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LARGE SCALE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR CENTRAL URBAN AREAS

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Authors CHANG, CHE-SHYONG

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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. LARGE-SCALE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS. FOR CENTRAL URBAN AREAS

CHANG. CHE-SHYONG N A u ts imz LARGE-SCALE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR CENTRAL URBAN AREAS

CHANG, CHE-SHYONG

THIS MASTER'S REPORT IS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

DECEMBER 1992

MASTER REPORT COMMITTEE:

COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN

Professor Ellery C. Green

COMMITTEE MEMBER

Professor Harry der Boghos

COMMITTEE MEMBER

Professor Fred S. Matter CONTENTS

iPiMir a »(&&m> mrimm#

1.1. SAN DIEGO 2

A. HORTON PLAZA 3

B. CONVENTION CENTER AND HOTEL MARRIOTT, MARINA & PAN PACIFIC 10

1.2. LAS VEGAS 12

A. LAS VEGAS STRIP 13

B. DOWNTOWN LAS VEGAS 34

1.3. SAN FRANCISCO 36

A. EMBARCADERO CENTER 37

B. GOLDEN GATEWAY CENTER & MARITIME PLAZA 46

C. OPEN SPACE ON THE TWO SIDES OF MARKET STREET 50

D. CROCKER GALLERIA 51

E. UNION SQUARE & SAN FRANCISCO CENTER 52 F. THE CANNERY 53

G. GHIRADELLI SQUARE 54

1.4. LOS ANGELES 55

A. CENTURY CITY 56

1.5. PHOENIX 63

A. ARIZONA CENTER 64

1.6. SEATTLE 65

A. WESTLAKE CENTER 66

B. BELLEVUE SQUARE SHOPPING CENTER 66

1.7. VANCOUVER 67 A. ARTHUR ERICKSON'S ROBSON SQUARE 68

B. CANADA PLACE 68

1.8. DALLAS 69 A. GALLERIA AND THE WESTIN HOTEL 70

B. SIX FLAGS MALL 71

C. PARK PLAZA 71

1.9. NEW YORK 72

. A. BROADWAY 73

B. CHINATOWN 73

C. WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER 73 iRfisar § - a mwscsir m irwmon, mns®m

2.1. PROJECT SITE 74

A. SITE ELEVATION AND PROPOSAL 74

B. THE CHOICE OF SITE BLOCK 76

2.2. PROJECT PROGRAM 77

A. SITE ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL 77

B. AREA ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL 81

2.3. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL 87

A. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS 87

B. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL 88

2.4. CIRCULATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL 100

A. ROAD DIRECTION ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL 100

B. PARKING CIRCULATION SYSTEM EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL 102

C. VEHICULAR CIRCULATION SYSTEM INSIDE PARKING GARAGES 108

D. SERVICE CIRCULATION SYSTEM EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL 112

E. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL 116 2.5. SYSTEM MODEL 119

2.6. SITE MODEL 127

2.7. FORM MODEL 132

(g®rayBr©ii®s9 146

148 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this masters’ report is to learn how to design large-scale commercial developments for central urban areas. Building function system, circulation system including parking, service and pedestrian circulation systems, and building form system are three important parts in designing large-scale commercial developments for central urban areas.

The methodologies of my master report are:

(1) visit several successful large-scale commercial developments for central urban areas, such as Horton Plaza in San Diego, Embarcadero Center in San Francisco and

Las Vegas Strip, and study the interior and exterior.

(2) collect information including maps, plans, information brochures about large-scale commercial developments for central urban areas.

(3) analyze building function system, circulation systems and form system of large- scale commercial development for central urban areas.

(4) choose a site in downtown, Tucson to be the site for the design project.

(5) set the program for the design project.

(6) use the case studies to design the building function system, circulation system and form system for the project in downtown Tucson.

(7) make system model, site model, and form model to study and present the proposal for the project in downtown Tucson.

This master's report provides a method for designing a large-scale commercial development for central urban areas in Taiwan.

L.l. SAN DIEGO

The commercial nucleus of San Diego is its busy downtown area. This land was

originally the site of "New Town," a development begun in 1867; however,.its most

' spectacular growth began about 30 years ago. Many Victorian buildings and large

structures from the 1920s have been restored and represent an interesting

contrast to the large number of skyscrapers.

Listed below are the two places I visited when I arrived in San Diego:

A. HORTON PLAZA

B. CONVENTION CENTER AND HOTEL MARRIOTT, MARINA & PAN PACIFIC A. HORTON PLAZA i Horton Plaza is located in a six block area of San Diego's downtown. Horton Plaza

is both a catalyst for local revitalization and a contextual part of an Historic

District. This development of 1.5 million square feet (11.5 acres ) is an urban

center of mixed use: 165 specialty shops and restaurants, four department stores,

a multi-screen cinema (7 screens), 450-room hotel, office space, parking garages (

2400 cars), and-an outdoor theater. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT STORE

RETAIL STORE PARKING GARAGE $ t.t.t.t* #. r#.# ####.#.## CINEMA i * i * i ' i * i 1 1 * i * i * i 1 1 * i ' i 1 1 * i 1 1 * i * i 1 1 * HOTEL mmimmmmfzmmmm#,

HOKTOM

4 CIRCULATION SYSTEM

PEDESTRIAN l*************************************************************'

PARKING SERVICE ------— ------—------

HO R TOST

Horton

-* * * Farmers *f Escahtfr Market z

BROADWAY OECLE

.EXTERIOR VIEWS OF SPINE 2 7 A FANTASTIC SHOPPING CENTER

"The main principle of Horton Plaza is that it precisely signatures the host place ... the social, cultural, and phenomenological essence of what San Diego is. as place: subtropical, Hispanic in origin, deep shadow, color."

(Jon Jerde, Horton Plaza. Process:

Architecture 101)

Built within sight of the Pacific

Ocean. Horton Plaza reflects San

Diego's past, with towers and strolling arcades defined by deep set arches, mosaics and tile domes, all composed in the indigenous architectural language.

Besides characteristics listed above,

“exposure circulation”, a very important characteristic of Horton

Plaza, provides the opportunity for people to watch other people.

Colorful flags, various trees, interesting sculptures, and street pedlars enable people to enjoy watching changing scenes. All

Horton Plaza is like a “u r b a n

theater".

9 B. CONVENTION CENTER AND HOTEL MARRIOTT, MARINA & PAN PACIFIC

Poised at water's edge like a spectacular luxury liner propelled by futuristic

sails, the San Diego Convention Center ( 760,000 square feet of exhibit and

function space ) is large enough to accommodate 75 percent of the conventions

held in U.SA. annually, and is already pointed towards a major expansion.

' . ( Reed Kaestner / Zephyr Picture ) EXTERIOR VIEWS

The San Diego Convention Center & Hotel Marriott. r Tm M arina .

The tented outdoor space atop the Convention Center

The night" scene of the tented outdoor space atop the Convention Center

Vertical circulation at the

Convention Center

Hotel Pan Pacific's lobby " surrounded by four high- rise towers is a spectacular urban space ,

11 1.2. LAS VEGAS LAS 1.2. ♦ COLD CO a Listed below are the places I visited when I arrived in Las Vegas. Las in arrived I when visited I places the are below Listed b . LAS VEGAS . . own w to n w o d ip r t s

s a l VEGAS

i i i i i i i i i U S i i i i i i i l t i i n i U i l i i i i i n i i i i i n i i A LAS VEGAS STRIP

Circles represent casinos I visited when I arrived in Las Vegas Strip."

^ 1 70 MCCARRAN * INTL AIRPORT A glittering oasis of fun and excitement. Las Vegas

is one of the world’s most complete entertainment

centers. Beautiful resorts, headline entertainers,

championship, golf courses, swimming pools, horseback riding, tennis courts, and sightseeing - all

of these attractions bring people to Las Vegas. But

without legalized gambling, the scale of this desert

development would be considerably smaller. The

profits from gambling are enormous. Today Las Vegas

is a highly developed resort in Southern Nevada. It

accommodates, feeds and entertains over 18 million

visitors each year, a considerable accomplishment

for a metropolitan area with a population of 700,000

permanent residents.

Colorful lights, various facades and forms, interesting

advertisements, and exposed circulations enable the

Las Vegas Strip to be a very successful pedestrian

path. People feel everything varies everytime when

„ they move along the Las Vegas Strip.

The following pages will introduce: 1 water

playground, 7 casino building views ( including the

day and the night scenes ), 2 new casinos during

construction, and 3 existing large casinos ( The

Mirage, Caesars Palace and Excalibur ) with building

function system analysis, circulation system analysis,

and exterior and interior views. VIEWS OF THE LAS VEGAS STRIP 1 V 1 . k

r:•Vm.;.. j!

15 VIEWS OF THE IAS VEGAS STRIP 2 ■III 11

CIENDA D '

16 ( I ) THE BORAGE

The Mirage is the most luxurious casino In the Las Vegas Strip. All the fun places

to visit in the world of The Mirage are: A live volcano erupts spewing smoke and fire 100 feet above the lagoons below.

The white tiger habitat providing a beautiful and unusual setting to view the

rare and exotic white tigers of Siegfried and Roy,

A 20,000 gallon aquarium stocked with sharks, rays and angelfish.

The dolphin habitat ( the home to 5 Atlantic Bottlenose dolphins),

10 different kinds of restaurants and 4 lounges.

The island paradise of the spa & salon.

The atrium of the tropical rainforest.

Hotel and the lagoon pool.

Shopping promenade.

The Theater Mirage,

The arcade games.

Casinos. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS

THEATER P - | 1 I 1 I 1 i 1 i 1 I 1 I - 1 , 1 i 1 i L i 1 ■ 1 c a sin o S^R$S^88888888888?S8^S^^ h o t e l

18 CIRCULATION SYSTEM VALET PARKING

SHUTTLE SERVICE ------— — ------— PEDESTRIAN *********************************************************?

19 EXTERIOR VIEWS 1

Set amidst lush foliage, towering waterfalls and sparking lagoons. The

Mirage is a South Seas oasis offering the serenity of the tropics and the excitement of Las Vegas. There are three main pedestrian paths to The Mirage:

Pedestrian path 1 provides the way to

The Mirage for people walking in the Las

Vegas Strip from north to south.

Pedestrian path 2 provides the way to

The Mirage for people walking in the Las

Vegas Strip from south to north. 20 EXTERIOR VIEWS 2

"Pedestrian path 3 provides the way to ) , * : f „ The Mirage for people who park their vehicles In The Mirage’s parking garages.

People can experience three different feelings when they walk on these three

pedestrian paths. 5*

> 21 INTERIOR VIEWS 1

22 INTERIOR VIEWS 2

23 RESTAURANTS OF THE MIRAGE

Dining at The Mirage is a unique experience. French food and the fond memory of another time and place await people in The Bistro. This carefree and romantic restaurant is reminiscent of Paris during the time of the Impressionists.The Japanese restaurant. Mikado, suggests the quiet elegance of a private home. Guests may choose from a selection of specially prepared entrees or teppan yaki dishes.Specializing in steak and seafood, Kokomo’s is an exotic

“outdoor" restaurant situated within tropical rainforest surrounded by waterfalls and a sparkling interior lagoon. The Chinese restaurant,

Moongate, serves the classic Szechuan and Cantonese cuisines of China in an THE BISTRO open courtyard amidst the branches of cheny blossoms.Ristorante Riva is an elegant restaurant offering an unforgettable selection of dishes from

Northern Italy. The Mirage also offers its guests more relaxed and informal dining in the Mirage Buffet, Caribe A m * Cafe and the California Pizza Kitchen. ( n ) CAESARS PALACE

Caesars Palace is the largest casino in the Las Vegas Strip. All the fun places to

visit in Caesars Palace are: Entertainment - omnimax theater, sports pavilion, stadium, circus maximus

showroom, Caesars adventure arcade and dance hall.

10 different kinds of restaurants and 8 lounges.

Hotel and 2 swimming pools.

Shopping promenade.

Convention complex. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM

SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS I

PARKING GARAGE

THEATER I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

CASINO

HOTEL

ssssssssssssssssss

eessssesssssssssss i

poor mmiDG: ; *■" i llillll - 1':M

The TEMPLE of # TV WORLD of CAESAR CAESAR CIRCULATION SYSTEM

VALET PARKING

SELF PARKING

SERVICE •— ------—------—'

PEDESTRIAN rs*ss«sssssss*s*sssssss**ssssssssssssisssssss***ss*ss»sss*

TO BOXING STADIUM & SPORTS PAVILION

The TEMFLE of # CAESAR EXTERIOR VIEWS

8 INTERIOR VIEWS

Caesars Palace Is like a large commercial complex. People can

live, dine, gamble, shop, convene, etc. inside "The Empire".

There are three main pedestrian paths to Caesars Palace:

In pedestrian path 1 and 2, two moving walkway provide the way to Caesars Palace for people walking in the Las Vegas Strip

from north to south.

PEDESTRIAN 1 ......

PEDESTRIAN 2

PEDESTRIAN 3 ^

In pedestrian path 3, a moving walkway provides the way to

Caesars Palace for people walking in the Las Vegas Strip from

south to north. Apart from these three pedestrian paths, two

bridges provide ways to Caesars Palace for people who park

their vehicles in Caesars Palace's parking garage. People can

enjoy colorful lights, interesting advertisements, fantastic

music when they stand on the moving walkways. ( m ) EXCALEBUR

King Arthur's time comes alive. Excalibur, the world's largest resort with 4,032

rooms in four 28-story towers, offers complete dining and entertainment on

four levels. People will be surrounded by luxurious decor and graciously served

by attendants in colorful costumes right out of the Middle Ages. Excalibur's

excitement includes:

7.000 parking spaces protected by mounted security guards.

Two motion simulator theaters,

Hotel Excalibur and two pools.

Two nightly dinner shows,

Seven theme restaurants,

15 specialty shops.

A medieval village.

30 BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM

SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS;

PARKING LOTS ggeeeeee#e#e#eeeeeeee# 8 # e * g # # a # * 8 THEATER " i i i i i i i i i » i i i i i i t ■ I I . i . i : I •-. M «.» M ♦ ■ — -»% • • • * % CASINO

HOTEL

'^888888888888 8888888

/ . • •

SHERWOOD ill r

OKTOBERFEST SIRGALAHADS 'at HOFBRAU (Prime R t) EiiilililMlili

MNCE-A-IOTTA PASTA mBINHOOO-S- (SnackBar)

ELEVATORS TO: CAMELOT (L#ve* ID) LEVEL 2 CIRCULATION SYSTEM

VALET PARKING

SELF PARKING

SERVICE

PEDESTRIAN i*********************************************************

32 EXTERIOR & INTERIOR VIEWS

There are two main pedestrian paths to

the Excallbur in full view of a medieval

fantasy:

pedestrian path 1, which Is like a long

bridge extending from a medieval castle.

KDMTUUI 1 •••••••*«•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••»••»•* itdotmaji a

provides the way to the Excallbur for

people walking In the Las Vegas Strip.

Pedestrian path 2 provides the way to

Excallbur for people who park their

vehicles In Excallbur’s parking lots. 6 B. DOWNTOWN LAS VEGAS Downtown Las Vegas is an old commercial area. There are several large casinos

and hotels, such as Golden Nugget, Horseshoe, and Fremont, here. People can

spend less money to gamble in Downtown Las Vegas than in Las Vegas Strip.

Golden Nugget is the most luxurious casino in Downtown Las Vegas. The owner

and desiger of Golden Nugget are the same as The Mirage which is the most

luxurious casino in Las Vegas Strip. People can find some interior decoration and

plan of The Mirage is similar to Golden Nugget.

(0? Circles represent casinos I visited when I arrived in Downtown Las Vegas:

34 EXTERIOR & INTERIOR VIEWS

35 1.3. SAN FRANCISCO Listed below are the places I visited when I arrived In San Francisco:

A. EMBARCADERO CENTER & JUSTIN HERMAN PLAZA

B. GOLDEN GATEWAY CENTER & MARITIME PLAZA

C. OPEN SPACE ON THE TWO SIDES OF MARKET STREET

D. CROCKER GALLERIA

E. UNION SQUARE & SAN FRANCISCO CENTER

F. THE CANNERY G. GHIRADELLI SQUARE

-j jp rwa— * ‘ ~ ...... Ocean " ""tsagSLss S an F rancisco fca eAKTSwione - O n^K r^t, iWwMwwy* -— ayeCwLkw

OMSAOeHO Sen fmncece | ------' ^ r wEST^ ^ 3N6 ^ J Z r^e»wr»Ztiee &c>'

C . I ; ESSK ~ L x

v Son Francisco Bov__,... A. EMBARCADERO CENTER & JUSTIN HERMAN PLAZA

A virtual city within the city. The Internationally acclaimed Embarcadero Center is a popular destination for San Francisco visitors and residents alike. This

spectacular eight block complex, set on three levels of open air, tree-lined

plazas, was designed by famed architect John C. Portman and developed in

partnership with David Rockefeller and Associates and The Prudential Property

Company.

The Portman buildings have their garages in the basement and are designed to

lead the pedestrian from the street. Into the buildings, and up through them to

a plaza level connected by bridges to the plaza already built. These public areas become an intricate multilevel combination of shops, escalators, and

interpenetrating spaces.

Portman's design for the Embarcadero Center consists of a multilevel

circulation “spine" connecting four office building, shopping, and a hotel, with

the enormous interior court of the hotel playing an anchor role analogous to that

of a department store in a shopping center. The need to preserve view

corridors from Nob Hill and other locations caused Portman to offset the

placement of the office towers and break up their bulk. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM

RETAIL STORE & RESTAURANT OFFICE HOTEL

i r I 8ANSOME S T. JACKSON ST. WASHINGTON ST. CLAY ST. SACRAMENTO ST. CALIFORNIA 8T. CIRCULATION SYSTEM p e d e s t r ia n *********************************************'***************

PARKING SERVICE ------

| SAJtSOMEST. JACKSON ST. WASHINGTON ST. SACRAMENTO ST. CALIFORNIA ST. MAIN p e d e s t r ia n p a t h v ie w s EXTERIOR VIEWS INTERIOR VIEWS 1 The Embarcadero Center Includes three' levels: Street level ( the first story ): There are elevators to parking garages and escalators to lobby level. Most of the stores In this level are shops. STREET LEVEL

Lobby level ( the second story ): There are elevators to offices and escalators to podium level. Most of the stores In this © level are shops.

Podium level ( the third story ): All these

levels are Interconnected by pedestrian walkways and lined with restaurants and

. outdoor cafes. $ © 42 INTERIOR VIEWS 2 LOBBY LEVEL

*sr

PODIUM LEVEL

43 INTERIOR VIEWS OF HOTEL HYATT REGENCY L The atrium space of Hotel Hyatt Regency demonstrates that a

spectacular urban space can have a strong positive effect on

. real estate marketability. The internal court, something like a

triangular pyramid with two straight sides, is always thronged

with visitors and it draws sightseers and customers for the

hotel's bars and restaurants.

The floor of the hotel lobby is at the plaza level established for, I I the rest of Embarcadero Center, and it will be possible to walk

from one end of the project to the other without ever going out

on the street. Galleries encircle the atrium space at every level. <•

Each gallery leans a little father out than the next, reflect the

' hotel's terraced exterior.

44 VIEWS OF JUSTIN HERMAN PLAZA Justin Herman Plaza is a large-scale urban open space. People can sit here to enjoy the sunshine and famous sculptures. Children can play in the water fountain and roller skate on the pavement. People from the Ferry Building also can see sign boards to know where they can go. B. GOLDEN GATEWAY CENTER & MARITIME PLAZA

Golden Gateway Center & Maritime Plaza rested on two stories of parking that formed a podium for the buildings, with the public spaces at the third-story plaza level. In the third-story of Golden Gateway Center, there are a lobby for office building and few restaurants. There are some lobbies for housing on the Maritime

Plaza. Golden Gateway Center, Maritime Plaza and Embarcadero Center are connected by bridges on the third-story. Therefore, residents of Maritime Plaza and people who work in the Golden Gateway Center become basic customers of

Embarcadero Center. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM

RETAIL STORE & RESTAURANT OFFICE

PARKING GARAGE SSSSSS88SSSSSg$#SSSSSSSSSSSSS#

RESIDENCE

47 8ANSOMK 8T . CIRCULATION SYSTEM

PEDESTRIAN PARKING

SERVICE ------^1

>“>->-^->->->->->->->->->->->->->->->->->->“>->-3

8ANSOME ST. JACKSON ST. WASHINGTON ST. CLAY ST. SACRAMENTO ST. CALIFORNIA 8T. EXTERIOR VIEWS C. OPEN SPACE ON THE TWO SIDES OF MARKET STREET There are different types of urban open

spaces on the two sides of Market Street.

They are: plazas surrounded by small

trees and flower decks, pools surrounded

by trees, grass and sculptures, gardens

■ - i s

T p i p

within arcades, cable car stations, and

pedestrian paths below ground level to

reach the subway. All these urban open

spaces are very interesting. People can

feel comfortable when they walk on the

two sides of Market Street.

50 D. CROCKER GALLERIA

Located at Post and Kearny., the Crocker Galleria is a sophisticated three-level shopping environment of over 50 fine shops, designer boutiques, restaurants and services situated under a spectacular glass dome. Rooftop gardens feature great city views.

PEDESTRIAN %*.*.«************* **** "*

SERVICE ------

SUTTER

POST

51 E. UNION SQUARE & SAN FRANCISCO CENTER

Located In the heart of downtown San Francisco, Union Square features a manicured park bordered by large department stores and hotels. As the city's major shopping area, the adjoining streets are lined with restaurants, theaters, boutiques, art galleries, shops, and street vendors. San Francisco Center, the city's newest shopping center, features a stunning nine-story atrium with the country's only spiral escalators. Stores range from the 10 elegant boutiques on the ground floor known as The

Collection" to the four-story Nordstrom department store capping the structure. y ■ •— i - i ■ i . — rn. mpj. u n io n s q u a r e ; N# I f e . - , 1 |NCIAL; .^ j 2 m m M S ' ! a S P i l l i l i *”.Ill @ # - S U p i ® Use r . #

52 F. THE CANNERY

The Cannery, Built in 1906, was once a Del Monte peach cannery. These historic buildings were renovated in the late

60s with three levels of walkways, balconies and bridges, all wrapped around an inviting courtyard. Here one can relax under 100-year-old olive trees and have an al fresco snack or an elegant meal while being entertained by street performers.

Ride the outdoor elevator past nearly a century of San

Francisco history and discover a variety of shops and* galleries filled with the latest in objects and fashions so new that*they create a fashion of their own. Live entertainment Is .featured daily and The Cannery offers one of the comedy clubs in the city.

PEDESTRIAN > Ml* •'1 Ml* G. GHLRADELLI SQUARE

Ghirardelli Square is renowned for its

years as a chocolate factory. The Domingo

Ghirardelli family produced chocolate

here from 1893 until the early 1960s. In

1964, after several years of renovation

and restoration, Ghirardelli Square

became the country’s first manufacturing

PEDESTRIAN **,«* *******«***** NORTH POINT L

complex preserved and renovated into a

retail/restaurant center. Now Ghirardelli

Square is a favorite spot for visitors and ©

San Franciscos alike. In addition to

fabulous views of the Bay, it boasts more

than 70 shops and award - winning

restaurants. The Square's West Plaza

stage and two-tiered bandstand regularly

host a variety of entertainment. 1.4. LOS ANGELES Listed below are the places I visited when I arrived in Los Angeles:

A. CENTURY CITY

RedondoVv\ \.Tn Beach Redarnto' Sat* Bitch . , 1 I I'DHAmq (r 9 ' 1 I ,H i I Signal | l | I Hill

55 A CENTURY CITY

Century City is a large-scale commercial development in Los Angeles. Century

City incorporates several office buildings, parking garages, a shopping center, an

entertainment center which includes two theaters, and one hotel. The

underground tunnel connecting the hotel and the entertainment center

provides an easy access for people living in the hotel to reach the entertainment

center. The Century City Shopping Center & Marketplace which houses a large

parking garage on the ground floor is designed well. People can surrender to

outdoor pleasures, dine in the fresh open air, smell the sweet fragrance of

exotic flowers, and indulge in the most exquisite possibilities under the

California sun on the second floor of the Century City Shopping Center and

•Marketplace.

1 -'" OXtl i,L Santa M onica Bhfd. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM 1

RETAIL STORE AND RESTAURANT 1=11=11=11=^ THEATER I I I I I I I I t i l l' PARKING GARAGE

OFFICE BUILDING

HOTEL CENTURY CITY

SANTA MONICA BLVD. CENTURYPARK EASTAVE.

CONSTELLATION ST. />• 1

a g s a S a g a Ill m OLYMPIC BLVD. THEATER CENTURY PARK WEST RESTAURANT AND STORE RETAIL STORE DEPARTMENT CENTURY CITY SHOPPING CENTER & MARKETPLACE & CENTER SHOPPING CITY CENTURY m BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM 2 SYSTEM FUNCTION BUILDING

W e t Parting t e W AT MNC BLVD. MONICA SANTA OSELTO BLVD. CONSTELLATION ■ I I I I I m m m * i ■ I I I I Ifel i ' ' ‘ i ‘ i ' i ' i i '

CIRCULATION SYSTEM 1

PEDESTRIAN kss*ssss*»sss»sssss**sssss»ss**ssssssssssssVs****s*s>*sssss»i

PARKING

SERVICE ------—

CENTURY CITY CIRCULATION SYSTEM 2

PEDESTRIAN i****** ******************************************************'

PARKING

SERVICE ------

CENTURY CITY SHOPPING CENTER & MARKETPLACE

SANTA MONICA BLVD. i

I I ! ***************$****$*********************************************[********

CONSTELLATION BLVD. EXTERIOR VIEWS 1

61 EXTERIOR VIEWS 2

CENTURY CITY SWHOPPING CENTER

62 1.5. PHOENIX

listed below are the places I visited when I arrived in Phoenix:

A. ARIZONA CENTER

N.CENTRAL

S 1ST N. 1ST

S 3RD

S 4TH M 4TH - ST. A. ARIZONA CENTER The main attraction of this eight-block project of retail, office' and a hotel is its desert gardens - an oasis. At the center, the iff oasis would be cool, wet and tranquil. To achieve, this effect, the center is 8 feet lower than street level, water is © concentrated there, and the shade is dense. From this sunken

oasis, one looks out to the tiered stroll gardens, intricately

patterned with desert plants and flowers. Date palms give,

•-'r,.'"'” - wmmmm f l P H

structure to the spaces and provide an overstory of shade.

Mesquites and jacarandas provide understory shade along the ©

walkway. Several experiences are offered, in tranquil stroll

gardens, on eating terraces, in intimate parterre gardens, in|

the children's maze garden, and along the promenade:

overlooking the gardens. Embellishments include Hemy Beer-;

designed arbors and a trio of frogs in foggy grottoes. ;

64 1.6. SEATTLE

Listed below are the places I visited when I arrived In Seattle:

A WESTLAKE CENTER

B. BELLEVUE SQUARE SHOPPING CENTER

DOWNTOWN SEATTLE BELLEVUE

s Toi>owntown Seattle. s s ir il N E 20T H S T %? 1 ^ - 4 -

DENNY # # ^ •Bellevue - QW EGRADE XJ :x. l i f

;.X * ; I 26TH ST I i |_ ... 1 § ; Bellevue % T SE32NDST ,v •■; .;^ 5 k m a g ' v ? ' FINANCIAL V Mercer • Island i W f * i^R alnler; J m t tv a # X . . ' ^ - \ M r m ’m f •' o " 4 T—-'"" V .. &°V V.» --* 1 A- WESTLAKE CENTER & B. BELLEVUE SQUARE

WESTLAKE CENTER BELLEVUE SQUARE

(1) Exterior view of the Westlake Center's

entrance (2) The atrium of Bellevue Square

Shopping Center

(3) The Westlake Center's secondary

entrance leading to shops

(4) View of the pedestrian mall and art

museum on the third floor

(5) View of the urban open space beside

Westlake Center

(6) The bridge connecting two sides of

Bellevue Square Shopping Center

(7) The Westlake Center's secondary

entrance leading to the office lobby

(8) View of the restaurant with

interesting decor

(9) The monorail station on the third

floor of the Westlake Center 1 (10) Large advertisement In clothing store 1.7. VANCOUVER Vancouver has been called Canada’s playroom; it has a hedonistic, laid-back

character that arises from prosperity, glorious scenery, and the country's most

benign climate. In some ways it is Canada’s San Francisco, and in others its Los

Angeles. The city is clean and orderly and, in many of its older sections, even

charming. Listed below are the places I visited when I arrived in Vancouver:

A. ARTHUR ERICKSON’S ROBSON SQUARE

B. CANADA PLACE A. ARTHUR ERICKSON’S ROBSON SQUARE & B. CANADA PLACE

(5) Canada Place includes two office'

buildings, a hotel, a theater, the cruise

ship terminal, and parking garages

(6) View of the Canada Place 1.8. DALLAS Listed below are the places I visited when I arrived in Dallas:

A- GALLERIA AND THE WESTDi HOTEL

B. SIX FLAGS MALL

C. PARK PLAZA WUMXUUMIj a Richards | Coppell ((

Farmers Branch

1 JnivcrsityH

D a l l a s C o c k r e ll H ill

M o u n t a i n / '

Duncanville H u t c h in s

DeSoto

"Cedar Hill Lancaster

Glenn Heights A. GALLERIA AND THE WESTIN HOTEL

Setting on a prime 44-acre suburban site,

the Dallas Galleria - a multi-use project -

combines four million square feet of. building area with integrated parking

structures for nearly 12.000 vehicles. The

initial phase of the project includes a

three-level retail mall, two anchor stores, a

private club, a 440-room hotel and

convention facility and an office tower.The

three-level, 460,000 square foot mall, with

its continuous transparent skylight, is a

principal architectural element of the

center. The central court, featuring an ice

skating rink, cinemas, and cafes, is

encircled by shopping levels and topped by

a domed skylight 150 feet in diameter.

70 B. SIX FLAGS MALL & C. PARK PLAZA

SIX FLAGS MALL PARK PLAZA.

(1) Vertical" circulation leading people toj

the entrance of Six Flags Mall (2) Vertical circulation in the entrance of

Park Plaza

(3) Merry-go-round In the atrium of Six

Flags Mall : (4) Interesting facades and large

Christmas trees In the atrium

n (5) Skylights atop trees (6) Galleries in the second floor alfow

people to look below

(7) Some shops in the center of

pedestrian path

(8) The scene of pedestrian mall

(9) Stores extend to the pedestrian path

(10) The apparent facade show the

entrance to the Dillards department store

71 1.9. NEW YORK

Listed below are the places I visited when I arrived in Lower Manhattan, New

York:

A BROADWAY

B. CHINATOWN

C. WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER A. BROADWAY, B. CHINATOWN & C. WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER

BROADWAY ' • CHINATOWN

(1) The large apparent advertisement on*

highrise building’s wall

(2) World Financial Center with 7 million

square feet of space in the 4 office towers

houses a complete collection of restaurants

and retail stores on the ground floor

(3) View of Broadway

(4) The vast glass and steel structure is the

centerpiece of the World Financial Center

public spaces

WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER!

(5) A very obvious new car exhibition ori

Broadway

(6) The night scene of Chinatown street:

food stalls loaded high with exotic displays

C7) A beef store designed to be like a

refrigerator

(8) The day scene of Chinatown street

(9) A restaurant designed to be like a

colorful bus

(10) A bank built In Chinese architectural

9 style PART 2 - A PROJECT IN TUCSON, ARIZONA IX 2 3

;son^ Foti Lowest *—| Morris & (/rfsff Htsi Stic & Mv$.& QtgionsI Psrk m m * s a. i -Fort l^wtll . % u.jc.ovr I Pork y , II Wo# 0&s$ S m u M w IJ Tucson £//lf¥gS» ri sy. & m Afadl I J Contor % [/mv# * AWJ CM.

St. Mmy's *

I 0 taw# h ftg HiMPirt i--- i j u s r DfNnfkxA

Cfi fif DAVIS- MONTHAN U ntoin AIP roses Rpgmnol /rvtffyfp^ C'/"" p»r* x BASS "I

•'. i

DOWNTOWN TUCSON SCALE OF MltES ..

ONEWCHEWI.S APPROX. 0 MMIIE*

5 ; 5 #T . 1 > I* JT ! i E E#TMET

^A.SStS? 'vSMB. » *T L

bhAa^ F ^ T i i ■ / s j $ i ^ y ASMCI 1STH t #imc i .. j8 r TUCSON . p p m • erwrr*! i i CONVENTIONe6x* cffin, UTW /V/'V/; ^fwreo ------2.1. PROJECT SITE Av SH E EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL

SITE WHICH HAS THE POTENTIAL OF BEING DEVELOPED INTO A LARGE-

SCALE COMMERCIAL CENTER ;

EXISTING COMMERCIAL AREA

MAIN TRAFFIC

BUS ROUTE eBQBBBBeeQe EVALUATING FACTOR

(1) ACCESSIBILITY: The distance from the site to main traffic ways ( I-10, 1-19, I -89.

Campbell Blvd, Grant Rd.. Speedway, Broadway & 22nd St.

(2) DENSITY OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS:

The number of public buildings, such as government office, commercial

building, etc. around the site

(3) THE PROMOTION OF COMMERCIAL ACTTVIHES:

The increase of commercial activities to the surrounding area of the site

(4) SITUATION:

The similarity of site situation between Tucson and Taiwan EVALUATING TABLE

'''^ F A C T O R i7ii: Ki) b [6]! (2) 141 .(3)i 13)' ,(4), r e s u l t ;

2 > # 27 5 20 & IIS

@ .5 ' # 5 30 11 / f . 92 #

The proposal for the site is B site.

75 B. THE CHOICE OF SITE BLOCK

REASON 1 ( FIGURE 1 )

Site Is on main traffic ways ( Congress S t & Broadway).

REASON 2 ( FIGURE 2 )

Site connects the commercial activities on 4th Ave. with commercial activities near

the Tucson Convention Center.

REASON 3 ( FIGURE 3 )

Site enhances the largest number of surrounding commercial activities.

FIGURE 1

t« 6TH AVE.(I89)—-If——5 ~ i illlk ...... ' i £ k

s.T-

I f f At**-

FIGURE 2 XifnXvE) couwrr """" \ cov,.

;# W 4 COUNTY “"V?,‘^ r 0Hb*ESS. m r n m m m Wtm WCdN^SS. .m ia & jy y j i l l TUCSON c o N VBrm ofTc5\ s FIGURE 3 I

76. M . PROJECT PROGRAM A. SITE ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL

A l. COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY

The existing commercial activities on the site are:

RESTAURANT AND RETAIL STORE OFFICE AND PUBLIC BUILDING o x x o ; o x UXTOD u u u u n ART-RELATED RETAIL n n cm □ a cu m PARKING SPACE S S S S S S S S S i DANCE HALL m m m HOTEL

The proposed commercial activities for the project are:

MERCHANDISE MART - art-related retail, exhibition, swap meet, etc.

PARKING GARAGE

OFFICE BUILDING

SHOPPING MALL - department store, retail store, restaurant, etc.

DANCE HALL - cafe, bar, show club, etc.

THEATER - several cinemas

HOTEL .. PEDESTRIAN A.2. T U C SO N CONVENTION CENTER XSIG IH OUAIN EST RAAON TE IE office ( SITE THE AROUND AREA DENSITY POPULATION HIGH EXISTING MAIN PEDESTRIAN AROUND THE SITE THE AROUND PEDESTRIAN MAIN PRESERVED BE TO SITE ON THE BUILDINGS BOUNDARY SITE PROPOSED MAIN PEDESTRIAN FOR THE PROJECT THE FOR PEDESTRIAN MAIN PROPOSED & an ocps rpsd o eetin are: pedestrians for proposed concepts Main & Library Park. &Library (2) Connecting pedestrians from S un Tfran b u s station to Military Plaza Park Park Plaza Military to station s u b Tfran Center un S from Convention Tucson to pedestrians Ave. 4th Connecting from (2) pedestrians Connecting (1) public building, bus station, parking garage, etc. j etc. garage, parking station, bus building, public

S i t i S S S i f f r A3. URBAN OPEN SPACE

EXISTING URBAN OPEN SPACE

SITE BOUNDARY

BUILDINGS ON THE SITE TO BE PRESERVED

PROPOSED URBAN OPEN SPACE FOR THE PROJECT

The main concept proposed for urban open space is to connect urban open

space from Sun Tran bus station to Military Plaza Park & Library Park. A 4. g r e e n s p a c e EXISTING GREEN SPACE S888888888888 SITE BOUNDARY

BUILDINGS ON THE SITE TO BE PRESERVED

Main concepts proposed for green space are:

(1) Connecting green space from Tucson Convention Center to Broadway underpass

(2) Connecting green space from Sun Tran bus station to Military Plaza Park

& Library Park. B. AREA ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL

B.1. AREA ANALYSIS

CASE I - PEACHTREE CENTER, Atlanta, Georgia

19 acres = 840,560 square feet

CASE n - RESTON TOWN CENTER, Reston, Virginia

15 acres = 663,600 square feet

CASE in - TOWER CITY CENTER, Cleveland, Ohio

12 acres = 530,880 square feet

CASE IV - A MASTER'S REPORT ( 1991), Tucson, Arizona

26 acres = 1,150,240 square feet CASE V - EL CON MALL, Tucson, Arizona

88 acres = 3,893,120 square feet CASE VI - PARK MALL, Tucson, Arizona

78 acres = 3,450,720 square feet

CURRENT PROJECT, Tucson, Arizona

18.8 acres = 830,321 square feet BROADWAY.

-----AT ( 390 - 65') * ('229 - 110 ) = 38,675

( 370 - 130 ) * ( 246 - 130 ) = 27.840

------B ( 211 + 229 ) * 266 / 2 = 58,520

C ( 246 + 234 ) * 185 / 2 = 44,400

D ( 258 + 246 ) * 185 / 2 = 46,620

E ( 266 + 258 ) * 185 / 2 = 48,470

F ( 393 + 343 ) * 152 / 2 = 55,936

42 * 140 / 2 = 2,940

G ( 118 + 148 ) * 360 / 2 = 47.880

H ( 104 + 140 ) * 327 / 2 = 39,894

I ( 124 + 158 ) * 396 / 2 = 55.836

J 120 * 396 = 47,520

K 185 * 396 = 73,260

L 185 * 396 = 73,260

M 185 * 396 = 73,260

N 185 * 396 = 73.260

Total Site Area 830,321 ( S.F. ) = 18.8 ( Acre ) 82 AURA ANALYSIS TABLE

' ^ C A S E ..I.':.' n j n IV V VI R E S U L T ’ SPACE'"-'*. 650,000*18.8/19 ' 400,000*18.8/15 380,000*18.8/12 800.000*ia8/26 1.200.000*18.8/88 1,000.000*18.8/78 uu+m+iv/4 < 1 ) 634.157 501.333 595,333 578,461 366.3*3 _ _ 241,025 _ 579.571 (8^4 ,

890.000*18.8/19 A /4 -C2) 220.157 < 660631_____

1.900,000*18.8/19 500,000*1&8/15 350,000*18.8/12 732,000* ia 8/26 450.000*168/78 A/4*B44>D/4 (3 ); 1,880,000 626.666 548.333 529.292 108.461 543,572 (SJ.l i

2,000 room* 18,8/19 515 room*18.8/15 207 room* 1 a s /12 AJ4+B+C/3 < 4 ) 1^979 room 645_nx>m __ 324 room . _ k 487 ROOM

11 screen* 18.8/15 12 screen* 18.8/26 6 screen* ia8/88 '6 screen* laS/TS- B4D/2 - < 5 ) 14 screen 9 screen 2 screen 2 screen 1 11#CREE*

•32.000*18.8/19 ' A /4 (6) .31.663 _ _ 7.916 (Sf.)

(1) SHOPPING MALL ( Department store. Retail store & Restaurant)

(2) MERCHANDISE MART

(3) OFFICE

(4) HOTEL

(5) THEATER

(6) DANCE HALL

83 SPACES TO BE PROVIDED:

(1) SHOPPING M A LL ( Department store. Retail store & Restaurant)

579.571 ( S.F. ) (2) MERCHANDISE MART

220,157 ( S.F. )

(3) OFFICE 543.572 ( S.F. )

(4) HOTEL

487 ( ROOM )

(5) THEATER 11 ( SCREEN )

(6) DANCE HALL

7,916 ( S.F. )

(7) PARKING GARAGE

Sec. 23-601. Required off-street parking, Tucson Zoning Code

Shopping Centers: (a) Where the gross floor area of the structure exceeds 90,000 square feet:

1 space for each 200 square feet of gross floor area.

Swap Meet:

1 space for each 330 square feet of total lot area.

Hotel:

1 space for each 3 rental units.

Cinema:

1 space for each 4 seats for single-screen and multi-screen cinemas with all

screens of similar size.

Dance Hall:

1 space for each 50 square feet of gross floor area. Sec. 23-620(4). Downtown Redevelopment District, Tucson Zoning Code

Office: (a) Within the boundaries of the Downtown Redevelopment District, required off-street parking space for office use, other that medical or dental office, is as follows: (2) For buildings with five hundred thousand (500,000) square feet or more, the requirement is one (1) space for every five hundred (500) square feet of gross floor area. SHOPPING MALL 579,571 / 200 = 2,898

MERCHANDISE 220,157 / 330 = 668 OFFICE BUILDING 543,572 / 500 = 1,088 HOTEL 487 / 3 = 163 THEATER 11 * 300 / 4 = 825 DANCE HALL 7,916 / 50 = 159

Total Area 5,801 ( Places ) = 1,740,300 ( S.F. )

SPACE(8) URBAN OPEN SPACE

Sec. 23-284. Heights, Tucson Zoning Code (2) Full block occupancy: When a building site is bounded on all sides by existing streets, the following provisions shall apply: (b) There shall be left available on the ground floor level not less than twenty-five (25) percent of the total site area for vehicular and pedestrian uses. 830,321 * 25% = 207,581 ( S.F. ) E 2. t h e p r o p o s a l f o r a r e a s

SHOPPING MALL - 580,000 square feet

MERCHANDISE MART - 220,000 square feet

OFFICE BUILDING - 540,000 square feet

HOTEL - 320,000 square feet ( 400 room * 800 S.F./room = 320.000 S.F. )

THEATER - 48,000 square feet ( 8 screen * 6000 S.F./screen = 48,000 S.F. )

DANCE HALL- 7,900 square feet

PARKING GARAGE - 1,661,700 square feet ( 5,539 place * 300 S.F./place = 1.661.700 S.F. )

580.000 / 200 = 2,900

220.000 / 330 = 667

540.000 / 500 = 1,080

400 / 3 = 134

8 * 300 / 4 = 600

7,900 / 50 = 158

5,539 ( Places )

URBAN OPEN SPACE - 207,581 square feet

Total Floor Area 3,377,600 square feet

Floor Area Ratio 407 %

( 3.377.600 / 830.321 = 4.07 ) 87 B. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL

B.1. BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM EVALUATION 1

This evaluation Is for shopping mall, merchandise mart, theater, dance hall

& parking garage, apart from hotel and office high-rise buildings.

EXISTING PUBLIC SPACE OR BUILDING ( Parking garage. Temple. Park &

Library) MAIN TRAFFIC (1-89,'State Route-210. Congress St. & Broadway) BUS STATION ( Sun Tran & Greyhound J SSSSsSSS! SITE EVALUATING FACTOR (1) ACCESSIBILITY:

The number of main traffic ways ( 1-89 ( Stone Ave. & 6th Ave }. State

Route-210 ( Church Ave. ). Congress St. & Broadway ) and bus stations (

Sun Tran bus station & Greyhound bus station) around the site block

| 5 POINTS 4.5 POINTS 4 POINTSi 4 POINTS seeeeeee eees '66666664 • A 8 V 8 VI 8 x V eeeW 'A V i • >66666664 A V • * A 8 A ____a______r.— i 8 A V 8 V 8 8 V 8 A Y A V V A V 8 A 8 A A 8 A V 8 V 8 8 V # 8 • A # V A # V V # A V 8 A 8 A A 8 A W 8 <;»> < » X - 2 % X X V • 1 A V V A A A V 8 A y 8 8 8 1 A

| 3.5 POINTS 3 POINTS 3 POINTS 2.5 POINTS 1 ?9SSi 96666666 6665 V A V A ^seei 8 A 96666666 6666 i . A, V 8 | Y A V i 8 A A X| V 8 8 A V 8 V i A m V S A e e V 8 el A A 8 | 8 V 1 H V A 1 >< X * X eX X A i 8 - c " 0 y L L (2) THE PROMOTION OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES:

The increase of commercial activities to the surrounding area of the site block 5 PO INTS 4.5 POINTS i 4 POINTS 3.5m POINTS i

4 - ’i r o f 3 POINTS 2.5 POINTS 2 POINTS 1.5 POINTS KVAT.UATING TABLE

______^ FACTOR [121! CD [81: (2) RESULT SITE '— — 89:265 * 75% =1 40 W 66,948 4 48 .# /-X 58.520 * 75%=: A # ' ;43.890 4$ ? 40 94 Y ft ."44.400 * 75%=: U y :33.300: 5 ^0 if 40 zoo rfh 46.620 * 75% = : W 34.965 42 3 40 -< 47.520 * 75% = ; W ^35.640 3 36 3 24 60 73.260 * 75% = | U y 54.945 3 36 3 24 60 z-s 73.260 * 75% = ! W 54.9451 2 24 3 4 • 2g % z---. 73:260 * 75% =1 W 54:9451 2!? 30 4? % 66 ' — 73.260 • 75% =1 ® 54,945 3 36 45 % 72

The result of evaluation in descending order is:

C>B>A>E>D>F>G = N>M>J = K>L>I>H R2. THE PROPOSAL FOR BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM 1

SHOPPING MALL - 580,000

THEATER - 48,000

DANCE HALL - 7,900

635,900 ( S.F. )

211.967 (635,900/3) < A+B+D+E+F+G « 262,222 < 317,950 (635,900/2)

Shopping mall, theater & dance hall are proposed to be located in site blocks A, B, D, E, F & G. The height of buildings in these six site blocks are

between 2 and 3 stories.

MERCHANDISE MART - 220,000 ( S.F. )

The merchandise mart where commercial activities are held in open space is proposed to be located in site blocks C & K as explained in 2.2. - A.3. THE

PROPOSAL FOR URBAN OPEN SPACE.

110.000 (220,000/2) > C+K = 88,245

C & K sites area are not enough to satisfy merchandise mart area. Hence, site

blocks J & K are proposed to be merchandise mart.

110.000 (220,000/2) < C+J+K+L = 178,831 < 220,000 (220,000/1)

Merchandise mart is proposed to be located in site blocks C, J, K & L.. The

height of buildings in these four site blocks is between 1 and 2 stories below

ground level. PARKING GARAGE - 1,297,500 ( S.F. ) ( 4,325 place * 300 S.F./place = 1,297,500 S.F. )

220.000 / 330 = 667

58.000 / 200 = 2,900

48.000 / 4 = 600

7,900 / 50 = 158

4,325 ( Places )

162,188 (1.297,500/8) < H+I+M+N = 181,697 < 185,357 (1.297,500/7)

Parking garages which accommodate customers to shopping mall, theater,

dance hall, and merchandise mart are proposed to be located in site blocks

H, I, M & N. The height of buildings in these four site blocks are between 7

and 8 stories. B A BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM EVALUATION 2

Tills evaluation Is for hotel and office high-rise buildings.

EXISTING PUBLIC SPACE OR BUILDING ( Parking garages including H, I, M i & N site blocks. Temple. Park & Library )

MAIN TRAFFIC (1-89, State Route-210, Congress St. & Broadway ) -*><-*><-* BUS STATION ( Sun Tran & Greyhound ) msssssi BUILDING ON THE SITE TO BE PRESERVED SITE # SBOADWAY.

1-89 (STONE AVE.) EVALUATING FACTOR (1) ACCESSIBILITY:

The number of main traffic ways (1-89 ( Stone Ave. & 6th Ave ). State

Route-210 ( Church Ave. ). Congress St. & Broadway ) and bus stations (

Sun Tran bus station & Greyhound bus station) around the site block

] 5 POINTS 4.5 POINTS 4 POINTS» 4 POINTS '68666864 9 A V 9 % 96969896 9 eeei ‘8886888# vl A ¥ y y A V # A 8 A i— jk______r ____ i A • 8 8 ".-.— ...... 1% 9 ¥ ¥ B V i A ¥ A ¥ ¥ V i A 8 A A If A 9 9 A ¥ t ¥ 8 % V # i • A # ¥ A # ¥ ¥ B V i A 9 A A • ;If A A u W • % i c - > 1 «C- > _____V. • i ¥ i 8 A A 8 9 A ¥ ¥ 4% i | 3.5 POINTS 3 POINTS .3 POINTS 2.5 POINTS 1 >888i 1966 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 V A ^8881 i 6 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 9 6 6 A y ¥ y « A • : 1 A V i ¥ v A A ¥ 8 9 A V • V A # e A * ¥ # 0: 8 A V i c - > < - A V ¥ A 9 A A V u 4□ y u

95 (2) THE PROMOTION OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES:

The increase of commercial activities to the surrounding area of the site block

& POINTS 4.5 POINTS i 4 POINTS 3.5 POINTS , s w A fH— CO i m i: T • ' * IV ^ ii 6 |= ' “L 9. o! * 5 r v ~ \ f i 3 POINTS 2.5 POINTS 2 POINTS 1.5 POINTS ■ ■ I E n . m i # S °f> _ i X e • 4 ^ R— 11i V < 18888888^ EVALUATING TABLE There are two Important existing historic buildings ( Valley National Bank &

Courthouse ) in site block A. Hence, hotel and office high-rise buildings are

not proposed to be located in site block A. Site blocks C & K are proposed to be urban open space as explained in 2.2. -

A.3. THE PROPOSAL FOR URBAN OPEN SPACE. Hence, hotel and office high-

rise buildings are not proposed to be located in site blocks C & K.

FACTOR [i2] j cd: [8i | (2); RESULT RITE /S i 58.520 ‘ 75%=| W 43,890 45 & 45 36 -/fix 36,620* 75% =| W ' '34,965 35 4-2 45 36 7? /fix ;48.470 * 75% = ! Vgy :36.352! 4 4E 3 24 n /fix 158.876 * 75%=: W ;44.157 4- 4? 3 24 1Z /fix 47.880 * 75%=! W 35.910 3 % 2 16 hi , ; • Y7t 47,520 * 75%=. W 35.640 3 36 2 /6 . 32 ' zfiv "73.260 * 75% = : W 54.945 2 24 25 20 ■ . 44-

The result of evaluation in descending order is:

B>D>B=F>G=J>L B.4. THE PROPOSAL FOR BUILDING FUNCTION SYSTEM 2

See. 23-284. Heights, Tucson Zoning Code

Maximum heights A. Downtown Development District: Three hundred (300) feet maximum,

subject to the following provisions:

(1) Floor area ratio not to exceed 14:1. (2) Lot coverage above fourth floor not to exceed sixty (60) percent.

HOTEL - 320,000 ( S.F. )

320.000 / (B = 58,520) = 5.47 < 14

320.000 / (300/12) - 3 = 14,545 < 35,112 ((B = 58,520)*0.6)

400 room / 3 room/place * 300 S.F./place = 40,200 S.F. < 58,520 S.F.

The 22-story hotel building Is proposed to be located In site block B. The

hotel parking garage is proposed to be located In the basement level 1 of site

block B.

OFFICE - 540,000 ( S.F.)

540.000 / (D+B = 95,090) = 5.68 < 14

540.000 / (300/12) - 3 = 24,545 < 57,054 ((D+E = 95,090)*0.6)

540.000 / (D+F = 105,496) = 5.12 < 14

540.000 / (300/12) - 3 = 24,545 < 63,298 ((D+F = 105,496)*0.6)

540.000 S.F. / 500 S.F./place * 300 S.F./place = 324.000 S.F.

3(D+E) = 285,270 < 3(D+F) = 316,488 < 324,000 < 4(D+E) = 380,360 <

4(D+F) = 421,984

From the analysis above, site blocks D & F have larger area than site blocks D

& E to accommodate office parking garages. Hence, two 22-stoiy office

buildings are proposed to be located in site blocks D & F. Office parking

garages are proposed to be located in the basement level 1 to 4 of site blocks

D&F.

98 BJ5. p r o j e c t b u il d in g f u n c t io n s y s t e m SHOPPING MALL, THEATER & DANCE HALL MERCHANDISE MART feggggSSfiggB PARKING GARAGE 'itiuttum OFFICE BUILDING

HOTEL

SITE BOUNDARY 2.4. CIRCULATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL A. ROAD DIRECTION ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL

A l. EXISTING ROAD DIRECTION AROUND THE SITE I ONEWAY

Maln'concepts proposed for road direction are: ......

(1) Separate parking circulation and main pedestrian walkways on both sides of

Broadway, road directions lead cars to parking garages located in site blocks I,

M & N from Broadway through Scott Ave. to 12th Street.

(2) Change two way roads to one way in order to enlarge the width of narrow

roads around the parking garages to accommodate heavy traffic flows. A 2. THE PROPOSAL FOR ROAD DIRECTION AROUND THE SITE EXISTING ONE WAY ROAD

EXISTING TWO WAY ROAD

PROPOSED ONE WAY ROAD

PROPOSED TWO WAY ROAD

SITE B. PARKING CIRCULATION SYSTEM EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL

23.1. PARKING CIRCULATION SYSTEM EVALUATION

102 EVALUATING FACTOR (1) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARKING CIRCULATION AND MAIN

TRAFFIC WAYS It is better for the parking garage entrance and exit not to be on the main

traffic ways.

(2) PARKING GARAGE ACCESS It is better for drivers to turn right into and out of the parking garage on

two way road. gPO IN TSj 5 TOINTS! 0 POINT IIo POINT 11 > — > — > — > — > 1 r 1 z f 1 1 z f 1 zv| 1: z1 fd z >: A ... la . - II II ir'fr (3) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARKING CIRCULATION AND MAIN

PEDESTRIAN WAYS

It is better for parking circulation not to intersect main pedestrian ways. (4) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARKING GARAGE ENTRANCE AND

EXIT

It is better for the parking garage entrance and exit to be separate on two

roads. (5) LOCATION OF PARKING GARAGE EXIT

It is better for the parking garage exit to be adjacent to the road

intersection which has the most options of direction for drivers.

; 5 POINTS! 4 POINTS 1 3.5 POINTS 3 POINTS X I 1 V z\1 1 >' , ->-> r ——— .— 1 — ... A T------r & \Z r • r \z 1 V 1 b V A # i i V © V ' © © 1 1 V 1 y j V A \z 1 . 1 i >z \z ¥ 1 1 A V • 1 1 1. ¥ \z1 V 103 FACTOR (1): FACTOR .(1) FACTOR (1)

RESULT

r->

- > - >

FACTOR (3)

RESULT

EVALUATING TABLE f a c t o r CD FACTOR(D FACTOR (D * FACTORCD i A V V ft A A V % w A % i Aft A % V ft A (HI A % • ft A 1 © % V ft © % Ai A V 3 A % ft 4i V V ft FACTOR (4) RESULT FACTOR C3) FACTOR (3)

i ACTOR(4} FACTOR C3)! FACTOR (3)

V L < /S|L—.- ..:.— ******** i **** * * S a: i TIT- Iv * ***** *.* * 1V i

- T i® @ 1:* L_%. l V [?JA j r : FACTO RS) - FACTOR (3) FACTOR C3)

TZ X. >

1 A 1 « A 1 4 1 ^ ^ 1 v *

4 ( | L : < 1 4 k —n. — l lv . ]B—> —> —> -v 1. 1 i V 1 V

RESULT RESULT RESULT

• i • - * *< - < - < “ <

105 BSt. CONGRESS THE PROPOSAL FOR PARKING CIRCULATIONSYSTEM PARKING FOR PROPOSAL THE The m ain cosideration for parking circulation Is th at cars approach parking parking approach cars at th Is circulation parking for cosideration ain m The -9(SoeAe) -9(6hAe) rawy n ogesStreet). S Congress and Broadway, Ave.). 6th ( 1-89 Ave.). Stone ( 1-89 garages A, B, D, F, H, I, M, & N from five m ain traffic ways ( State Route-210. Route-210. State ( ways traffic ain m five from N & M, I, H, F, D, B, A, garages a a THE PROPOSAL FROM PARKING CIRCULATION SYSTEM

INCREASING THE NUMBER OF TRAFFIC LANES BY DECREASING THE SITE

a r e a ymmm. INCREASING THE NUMBER OF RIGHT TURN LANES ! k -----’ I J INCREASING THE NUMBER OF LEFT TURN LANES <

The main concept of this, proposal is to provide enough traffic lanes and

traffic signals to accommodate the heavy traffic flows shown in the B.2.

figure. C. VEHICULAR CIRCULATION SYSTEM INSIDE PARKING GARAGES

PARKING GARAGE IN SITE BLOCK A

Basement Level 1-4 Plan ( Scale: 1/800 )

PARKED CARS

PARKED CARS <- < < < < < < < <- < > > -> -> > > > -> -> -> -> - > -> PARKED CARS

<<<<<;<<<< PARKED CARS

PARKED CARS PARKED CARS <-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-< < < < < <■ PARKED CARS

PARKING GARAGE IN SITE BLOCK B I Basement Level 1 Plan ( Scale: 1/800 )

PARKED cars l <- <- <• <- <- PARKED CARS PARKED CARS -> -> -> -> -> -> > > > -> -> -> -> > > > > > > > > ->. PARKED CARS PARKED CARS

OS- PARKED CARS > -> - > j>* -> >>>>>>>>>>I

< < <- <- <- < r< - < < <- <- <- < <- <- < < V PARKED CARS

108 PARKING GARAGE IN SITE BLOCK D

Basement Level 1-4 Plan ( Scale: 1/800 )

PARKING GARAGE IN SITE BLOCK F

’Basement Level 1-4 Plan ( Scale: 1/800 ) PARKING GARAGE IN SITE BLOCK H

Level 1-7 Plan ( Scale: 1/800 )

/M arked cars /

a ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ . lr ' A ' ' ' ■ * ; A- 1 PARKED CARS T | PARKED CARS 1 ^ 1 PARKED CARS v ; | PARKED CARS I A V. • < < < < < < < < PARKED CARS

PARKING GARAGE IN SITE BLOCK I

Level 1-7 Plan ( Scale: 1/800 )

A < - < - < - < -v

110 PARKING GARAGES IN SITE BLOCKS M & N

Level 1-7 Plan ( Scale: 1/8 0 0 ) 1 > -> -> > ->

<<<<<

D.l. SERVICE CIRCULATION SYSTEM EVALUATION

SHOPPING MALL, THEATER & DANCE HALL

MERCHANDISE MART

HOTEL

MAIN PEDESTRIAN

MAIN TRAFFIC

SITE I

EVALUATING FACTOR

(1) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERVICE CIRCULATION AND MAIN

TRAFFIC WAYS

It is better for the service access not to be on main traffic ways. (2) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERVICE CIRCULATION AND MAIN

PEDESTRIAN WAYS

It is better for service access not to be on main pedestrian ways. EVALUATING TABLE] FACTOR RESULT

FACTOR RESULT

FACTOR FACTOR RESULT,

FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR RESULT.

< <

FACTOR RESULT:

FACTOR RESULT.!

FACTOR FACTOR

FACTORFACTOR RESULT DJZ. THE PROPOSAL FOR SERVICE CIRCULATION SYSTEM SYSTEM CIRCULATION SERVICE FOR PROPOSAL THE DJZ. CONGRESS ST. ECADS AT | MART MERCHANDISE HALL DANCE & THEATER MALL, SHOPPING OE ' HOTEL SERVICE ACCESS ACCESS SERVICE SERVICE CIRCULATION CIRCULATION SERVICE SITE The m ain consideration for service circulation is th a t service com pacts and and pacts com service t a th is circulation service for consideration ain m The , , , , , L) rm ie i tafc as Stt Rue20 18 ( 1-89 Route-210. tate S ( A, ways blocks traffic site ( ain m hotel five and from ) hall, L & dance J G, F, theater, E, mall, D, B, shopping approach trucks tn e) 18 (6hAe ) rawy ad oges r t). e tre S Congress and Broadway, ), Ave. 6th ( 1-89 ve.), A Stone -s> B. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL

E.l. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SHOPPING MALL, THEATER & DANCE HALL

MERCHANDISE MART

PARKm d GARAGE HOTEL

OFFICE PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION ON THE GROUND LEVEL

PARKING CIRCULATION —x«»*—X ——x —

SERVICE CIRCULATION

From the figure analysis above, main pedestrian ways are too long and on the

ground level they are separated from parking and service circulations. Hence,

main pedestrian ways In this project are proposed to be on the 2nd and 3rd

levels of the shopping mall, theater & dance hall and on the basement level 1

of the merchandise mart. A shuttle circulation system connecting all separate

site blocks is proposed to resolve the problem of long pedestrian ways.

116 E.2. THE PROPOSAL FOR PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION SYSTEM SYSTEM CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN FOR PROPOSAL THE E.2.

Co n g r e s s ETCLCRUAIN lvtr scalator) E Elevator. ( CIRCULATION VERTICAL PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN HOTEL GARAGEPARKING MART MERCHANDISE HALL DANCE & THEATER MALL, SHOPPING aeetLvl 1 Level Basement SHUTTLE CIRCULATION SHUTTLE OFFICE i S W V x h 5 < - > < - > < - X - X - > < - X - > j 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 I #1 I I 1 1 I # I I ICSSS! 117 .Level 21

LeverSi

STATE R017IE -310____ I-89J9TOHBAVEJ 25. SYSTEM MODEL

PAGE 120 View of system model

PAGE 121 System model plan

PAGE 122 Basement level 1

PAGE 123 Level 1

PAGE 124 Level 2

PAGE 125 Level 3 ;

PAGE 126 Level 4

119 e

122

124 I

125 126 2.& SITE MODEL

PAGE 128 View of site model PAGE 129 Site model plan PAGE 130 View of the project

PAGE 131 The project plan

Rare GO O

2.7. FORM MODEL

PAGE 133 View of form model

PAGE 134 Form model plan

PAGE 135 Hotel, retail store, and restaurant

PAGE 136 Department store ( high tech ), theater, dance hall, and parking garage

PAGE 137 North merchandise mart

PAGE 138 South merchandise mart

PAGE 139 Ofilce, retail store, and restaurant

PAGE 140 Department store ( tropical rainforest )

PAGE 141 View from east Broadway PAGE 142 View from west Broadway

PAGE 143 View from south 6th Street

PAGE 144 View from north 6th Street

PAGE 145 View of merchandise mart

I 132 1 3 3

140

■ ' l l CO

01 CONCLUSION

After a one year of exploration for large-scale commercial developments for central urban areas, this master report is finally completed. The conclusion of this master report has five m ain parts:

(1) The relationship between case studies and a project in downtown, Tucson

The result of a project in downtown, Tucson - system, site, and form models -

is affected by case studies of many large-scale commercial developments for

central urban areas in America. The case study of Las Vegas Strip guided the

design for different themes of department stores, the shared space which is

in front of several theaters and the dance hall, and vehicular circulation inside

parking garages. The case study of Horton Plaza guided the design of exposed

circulation connecting all buildings with different functions, and outdoor

dining spaces and facades of retail stores. The case study of Embarcadero

center guided the design of the shared space between the hotel and retail

stores and the shared space between offices and retail stores, the plan of office

buildings and the hotel. (2) building function system

The large-scale commercial development for central urban area retail stores

performs an important role in connecting the department store, theater,

dance hall, office, and hotel. Parking garages provide the main entrance for

people driving cars to the large-scale commercial development. Customers of

hotel, theater, and dance hall and office workers are the main customers for

the shopping mall. (3) circulation system Parking and service circulation need to be separated from the main pedestrian

circulation. People enjoy watching a changing scene. This is very obvious. I

learned from visiting Horton Plaza in San Diego that one of its main attractions

is the opportunity for people to watch other people. That is the attraction of

the sidewalk cafe. In the large-scale commercial development for central

urban area, exposed vertical and horizontal pedestrian circulation connecting

all the different functions together provide opportunities for people to watch

people and do various other things. The whole large-scale commercial

development looks like an "urban theater". (4) building form system Order creates a sense of comfort and well-being. But the mind craves variety at

the same time that it requires order. What is needed is an order strong

enough to permit variety and informality without losing the integrity that

creates a harmonious environment: order and variety simultaneously achieved.

The large-scale commercial development for the central urban area need a

consistent form system. (5) shared space

Shared space provides people a release from confinement. If more than one

thing is happening in a space, if people can look out from one area and be

conscious of other activities going on, it gives them a sense of freedom. People

can go through the shopping mall comfortably and leave without feeling

fatigued or bored. The principle of design that makes the shopping mall work

so well is the concept of shared space.

These five inferences of this master report should be the main consideration when

designing a large-scale commercial development for a central urban area.

147 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbeett, Jon P. The Dimensions Of Parking. The Urban Land Institute.

Gladstone, Robert M. 1983

Witherspoon.Robert E.

Barnett, Jonathan The Architect As Develooer. 1976

Portman, John Beddington, Nadine ShoDDing Centres. 1991

Busch, Akiko The Art Of The Architectural Model. 1991

Dean, Andrea Oppenheimer New Town Downtown. Architecture. Dec. 1991

Dunlop, Beth Arauitectonica. 1991

Harriman, Marc S. Scanning History. Nov. 1991

Hong, Seong-Woo The large-scale Develonment in Urban Center. 1991 Hu Westtbrook, Cindy The San Francisco Book. 1992

Jerde, Jo n Horton Plaza. Process: Architecture 101. Feb. 1992

Johnson, Eugene J. Charles Moore Buildings And Prelects 1949-1986.

1986

Moles, Kerry Quick Guide San Francisco. 1992

McGovern, Bill

Municipal Code Corporation Tucson Zoning Code. 1991

Rathbun, Robert Davis ShooDing Centers & Malls

Fenner, Richard H. Hotel Planning And Design

Rutes, Walter A.

Schreibman, Linda The San Francisco And Bav Area Guide. Mar. 1992

Wrenn, Douglas M. Dollars & Cents Of Shonning Centers. 1984

William Callaway Arizona Center. Process: Architecture 103. Apr. 1992

Futagawa, Yukio GA Document 12 Large-scale cowierc 22825 Chang, Che-Shyong NA6215.C52 1992

ii College of Architecture Library

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