their palaeoenvironmental graded unit, internal scours, parallel laminated top, importance, and because they were common astools. bioturbation; 3b: internal scour and coarse clastic The rugose corals include the small Cantrillia and lens, type 2 and in-phase climbing ripples, dewa- Calostylis, andthe larger Streptelasrna, Cystiphyllurn tering rupture; 3c: central coarse coquina, parallel and Phaulactis (Smith 1930). Tabulates include Haly- and ripplelamination, tool included at base, sites, Aulopora, Fuuosites, Heliolites, Thecia and Pro- bioturbation. pora. Trilobites include species of Cyphoproetus (War- burgella), Leonaspis,Eophacops, Stenopareia,
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