The Evolution of California State Water Planning 1850-1928

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Evolution of California State Water Planning 1850-1928 UC Berkeley Technical Completion Reports Title The Evolution of California State Water Planning 1850-1928 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s84j2ww Authors Jackson, W. Turrentine Pisani, Donald J Publication Date 1983-05-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE EVOLUTION OF CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PLANNING 1850-1928 r-*WATER ~~ESOURCis d_ j CN.•I·rr::~ARCHIVES by W. Turrentine Jackson and Donald J. Department of History University of California, Davis Office of the Director CALIFORNIA WATER RESOURCES CENTER University of California Davis, California The research leading to this report was supported in part by the United States Department of the Interior, under the Annual Cooperative Program of Public Law 95-467, Project No. A-075-CAL, and by the University of California Water Resources Center, Project UCAL-WRC-W-571. Contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Office of Water Policy, U.S. Department of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute their endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. TECHNICAL COMPLETION REPORT MAY 1983 i. c"'\fl i .•..•.In. ) 1983 \ ~ UNIVER5tW or- CALIfORNIA I .B~Rt<El~ .. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter A FRAGMENTED COMMONWEALTH: CALIFORNIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY. II WATER LAW AND THE IDEA OF IRRIGATION IN 19TH CENTURY CALIFORNIA 26 III THE SEARCH FOR AN INSTITUTIONAL BASE: THE IRRIGATION MOVEMENT, 1850-1877 55 IV STALEMATE: IRRIGATION IN THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE, 1878.1889 112 V THE TERRIBLE '90s: FROM THE WRIGHT ACT TO THE SECOND IRRIGATION CRUSADE 179 VI THE STATE, THE NATION AND THE IRRIGATION CRUSACE, 1900-1917 206 VII TOWARD A STATE WATER PLAN: IRRIGATION IN THE 19205 257 ABSTRACT California's water problems stretch back to the 1850's when argonauts began diverting water from rivers to get a placer deposits in stream-beds or to conduct hydraulic mining. Mining remained the most important economic use of water for two decades. In the meantime, farms, cities, and factories became important users of water. and these "interests" were joined by those committed to the maintenance of river navigation and the reclamation of "swamp" lands. By the 20th century, when mining no longer represented a significant use of water, hydroelectric power companies filed new claims to the State's limited water supply, and the problems of storing and controlling "flood water" began to receive serious attention from the State. Though the State's participation in water planning increased enormously in the 20th century--particularly ~fter World War I--the earlier period was significant for many reasons. State government played an active, if limited, role almost from the beginning. Not only did it publicize the State's water problems and gather ~Iater use information to aid private interests, it provided the legal framework necessary to use the resource. The well-known conflict between riparian and appropriative rights has overshadowed the legislature'S attempts to provide laws regulating water use by private interests. Even in the 19th century the State occasionally intervened directly to tackle a problem, as in 1880 by constructing restraining dams on the Yuba River to trap debris from hydraulic mining. From 1850 to 1930. when a comprehensive State water plan was presented to the public, the State's role in planning changed dramatically. This study provides a chronological overview of State involvement with a focus on two themes: the evolution of legislative (as opposed to "court made"} water law, and the development of the multiple-use concept of water planning. I. A FRAGMENTED COMMONWEALTH: CALIFORNIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY In the 19th century, Cal ifornia had a dual personal ity. If it was a "western" state, it was western with important differences. Clearly, it shared many of the characteristics of other "frontier" states. Its economy passed through several distinctive and fairly abrupt states. A mining and pastoral era gave way in the late 1860s to a wheat boom which, in turn, was eclipsed by horticulture in the late 1880s and 1890s. Sharp economic fluctuations resulted from such disparate factors as speculation in Nevada mining stocks, completion of the first transcontinental railroad, droughts, and real estate booms. Economic diversification--which helped mitigate these swings--was not achieved until well into the 20th century. Moreover, California, like other western states, was far removed from large markets for its crops, and suffered from inadequate transportation facilities, sectional rivalries, persistent labor shortages, and ethnic and racial conflicts. However, unlike its sister states and territories, California was highly urbanized, with 27 percent of its residents living in San Francisco in 1870. In the 1850s, San Francisco exhibited many of the violent and unstable elements of a frontier society. But by the 1870s and 18805, law and order took second place to the same problems encountered by the rapidly growing cities of the eastern seaboard, inclUding municipal corruption, the cost of government, poor relief, and the need for new water and sanitation systems. Residents of interior communities frequently grumbled that San Francisco paid scant attention to agriculture. By the 1880s, San Francisco sported a wide variety of financial institutions, and while investment capital was often short in California--forcing businessmen to rely on European or Eastern investors--the state depended far less on distant financial institutions than other western states. This, of course, did not mean that California was either independent or self- sufficient. Though it never became an economic "colony" of the East, its dependence on mining, and later wheat cultivation, made it the prey of unstable international markets. However, San Franciscans, if not all California "urbanites," could take pride in having passed through the frontier stage of development fairly rapidly. Nevertheless, for all the advantages California enjoyed in comparison with other western states, its population growth lagged behind its enormous economic potential. California grew by 47 percent in the 1860s and 54 percent in the 1870s, while Kansas grew by 240 percent in the 18605 and 173 percent in the 1870s, Minnesota by 155 percent and 77 percent, and Nebraska by 355 percent and 270 percent. In 1870, California's population averaged less than person to the square mile while New England's ratio was 49 to 1, the Middle Atlantic states 69 to 1, and the south Coast states 15 to 1. Even sprawling Texas averaged two people per mile. During the 1880s, the state's population expanded at about the same rate as during the 1860s, despite a land boom in southern California. Then, in the 1890s, the growth rate dropped to 22.4 percent. Of all the arid West, only Nevada, which actually lost population during the 1890s, attracted fewer new residents. Though California's "remoteness· and the cost of transportation help explain these figures, the state's dry and unpredictable climate, contests over Mexican land grants--which blocked the sale of rich agricultural land along the coast for more than two decades after statehood--high unemployment, and land monopolies counted for more. California developed a reputation as the home of a rootless society of gamblers, speculators, and businessmen who had little attachment to the land and little allegiance to the values family farming promoted. Both within and without the state. California society was portrayed as disorderly and corrupt, the antithesis of basic American ideals.1 California agriculture was in its infancy in the 1850s and early 1860s, placing third in the economy behind mining and the livestock industry. In 1846, more than 500 ranchos in upper California covered hundreds of thousands of acres in the Los Angeles basin and along the coast from San Francisco to Santa Barbara. The lanky Spanish cattle raised on these open ranges were valued for their hides and tallow, and only incidentally as a source of meat and milk. During the Mexican period, there was little attempt to improve the breeding stock, and the "industry" remained isolated. The only substantial overland drive occured in 1837 when 700 cattle were sent north to the Willamette Valley. But the gold rush transformed the industry from a pastoral "life style" to a speculative business. Miners bought so much meat that for a time cattle drives from southern California to Sacramento and the mining camps rivalled the great Texas drives. Demand so outstripped supply that the price soared from $4 a head in 1846 to over $500 a head delivered in Sacramento in 1849, During the 1850s, cattle were imported from Mexico, Texas, and the Middle West, increasing both the supply and quality of meat. The total number of cattle increased from 448,796 in 1852 to l,116.261 in 1859, and the number of milk cows tripled. In 1861. the nation's leading agricultural newspaper, The Country Gentleman, counted 55 ranchos in Los Angeles county alone. Abel Stearns' 12 ranches covered 230,815 acres on which grazed 18,000 cattle and 3,000 horses. The other ranches ranged in size from a modest 4,000 acres to 60,000 acres.2 2 Nature delivered a serious blow to the range cattle industry in the early 1860s. A massive flood in 1861~1862 was followed by drought in 1863-1864. Pastures dried up and cattle carcasses littered the barren countryside. In Monterey County--stronghold of the cattle industry in the Mexican period--the county assessor estimated that the herd had declined from 70,000 to less than 13,000 animals. But nature did not kill the open range. By irrigating pasture land, as Henry Miller would later dO in the San Joaquin Valley, the ranchos might have survived. However, irrigation was expensive, and by the mid 1860s wheat farming on the rich coastal plains promised a much higher profit per acre than stock raising.
Recommended publications
  • Lone Shieling Shelter
    HERITAGE CHARACTER STATEMENT Page 1 FHBRO Number 93-71 Cape Breton, Nova Scotia Lone Shieling Shelter Cape Breton Highlands National Park The Lone Shieling Shelter at Cape Breton Highlands National Park (CBHNP) was constructed in 1942. The design was produced by the Engineering and Construction Branch of the Department of Mines and Resources for the National Parks. It was designed as a shelter for passers-by in the park. Canadian Heritage is now the custodial department. See FHBRO Building Report 93-71 Reasons for Designation The Lone Shieling Shelter was designated Recognized because of its environmental significance, its unique architectural features and its important historical associations. Environmental significance resides in the Shieling's rustic character, its setting in an old growth forest and its status as a well-known landmark along the Cabot Trail Highway. and detailing of stonework, timber and thatch roofing, which give the shelter its significant rustic appearance. The design was influenced by images from “the Clachan,” an exhibition in Glasgow of a Scottish village. The establishment of the CBHNP in 1936 as one of the first national parks in the maritime provinces signalled the expansion of the National Parks system to eastern Canada. In order to highlight its physical resemblance to the Scottish Highlands, the National Parks Bureau adopted the Scottish theme. Professor S. Macintosh, who bequeathed the 100 acres of land for the park, requested that a small cabin be built in the same design as the Lone Shieling on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. A cairn erected beside the Shieling to commemorate this bequest makes reference to the Lone Shieling on the Isle of Skye and to the theme of the Scottish inhabitants of Cape Breton.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Rights Bill Believe 18 Miners Are Trapped, Iatioii Problem That We Can Over­ Criticized the New Haven Rail­ Then Were Confronted with a Come
    ■ A I V '•4a- '- ATcreee Dallj Net PrcM Biiti I ' > For the Week Ended , The Weather ' Marah It, I960 remeMt of 17. 8. Wentker tlnViiCr , Fair, little teraperatara- «feM|a 13,084 toiUglit and Toeaday. Unr t»> Member of the Audit Bight In 30a. High Tlieaday near Bnrewi of CIreuIntten. 40. Mahcheiter— A City of Villnge Char^ VOL. LXXIX, NO. 1.19 (FOURTEEN PAGES) MANCHESTER, CONN., MONDAY, MARCH 14. 1960 (ClBsstfM AdvartislBg p « n u m PRICE n V E CEI ---------------------B------- ------------- Rescuers Near StateNews Roundup 18 Coal Miners Hartford, March 14 (fl*)— After hearing testimony to­ day on the number of loco­ L(^an, W. Va., March 14'|>berrier o f too feet In the No. 4 motives out of service for (JPi— Rescuers got to within tunnel 'of tbe mine repairs, two State Public - Wilson told newsmen early this 80 feet today of where they afternoon, “ We are having a ventb Utilities Commission members Civil Rights Bill believe 18 miners are trapped, iatiOii problem that we can over­ criticized the New Haven rail­ then were confronted with a come. A crew of workmen are road for its maintenance pro­ ' cinder block wall. starting Into the No. 8 heading. gram and said new locomo- However, prospects were bright "Everything is going according tive.s “ are not the answer to for an early braak throu^:h the to .plan, but gentlemen, we’ve hit the problem.” . - barrier, because good air is cir­ so" many hurdles it’s ridiculous.” " As the PUC's probe of the rail­ culating in the area, said Craw­ Wilson said no attempt will be road resumed St's hearing here to­ Penalty Plan Urged ford L.
    [Show full text]
  • Introductions to Heritage Assets: Shielings
    Shielings Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary Historic England’s Introductions to Heritage Assets (IHAs) are accessible, authoritative, illustrated summaries of what we know about specific types of archaeological site, building, landscape or marine asset. Typically they deal with subjects which have previously lacked such a published summary, either because the literature is dauntingly voluminous, or alternatively where little has been written. Most often it is the latter, and many IHAs bring understanding of site or building types which are neglected or little understood. This IHA provides an introduction to shielings (huts that served as temporary, summer, accommodation for people involved in transhumance, that is the removal of stock from permanent dwellings to exploit areas of summer pasture some distance away from the main settlement). Descriptions of the asset type and its development as well as its associations and a brief chronology are included. A list of in‑depth sources on the topic is suggested for further reading. This document has been prepared by Rob Young and edited by Joe Flatman and Pete Herring. It is one of a series of 41 documents. This edition published by Historic England October 2018. All images © Historic England unless otherwise stated. Please refer to this document as: Historic England 2018 Shielings: Introductions to Heritage Assets. Swindon. Historic England. HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/selection-criteria/scheduling-selection/ihas- archaeology/ Front cover Shielings at Shiels Brae, Bewcastle in the valley of the River White Lynne, Cumbria. Plan shows at least three phases of construction. Introduction A shieling is a hut, found singly or in small groups, usually in upland areas which today we would consider as agriculturally marginal land.
    [Show full text]
  • Angry Rebels Greet Agnew
    ■ IV y j. ■ ■/ [ t I -4' A v e n g e Daily Net Praea Ran ■W Uto WMk BaM* December M, IM The Weather Clear, quite cold tonight. Loars In teens (5 to 10 In colder val­ leys). Tomorrow cloudineas In­ 15,880 creasing. High in 30s. Wednes­ > \ -4 City of ViOeee Chmrm day's outlook—cloudy. VOL. LXXXEt, NO. 75 (TWENTY-POUR PAGES—TWO SECTIONS) MANCHESTER, CONN., MONDAY, DEIHMBER 29, 1969 AdvertWnc <« Bage >1) PRICE TEN CRNTS ^ 4 ’ Franee Astir Over In Manila Israeli Gunboats W, By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Angry Rebels to Israel, the Arabs would not Foreign Minister Maurice make a' fUss. Schumann of France has de­ The French ambassador to manded an explanation from I»- Cairo notified Egyptian officials a, rael of how five gunboats Sunday that France was launch­ „ slipped out of Cherbourg deqplte ing a fuU inquiry into the gun­ Greet Agnew an arms embargo, official boat affair. Thq French Embas­ ' "V. 1 BVench sources said t^ a y . sy and Egyptian sources denied new's party of 40 included Apol­ The gunboaU, buUt for Isiwel MANILA (AP) — Anti- that President Gamal Abdel lo astronaut Eugene A. Cer^ before the French embaigoed American demonstrators 10 Nasser had protested^to France. nan, who will present President all arms to Israel Jan. 1, were threw three firecrackers ’The Israeli charge d’affaires Ferdinand Marcos with pfecee reported moving through the t # at Vice President Spiro T. in Paris, Eltan Ronn, met with of moon rock and picturea of the eastern Mediterranean toward French Fm-elgn Minister Mau­ Agnew’s car here today Philippines taken from space.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincoln, Olmsted, and Yosemite: Time for a Closer Look
    Lincoln, Olmsted, and Yosemite: Time for a Closer Look This year is the 150th anniversary of the Yosemite Grant and the act of Congress that set aside Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove for “public use, resort, and rec- reation … inalienable for all time.” This “grant” of federal lands transferred Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove to the state of California, yet the 1864 Yosemite Act represents the first significant reservation of public land by the Congress of the United States—to be pre- served in perpetuity for the benefit of the entire nation. As Joseph Sax affirms, “The national parks were born at that moment.”1 In 1890, Congress incorporated Yosemite State Park into a much larger Yosemite National Park. The Yosemite Conservancy is marking the 150th anniversary of the Yosemite Grant by releasing a new publication, Seed of the Future: Yosemite and the Evolution of the Nation­ al Park Idea, authored by the writer and filmmaker Dayton Duncan.2 The handsomely de- signed and generously illustrated book revisits the Yosemite Grant and the “evolution of the national park idea” and should attract a wide readership. This message is important, as the national significance of the Yosemite story has been obscured by time, incomplete documen- tation, and often-contradictory interpretations. A clearer understanding of the people and events surrounding the Yosemite Grant, in such a popular format, is particularly timely, not only for the celebration of Yosemite’s sesquicentennial, but also for the approaching 100th anniversary of the National Park Service (NPS) in 2016. It should be pointed out that Duncan is not the first recognize the significance of the Yosemite Grant.
    [Show full text]
  • History of CSPRA Including Cover .Indd
    California State Park Rangers Association 1964 to 2014 The First California Ranger - Galen Clark Galen Clark was appointed State Guardian of Yosemite on May 21, 1866. Clark was California’s and the nation’s first park ranger. He is pictured here near Nevada Falls. Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias were State Parks from 1864 to 1906. Photo courtesy of Yosemite National Park Research Library On June 30, 1864, President Lincoln signed a bill granting Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias to the State of California. On September 28, California Governor Frederick Low accepted the Grant and appointed the first State Park Commission. These actions represent not only the birth of California State Parks, but also the birth of the national park ideal. CSPRA’s 50th birthday coincides with the 150th anniversary of the Grant in 2014. © 2014 by California State Park Rangers Association PO Box 10606, Truckee, CA 96162 USA www.cspra.com This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission. Cover art designed by Jose Miguel Mayo, graduate of CSU Monterey Bay in Science Illustration 50 YEARS OF CSPRA Introduction by Patricia Clark-Gray CSPRA Historian Co-Editor, CSPRA 50 Book I hope you enjoy this California State Park Ranger The Retiree Rendezvous section showcases 20 Association (CSPRA) 50th Anniversary book. As years of retired employee gatherings to camp and eat the current CSPRA Historian I would like to thank together, sharing fond memories of park careers. the past Historians for storing and safeguarding My personal favorite is the Women Rangers section.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8 - Executive Politics
    CHAPTER 8 - EXECUTIVE POLITICS TEST BANK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Diluted power, independent offices, and multiple avenues for group influence together give California’s executive branch its own form of A. pluralism. B. elitism. C. democracy. D. hyperpluralism. 2. The first governor to serve more than four years in the twentieth century was A. Milton Latham. B. Hiram Johnson. C. Frederick Low. D. Earl Warren. 3. The governor considered aloof and philosophical was A. Pete Wilson. B. Ronald Reagan. C. Earl Warren. D. Jerry Brown. 4. Which of the following is TRUE concerning California governors? A. They can utilize the item veto. B. They have brief “honeymoon” periods. C. They exercise “supreme executive power.” D. All of the above. 154 5. A governor’s personal staff is headed by a A. chief of staff. B. chief assistant. C. foreperson. D. chief operating officer. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 80 Chapter 8: Executive Politics 6. Governor Pat Brown reorganized numerous departments into A. still more departments. B. superagencies. C. a “kitchen” cabinet. D. a cabinet. 7. The internal budget process is dominated by the A. chief of staff. B. the governor. C. legislative analyst. D. Department of Finance. 8. In budget politics, the “Big Five” has shrunk to the “Big Three,” which refers to the governor and A. Assembly Speaker and his/her appointees. B. Senate Pro Tempore and his/her appointees. C. majority leader from each chamber. D. top officials in the Department of Finance. 9. Once the budget is passed, the governor has power of A. the legislative programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhyming Dictionary
    Merriam-Webster's Rhyming Dictionary Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Springfield, Massachusetts A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a number of publishers and may serve mainly to mislead an unwary buyer. Merriam-Webster™ is the name you should look for when you consider the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books. It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since 1831 and is your assurance of quality and authority. Copyright © 2002 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Merriam-Webster's rhyming dictionary, p. cm. ISBN 0-87779-632-7 1. English language-Rhyme-Dictionaries. I. Title: Rhyming dictionary. II. Merriam-Webster, Inc. PE1519 .M47 2002 423'.l-dc21 2001052192 All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in the United States of America 234RRD/H05040302 Explanatory Notes MERRIAM-WEBSTER's RHYMING DICTIONARY is a listing of words grouped according to the way they rhyme. The words are drawn from Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Though many uncommon words can be found here, many highly technical or obscure words have been omitted, as have words whose only meanings are vulgar or offensive. Rhyming sound Words in this book are gathered into entries on the basis of their rhyming sound. The rhyming sound is the last part of the word, from the vowel sound in the last stressed syllable to the end of the word.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register Nomination for the Security Trust Company
    NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION FOR THE SECURITY TRUST COMPANY BANK BUILDING A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of History California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History (Public History) by Paul Rendes FALL 2016 © 2016 Paul Rendes ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION FOR THE SECURITY TRUST COMPANY BANK BUILDING A Project by Paul Rendes Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Lee Simpson __________________________________, Second Reader Rebecca Bunse ____________________________ Date iii Student: Paul Rendes I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Dr. Anne Lindsay Date Department of History iv Abstract of NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION FOR THE SECURITY TRUST COMPANY BANK BUILDING by Paul Rendes This project determines the eligibility of and establishes a historic context for the nomination of the Security Trust Company Bank Building to the National Register of Historic Places as a commercial building, with an accompanying nomination form. Sources of data used in this project include county assessor records, maps, historic and contemporary photographs, city and county histories, city directories, journal and newspaper articles, articles of incorporation, architectural plans, biographical texts, and contemporary literature on historic preservation and architectural history. The Security Trust Company Bank Building is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A and C. Under Criterion A, the property is eligible for its association with the 1952 Bakersfield earthquake.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ephemera Journal
    The ephemera Journal Volume 16, Number 1 September 2013 “With the President’s Permission…” New York Acquires The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation By Paul Mercer The New York State Legislature purchased the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation from famed abolitionist Gerrit Smith in 1865, shortly after Abraham Lincoln’s funeral train passed through Albany. Smith had won the document in a lottery held at the Albany Relief Bazaar in the winter of 1864. How this priceless artifact came to Albany, and eventually to the New York State Library, is a tale of politics and patriotism, enlivened with ephemera. Sanitary Fairs and the Albany Relief Bazaar From the earliest days of the Civil War, northern civilians sought ways to contribute to the war effort. The United States Sanitary Commission (USSC)1, established in 1861, was ostensibly a philanthropic humanitarian organization with the goal of bringing modern medical relief to soldiers in the battlefield. Through an adjunct agency, the Women’s Central Relief Association, the commission established a national network to distribute the many products of soldiers’ aid societies—bandages, clothing, food, etc. A philanthropic purpose notwithstanding, the commission was led by men of strong political convictions who understood their work as a way to forge a sense of national patriotism and support for the war effort. Between 1863 and the end of the Figure 1: Poster (folio size) for the Albany Relief Bazaar, lithographed locally by Lewis & war one of the chief public means Goodwin. [all images are from New York State Library, Manuscripts and Special Collections] Continued on Page 4 1 In This Issue: The Civil War in California, page 10 ~ Post-War Home Alterations, page 18 ~ The Civil War Re-Enactor, page 20 ~ books on Charles Magnus, and an escaped slave, page 25 The Ephemera Journal Dear Members and Friends: I hope that this summer has provided an opportunity to relax with ephemera, and I welcome you to another wonderful issue of the Ephemera Journal, and a new season with your Ephemera Society of America.
    [Show full text]
  • California Gold Rush Era Government Correspondence, 1850-1869
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf309nb2w4 No online items Register of the California Gold Rush Era Government Correspondence, 1850-1869 Processed by Don Walker; machine-readable finding aid created by Don Walker Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections University Library, University of the Pacific Stockton, CA 95211 Phone: (209) 946-2404 Fax: (209) 946-2810 URL: http://www.pacific.edu/Library/Find/Holt-Atherton-Special-Collections.html © 1998 University of the Pacific. All rights reserved. Register of the California Gold Mss34 1 Rush Era Government Correspondence, 1850-1869 Register of the California Gold Rush Era Government Correspondence, 1850-1869 Collection number: Mss34 Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections University Library University of the Pacific Contact Information Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections University Library, University of the Pacific Stockton, CA 95211 Phone: (209) 946-2404 Fax: (209) 946-2810 URL: http://www.pacific.edu/Library/Find/Holt-Atherton-Special-Collections.html Processed by: Don Walker Date Completed: September 17, 1996 Encoded by: Don Walker © 1998 University of the Pacific. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: California Gold Rush Era Government Correspondence, Date (inclusive): 1850-1869 Collection number: Mss34 Creator: Extent: 0.5 linear ft. Repository: University of the Pacific. Library. Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections Stockton, CA 95211 Shelf location: For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the library's online catalog. Language: English. Access Collection is open for research. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], California Gold Rush Era Government Correspondence, Mss34, Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections, University of the Pacific Library Biography Peter Burnett (1807-1895) , California's first Governor (1849-1851), is represented by a document commissioning Ludlow Thomas as notary public for Shasta and Trinity counties (July 16, 1850).
    [Show full text]
  • How California Was Won: Race, Citizenship, and the Colonial Roots of California, 1846 – 1879
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2019 How California Was Won: Race, Citizenship, And The Colonial Roots Of California, 1846 – 1879 Camille Alexandrite Suárez University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Suárez, Camille Alexandrite, "How California Was Won: Race, Citizenship, And The Colonial Roots Of California, 1846 – 1879" (2019). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3491. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3491 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3491 For more information, please contact [email protected]. How California Was Won: Race, Citizenship, And The Colonial Roots Of California, 1846 – 1879 Abstract The construction of California as an American state was a colonial project premised upon Indigenous removal, state-supported land dispossession, the perpetuation of unfree labor systems and legal, race- based discrimination alongside successful Anglo-American settlement. This dissertation, entitled “How the West was Won: Race, Citizenship, and the Colonial Roots of California, 1849 - 1879” argues that the incorporation of California and its diverse peoples into the U.S. depended on processes of colonization that produced and justified an adaptable acialr hierarchy that protected white privilege and supported a racially-exclusive conception of citizenship. In the first section, I trace how the California Constitution and federal and state legislation violated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This legal system empowered Anglo-American migrants seeking territorial, political, and economic control of the region by allowing for the dispossession of Californio and Indigenous communities and legal discrimination against Californio, Indigenous, Black, and Chinese persons.
    [Show full text]