k

Index

A Amphetamine, 364, 365, 367–368 Abaca Anagen phase, 186, 224–226 microscopic characteristics of, 267, 270 root, 225 optical properties of, 431 Analyzer, 47–48, 50–53, 58, 258, 270, staining of, 174–176 283, 306, 309, 358, 443 uses of, 271 Angular aperture (AA), 17–18, 443 Abbe refractometer, 37 fiber procedure, 41–42 polymer composition of, 281 Absorbance equation, 397 Animal , 258, 268 Aberration, 443–444, 446, 450 morphological properties of, 268 Absorption spectrum, 364, 386, 388, 396 optical properties of, 431 Acetate fiber uses of, 271 melting point of, 407 Animal hair. see also Specific animal microscopic characteristics of, 280 deer family and antelope group, optical properties of, 433 polymer composition of, 280 196–197 domestic group, 199–200 k types of, 433 k Achromatic objectives, 443 examination of, 186–188, 195–200 fur-bearing group, 198–199 melting point of, 407 medulla, 188–189 microscopic characteristics of, 282 procedure, 201–202 optical properties of, 433 root, 196 polymer composition of, 281 scale patterns, 186–188, 197 types of, 433 coronal, 186–187 Actinolite fiber imbricate, 186–187 optical properties of, 431 spinous, 186–187 Acute bisectrix (Bxa), 310 Anions, tests for, 317, 332 Additive retardation (addition), 64, 270, carbonate, 323 283, 309–310 chlorine, 323 Akund fiber COPYRIGHTED nitrite,MATERIAL323 microscopic characteristics of, 266 sulfate, 323 uses of, 271 Anisotropic, 51–52, 57–58, 64, 304, 308, Alumina silicate glass, 248 443 Amorphous, 443 Annular stop, 38–39, 346, 348, Amosite fiber 439, 445 optical properties of, 269, 431

Practical Forensic Microscopy: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition. Barbara P. Wheeler. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/Wheeler/Forensic

453

k k

454 INDEX

Antelope hair, 196 Barrier filter, 69–74, 443 color banding, 197 Bear hair root shape, 197 medulla type, 198 scale pattern, 197 scale pattern, 198 Anthophyllite fiber Beaver hair optical properties, 431 medulla type, 198 Anthrone, 341 Becke line method, 37–39, 57–59, 248, procedure, 343 258, 270, 283, 443 reagent, 342 procedure, 40 Aperture Beer-Lambert Law, 397 angular, 17–18, 443 Bertrand lens, 19, 47, 308–309, 443 numerical, 17–18, 309, 448 Benzphetamine, 365 scanning electron microscope, 414 Biaxial crystals, 304–311, 331, 347, 358, substage, 18–19, 248, 308 444 Apochromatic objective, 443 Biaxial interference figures, 310 Aramide fiber Biaxially oriented polymer, 358 melting point of, 407–408 Billinghame test, 270 optical properties of, 433 procedure, 275 polymer composition of, 281 Binders, 160–161 types of, 433 infrared data, 389 Arch Biological samples, 80, 377–379 k filament, 104–106 Birefringence, 64–65, 444. see also k plain, 114–117 Microscopic characteristics for tented, 114–117 specific fibers fiber, 258, 331 crystal/mineral, 304–309 microscopic characteristics of, 269 equation, 51 optical properties of, 431 equation of fiber, 59 Axis, crystallographic, 443 fiber, 259, 270, 283 Azlon fiber of man-made fibers, 433–434 melting point of, 406 of natural fibers, 431 optical properties of, 443 polarized light, 51–53 polymer composition of, 280 procedure, 54, 66–67 Body tube, 3–7, 444 B Borosilicate glass, 240, 248, 417 Back focal plane, 7, 13, 16–19, 81, , 94–95 308–309, 358, 443 solid braid, 94–95 Ballistics. see Firearms diamond braid, 94–95 hollow braid, 94–95 microscopic characteristics of, 280 Kernmantle, 94–95 optical properties of, 443 twisted braid, 94–95 staining of, 174–176 Breech mark, 129–131 Barb, 231–235 Brightfield illumination, 444 Barbiturates, 366, 368 Buckling, 185–186, 206–208 Barbule, 231–235 Building materials, 329–336

k k

INDEX 455

Burn test, 270–271, 283–284, 389 medulla type, 198 procedure, 275, 287 Christmas Tree stain, 378 procedure, 380 C reagent, 380 Calamus, 231–232 Chrysotile fiber, 269 Caliber, 128 optical properties of, 431 Calibration, ocular, 25–26 Cigarette butt, 165–172 Camel fiber characteristics of, 165–167 microscopic characteristics of, 268 filter, 167 portions of, 166 medulla type, 198 procedure, 167–168 scale pattern, 198 tip paper, 167 Caribou hair worksheet, 170 color banding, 197 Class characteristics, 87, 93, 121–122, root shape, 197 128, 145–146 scale pattern, 197 Cobalt thiocyanate, 365 , 95–96 procedure, 371 knitted, 95–96 reagent, 371 tufted, 95 Cocaine, 365, 368 worksheet, 101 Codeine, 365 woven, 95 fiber k Cartridge case, 128–131 microscopic characteristics of, 267, 270 k Cashmere fiber uses of, 271 microscopic characteristics of, 268 Cold shock, 106–108 Cat hair characteristics of, 107 medulla type, 199 Color root shape, 196, 199 assessment, 259, 396 scale pattern, 199 fiber characteristics, 259, 399 Catagen phase, 186, 224–226 glass characteristics, 416–417 root, 225 hair characteristics, 196–199, 216 Cations, tests for, 317, 323 inherent, 52–53, 447 ammonium, 323 ink, 177–178, 399 calcium, 323 interference, 52–58, 64–65, 310, 358, potassium, 323 447 sodium, 323 Munsell, 296–297 Cellulose-based fibers paint characteristics, 399, 415–416 types of, 280 soil characteristics, 296–297 Cement, 330 Color tests procedure, 333 Anthrone, 341 types of, 331 procedure, 343 Central stop, 38–39, 346, 348, 439, 444 reagent, 342 Chemical-based fibers Cobalt Thiocyanate, 365 types of, 281 procedure, 371 Chinchilla hair reagent, 371

k k

456 INDEX

Color tests (continued) procedure, 343 Dille-Koppanyi, 336 reagent, 342 Diphenylamine (DPA) Nitric acid, 366 procedure for explosive residue, 342 p-DMAB, 366 procedure for GSR, 139 Simon’s, 366 procedure for paint, 162 Sodium Rhodizonate, 137 reagent, 139 procedure, 140 Dithiooxamide (DTO) reagent, 139 procedure, 141 Zwikker, 366 reagent, 141 Comparison microscope, 444 Duquenois-Levine, 365 fiber, 289–290 procedure, 369 firearms, 129–131 reagent, 369 hair, 217–218 Ferric chloride, 366 tool marks, 122 for antimony, 136 Compensation, 444 procedure, 140 Compensator, 64–65, 259, 283 for copper, 137 full-wave plate (first-order red), 444 procedure, 141 quarter-wave plate, 444 for lead, 136 quartz wedge, 444 procedure, 139 tilting (Berek), 444 for nitrates, 139 Compound light microscope, 13–46 k procedure, 139 illumination path of, 18 k for nitrites, 138 image-forming path of, 18 procedure, 138 operation of, 19–20 Froehde, 366 parts of, 16 Harrison-Gilroy Concentric fractures, 240–241 procedure, 140 Concrete, 330 reagent, 140 Condenser, 16, 18–19, 50–51, 73, 80–81, Liebermann’s, 366 309, 398, 445 procedure, 370 Confirmatory test, 52, 152, 364 reagent, 370 Conjugate foci, 16, 18–19, 309, 445 Mandeline, 365 Conoscopic observation, 19, 306–309, procedure, 372 358, 445 reagent, 372 procedure, 313–314 Marquis, 365 Construction examinations, 93–102 procedure, 373 Contamination reagent, 372 of color tests, 365 Mecke, 366 of microcrystalline tests, 320 procedure, 373 of Abbe refractometer, 41 reagent, 373 Contrast, 18, 30, 77, 79–82, 445 modified Greiss, 137 Controlled substances, 363–376. see also procedure, 138 Specific drug reagent, 138 Convolution, 258, 266 Nessler’s Cortex, 118, 184, 187, 190, 217

k k

INDEX 457

Cortical fusi, 186, 188, 217, D 225–226 Darkfield illumination, 445 Core, 114–115 Darvan fiber fiber, 52, 270 optical properties of, 433–434 microscopic characteristics of, 266–267 types of, 433–434 optical properties of, 431 Deer hair, 196–197 physical characteristics of, 270 color banding, 196 staining of, 175–176 root shape, 196 uses of, 271 scale pattern, 187, 197 Cow hair Delta, 114–115 medulla type, 196, 199 Delustering agent, 259 root shape, 196, 199 Density Coyote hair equation, 249 color banding, 200 glass, 408 medulla type, 200 minerals, 298 scale pattern, 200 of pigment in Crimp, 122 feathers, 233–234 fibers, 58 Crocidolite fiber, 269 hair, 185, 206, 216 optical properties of, 431 refractive index and, 38 Critical angle, 445 sink-float method, 252 Cross polarized light, 51 procedure, 252 k Cross-section k Depth of field, 3, 8, 13, 46, 70, 78, 415, fiber, 209–210, 259–260, 266 445 hair, 185, 206–207 Depth of focus, 445 procedure, 209–210 Diamond braid, 95 paint, 160 Dichroism, 445 procedure, 162 Dille-Koppanyi, 366 rope, 94 Diphenylamine (DPA), 137, 161, 341 wood, 153 procedure for explosive residue, 342 procedure, 156 procedure for GSR, 139 Crystalline, 304–307, 445 procedure for paint, 162 Crystal, reagent, 139 structure types, 304–307 Dithiooxamide test biaxial, 307–308 procedure, 141 cubic, 304–305 reagent, 141 uniaxial, 305–306 Dispersion, 248, 408, 445 Crystallographic axis, 443 equation, 37 Cubic crystal, 304, 307 plot, 409 Curvature of field, 445 Dispersion staining, 37–38, 346–347, 445 Cuticle, 184, 186–187, 190, 197, 207, colors, 39, 348–349 216–217 graph, 439 types of, 186–187, 197 objective, 38 Cystolithic hair, 152–153 procedure, 42

k k

458 INDEX

Distance determination, 136 primary, 338 DNA secondary, 339 and hair, 223–226 low, 338 mitochondrial, 226 microchemical test, 340 nuclear, 226 procedure, 343 Documents examinations, 173–182 procedure, 342–343 Dog hair propellant, 338 medulla type, 196, 199 procedure, 342 root shape, 196, 199 types of, 338 Double refraction, 446 Extinction. see Microscopic characteristics Drugs. see specific drug for specific fibers , 330, 332 oblique, 446 procedure, 334 parallel, 446 examinations, 96, 358 points, 52–53, 258, 260, 270, 283, 290, procedure, 98, 360 358, 389, 399, 446 types of scrim, 96–97 procedure, 54 worksheet, 102 symmetrical, 446 Duquenois-Levine test, 365 Extraordinary ray (e-ray), 51, 58, 304, 307 procedure, 370 reagent, 369 F Dye, 176–177, 259, 283, 290, 357, 399 False k Becke line, 446 k E negative, 364 Ejector marks, 129–131 positive, 375 Elastoester fiber Fast ray, 58, 65, 311, 358, 446 polymer composition of, 282 Feathers, 231–238 Elk hair barb, 231–235 color banding, 197 barbule, 231–234 root shape, 197 calamus, 231–232 scale pattern, 197 node, 232–234 Emission spectroscopy, 387, 397, 413 types of, 233–234 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), 414–415 parts of, 232 Epi-illumination, 72–73, 446 procedure, 235–236 Ermine hair rachis, 231–232 color banding, 199 types of, 232 medulla type, 199 worksheet, 237 scale pattern, 199 Ferret hair Excitation filter, 69–74, 446 medulla type, 199 Explosive residue, 337–341 scale pattern, 199 spot tests, 340–341 Fiber, 257–294. see also Specific fibers Explosives animal, 258, 268 color tests, 340–341 Billinghame, 270 high, 338 procedure, 275 mixed composition, 339 birefringence, 258–259, 270, 283

k k

INDEX 459

burn tests, 270–271, 283–284, 389 burnout, 104–106 procedure, 275, 287 characteristics cellulose-based, 280 of cold, 107–108 chemical-based, 281–282 of hot, 106–107 classification, 258 of normal, 104 color, 259 discoloration, 106–107 comparisons, 289–290 distorted, 106–107 procedure, 291–292 halogen, 104 cross sections, 259–260, 283 procedure, 109 dyes and pigments, 399 worksheet examinations, 271–272, 283 double filament, 112 procedure, 261 single filament, 111 fluorescence, 74, 399 Filter procedure, 274, 287 cigarette, 165–167 FTIR analysis, 287, 289 Fingerprint, 113–120 procedure, 392 components of, 114–117 Herzog, 270 procedure, 119 procedure, 275 Firearm, 127–134 man-made, 258 cartridge cases, 128–129, 136 melting points (hot stage), 406–407 class characteristics, 128 procedure, 410 distance determination, 137 Microspectrophotometry, 399 k firing pin, 128–129 k procedure, 401 gunshot residue (GSR), 135–137 mineral, 258, 269 individual characteristics, 128–129 natural, 258 primer, 128 optical properties of, 431–435 procedure, 132–133 physical characteristics of, 270 plant, 258, 266 projectiles, 128, 136 procedure, 261, 285 propellants, 128, 136 refractive index, 258, 270, 283 shotshell, 128, 136 procedure, 273–4, 285–286 Firing pin, 128–129 sign of elongation, 259, 270, 283 Flat glass, 240 procedure, 273, 286–287 fiber solubility, 259, 271, 283 microscopic characteristics of, 266–267 procedure, 273, 285–286 optical properties of, 431 Twist, 270 physical characteristics of, 270 procedure, 274–275 staining of, 174–176 worksheet, 263 uses of, 166, 271 Field diaphragm, 18, 51, 81, 309, 446 Float glass, 240 Field of view, 3, 8, 47, 70, 78, 121, Fluorescence Microscope, 69–76 131–132, 218, 248, 290, 446 optical path of, 73 Filament, 103–112 parts of, 72–73 aged, 104 operation of, 75 broken, 104 Fluorite objective, 446

k k

460 INDEX

Fluorocarbon fiber types of, 240 melting point of, 406–407 Wallner lines (rib markings), 242 optical properties of, 433 polymer composition of, 281 optical properties of, 433 Focal length, 8, 18, 41, 59, 446 polymer composition of, 282 Focal point, 446 Goat hair Food condiment examinations, 345–354 medulla type, 199 Fourier Transform Infrared root shape, 199 Spectrophotometer (FTIR), scale pattern, 199 385–394 Gold chloride, 368 fiber, 389 Graff “C” stain, 174–176 procedure, 392 procedure, 180 functional group locations, 388 reagent, 178–179 paint, 388 Griess test, modified, 137, 341 procedure, 391 procedure, 138–139 Fox hair reagent, 138 color banding, 198 Grooves, 128 medulla type, 198 Ground hog hair scale pattern, 198 color banding, 200 types of, 198 medulla type, 200 Froehde, 366 scale pattern, 200 k Full wave plate, 64, 444, 446 Gunshot residue, 135–144 k distance determination, 137 G elemental, 136–137 Gauge, 128 Glass, 239–256 H breakage, 240–241 Hair, 183–230 colorants, 417 animal examinations, 186–189, components of, 239–240 195–200 coning, 243 comparison, 215–219 density, 249 DNA, 223–226 procedure, 252–253 human examinations, 186–189, elemental, 416 206–208, 213–219 fluorescence of, 240 known, 214–215 procedure, 242–243 unknown, 215 fractures (cracks), 240–241 general microscopic characteristics, concentric, 241 185–189 radial, 241 procedure reconstruction of, 242 macroscopic, 191 procedure, 244 microscopic, 192 refractive index, 37, 248, 408 scale cast, 191 procedure structure of, 184 immersion method, 250 worksheet, 203, 212, 222 oblique illumination, 244 Harrison-Gilroy test

k k

INDEX 461

procedure, 140–141 environmental and acquired traits, reagent, 140 217 Hartmann graph, 38, 408–409 examinations, 186–189, 206–208, Hematoxylin-Eosin, 378 213–219 procedure, 380–381 medulla characteristics, 188, 190, 217 reagent, 380 pigmentation characteristics, 190, 216 fiber procedure, 209–211, 219–220 microscopic characteristics of, 266–267 racial group characteristics, 206–207 optical properties of, 431 root characteristics, 186, 190, 216 physical characteristics of, 270 shaft characteristics, 185, 216 staining of, 174–176 somatic origin characteristics, 207–208 uses of, 332 tip characteristics, 189 Heroin, 365–366, 368 Herzberg stain, 175 I procedure, 180 Illumination reagent, 179 diffuse, 19, 446 Herzog test, 271 Köhler, 19, 446 procedure, 275 Nelsonian, 19, 446 Hog hair, 199 oblique, 248, 447 Hollow braid, 94–95 Image Horse fiber k real, 16, 447 k microscopic characteristics of, 268 virtual, 7, 447, 451 Horse hair Immersion objective, 447 medulla type, 196, 199 Impressed action marks, 129 root shape, 199 Impression evidence Hot shock fingerprints, 113–120 characteristics of, 106–107 firearms, 127–134 Hot stage shoe print, 145–150 fibers, 406–407 glass, 407–408 tire print, 145–150 Human hair tool mark, 121–126 abnormalities, 215–216 Incandescence, 103 acquired characteristics, 214, 217 Indicatrix, 304 artificial treatments, 217 Individual characteristics, 87, 93, 122, color, 185, 190, 216 128–131, 145–146 comparisons, 215–219 Inherent color, 52–53, 447 cortex characteristics, 188, 190, 217 Ink, 176–178 cuticle characteristics, 187, 190, ballpoint inks, 176–177 216–217 fluid inks, 176–177 diseases, 217 procedure, 180 DNA, 223–226 spot tests, 178 procedure, 227 types of, 176–177

k k

462 INDEX

Insulation, 330–331 fiber procedure, 333 microscopic characteristics of, 268 types of, 332 Loop, 115–116 Interference radial, 116 color, 52, 58, 447 ulnar, 116 constructive, 386, 447 Lumen, 258, 266–267, 270 destructive, 447 Lynx hair Interference figures, 304–309, 447 color banding, 199 biaxial, 310 medulla type, 199 procedure, 314 scale pattern, 199 uniaxial, 310 fiber procedure, 313 optical properties of, 433 Isogyres, 447 polymer composition of, 280 Isotropic, 447 M J Magnification, 7–8 fiber empty, 447 microscopic characteristics of, 267 maximum useful (MUM), 448 physical characteristics of, 270 total, 8 optical properties of, 431 Man made fibers. see also Specific fiber staining of, 174–176 cellulose-based, 280 k uses of, 270 chemical-based, 280–281 k procedure, 285 K Mandeline reagent, 365 Kapok fiber procedure, 372 microscopic characteristics of, 367 reagent, 372 optical properties of, 431 Marijuana, 152–153 uses of, 270 color test, 365 fiber procedure, 369–370 optical properties of, 431 microscopic characteristics, 152–153 Kernmantle, 94–95 procedure, 155 Knitted carpet, 95 Marquis reagent, 365 Köhler illumination, 19, 446 procedure, 373 setting up, 20–21 reagent, 372 Mecke reagent, 366 L procedure, 373 Laminated glass, 240 reagent, 373 Lamp filaments. see Filament Medulla, 184, 188–189, 206–208, 217 Lands, 128 types of, 188, 217 Latent print, 113 Medullary Index, 185 Leaded glass, 248, 417 Melamine fiber Libermann’s, 366 polymer composition of, 282 procedure, 370 Melanin. see Pigment reagent, 370 Melatope, 309–311, 448

k k

INDEX 463

Metallic fiber ridge ending, 117 polymer composition of, 382 enclosure, 117 Methamphetamine, 365, 367–368 Mitochondrial DNA, 225–226 Melting points, 406–407 Mock case scenario, 423–424 for fibers, 407 fiber procedure, 410 melting point of, 406–407 Michel-Levy chart, 437 optical properties of, 433 Microchemical tests, 317–328, 364–367 polymer composition of, 281 methods for, 322 types of, 433 procedure for drugs, 374–375 fiber procedure for inorganic ions, 325 microscopic characteristics of, 268 Microcrystalline shapes, 318–320 Monoaxially oriented polymer, 357–358 Microcrystalline tests Monochromatic light, 37, 40, 386, 448 for anions, 323 Moose hair for cations, 323 color banding, 197 for drugs root shape, 197 gold bromide, 368 scale pattern, 197 gold chloride, 368 Morphine HCl, 365–377 Mountain lion hair mercuric chloride, 368 color banding, 200 silver nitrate, 368 medulla type, 200 Wagenaar’s, 368 scale pattern, 200 k for explosive residues k Mounting mediums, 31 Cropen Mounting samples, 29–31 procedure, 343 dry mount, 30 reagent, 342 procedure, 32 Microscopy terms, 443–451 wet mount, 30 Microspectrophotometer, 395–404 procedure, 32–33 fibers, 399 scale casts, 30 procedure, 401 procedure, 32 ink, 400 Munsell color charts, 296–297 procedure, 401–402 chroma, 296–297 optical path of, 398 hue, 296 paint, 399 value, 296 procedure, 400–401 Muskrat hair Mineral fibers, 269 color banding, 198 optical properties of, 431 medulla type, 198 Mink hair scale pattern, 198 color banding, 198 medulla type, 198 N scale pattern, 198 Natural fibers Minutia, 117 animal, 258, 268 bifurcation, 117 mineral, 258, 269 short ridge, 117 plant, 258, 266

k k

464 INDEX

Natural fibers (continued) O procedure, 273 Objective uses of, 271 achromatic, 443 Negative crystals, 448 apochromatic, 443 Negative retardation (subtraction), 64, dispersion-staining, 445 270, 283, 309–310 fluorite, 446 Nessler’s, 341 immersion oil, 447 procedure, 343 parfocal, 449 reagent, 342 procedure for centering, 20 Nicol prism, 448 Oblique illumination method, 248 Nodes, 152, 232–234, 266–267 procedure, 250 feathers, 232–234 Ocular (eyepiece), 448 density, 234 calibration, 23–25 distribution, 234 procedure, 25–26 pigmentation, 234 distribution, 234 melting point of, 407 structure, 233 optical properties of, 434 polymer composition of, 281 types of, 233–234 types of, 434 fiber, 266–267 Omega vibration direction (𝜔), 448 marijuana, 152 Opiates, 365–366 Normal aged lamp Opossum hair k characteristics of, 104 k color banding, 200 Normal lamp burnout root shape, 200 characteristics of, 104 scale pattern, 200 Normal new lamp Optic axial characteristics of, 104 angle, 448 Novoloid fiber plane, 448 melting point of, 406 Optic axis, 448 optical properties of, 434 Optic sign, 448 polymer composition of, 281 procedure, 313–314 Nuclear DNA, 225–226 Optical properties Numerical aperture (NA), 17–18, 309, of biaxial minerals, 308 448 of cubic minerals, 305 fiber of glass, 248 melting point of, 407 of man-made fibers, 434–435 microscopic characteristics of, of natural fibers, 433 282 of uniaxial minerals, 306 optical properties of, 434 Ordinary ray (o-ray), 51, 58, 304, 307 polymer composition of, 281 Orthoscopic observation types of, 281, 434 setting up, 20–21 Nytril fiber Otter hair optical properties of, 434 color banding, 200 polymer composition of, 281 medulla type, 200

k k

INDEX 465

scale pattern, 200 Phentermine, 368 Ovoid bodies, 186, 188, 199, 217 Physical match, 87–92 Oxycodone HCl, 365–366 using edge shape, 88–89 procedure, 89 P using surface features, 88–89 Paint, 159–164 procedure, 90–91 components of, 160 using mirror images, 88–89 cross sections, 160 procedure, 91 procedure, 162 Pigment FTIR, 388 feather, 231–234 absorption band locations-binders, fiber, 259 389 hair, 190, 206, 216 absorption band locations-pigments, ink, 176–177 389 paint, 160, 415–416 procedure, 391 infrared data, 390 microscpectrophotometry, 399 tape, 356 procedure, 400–401 Plain arch, 115 pigments, 416 Plant fibers, 258, 266–267 scanning electron microscopy, 415 morphological properties of, 266–267 procedure, 418–419 optical properties of, 431 solubility, 160–161 uses of, 271 k procedure, 162 Plaster, 330, 332, 334 k Paper fibers, 174–175 Plastic films, 355, 362 Graff “C” Stain, 175–176 biaxially oriented polymer, 357–358 reagent, 179 extinction angle, 358 procedure, 180 manufacturing features Herzberg Stain, 175–175 arrowheads, 356 procedure, 179 die marks, 356 reagent, 179 fisheyes, 356 microscopic characteristics of, 175 hairline marks, 356 physical properties of, 175 weld lines, 356 separation procedure, 179 pigment bands, 356 staining procedure, 180 tiger stripes, 356 Selleger Stain, 175–176 monoaxially oriented polymer, reagent, 179 357–358 procedure, 180 physical properties, 356 PBI fiber procedure, 359 polymer composition of, 282 Schlieren photography, 357 Phase annulus, 77, 79–81, 449 Shadowgraph photography, 356–357 Phase contrast microscope, 77–84 Pleochroism, 52–53, 258, 331, 449 operation of, 82–83 procedure, 55 optical path of, 81 Polarized light, 51 parts of, 80–81 Polarized light microscope, 47–68 Phase plate, 77, 79–81, 449 operation of, 53–54

k k

466 INDEX

Polarized light microscope (continued) Rachis, 231–232 optical path of, 51 Racial group microscopic characteristics, parts of, 50 206–207 Polarizer, 48, 50–51, 58, 309, 449 Radial fractures, 240–241 Polyacrylostyrene fiber Radial section, 154 optical properties of, 434 fiber fiber. see Nylon microscopic characteristics of, 267 fiber optical properties of, 431 melting point of, 407 physical characteristics of, 270 microscopic characteristics of, 282 staining of, 174–176 optical properties of, 434 uses of, 271 polymer composition of, 281 fiber types of, 434 melting point of, 406–407 Positive crystals, 449 microscopic characteristics of, 280 Positive fiber, 64–65, 259, 270, 449 optical properties of, 434 Presumptive test polymer composition of, 280 for drugs, 340, 364 types of, 434 for semen, 377, 379 Real image, 16, 447 Primer Reflected light, 6, 16, 36 firearms, 128–129, 136–137, 418 Reflectivity equation, 397 paint, 160 Refraction, 36, 450 Privileged direction (of a polarizer), 449 k Refractive index, 36, 450. see also k Procaine, 365, 367–368 Microscopic characteristics for Propellant, 128, 136, 338–339 specific fibers, glass and minerals shapes of, 340 Becke line method, 37 Propxyphene, 368 procedure, 40, 59–60 Projectile, 128, 136 density and, 38 Propellant, 128, 136, 338, 340 dispersion staining method, 37–38 procedure, 342 procedure, 42 Q Emmons double variation method, Quarter wave plate, 444 407–408 Quartz wedge, 64, 444 procedure, 411 equation, 36 R equation of dispersion, 37 Rabbit fiber oblique lighting method, 248 microscopic characteristics of, 268 procedure, 250 of man-made fibers, 433–434 medulla type, 198 of mounting mediums, 31 scale pattern, 198 of natural fibers, 431 Raccoon hair temperature and, 38, 259, 270, 283, color banding, 198 309–310, 408 medulla type, 198 Relief, 30, 450 scale pattern, 198 Resolving power, 18, 450

k k

INDEX 467

Retardation, 64–65, 259, 270, 283, Shoe print examinations, 145–150 309–310, 358, 450 casting of, 146 equation, 52 procedure, 148–149 Rib markings. see Wallner lines class characteristics, 145 Rifling action, 128 Individual characteristics, 146 Rope, 94–95 printing of, 146 procedure, 98 procedure, 148 worksheet, 100 Shotgun shell, 136 Shouldering, 185–186 S Sign of elongation, 63–65, 258–259, 270, Sable hair 283, 358, 450. see also medulla type, 198 Microscopic characteristics for scale pattern, 198 specific fibers Saran of man-made fibers, 433–434 melting point of, 407 of natural fibers, 431 optical properties of, 434 procedure, 65–66 polymer composition of, 282 Silica quartz glass, 248, 417 Scale casts, 30, 268 fiber procedure, 32, 191 microscopic characteristics of, 268 Scale patterns. see also specific optical properties of, 431 animal/human hair Simons, 366 k coronal, 186–187 Simple hair, 152–153 k imbricate, 186–187 Sink float method, 249–250 spinous, 186–187 procedure, 253–254 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), fiber 413–422 microscopic characteristics of, 267 glass, 416 optical properties of, 431 procedure, 419 physical characteristics of, 270 gunshot residue, 416–418 uses of, 271 procedure, 419 Skunk hair paint, 415–416 medulla type, 200 procedure, 418–419 scale pattern, 200 Schlieren photography, 356 Slow ray, 58, 65, 311, 358, 450 Seal hair Snell’s Law, 36 medulla type, 198 Soda-lime glass, 240, 248, 417 scale pattern, 198 Sodium Rhodizonate test, 137 Selleger stain, 179 procedure, 140 procedure, 180 reagent, 139 reagent, 179 Soil, 295–316 Semen, 377–382. see also Sperm color, 296–297 Shadowgraph photography, 357 procedure, 299–300 Sheep hair components of, 296 medulla type, 198 density, 298 scale pattern, 198 procedure, 301–302

k k

468 INDEX

Soil (continued) Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, 378 minerals, 303–311 procedure, 381 biaxial procedure, 314–315 reagent, 380 uniaxial procedure, 312–313 Herzberg stain, 175–176 particle size, 297–298 procedure, 180 texture, 297–298 reagent, 179 Solid braid, 95 Selleger stain, 175–176 Solubility procedure, 179 fibers, 259, 270–272, 283–284, 318, reagent, 180 399 Starch, 346–347 procedure, 276, 287–288 procedure, 352 paint, 160–161 types of, 350 procedure, 162 Stereomicroscope, 3–12 Somatic origin of hair, 207–208 Common Main Objective, 7 microscopic characteristics for, 208 optical path, 7 fiber Greenough, 7 melting point of, 407 operation of, 9–10 optical properties of, 434 parts of, 6 polymer composition of, 281 Steroids, 372 Species identification Subtractive retardation (negative), 64, feather, 233–234 270, 283, 309–310 k hair, 196–200 Sugar, 346 k marijuana, 152 optical properties of, 347–349 sperm, 378–379 procedure, 351–352 wood, 153–155 types of, 347–349 Sperm, 377–382 Sulfar fiber Christmas Tree stain, 378 optical properties of, 434 procedure, 380 polymer composition of, 282 reagent, 380 Sunn fiber Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, 378 microscopic characteristics of, 267 procedure, 381 uses of, 271 reagent, 380 Surface dye, 259 morphology, 377–378 Synthetic cannabinoids, 367 slide preparation, 379–380 . see Man-made fiber Squirrel hair medulla type, 200 T scale pattern, 200 Tangential section, 154 Stains Tape, 96, 358–359 Christmas Tree stain, 378 fiber reinforcement, 96–97 procedure, 380 scrim weave patterns, 96–97 reagent, 380 procedure, 98, 360–361 Graff “C” stain, 175–176 worksheet, 102 procedure, 180 Telogen phase, 186, 216, 224–226 reagent, 178–179 root, 225

k k

INDEX 469

Temperature coefficient of refractive index, rifling, 128 38–39, 248, 450 Twist test, 270 Tempered glass, 240 procedure, 274–275 Tented arch, 115 Twisted braid, 94–95 Thermal microscopy examinations, Type line, 114 405–412 of fibers, 406–407 U procedure, 410 Uniaxial crystals, 304–311, 347, 358, of glass, 407–409 450 procedure, 411 Uniaxial interference figures, 310 Tip paper, 116 Unpolarized light, 350 Tire print, 145–150 casting of, 146 V procedure, 148–149 Vicara fiber class characteristics, 145 optical properties of, 435 individual characteristics, 146 Vinal fiber printing of, 146 melting point of, 407 procedure, 148 optical properties of, 435 Tool mark, 121–126 polymer composition of, 281 casting of, 122 Vinyon fiber procedure, 123–124 melting point of, 407 k class characteristics, 121–122 optical properties of, 435 k comparison of, 123 polymer composition of, 281 procedure, 124 types of, 435 individual characteristics, 121–122 Virtual image, 7, 447, 451 Total magnification, 8 Transmitted light equation, 397 W Translucent, 450 Wallner lines (rib markings), 240–241 Transparent, 450 Warp, 95, 358 Tremolite fiber Weft, 95, 358 optical properties of, 431 Whorl, 144–116 Triacetate fiber accidental, 116 melting point of, 407 central pocket, 116 optical properties of, 435 double loop, 116 polymer composition of, 280 plain, 116 types of, 435 Wolf hair Tube length, mechanical, 450 medulla type, 200 Tufted carpet, 95–96 Wood, 153–155 types of, 96 hard, 153–155 Twist procedure, 156 of fibers, 270 soft, 153–155 of rope, 94–95 fiber S (left laid), 94 microscopic characteristics of, 268 Z (right laid), 94 optical properties of, 431

k k

470 INDEX

Working distance, 8, 37, 258, 451 microchemical negative, 326 Working surface, 121–122 microchemical unknown, 327 Worksheets release of evidence, 427 carpet, 101 report of forensic laboratory examination, circle template, 441 426 cigarette butt, 170 request for evidence examination, double filament, 112 425 duct tape, 102 rope, 100 feather, 237 single filament, 111 fiber, 263 Woven carpet, 95 hair, 202, 212 human hair known, 212 human hair unknown, 222 Z microchemical known, 325 Zwikker, 366

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