Supplementary Materials Figure S1 Major Cenozoic Structures in Asia

Supplementary Materials Figure S1 Major Cenozoic structures in Asia.

Figure S2 Geographic and elevational distributions of Eranthis and the topography of Eurasia.

Figure S3 Phylogenetic relationships of Eranthis inferred from the plastid dataset.

Figure S4 Phylogenetic relationships of Eranthis inferred from the ITS dataset.

Figure S5 Timetree of Eranthis based on the full data using BEAST.

Figure S6 Ancestral range reconstruction for Eranthis excluding outgroups and with maxarea = 2.

Figure S7 Ancestral reconstruction of the mean and boundaries of the 95% elevational range.

Figure S8 Ancestral reconstruction of elevational range.

Table S1 Species of Eranthis showing habitat and distribution.

Table S2 Occurrence records of all known Species of Eranthis.

Table S3 Taxon, voucher, locality, and GenBank accession numbers for the sequences used in this study.

Table S4 Comparison of four clock models in BEAST analyses via Bayes factors.

Table S5 Comparison of two tree prior processes in BEAST analyses via Bayes factors.

Table S6 Comparison of age estimates for selected nodes using full and species-level data with four fossil prior distributions.

Table S7 Comparison of four fossil prior distributions in BEAST analyses via Bayes factors.

Table S8 Comparison of age estimates for selected nodes or lineages between this study and previous studies.

Table S9 Comparison of the fit of the DIVALIKE and DEC models of ancestral range reconstruction and model-specific estimates for the different parameters.

1 Figure S1-S8 Legends

Figure S1. Major Cenozoic structures in Asia. Tectonic structures are modified from

Yin [1] and Meijers et al. [2]. AB, Anatolia block; IP, Iranian Plateau, MP, Mongolian

Plateau; QTP, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Figure S2. Geographic and elevational distributions of Eranthis and the topography of Eurasia. (a) Geographic distribution of Eranthis. Colored spots indicate the localities of 278 occurrence records (electronic supplementary material, table S2). (b)

Elevational distribution of Eranthis. Box and whisker indicate elevational range of each species. Grey line shows elevation mean curve along the distribution of Eranthis

(red line in electronic supplementary material, figure S2a). EQTP, east

Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; IP, Iranian Plateau; LP, Loess Plateau; MP, Mongolian

Plateau; NA, Northeast Asia, SE, South Europe; TP, Tibetan Plateau; WQTP, west

Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Figure S3. Phylogenetic relationships of Eranthis inferred from the plastid dataset.

Numbers above branches are bootstrap values (BS >50%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP >0.80). Asterisks indicate BS = 100% and PP = 1.0.

Figure S4. Phylogenetic relationships of Eranthis inferred from the ITS dataset.

Numbers above branches are bootstrap values (BS >50%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP >0.80). Asterisks indicate BS = 100% and PP = 1.0.

Figure S5. Timetree of Eranthis based on the full data using BEAST. This analysis

was carried out under the best-fitting clock model, tree prior process, and prior

distribution for the calibrating fossil (see details in Text). Numbers above the branches are median ages estimated using the combined plastid and nuclear dataset.

Gray bars represent 95% highest posterior density intervals. Numbers in bold near

branches indicate the node number, as referred to in the electronic supplementary

material, table S7.

Figure S6. Ancestral range reconstruction for Eranthis excluding outgroups and with maxarea = 2. The reconstruction was carried out in BioGeoBEARS under the

DIVALIKE model.

Figure S7. Ancestral reconstruction of the mean and boundaries of the 95% elevational range using Mesquite and the ‘ace’ function in the ‘ape’ package of R.

The elevation information of each species was extracted from occurrence records (see

details in Material and methods). Numbers above the branches indicate the node

number. Branch colors correspond to the four clades presented in figure 1.

Figure S8. Ancestral reconstruction of elevational range. The elevation information

of each species was compiled from the literature. Highest (black polygon) and lowest

(white rectangle) elevations for each species are shown on the right. Numbers above

3 the branches are boundaries of the elevational interval (in meters) for ancestral nodes.

Branch colors correspond to the four clades presented in figure 1.

Table S1

Species of Eranthis showing habitat and distribution.

Species Habitat Distribution Eranthis albiflora Franch. Mountain forests W Sichuan, China Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y. Sun Mountain forests Korea Eranthis cilicica Schott & Kotschy Mountain forests Turkey, N Iraq Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Woodlands South Europe Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim. Mountain woodlands C and W Honshu, Japan Eranthis lobulata W.T. Wang Mountain forests and meadows NC and W Sichuan, China Eranthis longistipitata Regel Mountain woodlands NE Iran, S central Asia Eranthis sibirica DC. Near river in forests Siberia Eranthis sp. Mountain forest clearings Siberia Eranthis stellata Maxim. Mountain forests and woodlands Northeastern China, Korea, Far East Eranthis tanhoensis Erst Near river in forests S Baikal, Russia

Data were obtained from several sources ([3, 4]; personal observation in the field and herbarium specimens).

Table S2

Occurrence records of all known species of Eranthis.

Coordinate Species Latitude Longitude Elevation (m) Eranthis albiflora 29.583944 102.02425 2925 Eranthis albiflora 29.872028 102.27366 3326 Eranthis byunsanensis 37.110833 126.386317 68 Eranthis byunsanensis 37.110817 126.38635 68 Eranthis byunsanensis 37.11025 126.386639 68 Eranthis byunsanensis 37.110867 126.386683 68 Eranthis byunsanensis 37.110983 126.386717 68 Eranthis byunsanensis 37.11105 126.386783 68 Eranthis byunsanensis 36.711472 126.617389 256 Eranthis byunsanensis 33.436222 126.628444 561 Eranthis byunsanensis 35.760556 127.414361 461 Eranthis byunsanensis 37.917972 127.418639 800 Eranthis byunsanensis 38.174944 128.485389 270 Eranthis byunsanensis 35.577556 129.423361 166 Eranthis cilicica 37.691538 31.415412 1158 Eranthis cilicica 37.690856 31.416891 1172 Eranthis cilicica 40.731873 31.442401 842 Eranthis cilicica 37.053223 31.743112 1102 Eranthis cilicica 37.041673 31.756965 1019 Eranthis cilicica 37.407346 31.828999 1219 Eranthis cilicica 36.425139 32.456574 741 Eranthis cilicica 36.784444 32.63444444 1868 Eranthis cilicica 37.784444 32.63777778 1003 Eranthis cilicica 36.33 32.78027778 1081 Eranthis cilicica 36.443611 32.84694444 1523 Eranthis cilicica 36.644193 32.863115 1386 Eranthis cilicica 36.632968 32.898223 1092 Eranthis cilicica 37.374214 34.757826 1691 Eranthis cilicica 37.33432 34.777159 1473 Eranthis cilicica 37.543177 35.401627 961 Eranthis cilicica 38.711631 35.40194 1416 Eranthis cilicica 37.890897 36.069563 799 Eranthis cilicica 38.029675 36.096065 1290 Eranthis cilicica 38.052469 36.453701 1451 Eranthis cilicica 38.040673 36.454233 1490 Eranthis cilicica 37.599704 36.920342 689 Eranthis cilicica 37.668586 37.027513 1696 Eranthis cilicica 37.790516 37.143435 1974

Eranthis cilicica 39.332076 39.064531 1324 Eranthis cilicica 39.114518 39.617302 967 Eranthis cilicica 39.114518 39.617302 967 Eranthis cilicica 38.902605 41.311123 1288 Eranthis cilicica 37.69616 43.958002 1490 Eranthis cilicica 37.419087 44.475622 1750 Eranthis hyemalis 45.104469 8.219409717 263 Eranthis hyemalis 44.691431 8.802477904 237 Eranthis hyemalis 44.69528 8.80758 279 Eranthis hyemalis 44.601506 8.994469977 699 Eranthis hyemalis 44.649422 10.08643 580 Eranthis hyemalis 44.097066 11.111511 1046 Eranthis hyemalis 43.924799 11.149001 504 Eranthis hyemalis 43.46236 11.15177 137 Eranthis hyemalis 43.96659 11.157338 440 Eranthis hyemalis 44.001953 11.164831 406 Eranthis hyemalis 44.001953 11.164831 406 Eranthis hyemalis 43.894235 11.168726 182 Eranthis hyemalis 43.969887 11.189327 452 Eranthis hyemalis 43.236194 11.193639 327 Eranthis hyemalis 43.88222 11.23167 771 Eranthis hyemalis 43.87897 11.23397 797 Eranthis hyemalis 44.445252 11.37470572 177 Eranthis hyemalis 43.785629 11.466088 132 Eranthis hyemalis 42.76637 11.66666 892 Eranthis hyemalis 43.931072 12.19622936 435 Eranthis hyemalis 42.481407 12.86315914 392 Eranthis hyemalis 41.775131 13.90949346 1069 Eranthis hyemalis 45.84754 18.93527 82 Eranthis hyemalis 45.54895 19.0726 81 Eranthis hyemalis 45.3928 19.13577 85 Eranthis hyemalis 45.27564 19.39506 83 Eranthis hyemalis 45.27564 19.39506 83 Eranthis hyemalis 44.92826 21.20544 205 Eranthis hyemalis 45.06301 21.44114 161 Eranthis hyemalis 45.10615 21.44664 218 Eranthis hyemalis 45.1445 21.45213 160 Eranthis hyemalis 44.07608 22.64531 192 Eranthis lobulata 29.580196 102.008501 2879 Eranthis lobulata 31.902599 102.222164 2709 Eranthis lobulata 31.899269 102.222447 2804 Eranthis lobulata 31.899166 102.222451 2804 Eranthis lobulata 31.899901 102.222451 2804 Eranthis lobulata 31.899656 102.222738 2804

Eranthis lobulata 31.042948 103.204295 2006 Eranthis lobulata 31.681158 103.853467 1710 Eranthis longistipitata 37.718811 58.120971 2175 Eranthis longistipitata 37.796903 58.135463 2657 Eranthis longistipitata 37.786442 58.34765 758 Eranthis longistipitata 37.792422 58.3531952 679 Eranthis longistipitata 37.488706 58.406256 1786 Eranthis longistipitata 37.397071 58.523219 1711 Eranthis longistipitata 37.394017 58.587865 2072 Eranthis longistipitata 37.444838 58.592761 2222 Eranthis longistipitata 34.342006 61.967578 871 Eranthis longistipitata 38.78333 62.88333 184 Eranthis longistipitata 35.567893 63.347426 487 Eranthis longistipitata 35.481554 63.370193 610 Eranthis longistipitata 34.516667 63.770278 3139 Eranthis longistipitata 40.439279 66.547532 1241 Eranthis longistipitata 40.508056 66.723889 1893 Eranthis longistipitata 36.683267 67.0578 383 Eranthis longistipitata 43.821152 68.106158 626 Eranthis longistipitata 43.821152 68.155575 639 Eranthis longistipitata 43.691189 68.781581 1217 Eranthis longistipitata 42.387041 69.222303 299 Eranthis longistipitata 37.722853 69.628999 1136 Eranthis longistipitata 41.653333 69.801389 1297 Eranthis longistipitata 41.253547 69.806932 1244 Eranthis longistipitata 41.175278 69.82 1213 Eranthis longistipitata 38.353781 69.935835 1449 Eranthis longistipitata 41.671617 70.077512 1340 Eranthis longistipitata 42.478889 70.259444 901 Eranthis longistipitata 42.45 70.283333 1632 Eranthis longistipitata 42.331667 70.373333 1490 Eranthis longistipitata 42.670556 70.391111 1658 Eranthis longistipitata 42.641139 70.45425 1484 Eranthis longistipitata 42.428452 70.535236 1336 Eranthis longistipitata 42.7693 70.9517 957 Eranthis longistipitata 42.753105 70.95958001 909 Eranthis longistipitata 42.785663 70.988306 746 Eranthis longistipitata 42.912983 71.125492 938 Eranthis longistipitata 42.907222 71.535833 851 Eranthis longistipitata 40.530833 72.7905555 1034 Eranthis longistipitata 42.816667 74.6 872 Eranthis pinnatifida 34.255444 131.955278 173 Eranthis pinnatifida 34.751556 132.797111 246 Eranthis pinnatifida 34.763583 132.996889 288

Eranthis pinnatifida 34.769528 133.105722 398 Eranthis pinnatifida 35.044417 136.324 325 Eranthis pinnatifida 35.242861 136.325472 340 Eranthis pinnatifida 35.139611 136.472222 419 Eranthis pinnatifida 35.169611 136.476444 153 Eranthis pinnatifida 36.049444 137.89575 995 Eranthis pinnatifida 36.061167 137.897278 874 Eranthis pinnatifida 35.956556 138.987667 391 Eranthis sibirica 52.0711 89.7522 784 Eranthis sibirica 51.8539 89.9289 1835 Eranthis sibirica 51.7406 90.6394 1549 Eranthis sibirica 53.2486 98.4875 1662 Eranthis sibirica 54.67 99.2497 450 Eranthis sibirica 52.8994 99.3008 1771 Eranthis sibirica 52.9108 99.3406 1744 Eranthis sibirica 52.9439 99.4858 1982 Eranthis sibirica 52.7864 99.5406 1768 Eranthis sibirica 53.4569 100.3839 1399 Eranthis sibirica 53.4825 100.4297 1137 Eranthis sibirica 53.5714 100.5331 762 Eranthis sibirica 52.17 101.6906 1399 Eranthis sibirica 52.1569 101.7425 1926 Eranthis sibirica 51.9806 101.8811 1587 Eranthis sibirica 52.7036 101.9464 700 Eranthis sibirica 52.7714 101.9561 763 Eranthis sibirica 52.7128 102.0053 636 Eranthis sibirica 52.7372 102.0372 602 Eranthis sibirica 52.7464 102.0747 590 Eranthis sibirica 51.9167 102.4167 942 Eranthis sibirica 52.0261 102.4767 1700 Eranthis sibirica 51.9467 102.5539 1759 Eranthis sibirica 51.8753 102.6714 1140 Eranthis sibirica 52.1814 102.7303 718 Eranthis sibirica 52.3408 102.8231 625 Eranthis sibirica 52.3347 102.8358 736 Eranthis sibirica 51.6078 103.0867 1184 Eranthis sibirica 51.4831 103.3414 1819 Eranthis sibirica 51.6786 103.5128 757 Eranthis sibirica 51.6792 103.64 689 Eranthis sibirica 51.6258 103.6425 658 Eranthis sibirica 51.6169 103.6436 712 Eranthis sibirica 51.6342 103.6872 643 Eranthis sibirica 51.6281 103.6908 689 Eranthis sibirica 51.6897 103.6914 522

Eranthis sibirica 52.0606 103.7836 549 Eranthis sibirica 51.6183 103.8214 474 Eranthis sibirica 51.62 103.8228 474 Eranthis sibirica 51.5853 103.8842 677 Eranthis sibirica 51.5472 104.0458 464 Eranthis sibirica 51.5208 104.0494 558 Eranthis sibirica 51.5261 104.0917 474 Eranthis sp. 51.9892 89.7781 947 Eranthis sp. 51.8575 89.805 1328 Eranthis sp. 52.3306 89.8211 624 Eranthis sp. 51.9286 89.8322 1074 Eranthis sp. 51.6808 90.0742 1942 Eranthis sp. 52.24014 91.0758023 1324 Eranthis sp. 50.6122 95.3486 1284 Eranthis stellata 41.097095 123.029633 148 Eranthis stellata 41.9217 123.6483 165 Eranthis stellata 42.17916 127.291079 625 Eranthis stellata 45.4506 127.4025 443 Eranthis stellata 41.8633 127.6975 957 Eranthis stellata 42.2947 127.8211 1091 Eranthis stellata 37.2603 127.9642 680 Eranthis stellata 42.6081 128.0147 610 Eranthis stellata 41.9981 128.0308 2411 Eranthis stellata 41.426544 128.193687 855 Eranthis stellata 36.9914 128.2656 707 Eranthis stellata 37.6878 128.2656 589 Eranthis stellata 36.0336 128.2656 201 Eranthis stellata 38.0431 128.4958 924 Eranthis stellata 42.5111 128.5164 669 Eranthis stellata 42.98 128.689 657 Eranthis stellata 43.102448 128.879115 414 Eranthis stellata 49.628247 128.883473 120 Eranthis stellata 47.1908 128.8936 387 Eranthis stellata 42.5936 128.9058 651 Eranthis stellata 36.1714 128.995 792 Eranthis stellata 44.805 129.0597 493 Eranthis stellata 42.215367 129.2251994 738 Eranthis stellata 43.3042 129.3147 525 Eranthis stellata 44.4208 129.7378 513 Eranthis stellata 42.6722 131.3614 15 Eranthis stellata 43.1389 131.4253 239 Eranthis stellata 43.423922 131.43189 420 Eranthis stellata 43.0986 131.5508 100 Eranthis stellata 43.9178 131.6522 44

Eranthis stellata 43.3581 131.6544 60 Eranthis stellata 42.9292 131.7314 8 Eranthis stellata 43.8897 131.7497 49 Eranthis stellata 43.030361 131.836306 211 Eranthis stellata 43.5717 131.8531 19 Eranthis stellata 43.136203 131.9240773 48 Eranthis stellata 43.213771 131.943884 24 Eranthis stellata 43.1964 131.9553 208 Eranthis stellata 43.849385 131.971052 94 Eranthis stellata 43.2092 131.9761 100 Eranthis stellata 43.2278 131.9792 16 Eranthis stellata 43.095139 131.990476 77 Eranthis stellata 43.2244 131.9939 93 Eranthis stellata 43.2247 132.0239 117 Eranthis stellata 43.215779 132.044604 157 Eranthis stellata 43.227046 132.067561 95 Eranthis stellata 43.2117 132.0703 98 Eranthis stellata 43.255783 132.127042 69 Eranthis stellata 53.3731 132.1311 344 Eranthis stellata 43.621557 132.169783 70 Eranthis stellata 43.275 132.2294 82 Eranthis stellata 43.634358 132.339514 193 Eranthis stellata 43.5394 132.4186 107 Eranthis stellata 42.865947 132.429884 85 Eranthis stellata 43.5894 132.4653 199 Eranthis stellata 43.6378 132.5031 175 Eranthis stellata 43.644306 132.505352 148 Eranthis stellata 42.7519 132.8369 57 Eranthis stellata 43.3428 132.9567 500 Eranthis stellata 42.7214 133.0258 41 Eranthis stellata 44.603515 133.178537 174 Eranthis stellata 43.300576 133.329033 163 Eranthis stellata 43.66625 133.52648 701 Eranthis stellata 43.0386 133.7258 118 Eranthis stellata 44.039334 133.87181 293 Eranthis stellata 44.0983 133.9014 322 Eranthis stellata 43.1006 133.9486 382 Eranthis stellata 44.268656 134.970819 308 Eranthis stellata 48.510228 135.099843 86 Eranthis stellata 44.5375 135.5808 448 Eranthis stellata 49.712678 135.759799 28 Eranthis stellata 47.6403 138.3036 176 Eranthis stellata 47.6506 138.311 180 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.3289 103.9989 994

Eranthis tanhoensis 51.3289 103.9989 994 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.4808 104.1981 790 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.4825 104.3289 548 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.4467 104.5714 478 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.3572 104.6178 884 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.3572 104.6178 884 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.3764 104.6456 524 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.4392 104.6861 484 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.38 104.8658 1235 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.3917 104.8669 1336 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.3892 104.9061 551 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.4742 105.0128 620 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.5347 105.0286 470 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.5461 105.0747 476 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.5517 105.0931 457 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.45 105.16 1160 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.5603 105.1747 462 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.5611 105.1758 505 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.6258 105.5342 478 Eranthis tanhoensis 51.5386 105.5447 672

Based on the results of Lee et al. [5] and this study (Fig. 1), Eranthis pungdoensis was nested in Eranthis byunsanensis. Thus, we combined the six occurrence records of the former together with that of the later. All locality data of the

11 known Eranthis species were obtained from the following herbaria: B, E, IRK, K,

LE, MO, NS, NSK, TI, TK, P, and PE (herbarium acronyms follow Index

Herbariorum: http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/Index-Herbariorum.asp), as well as from our field investigations.

Table S3

Taxon, voucher, locality, and GenBank accession numbers for the sequences used in this study.

Taxon Voucher Locality ITS trnL-F trnH-psbA matK rbcL

Eranthis albiflora Franch. Naito T. et al. 196 (PE) Sichuan, China XXXXXX KY618906 NA NA XXXXXX Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y. Sun Ikeda H. 20192103 (NS) JIN, Korea XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y. Sun Ikeda H. 20192403 (NS) JIN, Korea XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y. Sun Yeau S. 0504021 (EWU) SEO, Korea JF505768 JF505894 JF505810 NA NA Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y. Sun Yeau S. et al. 0403015 (EWU) JEU, Korea JF505790 JF505916 JF505832 NA NA Eranthis cilicica Schott & Kotschy JBL016651 Turkey KY618890 KY618914 NA KU213042 NA Eranthis cilicica Schott & Kotschy Anonymous E00445016 (E) Turkey XXXXXX XXXXXX NA XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis cilicica Schott & Kotschy de Tchihatcheff P. P00194670 (P) Turkey XXXXXX XXXXXX NA NA NA Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. 1Chase 10555 (K); 2Pearse et al. s.n. Germany 1JF505765 1AJ222982 NA 1AJ414342 2KM360767 Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. 1Despres et al. s.n.; 2PBL015551 France 1AY148284 2JF505891 NA 2KU213043 NA Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Tashev A. 20191 (SOM) Bulgaria XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Tashev S. 20192 (SOM) Bulgaria XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis lobulata W.T. Wang Peng H.W. 1 (PE) Sichuan, China XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis lobulata W.T. Wang Peng H.W. 2 (PE) Sichuan, China XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis lobulata var. elatior W. T. Wang Yin et al. 5001 (PE) Sichuan, China XXXXXX XXXXXX NA XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis longistipitata Regel Boltenkov E.V. & Zenin S.N. 20191903 (NS) Kyrgistan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis longistipitata Regel Chukavina A. 4788 (MW) Tadczikistan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis longistipitata Regel Chukavina A. 19782802 (MW) Tadczikistan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis longistipitata Regel Nikitin V.V. 19570321 (IRK) Turkmenistan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim. Erst A.S. et al. 20190204 (NS) Japan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim. Erst A.S. et al. 20190304 (NS) Japan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX

Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim. Erst A.S. et al. 20190404 (NS) Japan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim. Erst A.S. et al. 201904042 (NS) Japan XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis pungdoensis B.U. Oh Lee C. & Cha M. 0605006 (EWU) PUN, Korea JF505797 JF505923 JF505839 NA NA Eranthis pungdoensis B.U. Oh Lee N. et al. 0503019 (EWU) PUN, Korea JF505794 JF505920 JF505836 NA NA Eranthis sibirica DC. Erst A.S. et al. 20190206 (NS) Russia XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis sp Krashnoborov I.M. & Rozhina V. 19770408 (NS) Russia XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis sp Krasnoborov I. 19660808 (NS) Russia XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis stellata Maxim. Chen Z.D. 001 (PE) Jilin, China XXXXXX FJ626543 XXXXXX FJ626498 AY954484 Eranthis stellata Maxim. Matiashenko G.V. 19730507 (IRK) Russia XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis stellata Maxim. Kharkevich S. et al. 19950423 (IRK) Russia XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis stellata Maxim. Xiang K.L. et al. 11 (PE) Jilin, China XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Eranthis tanhoensis Erst Kazanovsky S.G. 20030502 (IRK) Russia XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Actaea americana (Aiton) Pursh 1Boggs s.n. (RNG); 2Lindqvist & Albert 400 (NY) USA 1Z98280 1AJ222989 2JQ033608 2JQ033410 2JQ033671 Actaea arizonica (S. Watson) J. Compton 1Phillips& Hurd s.n. (RNG); 2Nickell 678.5 (NY) USA 1Z98281 1AJ222990 2JQ033582 2JQ033397 2JQ033643 Actaea biternata Prantl 1Suzuki s.n. (RNG); 2Koyama 1998 SEP 28 (NY) Japan 1Z98282 1AJ222991 2JQ033583 2JQ033398 2JQ033644 Actaea brachycarpa (P.G. Xiao) J. Compton Wang W. 057 (PE) Sichuan, China XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Actaea dahurica Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Gu J. 09 (PE) Beijing (Cult.) XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX Actaea racemosa L. 1Comptop s.n. (RNG; 2Phillippe et al. 41416 (PE); 3Lindqvist & USA 1Z98296 2XXXXXX 3JQ033621 2XXXXXX 2XXXXXX Albert 478 (NY) Actaea souliea (Maxim.) J. Compton Wang W. SX015 (PE) Shaanxi, China XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX FJ626507 FJ626588 Anemonopsis macrophylla Siebold & Zucc. 1Koishikawa Bot. Gard. (E); 2Reznicek 9977 Japan 1Z98275 1AJ222984 NA 2FJ626489 2FJ626578 Beesia calthifolia (Maxim. ex Oliv.) Ulbr. 1 C. Ren and L. Y. Wang 133 (IBSC); 2Chen 200010661 (PE) Hubei, China 1KT598542 1KT709630 1KT598523 2FJ626492 2AF079452 Outgroups Asteropyrum cavaleriei (H. Lév. & Vaniot) J.R. 1Zhu s.n. (BJFC); 2Wang W. 110 (PE) Guizhou, China 1KF233846 1KF233866 NA 2FJ626490 2AF079453 Drumm. & Hutch. Caltha palustris L. 1Hoot 299 (MICH); 2SCBI-SIGEO_13_0019; 3AP020 NA 1AY365382 1AY365376 2KP643431 3HQ593196 3HQ589979 Trollius ledebourii Rchb. 1Reznicek 100035 (MICH); 2Yu S.X. 20140601 (PE) NA 1AY365383 1AY365381 2XXXXXX 1KM364790 1EU053926

Table S4

Comparison of four clock models in BEAST analyses via Bayes factors.

Clock model Marginal likelihood Strict Exponential Lognormal Random Full data Strict -14647.23 - -98.30 435.00 10.88 Exponential -14598.08 98.30 - 533.30 109.18 Lognormal -14864.73 -435.00 -533.30 - -424.12 Random -14652.67 -10.88 -109.18 424.12 - Species-level data Strict -14082.90 - -106.44 203.66 193.82 Exponential -14029.68 106.44 - 310.10 600.26 Lognormal -14184.73 -203.66 -310.10 - 290.16 Random -14329.81 -493.82 -600.26 -290.16 -

2ln Bayes factor (BF) was calculated by marginal likelihoods derived from path sampling implementations in BEAST. 2ln BF >2.0 represents positive evidence,

>6.00 represents strong evidence, and >10.00 represents very strong evidence [6]. The values in bold indicate the optimal clock model.

Table S5

Comparison of two tree prior processes in BEAST analyses via Bayes factors.

Tree prior Marginal likelihood BD Yule Full data BD -14598.08 - 81.60 Yule -14638.88 -81.6 - Species-level data BD -14029.68 - 16.54 Yule -14037.95 -16.5 -

2ln Bayes factor (BF) was calculated by marginal likelihoods derived from path sampling implementations in BEAST. 2ln BF >2.0 represents positive evidence and

>6.00 represents strong evidence [6]. The values in bold indicate the optimal tree prior process.

Table S6

Comparison of age estimates (Ma) for selected nodes using full and species-level data with four fossil prior distributions.

Nodes Exponential Lognormal Normal Uniform Full data 1 41.42 (24.77–54.18) 41.22 (25.2–53.69) 40.86 (24.59–54.29) 41.69 (23.48–55.06) 2 11.41 (3.67–23.34) 11.57 (4.15–24.7) 11.65 (4.11–24.39) 11.26 (4.31–24.02) 3 5.77 (1.9–13.06) 5.79 (1.42–13.06) 5.8 (1.57–13.08) 5.61 (1.7–13.05) 4 26.8 (13.34–41.53) 26.76 (13.82–41.53) 26.43 (13.9–41.54) 26.39 (12.97–42.1) 5 16.95 (8.38–28.06) 17.15 (8.4–28.81) 16.95 (8.2–28.55) 16.59 (7.73–28.56) 6 6.13 (1.74–13.46) 6.19 (1.66–13.39) 6.08 (1.86–13.44) 5.94 (1.66–13.27) Species-level data 1 43.37 (26.97–55.4) 42.93 (26.6–54.45) 43.25 (26.28–56.19) 43.53 (25.56–55.86) 2 11.83 (3.02–27.87) 12.06 (2.96–27.18) 11.71 (2.7–27.17) 12.14 (2.72–27.55) 3 5.25 (3.02–27.87) 5.39 (0.85–15.89) 5.12 (0.61–14.88) 5.24 (0.8–15.73) 4 28.64 (14.67–44.28) 28.23 (13.71–43.37) 28.29 (13.55–44.37) 28.76 (15.14–45.35) 5 17.4 (7.92–30.64) 17.37 (6.97–29.73) 17.23 (7.18–30.04) 17.45 (7.84–30.75) 6 7.17 (1.69–16.19) 7.12 (1.49–15.98) 7.01 (1.76–15.74) 7.3 (1.73–16.61)

Table S7

Comparison of four fossil prior distributions in BEAST analyses via Bayes factors.

Fossil distribution Marginal likelihood Exponential Lognormal Normal Uniform Full data Exponential -14598.08 - -117.6 -292.68 -94.26 Lognormal -14539.28 117.6 - -175.08 23.34 Normal -14451.74 292.68 175.08 - 198.42 Uniform -14550.95 94.26 -23.34 -198.42 - Species-level data Exponential -14022.88 - 13.6 -33.78 -23.78 Lognormal -14029.68 -13.6 - -47.38 -37.38 Normal -14005.99 33.78 47.38 - 10 Uniform -14010.99 23.78 37.38 -10 -

2ln Bayes factor (BF) was calculated by marginal likelihoods derived from path sampling implementations in BEAST. 2ln BF >2.0 represents positive evidence and

>6.00 represents strong evidence [6]. The values in bold indicate the optimal fossil prior distribution.

Table S8

Comparison of age estimates (Ma) for selected nodes or lineages between this study and previous studies.

Node/Lineage This study Wang et al. [7] Kadereit et al. [8] Zhai et al. [9] Three fossil calibration points Two fossil calibration points One fossil calibration point Fossil Rate within the Ranunculaceae within the Ranunculaceae out of the Ranunculaceae Cimicifugeae CG 62.33 (57.13–67.81) 61.19 (56.95–65.85) 63.04 (60.02–66.71) 61.4 (58.3–64.9) 26.6 Actaea SG 56.61 (53.18–59.94) 55.97 (52.26–59.21) 57.55 (56.41–59.21) 58.6 (59–59.9) 17.1 1 40.86 (24.59–54.29) 39.3 (24.92–52.92) NA NA NA 2 11.65 (4.11–24.39) 9.64 (3.43–17.59) NA NA NA 3 5.8 (1.57–13.08) 4.7 (1.68–8.71) NA NA NA 4 26.43 (13.9–41.54) 22.57 (11.49–35.38) NA NA NA 5 16.95 (8.2–28.55) 14.96 (8.14–23.93) NA NA NA 6 6.08 (1.86–13.44) 4.27 (1.46–7.94) NA NA NA

CG = crown group; SG = stem group. Wang et al. [7] used three Ranunculaceae fossils (Leefructus mirus, Paleoactaea nagelii, and

Myosurus sp.) as calibration points. Kadereit et al. [8] used two Ranunculaceae fossils (Paleoactaea nagelii, and Myosurus sp.), as well as one

Menispermaceae fossil, as calibration points. Zhai et al. [9] only used the oldest known tricolpate pollen to constrain the crown group age of eudicots.

Table S9

Comparison of the fit of the DIVALIKE and DEC models of ancestral range reconstruction and model-specific estimates for the different parameters.

Outgroups Model LnL No. parameter d e AIC ΔAIC AICC ΔAICC Without maxarea set DEC -47.55 2 1.00×10-2 1.00×10-2 99.10 20.36 99.81 20.36 DIVALIKE -37.37 2 3.47×10-3 1.00×10-12 78.74 0 79.45 0 Maxarea = 4 DEC -47.11 2 1.00×10-2 1.00×10-12 98.23 19.32 98.94 19.32 DIVALIKE -37.46 2 3.57×10-3 1.00×10-12 78.91 0 79.62 0 Included Maxarea = 3 DEC -41.83 2 3.48×10-3 3.42×10-3 87.65 8.19 88.36 8.20 DIVALIKE -37.73 2 3.89×10-3 1.00×10-12 79.46 0 80.16 0 Maxarea = 2 DEC -42.88 2 5.16×10-3 5.06×10-3 89.75 11.63 90.46 11.63 DIVALIKE -37.06 2 5.37×10-3 1.00×10-12 78.12 0 78.83 0 Without maxarea set DEC -16.78 2 1.00×10-2 1.00×10-2 37.57 12.23 39.07 12.23 DIVALIKE -10.67 2 1.59×10-3 1.00×10-12 25.34 0 26.84 0 Maxarea = 4 DEC -16.76 2 1.00×10-2 1.00×10-2 37.52 12.08 39.02 12.08 DIVALIKE -10.72 2 1.62×10-3 1.00×10-12 25.44 0 26.94 0 Excluded Maxarea = 3 DEC -16.68 2 1.00×10-2 1.00×10-2 37.36 9.76 38.86 9.76 DIVALIKE -11.80 2 2.73×10-3 1.00×10-12 27.60 0 29.10 0 Maxarea = 2 DEC -16.48 2 5.64×10-3 8.04×10-3 36.96 6.97 38.46 6.97 DIVALIKE -13.00 2 4.76×10-3 1.00×10-12 29.99 0 31.49 0

d = dispersal rate; e = extinction rate. The values in bold indicate the optimal biogeographic model.

Supplementary References

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Tectonophysics 488, 293–325. (doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.002)

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Andreas M. 2018 Rapid late Miocene surface uplift of the Central Anatolian

Plateau margin. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 497, 29–41.

(doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.05.040)

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P), 17a IV. pp 223–519. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot.

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Eranthis (Ranunculaceae) in North Asia. PhytoKeys 140, 75–100.

(doi:10.3897/phytokeys.140.49048)

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Korean endemic plants, Eranthis byunsanensis and Eranthis pungdoensis

(Ranunculaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA sequences. J. Plant. Biol. 55,

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1016/j.ympev.2019.02.024)

23 Asia MP

t- gh Ri ia ne As o al lt Z ntr au AB Ce p F Sli QTP IP

Arabia India 8000 m-

4000 m-

0- (b) (a) Elevation (m) Latitude

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 20 40 60 80 0 SE 02 04 06 08 010101010140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 SE 20 Turkey Turkey 40 IP IP WQTP 60 WQTP Longitude 80 QTP QTP Longtitude EQTP MP 0 2 140 120 100 EQTP LP LP Eranthis tanhoensis Eranthis stellata Eranthis sp. Eranthis sibirica Eranthis pinnatifida Eranthis longistipitata Eranthis lobulata Eranthis hyemalis Eranthis cilicica Eranthis byunsanensis Eranthis albiflora NA NA NA 3 2 1 0 90 100 110 120 130

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Elevation (m) MP Eranthis pungdoensis Lee 0503019 E. pungdoensis Lee & Cha 0605006 E. byunsanensis Yeau 0403015 E. byunsaensis Ikeda 20192103 -/1 E. byunsaensis Ikeda 20192403 E. byunsanensis Yeau 0504021 * 57/- E. pinnatifida Erst 201904042 81/- E. pinnatifida Erst 20190404 51/1 Erst 20190304 73/- E. pinnatifida E. pinnatifida Erst 20190204 * E. sp. Krasnoborov 19660808 * E. sp. Krashnoborov & Rozhina 19770408 65/1 E. sibirica Erst 20190206 69/0.85 E. tanhoensis Kazanovsky 20030502 98/1 E. stellata Xiang 11 * E. stellata Chen 001 * 92/1 E. stellata Kazanovsky 20090606 E. stellata Matiashenko 19730507 56/- E. albiflora Naito 196 * E. lobulata var. elatior Yin 5001 Peng 2 98/0.87 E. lobulata E. lobulata Peng 1 100/0.8 53/- E. hyemalis Despres s.n. 61/0.99 E. hyemalis Compton s.n. E. hyemalis Tashev 20192 81/- 85/0.98 E. hyemalis Tashev 20191 E. cilicica Cosson s.n. 65/- E. cilicica Anonymous E00445016 53/1 * E. cilicica Park s.n. E. longistipitata Chukavina 4788 100/0.89 91/- 91/- E. longistipitata Nikitin 19570321 84/1 E. longistipitata Boltenkov & Zenin 20191903 E. longistipitata Chukavina 19782802 99/- Actaea brachycarpa 57/- A. dahurica * 55/- A. vaginata 77/- A. racemosa 99/1 A. biternata 70/0.95 A. americana 84/- A. arizonica * Beesia calthifolia Anemonopsis macrophylla Caltha palustris Asteropyrum cavaleriei Trollius ledebouri 0.01 Eranthis pungdoensis Lee & Cha 0605006 E. pungdoensis Lee 0503019 86/- E. byunsanensis Yeau 0403015 100/- E. byunsanensis Yeau 0504021 E. byunsaensis Ikeda 20192103 94/- 93/1 E. byunsaensis Ikeda 20192403 E. pinnatifida Erst 20190404 76/- E. pinnatifida Erst 20190204 E. pinnatifida Erst 201904042 100/- 77/0.84 E. pinnatifida Erst 20190304 88/1 E. sp. Krashnoborov & Rozhina 19770408 99/1 E. sp. Krasnoborov 19660808 E. tanhoensis Kazanovsky 20030502 62/0.99 E. sibirica Erst 20190206 88/0.85 99/0.89E. stellata Kazanovsky 20090606 99/1 E. stellata Matiashenko 19730507 * E. stellata Chen 001 E. stellata Xiang 11 E. albiflora Naito 196 58/- * E. lobulata var. elatior Yin 5001 E. lobulata Peng 2 73/- 56/1 E. lobulata Peng 1

70/- E. hyemalis Tashev 20191 56/- E. hyemalis Tashev 20192 98/0.97 E. hyemalis Compton s.n. 87/0.99 E. hyemalis Despres s.n. E. cilicica Anonymous E00445016 99/- E. cilicica Cosson s.n. 100/0.95 * E. cilicica Park s.n. E. longistipitata Nikitin 19570321 61/1 -/0.71 60/0.98E. longistipitata Boltenkov & Zenin 20191903 100/0.99 E. longistipitata Chukavina 4788 E. longistipitata Chukavina 19782802 Actaea racemosa Actaea dahurica * Actaea arizonica Actaea brachycarpa

80/1 Actaea biternata 69/0.81 Actaea vaginata Actaea americana Anemonopsis macrophylla * Beesia calthifolia Caltha palustris Asteropyrum cavaleriei Trollius ledebouri 0.05 0.21 Eranthis byunsanensis Yeau 0403015 0.46 E. pungdoensis Lee & Cha 0605006 0.97 E. byunsanensis Ikeda 20192103 4.27 E. pungdoensis Lee 0503019 0.43 E. byunsanensis Ikeda 20192403 9.17 E. byunsanensis Yeau 0504021 0.24 E. pinnatifida Erst 20190404 0.92 E. pinnatifida Erst 201904042 3.9 16.95 E. pinnatifida Erst 20190304 5 E. pinnatifida Erst 20190204 1.19 E. sp. Krasnoborov 19660808 6.08 E. sp. Krashnoborov & Rozhina 19770408 21.03 6 3.28 E. sibirica Erst 20190206 E. tanhoensis Kazanovsky 20030502 0.59 E. stellata Chen 001 26.43 4.76 E. stellata Xiang 11 4 1.29 E. stellata Kazanovsky 20090606 E. stellata Matiashenko 19730507 1.10 E. albiflora Naito 196 2.43 E. lobulata var. elatior Yin 5001 E. lobulata Peng 2 0.24 E. lobulata Peng 1 40.86 1 0.28 E. hyemalis Tashev 20191 2.21 E. hyemalis Tashev 20192 E. hyemalis Compton s.n. 5.8 0.95 E. hyemalis Despres s.n. 3 0.43 E. cilicica Cosson s.n. 1.64 E. cilicica Anonymous E00445016 11.65 2 E. cilicica Park s.n. 56.61 0.39 E. longistipitata Chukavina 4788 1.28 E. longistipitata Nikitin 19570321 2.76 E. longistipitata Boltenkov & Zenin 20191903 E. longistipitata Chukavina 19782802 9.93 Actaea racemosa 14.81 A. vaginata 62.33 18.86 7.16 A. brachycarpa A. dahurica 27.25 A. biternata 74.16 14.55 A. americana A. arizonica 80.69 15.68 Anemonopsis macrophylla Beesia calthifolia 83.04 Caltha palustris Asteropyrum cavaleriei Trollius ledebouri

Cretaceous Pale Eocene Olig Miocene P Q 80 60 40 20 0 Ma Eocene Oligocene Miocene P Q

40 20 0 Ma

II-1

II-2

I-1

West QTP MP Mediterranean region I-2 East QTP

Northeast Asia Eranthis tanhoensis 10 Parsimony method (m) Phylogenetic independent contrast method (m) 9 E. sibirica Node Mean Lower boundary Upper boundary Mean Lower boundary Upper boundary 7 E. sp. 1 1183 701 1878 1183 (1169-1198) 697 (682-711) 1878 (1864-1893) E. byunsaensis 6 8 2 1024 407 1975 997 (988-1006) 357 (348-366) 1992 (1983-2001) E. pinnatifida 3 887 405 1640 819 (813-826) 404 (398-411) 1474 (1468-1481) 4 E. stellata 4 1262 846 1830 1307 (1295-1319) 923 (911-935) 1803 (1791-1815) E. albiflora 5 5 2769 2276 3030 2845 (2841-2850) 2348 (2344-2353) 3091 (3087-3095) 1 E. lobulata 6 952 578 1542 550 (539-561) 221 (210-232) 1168 (1157-1179) E. hyemalis 3 7 838 485 1433 659 (649-669) 323 (313-333) 1261 (1251-1271) 2 E. cilicica 8 519 251 1066 331 (323-340) 113 (105-121) 850 (841-858) E. longistipitata 9 982 565 1655 1016 (1010-1023) 551 (545-557) 1708 (1701-1714) 2040 0 Ma 10 910 511 1623 869 (864-874) 462 (457-467) 1604 (1599-1609) Eranthis tanhoensis 533–1340

673–1579 E. sibirica

E. sp 637–1397

E. byunsanensis 491–1084 699–1493 E. pinnatifida

932–1695 E. stellata

E. albiflora 2044–2556

882–1718 E. lobulata

E. hyemalis 907–1754

783–1764 E. cilicica

E. longistipitata

40 30 20 10 0 0 1 32 Time (Ma) Elevation (km)