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Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Report of the Asian Regional Task Force for Climate Change

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INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE (ICID) CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE IN ASIA

Report of the Asian Regional Task Force for Climate Change

International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) ICID accepts no responsibility for the statements made, opinions expressed and the maps included in this report.

International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) was established in 1950 as a Scientifi c, Technical, Non-commercial, Non-Governmental International Organization (NGO) with headquarters at New Delhi, India. Th e Commission is dedicated to enhancing the worldwide supply of food and fi bre by improving water and land management, especially the productivity of irrigated and drained lands. Th e mission of ICID is to stimulate and promote the development and application of arts, sciences and techniques of engineering, agriculture, economics, ecological and social sciences in managing water, and land resources for irrigation, drainage and fl ood management using research and development, and capacity building. ICID aims to achieve sustainable irrigated agriculture through integrated water resources development and management, ICID network spreads to 110 countries all over the world.

ICID Publication No.103

ISBN 978-81-89610-13-5

Sponsored by

Japanese National Committee, ICID (JNC-ICID)

ii Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Contributors

Iran : Dr. Karim Shiati

Turkey : Mr. Taner Kimence and Prof. Dr. Riza Kanber

India : Mr. B.C. Vishwakarma

Nepal : Mr. Uttam Raj Timilsina

Pakistan : Mr. Waseem Nazir

Indonesia : Dr. Fransisca

Malaysia : Ms. Zalilah binti Selamat and Mr. Th ian Kim Tai

Myanmar : Mr. Olm Myint

Th ailand : Dr. Arthons Suttigarn

China : Dr. Gao Zhanyi and Mr. Li Daixin

Chinese Taipei : Prof. Dr. Kuo Sheng-Feng

Japan : Mr. Shinsuke Ota and Dr. Takao Masumoto

Korea : Prof. Dr. Kim Tai-Cheol

Japan : Mr. Yutaka Sumita and Mr. Mitukuni Watanabe

Staff : Mr. Hideki Furihata, Mr. Hiromichi Kitada, Mr. Kengo Matsuda, Mr.Shinsuke Hara, Mr. Masaya Takaue, and Mr. Nobuyoshi Akiba

ICID Central Offi ce: Dr. Vijay K. Labhsetwar, Mr Prakash and Mr Vikram Singh

Introduction iii Foreword

Climate change is going to be the biggest environmental threat. Water as the link between climate, human society and ecosystems, impacts on water availability and food production among others and thus has great infl uence on the economy, human health, and livelihoods. Climate change aff ects both the availability and quality of fresh water in space and time and the frequency of fl oods and droughts. Th e consequences are complex, far-reaching and are likely to hit those the hardest that are already most vulnerable.

Climate in Asia is already changing. Th e frequency of extreme events, drought and fl oods, has increased in Southeast Asia. Th e monsoon in Indian sub-continent has become more variable. It is predicted that climate change in Asia may exacerbate the water scarcity in the region and combined with population explosion will complicate the issue of food security.

To overcome the situation, the Asian Regional Working Group (ASRWG) organized several workshops and seminars on the subject. It set up an Asian Regional Task Force on Climate Change (ARTF-CC) to study the eff ects of climate change in the fi eld of irrigation and drainage in Asia. Th e objective of the TF was to work together in order to facilitate the Member countries in assessing the impacts and adopting strategies for meeting the challenges of climate change in the related water sectors and to strengthen UN-System coordination on activities related to water and climate change. Th e participating countries were: China, Indian, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Chinese Taipei, Th ailand, and Turkey. Th e study was carried out in two steps. As a fi rst step - the task force sent the questionnaire asking status and policy of each country regarding climate change in the fi eld of irrigation and drainage and then as a second step collected Country Case Studies. Th is status report is based on the outcomes of these deliberations and case studies.

Th e initiative to prepare a status report was very appropriate and timely and the results are most revealing. In the report, readers can fi nd questionnaire survey and analysis of collected case studies from various countries as mentioned above. All the material has been brought together by the specialist and professionals in the participating countries. As such, the report presents a good overview of the status of knowledge and policies related to the relevant issues in Asia.

I would like to congratulate Dr. Shinsuke OTA , the Chairman of the ARTF-CC and all the country contributors and authors for preparing this informative and useful report. Last but not the least, eff orts of Dr. Vijay K. Labhsetwar, Director, ICID and his staff are deeply appreciated.

I hope this report will be useful to all and many others who may refer to it in future.

Avinash Chand Tyagi Secretary General

iv Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Preamble

Asia is the region with dynamic climate conditions. Th e distribution of precipitation in the region varies signifi cantly in time and space with the concentration of most of the annual precipitation in some specifi c period. Th erefore, in the region sometimes there is too much water and at some other times there is too little water for crop production. Irrigation, drainage and fl ood control are the essential infrastructures to maintain a stable food production. Th is is refl ected by the fi gure of irrigated area in Asia, which accounts for about 70% of the world irrigated area. Th rough its long history and civilization the nations in Asia have gradually learnt how to cope with the dynamic climate with the philosophy of coexistence with nature and the development of irrigation, drainage and fl ood control schemes, which help to manage water to fully use it advantageously and mitigate its disadvantages. Th ese can be corroborated by many famous as well as some of the ancient irrigation, drainage and fl ood control projects in the region.

However, climate change has induced more extreme weather condition, such as high temperate, extremes of drought and fl ood. Agricultural sector is the most vulnerable to climate change, especially in Asia with monsoon climate condition. We have to learn the impacts of climate change on agricultural production and take proper measures to adapt to climate change. It is important to share experiences and lessons among the nations on how does climate change aff ect agricultural production and what measures should be taken to cope with climate change eff ectively.

Under such circumstances, Asian Regional Working Group of ICID decided to set up Asian Regional Task Force for Climate Change (ARTF-CC) at the 58th IEC meeting of ICID at Sacramento USA in 2007, chaired by Mr. Shinsuke OTA, Vice President Hon. of ICID. Th e aim of the Task Force was to study countermeasures to tackle with climate change in the fi eld of irrigation and drainage in the region. It was believed that the countermeasures would vary from country to country, depending upon respective climatic condition and degree of climate change eff ects as well as socio-economic development stage and present status of irrigation and drainage facilities. Th e team of the Task Force, therefore, designed and sent out a set of questionnaire forms to the countries in Asia to survey the situations and policies, which the nations are contemplating to cope with climate change in the fi eld of irrigation and drainage. Based on the questionnaire survey, the team has carried out a detailed analysis with innovative approaches. Th e results were compiled and analyzed in line with climatic condition and development stage of each country, including water stress rate, relationship between annual precipitation and water stress rate, radar chart of current policy, etc.

Furthermore, case studies were collected with designed format. Th e case studies not only explain what have been done, but also include a description of the problem, a key on how to overcome the problems and a key for success. Th e detailed analysis was also carried for the collected case studies with focus on nature of experienced problems, solutions and actions. Th ere is an illustrative section in the report titled “How to make use of the study result”.

I was impressed by the spirit of dedication and wisdom of the team. Th is study not only presents the sceneries of climate change eff ects and solutions to cope with eff ects in Asian countries, but it also presents the wisdom of thinking and analyzing. It is true that climate change and its eff ects are very complicated and there is still a long way to go to fully comprehend the whole phenomenon of climate change and take integrated measures to cope with it. However, this study and report will help us to fi nd a way to consider the eff ects of climate change

Introduction v and countermeasures to cope with it. Hopefully, the study results can help irrigation and drainage engineers, government offi cials, researchers, practitioners and others to consider practical mitigation and adaptation measures to meet their own requirements related to climate change.

Finally, we must express special thanks to Mr. Shinsuke OTA, Chairman of the Task force and Vice President Hon. of ICID and the whole team for their dedicated work. With their great eff ort and wisdom the Task Force has conducted a successful study and presented this well prepared report. Th eir work will contribute to cope with climate change in irrigation and drainage sector, which eventually contribute to ensure global food security.

Gao Zhanyi President International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage

vi Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Contents

1 Introduction 9 2 Questionnaire survey 12 2.1 Survey method 12 2.2 Th e questionnaires 13 2.3 Analysis of fi lled-out questionnaires (Radar Charts) 22 3 Case study 35 3.1 Case study format 35 3.2 Analysis of the collected case studies 43 4 How to make use of the study results 58 5 Conclusion 64

Case Study Formats

Annexure 1 Iran : Climate Change impacts on irrigation water requirement 70 Annexure 2 Turkey-1: Research of impact of Climate Change in Seyhan River in Turkey 74 Annexure 3 Turkey-2: Increasing Public Awareness and Support for Climate Change 80 Annexure 4 India : Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme (FPARP) – 1st Phase 84 Annexure 5 Nepal : Adaptation to Global Change in Agricultural Practices: A Case Study of Indrawati Basin 91 Annexure 6 Pakistan-1: Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project (LBDC) 95 Annexure 7 Pakistan-2:Water Sector Environmental Management Planning in Pakistan 101 Annexure 8 Indonesia: Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability Aspects In Java Island 109 Annexure 9 Malaysia: A Conceptual Framework for Preparing the Guidelines for Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies 119 Annexure 10 Th ailand: Study of Using Agricultural Land in the Chao Phraya Delta for Mitigating Flood caused by Climate Change 123 Annexure 11 China: Managing Climate Change Eff ect on Groundwater through Monitoring Groundwater 130 Annexure 12 Chinese Taipei: Study on Paddy Fields Multi-Functionality for Sustainable Environment and Climate Change in Taiwan (Chinese Taipei) 135 Annexure 13 Japan-1: Formulation of strategy for enhancing research related to global environment established 150 Annexure 14 Japan-2: Impact assessment of climate change on agriculture water use in Mekong River Basin and Seki River Basin 153 Annexure 15 Korea: Design criteria for emergency spillway to cope with extreme fl ood in the irrigation dam 157

Introduction vii viii Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Introduction 1

Background

Climate change is a global issue of the 21st century. It is widely recognized that climate change eff ects are closely related to water issues. Th e fourth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued in February 2007 clarifi ed climate change eff ects on precipitation and typhoon as annual precipitation will increase in some regions of the globe and decrease in other regions, and in any region, monthly and daily fl uctuations will increase.

It is obvious that the future of irrigation & drainage cannot Figure 1-1: Probable effects of climate change be discussed without consideration of climate change issues. Th e principal eff ects caused by climate change to irrigation and drainage are not only the increase or the decrease of yearly amount of precipitation but also increase of variability of rainfall pattern in a year. Under the circumstances, Asian Regional Working Group decided to set up Asian Regional Task Force for Climate Change (ARTF-CC) at the Sacramento meeting to study countermeasures to tackle with climate change in the fi eld of irrigation and drainage in the region.

Purpose of the study

It is considered that countermeasures will vary from country to country, depending upon respective climatic condition and degree of climate change eff ects as well as socio-economic development stage and present status of irrigation and drainage facilities. Nevertheless, this Figure 1-2: Goal of ARTF-CC study aims at fi nding out some similarity among countries under common conditions and universal ideas embedded in various cases.

We aim at the goal that the study result will be useful and referred to when irrigation/drainage engineers, working as government offi cials, researchers, practitioners and others, consider practical mitigation and adaptation measures to meet their own requirements related to climate change.

Introduction 9 Principles of the study

Toward this end, the following principles are applied to this study: 1) To focus on climatic condition and irrigation/drainage status of each country. 2) To have a wider view covering governance, peoples’ recognition & social movement and local practices in addition to science & technology. 3) To collect a variety of case studies taking geographical distribution into consideration 4) To extract keys for success, which are useful to fi nd out appropriate countermeasures.

The study procedure

Th e study was carried out in the following two steps:

1st step Questionnaire survey:

Th e task force sent the questionnaire asking situations and policy of each country regarding climate change in the fi eld of irrigation and drainage.

Th e result of the survey was visualized as heptagonal radar chart for each country. Countries which submitted fi lled-out questionnaire was classifi ed based on their climate and development stage. Some similarity of radar chart was observed among countries belonging to a same group.

2nd step Case Study:

A format was prepared to briefl y explain each case and sent to member countries for fi lling–out. Components in the format are group & fi eld, background, purpose & goal, present situation, eff ect & result and keys for success.

Various keys for success have been extracted from the cases experienced in each country. As key for success is composed of experienced problems and how to overcome them, the extracted keys were categorized and analyzed from various view points.

Before concluding this report, Figure 1-3: ASRWG (ARTF-CC) Activities how to make use of the study 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Sep. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 result is briefl y explained. Th is is Mar. Sep. Sep.Mar. Sep. May -Oct. Oct. Mar. Dec. Oct. Oct. Mar WWF3 (Shiga, Japan) (Shiga, WWF3 (Mexico-city,WWF4 Mexico (Istanbul,WWF5 Turkey 21 WWF6 (Marseille, France (Marseille, WWF6 61 19 54 4 58 57 20 60 th st st th th th th th ARC (Teheran, Iran) th Congress / 62 / Congress IEC / 6 / IEC oges/ 56 / Congress IEC (Montpellier, France) IEC (Montpellier, E Scaet, USA) (Sacramento, IEC IEC / 3 / IEC oges/ 59 / Congress because the report contains too 5 / IEC rd th th ARC (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)Lumpur, (Kuala ARC much information and readers (Yogyakarta,,ARC Indonesia) ARC (New Delhi, India)Delhi, (New ARC th th IEC (Beijing, China) (Beijing, IEC IEC (Lahore, Pakistan) (Lahore, IEC may lose their way to fi nd out nd IEC (Teheran,IEC Iran) some keys for success really 咂 valuable to address the problems 咂咂 faced by them.

A Strategy for Irrigaon and Drainage Mulple rolesDiversity adapted to Climate Change in Asia (2007-2012)䠗 It is sincerely hoped that this of irrigaon water (2003-2007)䠗 As the next work in ASRWG, “A Strategy for Irrigaon and “Mulple roles Diversity of irrigaon report will be eff ectively utilized Drainage adapted to Climate Change in Asia” was decided water” wasstarted in ASRWG at 2003 to start based on ARTF-CC in ASRWG at Sacramento in and the results of these deliberaons by those who are making eff ort for 2007. were summarized as the suggeson The result of this deliberaons will be presented at WWF6 presented as WWF4 (Mexico in 2006). fi nding practical solutions to the ( France in 2012) problems associated with climate 㻰㼞㼍㼒㼠㻌㻾㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠㻼㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻼㼞㼛㼜㼛㼟㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㻾㼑㼘㼑㼍㼟㼑㻲㼕㼚㼍㼘㻌㻾㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠㻼㼞㼛㼜㼛㼟㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㻵㼚㼠㼑㼞㼕㼙㻌㻾㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠㻲㼕㼚㼍㼘㻌㻾㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠 change not only in the Asia region 㻾㼑㼘㼑㼍㼟㼑 but also in other areas.

10 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Acknowledgement

In conclusion, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who participated in this study. Especially, the following names should be recorded. Without their active and remarkable contributions, this study could not have been completed.

Contributors Supporters Oceania Australia Mr. Anthony J. Horton West Asia Iran Dr. Karim Shiati Turkey Mr. Taner Kimence Prof. Dr. Rıza Kanber South Asia India Mr. B C Vishwakarma Dr. A.K. Bajaj Mr. Ashok Kharya Nepal Mr. Uttam Raj Timilsina Dr. Suman Sijapati Mr. Khem Raj Sharma Pakistan Mr. Waseem Nazir Dr. lllahi B. Shaikh Sri Lanka Eng. A. S. Manoharadas Southeast Asia Cambodia Mr. Kenichi KOBAYASHI Indonesia Dr. Fransisca Mr. Sastrodihardjo Siswoko Dr. A. Haﬁ ed A. Gany Laos Mr. Yuichi.METOKU Malaysia Ms. Zalilah binti Selamat Prof. Ir. Dr.Mohd Amin Bin Mohd Soon Mr. Thian Kim Tai Hj. Mohd Abdul Nassir bin Bidin Dato’ Hj. Mohd Azmi Bin Ismail Myanmar Mr. Olm Myint Thailand Dr. Arthons Suttigarn Dr. Siripong Hungspreu Mr. Chaiwat Prechawit Mr. Chatchai Boonlue Philippine Mr. Dominador D. Pascua Timor-Leste Mr. Shinobu SAKAI Vietnam Mr.Rinya YUTANI East Asia China Mr. Li Daixin Mr. Wang XiaoDong Dr. Gao Zhanyi Ms. Hu Yaqiong C-Taipei Prof. Dr. Kuo Sheng-Feng Prof. Dr. Gwo-Hsing Yu Japan Mr. Shinsuke OTA Dr. Tsugihiro WATANABE Dr. Takao MASUMOTO Dr. Takanori NAGANO Korea Prof. Dr. Kim Tai-Cheol Secretariat Secretary General Mr. Yutaka SUMITA Mr. Taizou HONMA Mr. Mitukuni WATANABE Mr. Kunihiko NAITO Staff Mr. Hideki FURIHATA Mr. Akihiro TSUBAKI Mr. Hiromichi KITADA Mr. Tetsuya OISHI Mr. Kengo MATSUDA Mr. Koji YOSHII Mr. Shinsuke HARA Mr. Yasushi FUKUDA Mr. Masaya TAKAUE Mr. Akihiro HONMA Mr. Nobuyoshi AKIBA

Introduction 11 Questionnaire Survey 2

2.1 Survey Method

Contents of Questionnaire

Th e following questionnaire format comprising 7 questions was prepared and sent to all the ASRWG member countries’ national committees and the other Asian countries requesting to fi ll out the format regarding existing policy, research, future strategy and others.

Questionnaire 1: It contained the basic data from FAOSTAT on land and water in each country and was prepared and supplied by the ARTF CC.

Questionnaire 2: Existing policies regarding irrigation, drainage, and fl ood control, it was asked to grade priority as high, medium or low regarding seven water related policies; water resources development, irrigation facilities, drainage facilities, management organization, industrial water, municipal water and fl ood control.

Questionnaire 3: General recognition and assessment of the eff ects of climate change.

Questionnaire 4: Example of the eff ects that seems to be caused by climate change. Th e respondents were asked to describe any possible eff ects in contrast to the previous state and the reasons for this.

Questionnaire 5: National strategy or the basic direction for measures to cope with climate change. It asked for comments on various components.

Questionnaire 6: Studies and research results concerning climate change. It also asked to give the reference for any information they have or they can obtain.

Questionnaire 7: Other comments. Th e respondents were asked to make other comments if any.

12 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Figure 2-1: Contents of the Questionnaire

2.2 The Questionnaires

Up to now, the Asian Regional Working Group (ASRWG) has conducted activities under the theme of achieving sustainable irrigation on the basis of the diversity of irrigation water use in various countries. After the Sacramento meeting, the ASRWG advocated the new theme of coping with climate change, which threatens to adversely aff ect the sustainability of irrigation systems from now on.

Th e ASRWG is planning to establish countermeasures to cope with climate change in relation to the diversity of irrigation water use and sustainable irrigation, and contribute these to the session concerning theme 1 “Global Changes & Risk Management” at the World Water Forum 5 (WWF5), which will be held in Istanbul, Turkey, in March 2009.

As a fi rst step in this process, this questionnaire is being circulated to ASRWG members in order to share their experience and information based on the current situation. Th en ASRWG will work out a new strategy for irrigation, drainage and fl ood control based on coping with the consequences of climate change. Based on the results of this questionnaire, ASRWG members will discuss how to input them into WWF5 at the ASRWG meeting in Lahore, Pakistan in October 2008.

Questionnaire 1. Basic data regarding irrigated agriculture (Based on its release in FAOSTAT)

Note: Th is question has been set to understand the various climatic characteristics of Asian countries. Please update the data for use as a basis for any further activities, if necessary. Comments Agricultural area (Paddy): ______×103 ha ______Agricultural area (Upland): ______×103 ha ______Irrigated agricultural area (Paddy): ______×103 ha ______Irrigated agricultural area (Upland): ______×103 ha ______Average precipitation in volume: ______×109 m3 /yr ______Average precipitation in depth: ______mm /yr ______Amount of eff ective precipitation for paddy ______mm /yr ______Water resources: total renewable (actual) : ______×109 m3 /yr ______Water resources: --- Do --- per capita (actual) : ______×m3 / inhabitants / yr ______Groundwater: produced internally: ______×109 m3 /yr ______

Questionnaire Survey 13 Water resources: total exploitable: ______×109 m3 /yr ______Agricultural water withdrawal: ______×109 m3 /yr ______Agricultural water withdrawal as part of total: ______% ______Agricultural water requirements: ______×109 m3 /yr ______Surface water withdrawal: ______×109 m3 /yr ______Groundwater withdrawal: ______×109 m3 /yr ______Desalinated water produced: ______×109 m3 /yr ______Treated waste water reused: ______×109 m3 /yr ______

Questionnaire 2. Existing policies regarding irrigation, drainage and fl ood control

Note: Th is question has been set to understand the important issues with regard to the policies of each country. Please check the applicable items and grade the priority (high, medium, low)

If it is diffi cult to answer the following classifi cation, please answer the your own classifi cation with the explanation into the comments space.

Items Grade Comments Th e source development* for irrigation ** ______Th e source development for industry *** ______Th e source development for city / urban water **** ______Establishment of irrigation facilities ______Establishment of drainage facilities ______Establishment of fl ood control facilities ______Institution of management organizations ______Others ______

Comments

* Th e source development include construction of dams, ground water development and so on. ** It means water using for irrigation purpose. *** It means water using for industry purpose. **** It means water using for lifeline purpose.

Questionnaire 3. General recognition and assessment of the eff ects of climate change

Note: Th is question has been set to understand how much interest there is in climate change in each country. Please check the applicable items and describe them in detail

Media coverage concerning climate change in the domestic newspapers, radio, TV, etc.

14 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Government sessions or symposiums concerning climate change

Governmental organizations / agents concerning climate change

Comments

Questionnaire 4. Examples of the eff ects that seem to be caused by climate change

Note: Please describe any possible eff ects in contrast to the previous state and the reasons for this.

Questionnaire 5. National strategy or the basic direction for measures to cope with climate change

Note: Please check the applicable items and describe any information you have or you can obtain

Containment measures in the fi eld of irrigation, drainage and fl ood control to cope with climate change

Containment measures in other fi elds to cope with climate change

Adaptation measures in the fi eld of irrigation, drainage and fl ood control to cope with climate change

Adaptation measures in other fi elds to cope with climate change

Questionnaire Survey 15 Questionnaire 6. Studies and research results concerning climate change

Note: Please give the reference for any information you have or you can obtain

Questionnaire 7. Other comments

Result of the survey

Seven fi lled-out questionnaires from the task force members, 2 from ICID national committees and some through our own channel were received. (Th e original information was prepared and authorized by the government authorities)

Figure 2-3: Countries submitting Questionnaire

Th e information obtained from the fi lled-out questionnaires and FAOSTAT was put in order in some tables as seen below.

Regarding basic data, we have made a table (Table 2.1) from the answers as well as FAOSTAT data.

16 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Table 2-1: Q1: Basic data regarding irrigated agriculture

㻱㼍㼟㼠㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻿㼛㼡㼠㼔㼑㼍㼟㼠㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻿㼛㼡㼠㼔㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㼃㼑㼟㼠㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻻㼏㼑㼍㼚㼕㼍㻵㼠㼑㼙㼁㼚㼕㼠 Japan Korea China East Timor Philippine Viet Num Laos Myanmar Cambodia Sri Lanka Pakistan Iran Turkey Australia

㻟㻭㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼍㼞㼑㼍㻌㻔㻼㼍㼐㼐㼥㻕㽢㻝㻜㼔㼍㻞㻘㻡㻠㻟㻝㻘㻜㻤㻠㻞㻟㻘㻝㻠㻞㻣㻝㻟㻘㻝㻞㻢㻠㻘㻝㻡㻞㻢㻟㻟㻤㻘㻝㻜㻜㻞㻘㻡㻠㻝㻣㻜㻤㻞㻘㻡㻤㻝㻢㻜㻜㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻝㻠㻡㻘㻠㻞㻜㻟㻭㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼍㼞㼑㼍㻌㻔㼁㼜㼘㼍㼚㼐㻕㽢㻝㻜㼔㼍㻞㻘㻝㻞㻤㻣㻝㻣㻝㻜㻡㻘㻠㻥㻡㻝㻜㻟㻟㻘㻠㻜㻜㻢㻝㻜㻠㻘㻡㻜㻜㻡㻘㻝㻞㻜㻝㻘㻥㻠㻞㻞㻞㻘㻜㻡㻜㻝㻣㻘㻥㻜㻜㻞㻤㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㼍㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼍㼞㼑㼍㽢㻝㻜㻟㼔㼍㻔㻼㼍㼐㼐㼥㻕㻤㻡㻥㻞㻟㻘㻝㻠㻞㻠㻠㻝㻘㻠㻟㻜㻟㻠㻡㻞㻘㻞㻠㻢㻣㻝㻢㻠㻜㻢㻞㻘㻡㻤㻝㻢㻜㻜㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻡㻠㻞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㼍㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼍㼞㼑㼍㽢㻝㻜㻟㼔㼍㻔㻼㼍㼐㼐㼥㻕㻟㻟㻠㻟㻞㻘㻞㻜㻠㻤㻢㻞㻝㻥㻘㻜㻞㻜㻣㻘㻥㻜㻜

㻭㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻌㼜㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼕㼚㻥㻟㼢㼛㼘㼡㼙㼑㽢㻝㻜㼙㻛䡕䡎㻢㻟㻜㻝㻞㻠㻢㻘㻝㻜㻝㻞㻜㻢㻜㻠㻠㻟㻠㻞㻘㻣㻜㻡㻟㻜㻝㻝㻞㻜㻠㻝㻡㻡㻜㻝㻟㻘㻟㻠㻢㻭㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻌㼜㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼕㼚㽢㼙㼙㻛㼥㼞㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔㻝㻘㻢㻢㻤㻝㻘㻞㻠㻡㻢㻠㻠㻝㻘㻟㻜㻜㻞㻘㻠㻜㻜㻝㻘㻤㻞㻝㻝㻘㻤㻟㻠㻟㻘㻢㻣㻜㻝㻘㻢㻥㻠㻝㻘㻤㻢㻝㻞㻣㻤㻞㻡㻞㻢㻠㻞㻠㻡㻣㻭㼙㼛㼡㼚㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼑㼒㼒㼑㼏㼠㼕㼢㼑㽢㼙㼙㻛㼥㼞㻝㻡㻜㻙㻞㻜㻜㼜㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼜㼍㼐㼐㼥㻢㻟㻢㻟㻠㻤㻞㻘㻞㻢㻜㻝㻘㻥㻜㻜㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻦㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㼞㼑㼚㼑㼣㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻔㼍㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻕㻠㻟㻜㻣㻞㻞㻘㻤㻜㻡㻤㻥㻝㻟㻟㻠㻝㻘㻜㻤㻝㻠㻡㻝㻣㻡㻝㻟㻜㻝㻝㻞㻞㻥㻝㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻦㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㽢㼞㼑㼚㼑㼣㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㼜㼑㼞㻌㼏㼍㼜㼕㼠㼍㼙㻟㻛㼕㼚㼔㼍㼎㻔㼍㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻕㼕㼠㼍㼚㼠㼟㻛䡕䡎㻟㻘㻟㻢㻞㻝㻘㻡㻝㻞㻞㻘㻝㻞㻜㻝㻜㻘㻡㻤㻜㻡㻢㻘㻟㻜㻡㻝㻥㻘㻝㻝㻣㻞㻘㻞㻜㻜㻝㻘㻞㻜㻜㻝㻘㻤㻡㻜㻝㻘㻡㻡㻢㻝㻟㻘㻤㻡㻜㻳㼞㼛㼡㼚㼐㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻦㻌㼜㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼑㼑㼐㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼘㼘㼥㻞㻣㻝㻞㻤㻜㻥㻝㻜㻠㻤㻟㻤㻠㻥㻡㻝㻤㻢㻠㻢㻞㻠㻜㻠㻥㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻦㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㼑㼤㼜㼛㼕㼠㼍㼎㼘㼑㻝㻘㻝㻜㻜㻝㻡㻝㻘㻜㻣㻟㻝㻥㻝㻥㻟㻤㻜

㻭㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻥㻟㼣㼕㼠㼔㼐㼞㼍㼣㼍㼘㽢㻝㻜㼙㻛䡕䡎㻡㻡㻝㻢㻟㻡㻤㻜㻚㻜㻤㻞㻝㻜㻞㻚㻣㻠㻜㻜㻚㻠㻢㻝㻤㻝㻤㻢㻝㻭㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞䠂㼣㼕㼠㼔㼐㼞㼍㼣㼍㼘㻌㼍㼟㻌㼜㼍㼞㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻢㻟㻠㻣㻢㻠㻞㻤㻝㻥㻜㻠㻡㻢㻤㻡㻥㻞㻥㻞㻢㻡㻭㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㼞㼑㼝㼡㼕㼞㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㼟㻞㻟㻟㻤㻤㻜㻚㻝㻟㻝㻟㻟㻝㻥㻝㻿㼡㼞㼒㼍㼏㼑㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㼐㼞㼍㼣㼍㼘㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㻟㻜㻠㻡㻣㻜㻚㻜㻤㻡㻥㻝㻢㻡㻝㻝㻝㻞㻤㻟㻡㻢㻟㻳㼞㼛㼡㼚㼐㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㼐㼞㼍㼣㼍㼘㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㻠㻝㻜㻠㻌㻝㻜㻡㻠㻡㻤㻝㻞㻝㻢㻰㼑㼟㼍㼘㼕㼚㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㼜㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼑㼐㻜㻚㻜㻠㻜㻚㻜㻜㻞㻟㻚㻣㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻞㻢㻚㻥㻜㻜㻚㻞㻜㼀㼞㼑㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㼣㼍㼟㼠㼑㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㽢㻝㻜㻥㼙㻟㻛䡕䡎㼞㼑㼡㼟㼑㼐㻜㻚㻤㻝㻜㻚㻜㻥㻥㻤㻚㻜㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻝㻠㻚㻤㻝㻜㻚㻡㻜㻜㻚㻠㻟

With respect to the existing policies regarding irrigation, drainage and fl ood control, extent of importance was shown as High, Medium and Low graded by each country.

Table 2-2: Q2: Existing police regarding irrigation, drainage and ﬂ ood control(1)

Grade of Priority for Policies䚷䠖䚷H : High䚷䠈䚷M : Medium䠈䚷䚷䚷L : Low䚷䠈䚷䠉 : No Answer 㻔㻱㼍㼏㼔㻌㼏㼛㼡㼚㼠㼞㼥㻌㼓㼕㼢㼑㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼓㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㼜㼞㼕㼛㼞㼕㼠㼥㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼜㼛㼘㼕㼏㼕㼑㼟㻕㻌

Water resorces Irrigation Drainage Management Flood control City/Urban Industry Region Country Development facilities facilities organization facilities water water

East Asia Japan H䊻MH H H H M M

Korea H䊻MH䊻MH LM䊻HH H

ChinaMMMHMHM Southeast East Timor H H 䠉 MMML Asia Philippine H H H M H H H

Viet Num L H 䠉 HHH䊻MM

Laos 䠉 HMMMM䠉

Cambodia H H H M H 䠉䠉

Myanmar H H L M H M M

South Asia Sri Lanka H M䊻HM䊻HMM䊻HM䊻HM

Pakistan H H H M H H L

West Asia Iran H H M H H H H

Turkey H H M䊻HHHHM䊻H

Oceania Australia HLLMMHH

In many countries, the government policy on irrigation facilities is changed from the new development to the rehabilitation and maintenance of existing irrigation facilities. However, there are still a lot of countries which have high priority policy on the establishment of irrigation facilities.

Questionnaire Survey 17 Recently, there are a lot of countries which have faced disaster due to fl ood in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Priority has risen about policy of establishment of fl ood control in these countries (South Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka, etc.). Th e priority policy has been changed to city water and industry water supply due to the development of city and industry. .

Table 2-3-1: Q2: Existing police regarding irrigation, drainage and ﬂ ood control(2-1)

㻔㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㼕㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻯㼛㼙㼙㼑㼚㼠㼟㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼑㼍㼏㼔㻌㼏㼛㼡㼚㼠㼞㼥㻌㼍㼎㼛㼡㼠㻌㼑㼤㼕㼟㼠㼕㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼜㼛㼘㼕㼏㼑

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼛㼞㼏㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻾㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㻯㼛㼡㼚㼠㼞㼥㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼒㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻰㼞㼍㼕㼚㼍㼓㼑㻌㼒㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼛㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

From development to the stock 㻱㼍㼟㼠㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚 management of existing facilities.

Changed from the hardware to About 5% of paddy land is still Don’t experience serious drought 103WUAs were merged into software under the risky condition from 㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍 damage in recent year government running corporation. flooding.

㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍䠉䠉䠉䠉

㻿㼛㼡㼠㼔㼑㼍㼟㼠 Announced construction of dams Agricultural Rehabilitation project 㻱㼍㼟㼠㻌㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞and reservoirs for irrigation water has been applied from 2001 to 䠉㻭㼟㼕㼍 resource 2008 food self-sufficiency objective of Need to make productive the Need to upgrade existing systems 㻌㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑 government. limited agricultural area. Incress irrigatin areas though Regard improvement of irrigation rehabilitation for lining of irrigation 䠉㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙 efficiency. and reservoir. It is importnat policy for increase The flood occur in lower area 䠉㻸㼍㼛㼟 prodution of foods. along Mekon river.

Rehabilitation of existing irrigation 㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍 facilities will be important policy.

Warter Resource Development for Maintenace and Rehabilitation 㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞 Irrigation is Urgent task works are essentially required.

㻿㼛㼡㼠㼔㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍

The irrigation needs rehabilitation. 㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚 Remodeling. New dams are required. Prime priority (Constructing and Important national policy expends the Irrigation and 㼃㼑㼟㼠㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻵㼞㼍㼚 National food self sufficiency. drainage, rehabilitation) Determines the amount of water to Prevention of damage to both Listed such as establishing be used from a well in terms of 㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥 surface water and ground water irrigation facilities flow. Improving irrigation water use 㻻㼏㼑㼍㼚㼕㼍㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍 efficiency. 䠉 Encouraging a move to irrigating

㻳㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㻼㼞㼕㼛㼞㼕㼠㼥㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻼㼛㼘㼕㼏㼕㼑㼟㻌㻦㻌㻴㻦㼔㼕㼓㼔㻘㻹㻦㻹㼑㼐㼕㼡㼙㻘㻸㻦㻸㼛㼣㻘㻦㻺㼛㻌㻭㼚㼟㼣㼑㼞

Table 2-3-2: Q2: Existing policy regarding irrigation, drainage and ﬂ ood control(2-2)

㻔㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻘㻯㼕㼠㼥㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻘㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻕㻷㼑㼥㻌㼣㼛㼞㼐㼟㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼑㼍㼏㼔㻌㼏㼛㼡㼚㼠㼞㼥㻌㼍㼎㼛㼡㼠㻌㼑㼤㼕㼟㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼜㼛㼘㼕㼏㼑

㻾㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㻯㼛㼡㼚㼠㼞㼥㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼒㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻯㼕㼠㼥㻛㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞

㻱㼍㼟㼠㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚 It has been emphasized to strengthen flood Develop water resource for industry is still 㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍 control capacities. not decreased. 㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍䠉䠉䠉 Not so much demand for industry water. 㻿㼛㼡㼠㼔㼑㼍㼟㼠㻱㼍㼟㼠㻌㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻭㼟㼕㼍 Need to protect the devoted to production, Need policy reforms to encourage more efficient use of water. 㻌㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑 infrastructures, live and properties. 㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙

㻸㼍㼛㼟䠉 Establishment of flood control facilities. flood 䠉䠉㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍 damage by Mekon river Maintenace and Rehabilitation works are Water use adjustment between irrigation and 㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞 essentially required. industry use Build a flood detention reservoirs in upper 㻿㼛㼡㼠㼔㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍 catchments and flood bunds in lower areas. High priorities are given to excess safe 㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚 drinking water. 㼃㼑㼟㼠㻌㻭㼟㼕㼍㻵㼞㼍㼚 Integrated to the decision-making process for Construction of hydraulic structures for Responsible for the long-term supply of 㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥 basin management. drinking water supply industrial water On-going water scarcity has led to strict 㻻㼏㼑㼍㼚㼕㼍㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍 water restrictions.

㻳㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㻼㼞㼕㼛㼞㼕㼠㼥㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻼㼛㼘㼕㼏㼕㼑㼟㻌㻦㻌㻴㻦㼔㼕㼓㼔㻘㻹㻦㻹㼑㼐㼕㼡㼙㻘㻸㻦㻸㼛㼣㻘㻦㻺㼛㻌㻭㼚㼟㼣㼑㼞

18 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Regarding general recognition and assessment for climate change eff ects, grading of the priorities was attempted based upon the descriptions in the questionnaire. Under the category of media coverage and sessions & symposium, 4 grades namely M for many, S for some, F for few and N for none were chosen. Under the category of government organization, 4 grades namely OP for organized and many plan, O for organized, N for organized but no activity and U for unorganized were chosen. 1. In East Asia and Australia, a lot of media reports about climate change were broadcast. Government and the people are strongly interested in it. Many symposia and sessions are held. 2. In Southeast Asia, Th e people are not interested in the climate change except Philippines. Symposia and sessions also are supported by each government. But, each country already has set up organizations in the government to address climate change. 3. In the dry regions of South Asia and West Asia, people have strong concern in the climate change. Th ere are a lot of participants in symposia and sessions.

Table 2-4: Q3: General recognition and assessment for the effects of climate change(1)

Media Coverage 䚷䚷 M:Many S:Some F:Few N:Nothing -:No answer Session and Symposium 䚷 M:Many S: some F: Few N:Nothing -:No answer Government organization/Agents OP:Organaized and many plan O:Organized N:Organized but no activity 䚷 U: Unorganized -:No answer (Categorized by ARTF-CC) Media Sessions and Government Region Country Comments coverage symposium organizations Established global warming prevention head quarters under the prime minster. East Asia Japan M M OP Media has been interested in climate change issues last 5 years. Korea M S OP "Governmental Countermeasure Authority on Climate Change Convention"was established The first Political document was "China National Plan for Coping with Claimate Change China 䠉 MOP "In 2007. Southeast A NGO has held national workshop on climate Change with paticipation of East Timor N F N Asia government. The general public is very much aware of the impacts of climate change. Philippine M S O A few times per year, medium and large scale symposium were held. Viet Num F S OP Superintendence of claimate change is Ministry of Water resources and environment Laos F S O Meeting "Cambodian National Adaptation Program of Action to Climate Change"by Cambodia 䠉䠉 O Gavernment in 2008. Media coverage concerning climate change could not have been broadly. Myanmar N F O In the event of any prohable natural disaster, advance warning and forecast is repeatedly South Asia Sri Lanka F F O telecast and announce in all electronic media. The official launch of the technical advisory panel on climate change was held in 2008 Pakistan S S O Interviewing by many university prof. on Impact of Climate change by Iran TV. West Asia Iran S S 䠉 Both national and local media have issued the climate change topic every day. Turkey M S OP Climate change makes the headlines on an almost daily basis. Oceania Australia M S OP Department of Climate Change (new federal department)

Q4 deals with examples of the possible climate change eff ects. Various descriptions were made and were graded into 4 categories. Th ose are high temperature, eff ect to crops, change in rainfall patterns and increase of sea level. 1. In East Asia and Southeast Asia, there are a lot of countries which have problems of adverse eff ect to the crops due to high temperature. Also, it is expected that there are occurrences of fl oods and energy problems due to change of rainfall pattern. 2. In maritime countries of Southeast Asia and South Asia, there are problems of saltwater intrusion and land submergence due to increase of sea level. 3. Th e infl uence of the drought due to increasing temperature is strong in a dry region in west Asia and Oceania.

Questionnaire Survey 19 Table 2-5-1: Q4: Examples of the effects that seem to be caused by climate change (1-1)

(East Asia , Southeast Asia) Color pattern : High temperature 䚷Effect to the crops 䚷䚷䚷 Change of rainfull patterns䚷䚷 Increase sea level Region Country Examples of the effects China is seriously affected by climate change, the land surface temperature has increased by 0.5-0.8 in 100 years East Asia China 䞉䉝䚹䞉䠰he trend for the increase of land surface temperature has become accelerated since 1980’s. 䞉There may arise a considerable change in adapted cultivation and cropping patterns. 䞉If temperature rise 3䉝, current cultivation areas are estimated to reduce by 45%. 䞉Measures against weeding, insecticide, and the sickness become more difficult. Korea 䞉The range under cultivation of rice will be extended. But the harvest and the quality might decreass. 䞉Increase tree stress, lower productivity and give rise to negative effects (forest disaster, the proliferation of outbreaks of forest pests & disease.) 䞉The amount of the outflow doesn't increase simply even if precipitation increases. 䞉Decrease in outflow during the springtime and summertime, while the outflow in autumn and winter would increase. 䞉Change of rainfall pattarn. An increase in frequency of heavy rain. Frequent occurrence of localized torrential rain for a short time. It is forecast that river flow regime is greatly changed by the change of the melting of snow period. Japan 䞉䞉High temperature damage of vegetable and fruits, etc. The occurrence of pest 䞉A decrease in amount of harvest of specific farm products such as rice. 䞉Increased temperatures, Heat wave 䞉Changing rainfall patterns : Less rain or much rain 䞉Sea level rise : Higher sea levels would threaten low-lying coastal areas and small islands. Water salination of underground water. 䞉Energy : Bulk of local power supply comes from hydroelectricity. Any decrease in rainfall means more reliance on imported coal and oil. 䞉Food security : Less rain or too much rain means less harvest, change in timing of rain also critical. Rice sterility increases by 16䠂 with a 1䉝 Southeast increase above 34-35 . Philippine 䉝 Asia 䞉Health : Disease vectors (e.g. mosquitoes) will expand their range. 䞉Forests and biodiversity : Moist forests will shrink, turn into dry forests which are prone to fire. Worsen habitat degradation and species loss. Change of watershed area causing floods in the lowlands. 䞉Disaster risks : Increase flood/drought risks 䞉Water resources : Rainfall is decreasing at major dams area. 䞉Marine resources : Warmaer temperatures can kill corals (as in 1998) 䞉Most of the storage volumes of water or pool levels at in-service dam or reservoirs surpersingly become deviating from normal conditions leading to Myanmar gradual decreases or shortages of storage water in due course of time. East Timor 䞉No identification of actual phenomena due to less awareness on climate change. 䞉Increased temperature Changing rainfall patterns : The rainy season will be made short-term and the dry season will be prolonged. Laos 䞉䞉Increased of downpour and flood frequency and increase of amount of rainfall by cyclonic and increases in velocity of the wind. 䞉It has a big influence on the resident life, the agricultural production, and the production base. 䞉Rice harvest is increased and other crops income also is not decreased. 䞉Incresed of disaster due to rapid urbanization and deterioration in forest resources etc. Viet Num 䞉There is a Infiltration of salt water into drinking and Agricultual water on coast area in order of higher sea level. 䞉Loss of farmland due to increased sea level in delta region

Table 2-5-2: Q4: Examples of the effects that seem to be caused by climate change (1-2)

(South Asia , West Asia , Oceania) Color pattern : High temperature Effect to the crops Change of rainfull patterns䚷 Increase sea level

Region Country Examples of the effects In Agriculture, Other industry, Disaster, People's life, the others, etc 䞉Changes in vegetation zone. 䞉Rain fall pattern changes South Asia Pakistan 䞉Vulnerability of crops to heat stress. 䞉Changes in productivity potential, increase utility water. 䞉Increase in disease level due to proliferation of infectious organisms. Death ratio increase and less water available for people. 䞉With ever increasing regulatory pressure to invest cleaner fuel. 䞉In Agriculture, Loss of harvest and crop production, damages to livestocks, loss of soil nutrition and increase of Pests and adversive weeds. 䞉In people's life, loss of shelter and lives, damages to movable and immovable property, increase in sanitation problems and health risks. Water supply, Trandport, Electricity etc. Contamination of ground and surface water thereby threatening domestic and industrial use of safe water. Sri Lanka 䞉䞉Paralyzing the highway and railway transport systems affecting food supply and general transport. 䞉Industry, due to abnormal changes in precipitation patterns, risk associated with the reservoir levels and power house leads to collapses in supply chains to industries. 䞉If general the overall rainfall decreased by 10䠂 where, the largest reduction occurs in East southern of Caspian Sea and West part of the country. The regions have been faced with 23 mm reduction in rainfall. West Asia Iran 䞉The agricultural water requirement will be increased by 6-10% by the impacts of climate change. 䞉In all the study cases the reduction in the base flow of rivers and occurrence of sever draughts has been reported. 䞉Water deficit is the greatest water resources problem in Iran. Climate change and its impacts cause more pressure on the present limited water resources throughout the country. 䞉Rainfall intensity has been increased which is not beneficial for the agriculture, as well in some regions the amount of the rainfall has been Tureky fallen.Farmers can only irrigate and yield crops once a year instead of three times. 䞉Rainfall characteristics have been changed in last 5 years period. 䞉According to the last 15 years statistics, the number of floods and results of them has been increased for last 5 years period. 䞉Increased variability in rainfall and runoff - both spatially and tenporally. 䞉Increased floods and droughts - increase in number and severity of existing pattern - currently affected by what is regarded as the most severe drought on record. 䞉Increased evaporation - already a significant issue for water management in northern Australia. Potential for replenishment of groundwater is currently declining due to prolonged drought conditions and this is expected to continue with resultant Oceania Australia 䞉 impact on water quality. 䞉Increased bleaching of coral reefs due primaly to increaseing water temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide. 䞉Increased crop water demand due to increasing temperratures and higher eveaporation rates. 䞉Increased levels of salinity- salts not washed away due to reduced rainfall and rising watertable. 䞉Increased saltwater instrusion due to increased sea levels, more storm events, reduced rainfall and higher water demamd

20 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia National strategy or basic direction for measures to cope with climate change was divided into mitigation measures and adaptation measures. Each measure was graded under the categories of irrigation drainage and fl ood control (water related countermeasures) and other fi eld. Th eir priority is divided into 4. Th ey are M for many, S for some, OP for only plan and N for none.

Table 2-6: Q5: National Strategy or the basic direction for measures to cope with climate change (1)

Number of Measures M:Many S:Some OP:Only plan N:Nothing -:No answer (Categorized by ARTF-CC) Containment measures Adaptation measures

Region Country The field of Irrigation, The field of Irrigation, other field other field drainage and flood control drainage and flood control

East Asia Japan SMSM Korea N䊻SN䊻SM M

China 䠉䠉䠉䠉 Southeast East Timor NNNN Asia Philippine MSMS

Viet Num 䠉 SSS

Laos OP OP 䠉 OP

Cambodia 䠉䠉䠉䠉 Myanmar MSSS South Asia Pakistan SSMS

Sri Lanka S 䠉 S 䠉 West Asia Iran SSMS Turkey MMMM Oceania Australia MMMM

1. Mitigation measures against climate change are actively done in Australia and Japan. Th ey are also done in the Philippines, Pakistan and Myanmar. Exhaust control of greenhouse gas, Reduction of carbon dioxide by aff orestation are reported by way of the main containment measures. Small hydroelectric power plants using irrigation facility are reported by the way of mitigation measures in the fi eld of irrigation in Japan. 2. About adaptation measures, design criteria and safety policies for irrigation facilities are reviewed in Korea and Australia. Increase of irrigation effi ciency and fl ood protection, etc. is done in Iran, Pakistan and a part of Southeast Asia. But, there are countries that only do a basic investigation, and the status of measures is uneven in each country.

Questionnaire Survey 21 Table 2-7: Q5: National Strategy or the basic direction for measures to cope with climate change (2)

Representative Comments from each country Number of Measures M:Many S:Some OP:Only plan N:Nothing -:No answer Category C:Containment measures A:Adaptation measures I.D. and F. : the field of irrigation, drainage and flood control O. F. : other field Region Country Category Comments C I.D.and F. Small hydroelectric facility using irrigation facility. Calculation for dischage amount of green house gas. Japan C O.F. Forest maintenance,䚷Use of biomass energy. Measures to conserve energy A O.F. The measures for controlling global warming grand strategy The current disaster management system is now preparing to consider the impacts of climate change on major infrastructural East Asia C I.D.and F. and other field systems. Korea Design criteria for dam crest, spillway, storage pond and pumping station for drainage were revised and strengthened to cope with A I.D.and F. and other field abnormal weather disaster in the field of drainage and flood control in 2003 China No comment East Timor A I.D.and F. Since no identifivation of actual phenomena, no application measure. C I.D.and F. Water management, Adjustment in cropping calender, Restoration of irrigation facilities and structurees. Philippine Utilization of drought and submergence tolerant varieties, and aerobic rice, Irrigation improvement, Protection of groundwater A I.D.and F. resources, Improved management and maintenance of water supply systems. Southeast Viet Num C O.F. Tree planting Asia A I.D.and F. Repair work of dams and reservoirs Laos A O.F. Flood protection for city and Vientane. Water resource development in drought prone areas. Cambodia No comment Containment measures have now been underway and each listed item would be carried out as per pre-formulated short term, Myanmar C I.D.and F. medium term or long term work programmes. Sri Lanka A I.D.and F. Use of instrumentation and remote sensing methods to facilitate early warning ssystems. South Asia 䞉It never results in contamination of water in former of pools and ponds etc which can cause the liberation of greenhouse gas. Pakistan A I.D.and F. 䞉Construction of embankments, spurs, diversion structures, Channelization of flood water. 䞉Change in conventional cropping pattern to move water resistance crops. West Asia Iran A I.D.and F. 䞉Land use change due to water availability. 䞉Increase irrigation efficiency through a number of measures such as better water control technology. 䞉8 working groups related with inventory, decreasing the green gas emission, training and public awareness setting up policy and C I.D.and F. and other field strategy, etc. Turkey A I.D.and F. 䞉The ratio of pipe system in under construction projects has been recently increased to %60. A O.F. 䞉Between 2003-2009 years, 2.3 million hectare area was afforestated. Significant maney has been allocated in the 2008 federal budget to upgrade water infrastructure to mitigate impacts of drought and C I.D.and F. climate change 䞉Project/incentives to lower greenhouse gas creation C O.F. 䞉Building understanding and adaptive capacity. Oceania Australia 䞉Researching key Knowledge gaps about climate and water resources. A I.D.and F. 䞉Work with the water industry to ensure that climate change impacts and risks are incorporated into water resource and infrastructure planning and management. 䞉Coastal regions - building on current assessments to include impacts of extrem events under climate change scenarios. A O.F. 䞉Natural disaster management - research impact of cliamate change for key events such as bushfires, floods,cyclones.

We also received the data about Q6 and Q7 from some countries.

2.3 Analysis of filled-out questionnaires

Th e result was compiled and analyzed in line with climatic condition and development stage of each country.

Water stress rate

A country’s policy about climate change will be strongly infl uenced by water situation. In order to show relative water scarcity, Oki (2006) proposed an index named “Water stress index”, which can be obtained by annual used water amount divided by potential annual water capacity for using. Th e result of the calculation is displayed in each mesh with all sides of 10km on a world map. Water stress indexes 0~0.1 was classifi ed as low stress, 0.1~0.4 as medium stress, and 0.4~1.0 as high stress, respectively. Looking into the Asian region, many high stress regions with red color are found revealing that the water resources used has reached its upper limit.

22 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Figure 2-4: The Index of Water Stress

Th e average water scarcity of each country was estimated using water stress index map. It was named “Water stress rate”. Th e value of the water stress index varies in each country, and it is not appropriate to use the mean value in each country. So, by using the idea of weighted average, the value of the water stress index was evaluated by considering its areal variances. First, each country was classifi ed by the high-medium-low range of the water stress and the range was classifi ed further by the area ratio of the distribution of the stress that each country held. Th us water stress rate was obtained.

Figure 2-5: The method of evaluation about Water Stress Rate obtained by Water Stress Index

The variances exist in the water stress distribution in each country. So, further classification is done according to the size of the distribution. Water Stress Rate Rating by considering area Simple Japan model factor Large Area 9 (Red) 8 High 7

low Water stress high Material offer䠖Taikan Oki䞉Shinjiro Kanae䠄Tokyo University䠅 6 Medium Japan has not only Red zone (high So 5 stress) but also much Blue zone (low stress). 4 But Low 3 The maximum value of the water stress index is also a overt stress that Japan holds in fact. 2

So 1 Small Area Cannot assess the stress by simple average method.

Questionnaire Survey 23 Relation between annual precipitation and Water Stress Rate

It was surmised that there might be some relation between a country’s absolute water resources and water stress rate. To investigate upon this, the annual precipitation was represented in the horizontal axis and water stress rate in the vertical axis and each country’s position was marked on the graph. Countries neighboring on a graph are grouped and it was possible to categorize 14 countries into 4 groups (Figure 2.6 of precipitation and water stress rate).

Figure 2-6: Relation between Precipitation and Water Stress Rate

㻝㻜㻌㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻰㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻭㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻥㻌 Japan, Korea, Philippine, 㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍 Sri Lanka 㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍㻤㻌㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻣㻌㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑㻢㻌 Pakistan, Iran, 㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙 Turkey,Australia,China 㻡㻌㻸㼍㼛㼟㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻮㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍㻠㻌

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞 Viet Num, Myanmar 㻟㻌㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻯㻞㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚 Timor-Leste, Laos, 㻵㼞㼍㼚㻝㻌 Combodia 㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻜㻌㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻜㻌㻡㻜㻜㻌㻝㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻘㻡㻜㻜㻌㻞㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻘㻡㻜㻜㻌㻟㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻘㻡㻜㻜㻌㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

Radar Charts

Radar chart of current policy

In order to visualize current water related policy of each country, the concept of radar chart was introduced. Seven components regarding current policies related to water namely, water resources development, irrigation facilities, drainage facilities, management organization, industry water, city/urban water and fl ood control facilities were selected for representing them in the radar chart. Based on the answer to the questionnaire, grade of each component was put on the radar chart. Joining the points of equal grade, heptagonal shapes were obtained (Figure 2.7) showing the character of current water related policy of a country at a glance.

24 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Figure 2-7: Rating of Q.2 results in Questionnaire ~ representation by radar chart ~

In the radar charts of the countries, one can fi nd some similarity or tendency among countries belonging in the same group. For the countries in group A, 1. High Priority Fields: Irrigation Facilities Drainage Facilities 2. Relatively Low Priority Field: Management Organization.

Questionnaire Survey 25 Figure 2-8: The Current Policies - Group A Countries

Japan Korea

㻝㻜㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍㻥

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻤㻡㻡

㻠㻠㻣㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻟㻟㻢

㻞㻞㻡㻝㻝㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻠㻜㻜㻟㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻞

㻝

㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻜㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻜㻡㻜㻜㻝㻘㻜㻜㻜㻝㻘㻡㻜㻜㻞㻘㻜㻜㻜㻞㻘㻡㻜㻜㻟㻘㻜㻜㻜㻟㻘㻡㻜㻜㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚 The Current Water Sector Condition Sri Lanka Philippine

㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻡㻡

㻠㻠㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻟㻟

㻞㻞

㻝㻝

㻜㻜

㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟

㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

For the countries in group B, 1. High Priority Fields: Irrigation Facilities Flood Control 2. Low Priority Field: Drainage Facilities

Figure 2-9: The Current Policies - Group B Countries

Viet Num Myanmar

㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻡㻡

㻠㻠㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻟㻟

㻞㻞

㻝㻝

㻜㻜

㻝㻜

㻥

㻤

㻣

㻢

㻡㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻠

㻟

㻞

㻝

㻜㻜㻡㻜㻜㻝㻘㻜㻜㻜㻝㻘㻡㻜㻜㻞㻘㻜㻜㻜㻞㻘㻡㻜㻜㻟㻘㻜㻜㻜㻟㻘㻜㻜㻜㻟㻘㻡㻜㻜㻟㻘㻡㻜㻜㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚 The Current Water Sector Condition

26 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia For the countries in group C, 1. High Priority Fields: Water Resources Development Irrigation Facilities Drainage Facilities 2. Relatively Low Priority Field: Industry water

Figure 2-10: The Current Policies - Group C Countries

Timor-Leste Laos Cambodia

㻸㼍㼛㼟

㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻡㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻡㻡㻠㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻠㻠㻟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻟㻟㻞㻞㻞㻝㻝㻝㻜

㻜㻜㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟

㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

㻝㻜

㻥

㻤

㻣

㻢

㻡㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻠

㻟

㻞

㻝

㻜㻜㻡㻜㻜㻝㻘㻜㻜㻜㻝㻘㻡㻜㻜㻞㻘㻜㻜㻜㻞㻘㻡㻜㻜㻟㻘㻜㻜㻜㻟㻘㻡㻜㻜㻟㻘㻡㻜㻜㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚 The Current Water Sector Condition

For the countries in group D, 1. High Priority Fields: Water Resources Development City & Urban Water Development. Flood Control 2. Low Priority Fields: Drainage Control, except Pakistan. Pakistan has the problem of salinity in the Indus River Irrigation System.

Questionnaire Survey 27 Figure 2-11: The Current Policies - Group D Countries (Low Precipitation, High Water Stress)

Pakistan Iran Turkey

㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㻵㼞㼍㼚㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻡㻡㻡

㻠㻠㻠㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻟㻟㻟

㻞㻞㻞

㻝㻝㻝㻜㻜㻜

㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟

㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

Australia China 㻝㻜㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻯㼔㼕㼚㼑㼟㼑㻥㻌㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍㻤㻌㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻰㼑㼢㼑㼘㼛㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻡㻡㻣㻌㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑㻠㻠㻢㻌㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻟㻟㻡㻌㻸㼍㼛㼟㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍㻞㻞㻠㻌

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞㻝㻝㻟㻌㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻜㻜㻞㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㻵㼞㼍㼚㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻯㼕㼠㼥㻌㻛㻌㼁㼞㼎㼍㼚㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻰㼞㼍㼕㼍㼚㼓㼑㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻝㻌㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻜㻌㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻜㻌㻡㻜㻜㻌㻝㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻘㻡㻜㻜㻌㻞㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻘㻡㻜㻜㻌㻟㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻘㻡㻜㻜㻌㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㻲㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚 The Current Water Sector Condition

Precipitation response

Th e ASRWG countries were categorized by the future condition of the water sector using Precipitation Response and Water Stress Rate in order to consider the future policies of water sector in these countries. Here, Precipitation Response is an index evaluated by IPCC, to show the fl uctuation of precipitation in future as follows.

Table 2-8: The Value of Precipitation Response in ASRWG countries

ASRWG Countries Value Japan, Korea, and China- 9 Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Laos, 7 Myanmar, Sri Lanka- 11 Pakistan and Iran- -3 Australia -4

Precipation Response is the value, which is evaluated by IPCC, to show the fl uctuation of precipitation in future.

Th e precipitation response is shown in Table 11.1 in the Chapter 11 of IPCC 4th Assessment Report 3.

Th e mean precipitation responses are fi rst averaged for each model over all available realizations of the 1980 to 1999 period from the 20th Century Climate in Coupled Models simulations and the 2080 to 2099 period. Computing the diff erence between these two periods, the table shows the minimum, maximum, median (50%), and 25 and 75% quartile values among the 21 models, for precipitation (%) change.

We use the value of annual mean and 50 % diff erence in the above Table 11.1.

28 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Relation between Precipitation Response and Water Stress Rate

It was assumed that irrigation, drainage and fl ood control policy of a country will be aff ected by increased/ decreased rainfall caused by climate change. Th erefore, a fi gure was prepared by taking Precipitation Response identifi ed by IPCC as horizontal axis and Water Stress Rate as vertical axis and each country’s position was placed on it. As a result, 14 countries could be categorized into 4 groups. 1. Th e precipitation of Group A, B, C in the graph of the current condition of water sector has the tendency of increasing in volume in future. 2. On the contrary, the precipitation of Group D has the tendency of decreasing in volume in future. Th erefore, some countermeasures have been taken in some countries.

For example, countries of increasing precipitation have taken such countermeasures as, revising of design criteria for irrigation facilities (Korea) and improving irrigation facilities, management & maintenance of water supply system. (Philippines)

Countries of decreasing precipitation have taken such countermeasures as, increasing irrigation effi ciency (Iran)

Figure 2-12: Relation between Precipitation Response and GDP

㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻰㻝㻜㻌㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻭㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻥㻌 Japan, Korea, China, Philippine, Sri Lanka 㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍㻤㻌㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻣㻌㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻮 Pakistan, Iran, 㻢㻌㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙 Turkey,Australia Viet Num, Myanmar 㻸㼍㼛㼟㻡㻌㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍㻠㻌㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻟㻌㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌㻯㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㻞㻌㻵㼞㼍㼚 Timor-Leste, Laos, 㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻝㻌 Combodia 㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻜㻌㻙㻢㻌㻙㻠㻌㻙㻞㻌㻜㻌㻞㻌㻠㻌㻢㻌㻤㻌㻝㻜㻌㻝㻞㻌㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻾㼑㼟㼜㼛㼚㼟㼑䠄㻑䠅

Relation between per capita GDP and Water Stress Rate

It was also assumed that mitigation and adaptation measures to address climate change are infl uenced by the situation of economic development of each country. Based on this assumption, the ASRWG countries were categorized by per capita GDP (gross domestic product) and Water Stress Rate. Fourteen countries could be categorized into 4 groups.

Questionnaire Survey 29 Figure 2-13: Relation between GDP and Water Stress Rate Categorized by GDP & Water Stress Rate

㻝㻜㻌㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌䊢㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌䊠㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌䊡㻥㻌 Korea 㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍㻤㻌㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻣㻌㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑 Japan, Australia 㻢㻌 China,Philippine, 㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㻌䊣 SriLanka,Pakistan, 㻸㼍㼛㼟㻡㻌 Iran, Turkey 㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍㻠㻌㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻟㻌㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻞㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㻵㼞㼍㼚㻝㻌 Viet Num, Myanmar 㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻜㻌㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻜㻌㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻠㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻳㻰㻼䠄㼁㻿㻐㻛㻯㼍㼜㼕㼠㼍㼘䠅

Group Categories Countries I High GDP & High Stress Japan, Australia II Mid GDP & High Stress Korea III Low GDP & High Stress China, Philippine, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran IV Low GDP & Low-Mid Stress Viet Nam, Myanmar

Radar chart of people’s recognition and national strategy on climate change

In order to visualize answers related to Q3 and Q5 regarding social activities and policies related to climate change, another radar chart was developed. In Questionnaire 3: General recognition and assessment of the eff ects of climate change, the situation of media coverage, government session, and others were asked. Th e assumption was that these activities would encourage and infl uence developing mitigation and adaptation measures to address climate change. In Questionnaire 5: National strategy or the basic direction for measures to cope with climate change, mitigation or adaptation measures for climate change and other fi elds were asked. Since Q3 and Q5 are closely related, 7 important components from each of the two Questionnaires were selected and merged into one radar chart to show the relation among the components. Th e components selected were adaptation measures (irrigation & drainage and others respectively), mitigation measures (irrigation & drainage and others respectively), government organization/agents, session & symposium, and media coverage. Th e resulting heptagonal radar chart illustrates characteristic social activities and policy regarding climate change in each country.

30 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Figure 2-14: Rating of Q.3, Q.5 result in Questionnaire

Heptagonal shapes of the countries belonging to each group in the fi gure showing relation between per capita GDP and Water Stress Rate 2-13 were compared to see their similarity.

Th e features of the countries in group I are 1. Activities of media and the government are positive. 2. Th ese enlightenment activities encourage the mitigation and adaptation measures to address climate change.

Figure 2-15: Activities and Measures to address C.C. Group I

Questionnaire Survey 31 Th e features of the country in Group II are 1. Th e radar chart is similar to the one in Group I. 2. Th e value of component of adaptation measures is slightly higher than that of mitigation measures.

Figure 2-16: Activities and Measures to address C.C. Group II Korea

㻹㼑㼐㼕㼍㻌㻯㼛㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻝㻜㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻠㻥㻌㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍㻟㻤㻌㻭㼐㼛㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻿㼑㼟㼟㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼥㼙㼜㼛㼟㼕㼡㼙㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻣㻌㻞㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑㻢㻌㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙㻝㻡㻌㻸㼍㼛㼟㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍㻜㻠㻌

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞㻳㼛㼢㼑㼞㼚㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻟㻌㻭㼐㼍㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻌㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼛㼚㼟㻛㻭㼓㼑㼚㼠㼟㻞㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㻵㼞㼍㼚㻝㻌㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻜㻌㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻜㻌㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻠㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻳㻰㻼䠄㼁㻿㻐㻛㻯㼍㼜㼕㼠㼍㼘䠅

Th e features of the countries in group III are 1. Th e area of radar chart is smaller to that of countries in Group I and II. 2. Th e variation of the values of 7 components is wide.

Figure 2-17: Activities and Measures to address C.C. Group III

China Philippine Sri Lanka

㻹㼑㼐㼕㼍㻌㻯㼛㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻹㼑㼐㼕㼍㻌㻯㼛㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻹㼑㼐㼕㼍㻌㻯㼛㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻠㻠㻠

㻟㻟㻟㻭㼐㼛㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻿㼑㼟㼟㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼥㼙㼜㼛㼟㼕㼡㼙㻭㼐㼛㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻿㼑㼟㼟㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼥㼙㼜㼛㼟㼕㼡㼙㻭㼐㼛㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻿㼑㼟㼟㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼥㼙㼜㼛㼟㼕㼡㼙㻞㻞㻞

㻝㻝㻝

㻜㻜㻜㻳㼛㼢㼑㼞㼚㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻳㼛㼢㼑㼞㼚㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻳㼛㼢㼑㼞㼚㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻭㼐㼍㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻌㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻭㼐㼍㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻌㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻭㼐㼍㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻌㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼛㼚㼟㻛㻭㼓㼑㼚㼠㼟㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼛㼚㼟㻛㻭㼓㼑㼚㼠㼟㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼛㼚㼟㻛㻭㼓㼑㼚㼠㼟

㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻯㼛㼚㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕㻔㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻕㻔㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻕 Pakistan Iran Turkey

㻹㼑㼐㼕㼍㻌㻯㼛㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻹㼑㼐㼕㼍㻌㻯㼛㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻹㼑㼐㼕㼍㻌㻯㼛㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻠㻠㻠

㻝㻝㻝

㻝㻜㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻥㻌㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍㻤㻌㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻣㻌㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑㻢㻌㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙㻡㻌㻸㼍㼛㼟㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍㻠㻌

㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼞㼑㼟㼟㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞㻟㻌㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻞㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㻵㼞㼍㼚㻝㻌㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻜㻌㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻜㻌㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻝㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻞㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻟㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻠㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻳㻰㻼䠄㼁㻿㻐㻛㻯㼍㼜㼕㼠㼍㼘䠅

32 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Th e features of the countries in group IV are – 1. Th e area of radar charts of Group IV is smaller to that of Group I and II. 2. Broadcasting by private media is not plenty. Th e government has the main role for enlightenment on the activities of climate change.

Figure 2-18: Activities and Measures to address C.C. Group IV

Viet Nam

Relation between Precipitation Response and per capita GDP

Th e ASRWG countries were categorized by using Precipitation Response and per capita GDP for future discussions about mitigation & adaptation measures on climate change in these countries.

Figure 2-19: Relation between Precipitation Response and GDP

Decreasing Precip. & High GDP 㻠㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚 Increasing Precip. & High GDP 㻷㼛㼞㼑㼍㻟㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌 Japan 㻯㼔㼕㼚㼍 Australia 㻟㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㼀㼕㼙㼛㼞㻙㻸㼑㼟㼠㼑㻼㼔㼕㼘㼕㼜㼜㼕㼚㼑㻞㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌 Increasing Precip. & Midle GDP 㼂㼕㼑㼠㻌㻺㼡㼙㻞㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻸㼍㼛㼟 Decreasing Precip. GDP (US$/Captital) Korea 㻯㼍㼙㼎㼛㼐㼕㼍 & Midle GDP 㻝㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻹㼥㼍㼚㼙㼍㼞 Turkey Average line (GDP) 㻿㼞㼕㻌㻸㼍㼚㼗㼍㻝㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌㻼㼍㼗㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚 China, Timor-Leste,Philippine, 㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌 Viet Num, Laos,Cambodia, 㻵㼞㼍㼚 Pakistan, Iran Myanmar,Sri Lanka 㼀㼡㼞㼗㼑㼥㻜㻌㻭㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼍㻙㻢㻌㻙㻠㻌㻙㻞㻌㻜㻌㻞㻌㻠㻌㻢㻌㻤㻌㻝㻜㻌㻝㻞㻌 Decreasing Precip. Increasing Precip. & Low GDP & Low GDP Presipitation Response (䠂)

Questionnaire Survey 33 Th e following issues are challenges for us, 1. It was needed to consider the variation of rainfall inside of each country, especially for large countries such as China and Australia. 2. It was needed to consider the seasonal and yearly fl uctuation of rainfall

In case of Japan, the rainfall intensity might increase and the frequency of rainfall might decrease, although the annual average precipitation volume might increase. Th erefore to tackle with this, development of irrigation and fl ood control facilities would be expected.

As the result of various analyses, we could fi nd out 1. relative similarity of existing policy among countries with similar precipitation and Water Stress Rate, and 2. relative similarity of future policy and social activities among countries with similar Precipitation Response and per capita GDP.

Th is means the charts prepared in this chapter could be useful when an irrigation/drainage sector in a country considers its own strategy by referring to and examining other countries’ experiences and countermeasures in the group which their country belongs to.

34 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Case Study 3

3.1 Case study format

Contents of case study format

In order to collect various cases, the following format was prepared and sent to member countries for fi lling– out. Th e format was designed to briefl y explain each case and consists of several components; group & fi eld, background, purpose & goal, present situation, eff ect & result and keys for success. Th e most important part is “Key for success”, in which an experienced problem and a key how to overcome the problem is briefl y described.

Figure 3-1: Case Study Format

Experienced problem→How to overcome

Th e chart of group and fi eld

Th e group & fi eld chart as shown below was also prepared to categorize each case and attached to the request mail when the format was sent.

Th e chart contains not only science & technology but also other fi elds like people’s recognition and governance. Th is is because this study places more emphasis on strategic aspect than each research and techniques to tackle the climate change problem.

Case Study 35 Figure 3-2: Categorized by the theme of case study

Science & Technology

Peoples Strategy Recognion, Invesgaon Social Movement Research

Symposium Analysis Media GovernanceGovernance Campaign Laws & regulaons Organizaon Budget Local Pracces Polical will

People’s parcipaon NGO acvies Others

Contribution to the case study

Twelve member countries as mentioned Figure 3-3 from four sub-regions contributed to this study and 15 fi lled-out formats were submitted; Near East (3 cases): Turkey (2 cases), Iran South Asia (4 cases): Pakistan (2 cases), India, Nepal South East Asia (3 cases): Th ailand, Malaysia, Indonesia East Asia (5 cases): China, Chinese-Taipei, Korea, Japan (2 cases)

As can be seen in the below distribution map, countries submitting cases are well balanced.

Figure 3-3: Countries submitting Case Study

36 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Th eme of the contributed cases

Th ese submitted cases include a wide range of countermeasures, covering research strategy, ground water conservation, study on future climate change at regional base, water policy, review of design standard, dissemination of participatory irrigation management, fl ood management, enhancement of public awareness and others.

Table 3-1: List of Case Study Format

Region Country Theme Group Field West Asia Iran Climate Change impacts on irrigation water Science & Technology Analysis requirement Turkey Research of impact of Climate Change in Seyhan Science & Technology Research River in Turkey Turkey Increasing Public Awareness and Support for Peoples Recognition or “Symposium, Climate Change Social Movement Media & Campaign” South Asia India Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme Peoples Recognition or Campaign (FPARP) – 1st Phase Social Movement Nepal Adaptation to Global Change in Agricultural Science & Technology Research Practices: A Case Study of Indrawati Basin Pakistan Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project Local Practices People participantion (LBDC) Pakistan Water Sector Environmental Management Governance Law & Regulation Planning in Pakistan Southeast Indonesia Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability Science & Technology Strategy Asia Aspects In Java Island Malaysia A Conceptual Framework for the Preparation of Local Practices People participantion Guidelines for Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies Thailand Study of Using Agricultural Land in the Chao Governance “Law & Regulation, Phraya Delta for Mitigating Flood caused by Political Will” Climate Change. East Asia China Managing Climate Change Effect on Groundwater Science & Technology Research through Monitoring Groundwater Chinese Study on Paddy Fields Multi-Functionality for “Science & Technology, “Research, Taipei Sustainable Environment and Climate Change in Peoples Recognition or Campaign” Taiwan (Chinese Taipei) Social Movement” Japan Formulation of strategy for enhancing research “Science Strategy related to global environment established & Technology” Japan Impact assessment of climate change on “Science Research agriculture water use in Mekong River Basin and & Technology” Seki River Basin Korea Design criteria for emergency spillway to cope “Governance, Science “Political Will, with extreme ﬂ ood in the irrigation dam & Technology” Strategy & Research”

An example of the fi lled-out case study format: case of Iran

For reference, the case of Iran is presented here. Th is case belongs to the category-Science & Technology/sub category-Analysis and the title is “Climate Change impacts on irrigation water requirement: A case study in Zayandeh Rud”.

Case Study 37 To begin with, Background is explained and Purpose and Goal are mentioned. Th ree Keys for success were extracted, and each key for success is described in line with problems experienced and how to overcome them (solution).

Th is composition by problem and solution is designed so that “Keys for Success” could be useful to fi nd possible solutions easily when an irrigation and drainage sector in a country considers its own strategy. Concise but clear description is the key for success.

Table 3-2: Case Study Format

Case Study Format (IRAN) - summary Title: Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirement A case study in Zayandeh Rud Irrigation Scheme Group: Science &Technology Field: Analysis I. Outline of the activity Background: One of the most climate change impacts on agriculture is its effects on water requirement of agricultural crops. This impact should be taken into account in preparation of IWRM which is under development for water basins in Iran. Where, the sustainable water allocation to each sector will have to be determined. Encouraged by the results of the preceding researches, and in line with the Iran’s National Climate Change Policy , the Ministry of Energy of Iran took initiative to conduct researches to study impacts of climate change on water resources and agricultural water use and mitigation measures to cope with them for the reasonable agricultural water allocation in future. Where the Ministries of Energy and the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad are responsible for water supply and agricultural water use respectively. Purpose and Goal: Goal: To propose possible adaptation measures to deal with impacts of climate change on agricultural water sector in future in Zayandeh Rud River Basin in future. Step 1: To investigate rainfall and temperature changes in three time period :2010-39, 2040-2069 and 2070-99.along with different climate change scenario. Step 2: To predict the impacts of climate change on ﬂ ow of the river up to the year 2080 in Zayandeh Rud River Basin. Step 3: To predict water requirement of four crops up to the year 2080 in the basin. Step 4: To consider possible adaptation measures for crop production.

No speciﬁ c information available

38 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Groups and fi elds of the contributed cases

Th e submitted case study formats have been reviewed and completed through discussions by email between each contact person and the secretariat. As can be seen in the following chart, the cases extend to various groups and fi elds. Th is illustrates complexity and diversity of problems and solutions related to climate change.

Figure 3-4: Classiﬁ cation of each country KFS on categorized by the theme of case study

Science & Technology Peoples Indonesia Recognion, Strategy Japan/Korea Invesgaon Social China/C. Taipei Research Japan/Nepal Movement Turkey Symposium Turkey Analysis Iran Media C. Taipei/Turkey Governance Thailand Campaign India/Turkey Pakistan Laws & regulaons Organizaon Budget Local Pracces Polical will Korea Malaysia People’s parcipaon Pakistan Thailand NGO acvies Others

Grouping in view of novelty

When one looks into the theme of each case from the viewpoint of novelty, it may be possible to classify the cases into the following three groups. Th e term “novelty” here is used as a meaning whether the methodology has been actually applied or not.

Figure 3-5: Grouping in View of Novelty

Group 1: The theme of the case has long been tackled with. It has recently drawn aenon in view of its importance to cope with climate change impacts. (Chinese-Taipei, Indonesia, India, Pakistan-PIM) Group 2: The theme of the case has been recognized necessary to take acon but has never been tackled with because of low priority. It has recently been goen down to as its importance has been recognized in order to cope with climate change impacts. (China, Korea, Pakistan-EMS , Thailand) Group 3: The theme of the case is newly recognized as caused by climate change. It requires novel approach to solve. (Japan I & II, Nepal, Iran, Turkey-Campaign, -Seyhan)

Case Study 39 Th e people’s concern about climate change eff ects in Group 1 is still at the level of anxiety and they are not willing to take action. Various eff orts are expected in order to let people recognize what will happen by just looking on.

Th e problems in Group 2 have already recognized among government offi cials and researchers, but the recognition has not reached to the people. To solve the problems, dissemination of the relevant information and capacity building of the people concerned will play an important role.

Regarding the problems in Group 3, wider view on the essence of the problems and possible solutions is expected to fi nd out proper countermeasures.

Th us, climate change could work as a trigger to actively promote various irrigation and drainage practices by emphasizing their importance (Group 1), to start not yet practiced activities (Group 2) and to start fi nding out novel approach (Group 3).

Figure 3-6: Classiﬁ cation according to the group

“Table of problem and solution”

39 keys for success have been extracted from the submitted 15 case study formats. Th ese keys for success are the most important in this study. Th ey contain core information with full of ideas and means introduced in each country. Some are innovative and others are practical as well.

To begin with, the following “Table of Problem and Solution” is prepared by arranging extracted 39 keys for success, in which what was the experienced problem and how it was solved (solution) are briefl y explained. Key sentences/words are extracted from all the keys for success and put in order in the table. With the help of this table, 39 keys for success will be analyzed in the next section.

40 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Table 3-3: Table of problem and solution

WEST ASIA Iran-kfs1 Proper estimation methodlogy considering possible risks To use risk analysis issue and monthly data instead of and using suitable data should be found out. yealy presipitation was decided. Iran-kfs2 Use of old method would lead to overestimation of crop The recent ﬁ ndings in other regions should becon- water requirement. formed. Iran-kfs3 Less effort and ﬁ nance are allocated to theresearch on ICID should commit to those vulnerable areas in collect- vulnerable agriculture sector in such regions as South ing and disseminate relevant information. Asia and South Africa. Turkey The activities of the various governmental and other “Cordination Board on Climate Change” was estab- I-kfs1 organizations were dispersed. lished by the Prime Ministerial Circular.

Turkey The intencity of climate change effects had not been The central government took initiative to clarify the I-kfs2 clarifi ed and the relevant information had not reached to future effects and ammended the law for active dis- the people. semination thru. education and media. Turkey Most of the farmars was reluctant to use new irrigation The responsible ministry has been implementing vari- I-kfs3 techniques useful for climate change. ous dissemination activites with the help of media. Turkey Introduction of pressuried irrigation system was hindared The government prepared subsidiary system for far- I-kfs4 due to economic and technical reasons. mars and technical guidance to engineers etc. TurkeyII- Necessary budget and support by the government The study leaders negotiated the relevant National kfs1 organizations were not smoothly obtained. Council for budget and organizational support. TurkeyII- Each researcher’s concern was limited in his own fi eld Various meetings with different scale and interval were kfs2 and this hindared cooperation among reserchers. organaized in order to share the project aim. SOUTH ASIA India-kfs1 Poor effi ciency of irrigation system was serve problem Various programmes have been carried out by the affecting people to be solved immediately government under the political leadership. India-kfs2 Many water saving methods developed by the reserchers The government implement the project to demonstrate were not used by the farmers because they did not have the technologies available and issued an application occasions to see the reserch outcomes. guidelines to openly call for reserchers’ participation. India-kfs3 Reserchers recognized the conditions of experimental The reserchers modifi ed their method to be easily used and demonstration farm were quite different. by the farmers. India-kfs4 Reserchers need occasion to share the farmers’ fi eld The government organized a congress for the reserch- experience in order to modify the methods. ers to grasp the actual farmers’ fi eld conditions. Nepal- It became clear the original reserch team size was too Reserch team was strengthened and data collection kfs1 small and data collection site/template were unsuitable. plan was readjusted. Nepal- This reserch with complex and multi-disciplinary nature The data were collected by integrated approach em- kfs2 of the reserch made the analysis diffi cult. ploying all possible methods and cross verifi ed. Pakistan Diffi culties in formulating substantial FOs were felt in the Positive/negative checklists were provided to show suc- I-kfs1 absence of any guidelines and other materials. cess/failure factors for formation of FOs. Pakistan Applying formal approach had some limitations especially The formal and informal interaction process was intro- I-kfs2 in the case of election of FO management committee. duced to make socially acceptable FO committee. Pakistan Newly organized FO members did neither shared practi- Small scale projects were provided for the new FOs in I-kfs3 cal objectives nor incentives at the initial stage. order to increase the whole members’ participation. PakistanII- In preparating Water Sector EMP, persistent weakness in The local governments provided activities for environ- kfs1 Govent.’s technical/logistical capability was recognized mental awareness in the rural area through education, with people’s low initiative for environmental awareness. media, community involvement, NGOs’ activities, etc. PakistanII- The effective EMP implementation could only be done Two Provinces established a special unit for EMP and kfs2 with a strong commitment from the relevant authorities. the four-leveled institutional framework are functioning. PakistanII- A commitment from the federal government and coop- The federal government could prepare a platform on kfs3 eration among Indus River Basin Provinces are limited which the Units established could communicate each for implementation of EMP. other thru. Web.

Case Study 41 SOUTHEAST ASIA Indonesia- Systematic observation networks were inadequate due Cooperation and collaboration among country-wide kfs1 to lack of stations and lack of maintenance. research institutions concerned were established. Indonesia- Limited human resources of the RBOs hindered on-site Ministry of Public Works had set up a working team for kfs2 implementation of measures to cope with climate smooth cooperation among related divisions. change. Malaysia- Poor appreciation of risks such as biodiversity by many A session was held to explain risk management and to kfs1 stakeholders hindered to prioritize areas of concern. have a common agreement on prioritizing areas. Malaysia- Lack of data and understanding of “vulnerability” was a A series of capacity building programme was done to kfs2 serious problem and good examples were needed. mobilize knowledge centres and active professionals. Thailand- Increase of fl ood risks by climate change to both Met- The government proposed a project using the agri- kfs1 ropolitan area and agricultural low lands in Chao Phraya cultural law lands as temporally retarding basins by basin will cause serious damage on the both areas. making acceptable compensations. Thailand- Unless the Government grasps the farmers’ concerns The Government prepared many occasions to explain kfs2 and clarify their questions, the project cannot be in the project, make hearing and answer the questions. success. EAST ASIA China- The complex situation of water utilization, water quality Integrated approach was taken including model simula- kfs1 and depletion hindered to defi ne the existing problems. tion, on-site investigation and questionnaires. China- Good result cannot be expected unless different The project team provides the fi eld technical support kfs2 technical levels of technitians in different areas will be and holds the different trainings and workshops. improved. China- As the data to be collected are related to different sec- The project team cooperates with other sectors to kfs3 tors, various problems are foreseen. acquire the necessary data. C. Taipei- Unless the effects of multi-functionality of paddy fi elds The government decided to start the project to preserve kfs1 had been proved scientifi cally or numerically, it would be eco-environmental functions of paddy fi elds and hard to enhance the relevant knowledge among people. groundwater recharge and has been supporting this. C. Taipei- People’s understanding about the multi-functionality of The government has made efforts to transmit the re- kfs2 paddy fi elds and its relations to climate change was not search results to the people with the variety of methods suffi cient to promote the paddy fi eld preservation policy. including on-site demonstration and web. Japan It was recognized the original menbers and project dura- The academic society decided to select additional I-kfs1 tion might not cover the wide range of the issue. members and to extend the project duration.

Japan The outcomes of the committee needed to be known to The achievements were presented at the society’s an- I-kfs2 the society members, but there were limited occasions. nual meeting and the special issue was published. Japan The necessary data shoud be collected from various The data was obtained taking advantage of establishied II-kfs1 sources and often have to be purchased to obtain or do human network aupplemented by direct measurement. not exist. Japan It was needed to obtain a common/ simplel model appli- Larger mesh size had been aopted and a modifi cation II-kfs2 cable for other basins making use of existing information method of non-desitalized information was developed. on irrigation facilities. Japan The existing budget was not suffi cient to undertake the The researcher applied for Grant-in-Aid for Scientifi c II-kfs3 wide range of research. Research by appealing the importance of the research. Korea- Responding to the dam collapsing by fl ood the govern- The government decided to revise the design criterion kfs1 ment had to take the measures to convince the people. which was studied by the committee by specialists. Korea- Proper application of revised design criterion is nec- The responsible ministry supplemented the written kfs2 essary in order to alleviate over design by engineers materials with meetings and workshops and organized infamiliar to the new criterion. a committee to give advice to the engineers.

42 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia 3.2 Analysis of the collected case studies

Nature of experienced problem

At fi rst, attention was paid to each experienced problem and its nature was considered. As a result, it was found that the experienced problems could have four diff erent natures. A keyword was put on each nature: namely, political judgment, proper system, people’s awareness and eff ective (strategic) approach.

As can be seen in the table, each of the experienced problems could be classifi ed by one (or two) of the four natures. It is quite interesting that many of the experienced problems are related to human factors.

Table 3-4: Classiﬁ cation of Experienced problem by Nature

No. of kfs Experienced problem Nature of trouble How the faced trouble was “political “proper “people’s “effective solved judge- system” aware- approach” ment” ness” WEST ASIA Iran-kfs1 Proper estimation methodlogy con- To use risk analysis issue and sidering possible risks and using monthly data instead of yealy suitable data should be found out. presipitation was decided. Iran-kfs2 Use of old method would lead The recent fi ndings in other to overestimation of crop water regions should beconformed. requirement. Iran-kfs3 Less effort and fi nance are allo- ICID should commit to those cated to theresearch on vulnerable vulnerable areas in collect- agriculture sector in such regions ing and disseminate relevant as South Asia and South Africa. information. Turkey The activities of the various gov- “Cordination Board on Climate I-kfs1 ernmental and other organizations Change” was established by were dispersed. the Prime Ministerial Circular. Turkey The intencity of climate change The central government took I-kfs2 effects had not been clarifi ed and initiative to clarify the future the relevant information had not effects and ammended the law reached to the people. for active dissemination thru. education and media. Turkey Most of the farmars was reluctant The responsible ministry has I-kfs3 to use new irrigation techniques been implementing various useful for climate change. dissemination activites with the help of media. Turkey Introduction of pressuried irriga- The government prepared I-kfs4 tion system was hindared due to subsidiary system for farmars economic and technical reasons. and technical guidance to engineers etc. TurkeyII- Necessary budget and support by The study leaders negotiated kfs1 the government organizations were the relevant National Council not smoothly obtained. for budget and organizational support. TurkeyII- Each researcher’s concern was Various meetings with differ- kfs2 limited in his own fi eld and this ent scale and interval were hindared cooperation among organaized in order to share reserchers. the project aim.

Case Study 43 SOUTH ASIA India-kfs1 Poor effi ciency of irrigation system Various programmes have was serve problem affecting people been carried out by the to be solved immediately government under the political leadership. India-kfs2 Many water saving methods devel- The government implement oped by the reserchers were not the project to demonstrate the used by the farmers because they technologies available and is- did not have occasions to see the sued an application guidelines reserch outcomes. to openly call for reserchers’ participation. India-kfs3 Reserchers recognized the condi- The reserchers modifi ed their tions of experimental and demon- method to be easily used by stration farm were quite different. the farmers. India-kfs4 Reserchers need occasion to share The government organized a the farmers’ fi eld experience in congress for the reserchers to order to modify the methods. grasp the actual farmers’ fi eld conditions. Nepal- It became clear the original reserch Reserch team was strength- kfs1 team size was too small and data ened and data collection plan collection site/template were was readjusted. unsuitable. Nepal- This reserch with complex and The data were collected by kfs2 multi-disciplinary nature of the integrated approach employing reserch made the analysis diffi cult. all possible methods and cross verifi ed. Pakistan Diffi culties in formulating substan- Positive/negative checklists I-kfs1 tial FOs were felt in the absence of were provided to show suc- any guidelines and other materials. cess/failure factors for formation of FOs. Pakistan Applying formal approach had The formal and informal inter- I-kfs2 some limitations especially in the action process was introduced case of election of FO management to make socially acceptable FO committee. committee. Pakistan Newly organized FO members did Small scale projects were I-kfs3 neither shared practical objectives provided for the new FOs in nor incentives at the initial stage. order to increase the whole members’ participation. PakistanII- In preparating Water Sector EMP, The local governments kfs1 persistent weakness in Govent.’s provided activities for environ- technical/logistical capability was mental awareness in the rural recognized with people’s low initia- area through education, media, tive for environmental awareness. community involvement, NGOs’ activities, etc. PakistanII- The effective EMP implementation Two Provinces established a kfs2 could only be done with a strong special unit for EMP and the commitment from the relevant four-leveled institutional frame- authorities. work are functioning. PakistanII- A commitment from the fed- The federal government could kfs3 eral government and cooperation prepare a platform on which among Indus River Basin Provinces the Units established could are limited for implementation of communicate each other thru. EMP. Web.

44 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia SOUTHEAST ASIA Indonesia- Systematic observation networks Cooperation and collaboration kfs1 were inadequate due to lack of sta- among country-wide research tions and lack of maintenance. institutions concerned were established. Indonesia- Limited human resources of the Ministry of Public Works had kfs2 RBOs hindered on-site implemen- set up a working team for tation of measures to cope with smooth cooperation among climate change. related divisions. Malaysia- Poor appreciation of risks such as A session was held to explain kfs1 biodiversity by many stakehold- risk management and to have ers hindered to prioritize areas of a common agreement on concern. prioritizing areas. Malaysia- Lack of data and understanding A series of capacity building kfs2 of “vulnerability” was a serious programme was done to mo- problem and good examples were bilize knowledge centres and needed. active professionals. Thailand- Increase of fl ood risks by climate The government proposed a kfs1 change to both Metropolitan area project using the agricultural and agricultural low lands in Chao law lands as temporally retard- Phraya basin will cause serious ing basins by making accept- damage on the both areas. able compensations. Thailand- Unless the Government grasps the The Government prepared kfs2 farmers’ concerns and clarify their many occasions to explain the questions, the project cannot be in project, make hearing and success. answer the questions. EAST ASIA China- The complex situation of water Integrated approach was taken kfs1 utilization, water quality and deple- including model simulation, on- tion hindered to defi ne the existing site investigation and question- problems. naires. China- Good result cannot be expected The project team provides the kfs2 unless different technical levels of fi eld technical support and technitians in different areas will be holds the different trainings improved. and workshops. China- As the data to be collected are The project team cooperates kfs3 related to different sectors, various with other sectors to acquire problems are foreseen. the necessary data.

C. Taipei- Unless the effects of multi-func- The government decided to kfs1 tionality of paddy fi elds had been start the project to preserve proved scientifi cally or numerically, eco-environmental functions of it would be hard to enhance the paddy fi elds and groundwater relevant knowledge among people. recharge and has been supporting this. C. Taipei- People’s understanding about the The government has made kfs2 multi-functionality of paddy fi elds efforts to transmit the research and its relations to climate change results to the people with the was not suffi cient to promote the variety of methods including paddy fi eld preservation policy. on-site demonstration and web.

Case Study 45 Japan It was recognized the original men- The academic society decided I-kfs1 bers and project duration might not to select additional members cover the wide range of the issue. and to extend the project duration. Japan The outcomes of the committee The achievements were pre- I-kfs2 needed to be known to the society sented at the society’s annual members, but there were limited meeting and the special issue occasions. was published. Japan The necessary data shoud be The data was obtained taking II-kfs1 collected from various sources advantage of establishied hu- and often have to be purchased to man network aupplemented by obtain or do not exist. direct measurement. Japan It was needed to obtain a common/ Larger mesh size had been II-kfs2 simplel model applicable for other aopted and a modifi cation basins making use of existing infor- method of non-desitalized mation on irrigation facilities. information was developed. Japan The existing budget was not suf- The researcher applied for II-kfs3 fi cient to undertake the wide range Grant-in-Aid for Scientifi c of research. Research by appealing the importance of the research. Korea- Responding to the dam collapsing The government decided to re- kfs1 by fl ood the government had to vise the design criterion which take the measures to convince the was studied by the committee people. by specialists. korea- Proper application of revised design The responsible ministry kfs2 criterion is necessary in order to supplemented the written alleviate over design by engineers materials with meetings and infamiliar to the new criterion. workshops and organized a committee to give advice to the engineers.

Character of solution

Next, concern was focused on each solution how the respective experienced problem was solved. Th e 39 solutions were looked into, which taught us that countermeasures for climate change eff ects could be strengthened by the commitment of the government; commitment by the government, shared among various people by proper dissemination method met to the characteristics of target groups; information sharing, led to stakeholders’ action by taking their acceptability into consideration; agreement among stakeholders, and eff ectively realized by suitable approach corresponding to the nature of the problem at issue; doable strategic approach.

Base on this basic recognition, each solution could be classifi ed into one/some characters as shown in Table 3.5.

46 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia gic ap- strate- “doable proach” ment stake- among “agree- holders” ing” shar- “Infor- mation ment” by the “Com- govern- mitment To use risk analysis issue and monthlydata instead of To yealy presipitation was decided. The recent ﬁ ndings in other regions should becon- The recent ﬁ formed. ICID should commit to those vulnerable areas in col- lecting and disseminate relevant information. The central government took initiative to clarify the future effects and ammended the law for active dis- education and media. semination thru. The responsible ministry has been implementing various dissemination activites with the help of media. “Cordination Board on Climate Change” was estab- “Cordination Board on Climate Change” lished by the Prime Ministerial Circular. The government prepared subsidiary system for farmars and technical guidance to engineers etc. The study leaders negotiated the relevant National Council for budget and organizational support. were organaized in order to share the project aim. Various meetings with different scale and interval Various

ap- tive “effec- proach” ple’s ness” “peo- aware- system” Table 3-5: Classifi cation of solution by character Classifi 3-5: Table “proper cal ment” judge- “politi- risks and using suitable data should be found out. crop water requirement. crop water requirement. esearch on vulnerable agriculture sector in such Africa. Asia and South regions as South The activities of the various governmental and other organizations were dispersed. The intencity of climate change effects had not ed and the relevant information had not been clarifi reached to the people. Most of the farmars was reluctant to use new irrigation techniques useful for climate change. Introduction of pressuried irrigation system was hindared due to economic and technical reasons. Necessary budget and support by the government organizations were not smoothly obtained. Each researcher’s concern was limited in his own Each researcher’s eld and this hindared cooperation among reserch- fi ers. No. of kfsNo. Experienced trouble Nature of trouble How the faced trouble was solved Character of solution WEST ASIA Iran-kfs1 Proper estimation methodlogy considering possible Iran-kfs2 Use of old method would lead to overestimation Iran-kfs3nance are allocated to ther- Less effort and fi Turkey I-kfs1 Turkey Turkey I-kfs2 Turkey I-kfs3 Turkey I-kfs4 TurkeyII- kfs1 TurkeyII- kfs2

Case Study 47 Various programmes have been carried out by the Various government under the political leadership. The government implement the project to demonstrate the technologies available and issued an application guidelines to openly call for reserchers’ participation. The reserchers modifi ed their method to be easily The reserchers modifi used by the farmers. The government organized a congress for the eld condi- reserchers to grasp the actual farmers’ fi tions. Reserch team was strengthened and data collection plan was readjusted. The data were collected by integrated approach ed. employing all possible methods and cross verifi Positive/negative checklists were provided to show success/failure factors for formation of FOs. The formal and informal interaction process was introduced to make socially acceptable FO committee. The local governments provided activities for environ-mental awareness in the rural area through NGOs’ community involvement, media, education, etc. activities, Small scale projects were provided for the new FOs in order to increase the whole members’ participation.

lem affecting people to be solved immediately reserchers were not used by the farmers because they did not have occasions to see the reserch outcomes. perimental and demonstration farm were quite different. fi eld experience in order to modify the methods. eld experience in order to modify the methods. fi too small and data collection site/template were unsuitable. nature of the reserch made the analysis diffi cult. nature of the reserch made analysis diffi Diffi culties in formulating substantial FOs were Diffi felt in the absence of any guidelines and other materials. Applying formal approach had some limitations especially in the case of election FO management committee. Newly organized FO members did neither shared practical objectives nor incentives at the initial stage. In preparating Water Sector EMP, persistent weak- Sector EMP, Water In preparating technical/logistical capability was ness in Govent.’s low initiative for environ- recognized with people’s mental awareness. SOUTH ASIA India-kfs1ciency of irrigation system was serve prob- Poor effi India-kfs2 Many water saving methods developed by the India-kfs3 Reserchers recognized the conditions of ex- India-kfs4 Reserchers need occasion to share the farmers’ Nepal-kfs1 It became clear the original reserch team size was Nepal-kfs2 This reserch with complex and multi-disciplinary Pakistan I-kfs1 Pakistan I-kfs2 Pakistan I-kfs3 PakistanII- kfs1

48 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Two Provinces established a special unit for EMP and Two institutional framework are function- the four-leveled ing. The federal government could prepare a platform on which the Units established could communicate each Web. other thru. Cooperation and collaboration among country-wide research institutions concerned were established. Ministry of Public Works had set up a working team Works Ministry of Public for smooth cooperation among related divisions. A session was held to explain risk management and to have a common agreement on prioritizing areas. A series of capacity building programme was done to mobilize knowledge centres and active professionals. The government proposed a project using the agricultural law lands as temporally retarding basins by making acceptable compensations. The Government prepared many occasions to explain The Government prepared many occasions to explain make hearing and answer the questions. the project, Integrated approach was taken including model on-site investigation and questionnaires. simulation, The project team provides the ﬁ eld technical support The project team provides the ﬁ and holds the different trainings workshops.

The effective EMP implementation could only be done with a strong commitment from the relevant authorities. A commitment from the federal government and cooperation among Indus River Basin Provinces are limited for implementation of EMP. Systematic observation networks were inadequate due to lack of stations and maintenance. Limited human resources of the RBOs hindered on-site implementation of measures to cope with climate change. Poor appreciation of risks such as biodiversity by many stakeholders hindered to prioritize areas of concern. Lack of data and understanding of “vulnerability” “vulnerability” Lack of data and understanding was a serious problem and good examples were needed. Increase of fl ood risks by climate change to both Increase of fl Metropolitan area and agricultural low lands in Chao Phraya basin will cause serious damage on the both areas. Unless the Government grasps farmers’ the project concerns and clarify their questions, cannot be in success. quality and depletion hindered to defi ne the exist- quality and depletion hindered to defi ing problems. technical levels of technitians in different areas will be improved. Pakistan II- kfs2 Pakistan II- kfs3 SOUTHEAST ASIA Indonesia- kfs1 Indonesia- kfs2 Malaysia- kfs1 Malaysia- kfs2 Thailand- kfs1 Thailand- kfs2 EAST ASIA China-kfs1 water The complex situation of water utilization, China-kfs2 Good result cannot be expected unless different

Case Study 49 The project team cooperates with other sectors to acquire the necessary data. The government decided to start the project elds preserve eco-environmental functions of paddy fi and groundwater recharge has been supporting this. The government has made efforts to transmit the research results to the people with variety of methods including on-site demonstration and web. The academic society decided to select additional members and to extend the project duration. The achievements were presented at the society’s The achievements were presented at the society’s annual meeting and the special issue was published. The data was obtained taking advantage of establishied human network aupplemented by direct measurement. Larger mesh size had been aopted and a modifi ca- Larger mesh size had been aopted and a modifi tion method of non-desitalized information was developed. The researcher applied for Grant-in-Aid Scien- c Research by appealing the importance of tifi research. The government decided to revise the design criterion which was studied by the committee specialists. The responsible ministry supplemented the written materials with meetings and workshops organized a committee to give advice the engineers.

sectors, various problems are foreseen. sectors, Unless the effects of multi-functionality paddy cally or numerically, elds had been proved scientifi fi it would be hard to enhance the relevant knowledge among people. understanding about the multi-function- People’s elds and its relations to climate ality of paddy fi cient to promote the paddy change was not suffi eld preservation policy. fi It was recognized the original menbers and project duration might not cover the wide range of issue. The outcomes of the committee needed to be but there were known to the society members, limited occasions. The necessary data shoud be collected from various sources and often have to be purchased obtain or do not exist. It was needed to obtain a common/ simplel model applicable for other basins making use of existing information on irrigation facilities. The existing budget was not suffi cient to undertake The existing budget was not suffi the wide range of research. government had to take the measures convince the people. necessary in order to alleviate over design by engineers infamiliar to the new criterion. China-kfs3 As the data to be collected are related different C. Taipei- C. kfs1 Taipei- C. kfs2 Japan I- kfs1 Japan I-kfs2 Japan II- kfs1 Japan II- kfs2 Japan II- kfs3 Korea-kfs1ood the Responding to the dam collapsing by fl korea-kfs2 Proper application of revised design criterion is

50 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia “Table of analysis of solution”

It was tried to clarify what specifi c action was taken and what was the core wisdom in the action taken. Th e result is shown in the following “Table of analysis of solution”.

Table 3-6: Table of analysis of solution

KSF Name Code “Nature of Character of Solution name problem” Commitment by the Information sharing agreement among doable strategic ap- government (to adjust way to stakeholders proach (to show political will) deliver information) (to consider people’s (to employ proper acceptability) methodology) WEST ASIA Iran-kfs1 IRI-1 Effective To consider risk and to Approach apply proper data (Rational approach) Iran-kfs2 IRI-2 Effective To consider recent To continuously renew Approach ﬁ ndings information (Through IT) (Appropriate scheduling) Iran-kfs3 IRI-3 Political To prepare necessary Judgment program (Possible commitment by ICID on new role) Turkey I- TUR1- Proper To establish coordina- kfs1 1 System tion board (Commitment by the prime minister) Turkey I- TUR1- “People’s To promote education kfs2 2 Aware- on and to broadcast ness C.C. issues (Enacting a law for people’s awareness) Effective To disseminate C.C. To clarify C.C. effects Approach” issues (Cooperative approach (Education, Media, by researchers) IT, etc) Turkey I- TUR1- People’s To increase famers’ To introduce good kfs3 3 Aware- awareness on new agricultural practices ness irrigation techniques (Stirring farmer’s moti- (Through mass media, vation thru. perception Training and visit) of merit) Turkey I- TUR1- Effective To prepare subsidiary To hold meeting on O&M kfs4 4 Approach system techniques (Financial support by (Capacity building) the government) Turkey II- TUR2- Proper To negotiate with na- To explain the project kfs1 1 System tional council for budget to the key person and organization (Effective use of hu- (Financial/ organiza- man network) tional support by the government) Turkey II- TUR2- Effective To explain each To share the project To stir researchers kfs2 2 Approach research activity by aim among research- incentive by sharing the holdings meeting ers thru. Meeting project aim (Through meetings) (To stir researchers’ (Incentive approach) motivation)

Case Study 51 SOUTH ASIA India-kfs1 IND-1 Proper To carry out national System water saving program (Preparing national program) India-kfs2 IND-2 People’s To call for application To demonstrate available Aware- to researchers technologies ness (Stirring motivation of (Field approach) researchers) India-kfs3 IND-3 Effective To modify existing Approach method (Flexible approach) India-kfs4 IND-4 Effective To share fi eld To feedback fi eld experi- Approach experiences among ences by researchers researchers (Feedback approach) (By congress) Nepal-kfs1 NEP-1 Effective To adjust the project Approach members method based on preliminary survey (Flexible approach) Nepal-kfs2 NEP-2 Effective To employ all possible Approach methods and cross verifi cation of data (Integrated approach) Pakistan I- PAK1- Effective To show positive/ To prepare positive/ kfs1 1 Approach negative checklist to negative checklist for stakeholders stakeholders (Reference materials) (Logistic approach) Pakistan I- PAK1- Effective To follow local proce- To introduce formal / kfs2 2 Approach dure informal process (Respecting traditional (Flexible approach) rule) Pakistan I- PAK1- Effective To prepare small To mobilise all farmers kfs3 3 Approach projects by farmers for (Participatory approach) project aim (To stir farmers’ motivation) Pakistan II- PAK2- People’s To increase people’s kfs1 1 Aware- environmental awareness ness (Through mass media, Community involvement, etc) Pakistan II- PAK2- Proper To establish special kfs2 2 System units and institutional framework (Establishing new organization) Pakistan I- PAK2- Proper To prepare informa- kfs3 3 System tion platform among relevant units (By platform/ Through web)

52 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia SOUTHEAST ASIA Indonesia- INA1-1 Proper To establish systemat- To involve country-wide kfs1 System ic observation network research institutions (Common network) (Cooperative approach) Indonesia- INA1-2 Proper To supply necessary To set up working team kfs2 System C. C. information by by related devisions research institutions (Cooperating approach) to RBOs (Through working team) Malaysia- MAS-1 People’s To establish common kfs1 Aware- agreement through ness discussion (Holding session) Malaysia- MAS-2 Effective To mobilise Knowledge kfs2 Approach centers and active professionals (Capacity building) Thailand- THA-1 Political To enact a special law To prepare compensa- kfs1 Judgment for inundation project tion for farmers (Enacting a law for (Win- win strategy) implementation) Thailand- THA-2 Effective To explain the project To hear farmers de- kfs2 Approach (Holding brieﬁ ng ses- mand and to answers, sions) there questions (Deepening farmers’ understanding) EAST ASIA China-kfs1 CHN-1 Effective To employ model simu- Approach lation, on-site investigation, etc (Integrated approach) China-kfs2 CHN-2 Effective To give technical support Approach and hold training the workshop (Capacity building/ Sup- portive approach) China-kfs3 CHN-3 Effective To cooperate with other Approach sectors (Cooperative approach) C.Taipei- TPE-1 “Political To carry out the project kfs1 Judgment at the expense of the government (Financial support by the government) Effective To study all possible ef- Approach” fects of paddy ﬁ elds (Integrated approach) C.Taipei- TPE-2 People’s To disseminate To carry out on-site kfs2 Aware- research results to the demonstration ness people’s (Stirring People’s (Through media, Inter- motivation for conser- net, Newspaper, etc) vation)

Case Study 53 Japan I- JPN1- Effective To adjust the project kfs1 1 Approach members and study duration after preliminary discussions (Flexible approach) Japan I- JPN1- Effective To disseminate ob- kfs2 2 Approach tained information to the society members (Holding regular conference/ Through special issue of journal) Japan II- JPN2- Effective To collect voluminous kfs1 1 Approach data from various sources (Effective use of human network) Japan II- JPN2- To modify original model kfs2 2 easily applicable to other basins (Rational approach) Japan II- JPN2- “Political To prepare Grant-in-Aid kfs3 3 Judgment system for research promotion (Financial support by the government) Effective To apply for grant-in-Aid Approach” by appealing outcomes (Persuading support) Korea-kfs1 KOR-1 “Political To revise the existing To appeal in outcome Judgment criterion and to the effect (Revision of design (Integration approach) criterion) Effective To establish special Approach” committee for discussion on division (Integration approach) Korea-kfs2 KOR-2 Effective To train technicians by Approach workshops and to support technical guidance (Capacity building/ Sup- portive approach)

When looking into the “Table of analysis of solution”, it became obvious that various actions were taken and they are considered deliberately. Th ey are enactment of a law, fi nancial support, use of various communication tools, preparation of occasions accessible to information, stirring motivation in people concerned, win-win strategy, integrated approach, capacity building and others.

A chart was prepared to show implication among various methodologies applied to each problem as follows.

54 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Figure 3-7: Speciﬁ c solutions in characters of solution

Character Key point of Speciﬁc soluon of soluon soluon 䠉Enacng a law for people’s awareness/implementaon 䛀TUR1-2, THA-1䛁䠉Commitment by the prime minister 䛀TUR1-1䛁 TUR1-4, TUR2-1, TPE-1, JPN2-3 Commitment 䠉Financial support by the government 䛀䛁 to show 䠉Preparing naonal program 䛀IND-1䛁 by the polical will 䠉Revision of design criterion 䛀KOR-1䛁 government 䠉Organizaonal support by the government 䛀TUR2-1䛁䠉Establishing new organizaon 䛀PAK2-2䛁䠉Possible commitment by ICID 䛀IRI-3䛁

䠉Through mass media and IT 䛀IRI-2, TUR1-2, TUR1-3, PAK2-1, PAK2-3, TPE-2䛁䠉By reference materials/special issue of journal 䛀PKI-1, JPN1-2䛁 to adjust way 䠉By congress/conference/session 䛀IND-4, MAS-1, THA-2, TPE-2, JPN1-2䛁 Informaon to deliver 䠉Through meengs 䛀TUR2-2䛁 sharing informaon 䠉By Informaon plaorm/common network 䛀PAK2-3, INA1-1䛁䠉Through working team 䛀INA1-2䛁䠉By training visit/community involvement 䛀TUR1-3, PAK1-1䛁

䠉Srring movaon of people involved 䛀TUR1-4, TUR2-2, IND-1, PAK1-3, TPE-2䛁 Agreement to consider 䠉Deepening stakeholders’ understanding 䛀THA-2䛁 among people’s 䠉Win-win strategy 䛀THA-1䛁 stakeholders acceptability 䠉Respecng tradional rule 䛀PAK1-2䛁䠉Eﬀecve use of human network 䛀TUR2-1, JPN2-1䛁

䠉Integrated approach 䛀NEP-2, CHN-1, TPE-1 䠉Field approach 䛀IND-2䛁䠉Raonal approach 䛀IRI-1, JPN2-2䛁 KOR-1䛁䠉Feed back approach 䛀IND-4䛁 Doable to employ 䠉Logisc approach 䛀PAK1-1䛁䠉Parcipatory approach 䛀PAK1-3䛁 Strategic proper 䠉Incenve approach 䛀TUR2-2䛁 methodology 䠉Cooperave approach 䛀TUR1-2, INA-1, 2, CHN-3䛁䠉Persuading approach 䛀JPN2-3䛁 approach 䠉Supporve approach 䛀CHN-2, KOR-2䛁䠉Capacity building 䛀TUR1-4, MAS-2, CHN-2, KOR-2䛁䠉Appropriate scheduling 䛀IRI-2䛁䠉Fixable approach 䛀IND-3, NEP-1, PAK1-2, JPN1-1䛁

Commitment by the government is to show government’s will, which can be shown in various ways.

To share information, the most important is to prepare occasions to access the relevant information by adjusting ways to deliver it.

To get agreement among stakeholders, they have to accept the expected situation. Th ere could be various ways to do so.

When it is agreed to step forward, doable strategic approach should be taken by employing proper methodology as shown in the chart.

Th e important point of this study is that these various methodologies and approaches are not creation of our imagination. All these are extracted from the actual cases.

Th ese four characters of solution compose a hierarchy.

An action to cope with climate change could be started by commitment by the government in various ways.

Th e government will and related information should be shared by the people or stakeholders.

Even based on the shared information, action may not be taken without agreement among stakeholders by accepting the possible future situation.

Case Study 55 And the agreed action should be taken by employing doable approach. Th is composes the cone of successful solutions.

Figure 3-8: Problem and Solution Diagram

Commitment by the government

Information sharing

Agreement among stakeholders

Doable strategic approach

Now that the four characters of solution and four natures of problem were prepared, a cone divided by four natures of problem can be obtained by combining these two into one.

“Problem and Solution Diagram”

When one examines the above cone, one could have the following view. Four natures of problem are shown in the four quadrants and four characters of problems are illustrated as concentric rings with diff erent size. Each key for success was positioned on this diagram.

56 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Th is fi gure was named “Problem and Solution Diagram”. From this diagram, one may grasp the whole view of the extracted keys for success. Th is will help in identifying the probable countermeasures against climate change.

Figure 3-10: Problem and Solution Diagram

People's Awareness Political Judgment Doable strategic approach

Agreement among stakeholders MAS-1 THA-1 Information sharing INA-1,2 PAK2-3 IRI-3 PAK2-2 TUR2-1 Commitment by the government KOR-1 TUR1-1 JPN2-3 IND-2 TPE-1 IRI-1 IRI-2 IND-1 TPE-2 TUR1-2,4 TUR1-2 MAS-1 IND-4 TUR2-2 TUR2-1 PAK2-1 THA-2 IND-3 PAK1-2,3 JPN1-2 NEP-1,2 PAK1-1 TUR1-3 TPE-1 PAK2-2 JPN2-1 CHM-1,2,3 JPN2-2,3 JPN1-1 MAS-2 Proper System KOR-1,2 Effective Approach

Figure 3-11: Speciﬁ c solutions in characters of solution (Same as Figure 3-7)

Case Study 57 How to Make Use of the 4 Study Results

Th is chapter is prepared for those who may feel the whole process is too complicated. It is obvious you will fi nd diffi culty to fi nd out your necessary ideas and information in the text without showing easier path to them.

Th e intention of studies is to provide Figure 4-1: Various approaches to your goal an occasion for you to easily and quickly experience various problems When applicable Possible entrance Main goal and solutions which engineers in other General Your problem not The whole text + Wherever regions faced and struggled to fi nd out. approach idenﬁed yet jump into cases you want Th rough these virtual experiences, you Ref. Figure 4-3 will expand your spectrum and wisdom “Country” When you consider Country posion Country approach what to be done as chart related to strategy to fi nd out solution to the problem you a country climate/economy have been facing. When you have Ref. Table 4-2 “Case” List of submied Case to be approach speciﬁc theme case studies referred

Five approaches are considered as Figure 4-4 Keys to solve Ref. your trouble “Trouble” When you face a Problem & Soluon speciﬁc trouble + related shown in the following fi gure. approach Diagram hints/ideas

When you have Ref. Figure 4-4, 5 Veriﬁcaon First consider at what stage you are “Soluon” possible soluons Problem & Soluon of your idea approach in mind Diagram + List of + other ideas on by looking into the second right Speciﬁc Soluons column (When applicable). Th en, select a possible entrance in the center column corresponding to your stage. As each table and diagram is attached with reference fi gures/tables, you can enter a treasure house of problem and solution. You can further jump into other table/format/diagram you are interested in.

Th us you can reach to your main goal. As can be seen, none of the main goals is a solution by itself. Th e important point is that you have to fi nd your own solution by yourself since your problem is specifi c and there may not be an identical problem in other place.

Following this guidance, you can save your time and eff ort.

Th e following explanations on each approach are to supplement the above idea.

‘General’ approach

Th is approach is suitable when the problem has not been identifi ed.

First please read through the whole text, and then, jump into the particular case study format when you are interested in it.

58 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia You may be able to grasp the whole view of the countermeasures against climate change and obtain their general information.

However it is not eff ective when the problem has already been clarifi ed and the time for examination is limited.

‘Country’ approach

Th is approach is useful when the objective is to fi nd out what should be done for a particular country.

At fi rst, please fi nd out Water Stress Rate, Precipitation Response and per capita GDP of the country, and next, put the found-out indexes fi gures on the following two fi gures: “Figure 4-2 Relation between Precipitation Response and Water Stress Rater”, “Figure 4-3 Relation between Precipitation and GDP”.

Th e group to which a country belongs can be identifi ed, as the countries in the same group have similar natural/ economic conditions as well as vulnerability to climate change.

One may now refer to cases of those countries, examine relevant policy and specifi c programmes related to climate change through web and/or directly inquire the authority in charge of the concerned activity.

Table 4-1: Relation between Precipitation response and Water Stress, GDP

ASRWG Countries Water Stress Rate Precipitation Response GDP Oceania Australia 9 -4 37,581 West Asia Iraq 8 -3 1,568 Iran 8 -3 4,400 Israel 9 -3 21,359 Kazakhstan 7 -3 5,262 Kyrgyzstan 7 -3 541 Saudi Arabia 7 -6 14,784 Syria 8 -3 1,705 Turkey 7 -3 7,775 Turkmenistan 8 -3 4,192 Uzbekistan 8 -3 636 South Asia Bangladesh 5 11 419 India 8 11 807 Nepal 6 11 334 Pakistan 8 -3 821 Sri Lanka 9 11 1,430 Southeast Asia Cambodia 1 7 526 Indonesia 1 7 1,636 Laos 1 7 596 Malaysia 3 7 5,853 Myanmar 4 11 257 Philippine 8 7 1,405 Singapore 1 7 31,672 Thailand 7 7 3,296 Timor-Leste 1 7 337 Vietnam 5 7 724

How to Make Use of the Study Results 59 East Asia China 8 9 2,064 Chinese Taipei 6 9 16,451 Japan 8 9 34,150 Korea 8 9 19,707

Figure 4-2: Relation between Precipitation Response and Water Stress Rater (Same as Figure 2-12)

Figure 4-3: Relation between Precipitation Response and GDP (Same as Figure 2-19)

‘Case’ approach

Th is approach is useful when a specifi c theme is to be considered.

At fi rst, the nature or fi eld is to be identifi ed, followed by a reference to the “Table 4-2 List of Case Study Format”.

It may be possible to fi nd out a case to be referred to.

After fi nding out a case, one may further refer to problems and solutions

60 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia (Limited number of cases may hinder fi nding out a case to be referred to. User’s further contribution is expected in this regard.)

Table 4-2: List of Case Study Format (Same as Table 3-1)

Region Country Theme Group Field West Asia Iran Climate Change impacts on irrigation water Science & Technology Analysis requirement Turkey Research of impact of Climate Change in Science & Technology Research Seyhan River in Turkey Turkey Increasing Public Awareness and Support for Peoples Recognition or “Symposium, Climate Change Social Movement Media & Campaign” South Asia India Farmers Participatory Action Research Peoples Recognition or Campaign Programme (FPARP) – 1st Phase Social Movement Nepal Adaptation to Global Change in Agricultural Science & Technology Research Practices: A Case Study of Indrawati Basin Pakistan Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project Local Practices People participantion (LBDC) Pakistan Water Sector Environmental Management Governance Law & Regulation Planning in Pakistan Southeast Indonesia Impact of Climate Change on Water Science & Technology Strategy Asia Availability Aspects In Java Island Malaysia A Conceptual Framework for the Preparation Local Practices People participantion of Guidelines for Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies Thailand Study of Using Agricultural Land in the Chao Governance “Law & Regulation, Phraya Delta for Mitigating Flood caused by Political Will” Climate Change. East Asia China Managing Climate Change Effect on Science & Technology Research Groundwater through Monitoring Groundwater Chinese Study on Paddy Fields Multi-Functionality for “Science & Technology, “Research, Taipei Sustainable Environment and Climate Change Peoples Recognition or Campaign” in Taiwan (Chinese Taipei) Social Movement” Japan Formulation of strategy for enhancing “Science Strategy research related to global environment & Technology” established Japan Impact assessment of climate change on “Science Research agriculture water use in Mekong River Basin & Technology” and Seki River Basin Korea Design criteria for emergency spillway to cope “Governance, “Political Will, with extreme ﬂ ood in the irrigation dam Science & Technology” Strategy & Research”

‘Problem’ approach

Th is approach is useful when the problem has been recognized.

At fi rst, the nature of the problem is to be considered, followed by an examination of the quadrant corresponding to the problem in the “fi gure 4-4 Problem and Solution Diagram”. Th e various solutions given in the quadrant are then to be referred to.

One may consider even some of the other quadrants related to the possible solutions that have been thought of.

How to Make Use of the Study Results 61 It will be possible now to fi nd out keys to solve the problem.

Th e applicability of the identifi ed solutions could be verifi ed by referring to the description of the cases to which the solutions belong.

Figure 4-4: Problem and Solution Diagram (Same as Figure 3-10)

People's Awareness Political Judgment Doable strategic approach

Agreement among stakeholders MAS-1 THA-1 Information sharing INA-1,2 PAK2-3 IRI-3 PAK2-2 TUR2-1 Commitment by the government KOR-1 TUR1-1 JPN2-3 IND-1 TPE-1 IRI-1 IRI-2 TPE-2 TUR1-2,4 TUR1-2 MAS-1 IND-4 IND-2 TUR2-2 TUR2-1 PAK2-1 THA-2 IND-3 PAK1-2,3 JPN1-2 NEP-1,2 PAK1-1 TUR1-3 TPE-1 PAK2-2 JPN2-1 CHM-1,2,3 JPN2-2,3 JPN1-1 MAS-2 Proper System KOR-1,2 Effective Approach

“Solution” approach

Th is approach is useful when one have possible solutions in mind.

At fi rst, the character of your possible solution(s) is to be please considered, followed by an examination of the ring in the “fi gure 4-5 Specifi c solution in characters”. Th en the problems and further the cases to which the problems belong are to be considered.

One may also refer to the “Table of analysis of solution” to grasp general idea regarding possible actions and its meaning.

Following these steps, one should be able to fi nd out hint or ideas related to the possible solutions in mind or to verify them.

62 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Figure 4-5: Speciﬁ c solutions in characters of solution (Same as Figure 3-7)

How to Make Use of the Study Results 63 Conclusion 5

To cope with climate change eff ects, adaptation measure and mitigation measure are to be considered. Th e following fi gure illustrates implications among various factors related to climate change from the viewpoint of irrigation and drainage.

Figure 5-1: Impact of C.C.

It is obvious that most of the countermeasures related to irrigation and drainage require time and money and involves wide range of stakeholders from statesmen to farmers. Various gears in the following chart illustrate relations among diversifi ed target groups. Unless these gears mesh well, any eff ort will be in vain.

64 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia Figure 5-2: Switch to accelerate countermeasures on C.C.

㻮㼡㼐㼓㼑㼠㻵㼚㼏㼞㼑㼍㼟㼑㻌㼛㼒㻼㼞㼛㼠㼑㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻾㼑㼟㼑㼞㼢㼛㼕㼞㻸㼍㼣㼟㻌㻒㻌㻾㼑㼓㼡㼘㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻼㼛㼘㼕㼠㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼃㼕㼘㼘㻲㼘㼛㼛㼐㻯㼍㼜㼍㼏㼕㼠㼥㻵㼙㼜㼞㼛㼢㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻵㼚㼏㼞㼑㼍㼟㼑㻌㼛㼒㻿㼏㼕㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㻒㼛㼒㻌㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼀㼑㼏㼔㼚㼛㼘㼛㼓㼥㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼡㼜㼜㼘㼥㻿㼥㼟㼠㼑㼙㻾㼑㼍㼘㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻼㼑㼛㼜㼘㼑㻓㼟㼛㼒㻾㼑㼏㼛㼓㼚㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㻴㼍㼞㼐㼣㼍㼞㼑㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㻯㼛㼡㼚㼠㼑㼞㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻿㼍㼢㼕㼚㼓㼙㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼟㻵㼙㼜㼞㼛㼢㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㼛㼒㻌㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼁㼟㼑㻮㼑㼠㼠㼑㼞㻻㼜㼑㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻒㻸㼛㼏㼍㼘㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻼㼞㼍㼏㼠㼕㼏㼑㼟㻭㼐㼖㼡㼟㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼛㼒㻲㼑㼑㼐㼎㼍㼏㼗㻿㼛㼏㼕㼍㼘㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㼁㼟㼑㼀㼞㼍㼚㼟㼒㼑㼞㻌㼛㼒㻹㼛㼢㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻾㼕㼓㼔㼠㻿㼛㼒㼠㼣㼍㼞㼑㻌㻹㼑㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㼀㼑㼏㼔㼚㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼟㼡㼜㼜㼛㼞㼠㻵㼚㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼟㼔㼍㼞㼕㼚㼓㻲㼕㼚㼍㼚㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㼟㼡㼜㼜㼛㼞㼠㻵㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㻯㼛㼛㼜㼑㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

Th e collected cases can be classifi ed into three groups from the viewpoint of novelty, as explained earlier in Section 3-1. Climate change could work as a trigger to actively promote various irrigation and drainage practices by emphasizing their importance (Group 1), to start not yet practiced activities (Group 2), and to start fi nding out novel approach (Group 3).

As irrigation and drainage engineers, we have to play the principal role when our knowledge and experiences are needed. But it is not enough because any excellent action plan cannot be realized without people’s will and budget. Various eff orts to promote the envisaged plan by preparing the basic conditions are prerequisite.

Some important eff orts are recognition and support of the people, participation of the stakeholders (especially farmers), negotiating with fi nance authorities to give the plan priority by explaining its cost/benefi t.

It is hoped that information and lessons in this report will be made use of among irrigation and drainage engineers in formulating the realistic strategy and policy to contribute mitigation and adaptation to climate change and executing it eff ectively.

How to Make Use of the StudyConclusion Results 65 References

(1) I-3: Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller 2007 Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers 12-17 (2) I-23: Taikan Oki 2006 Global trend of the issue of aquatic resources, Presentation document (3) I-29: Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller 2007 Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter 11 Regional Climate Projections 852-861

66 Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigation and Drainage in Asia