Plant Polyphenols: Chemical Properties, Biological Activities, and Synthesis** St Phane Quideau,* Denis Deffieux, C Line Douat-Casassus, and Laurent Pouys Gu
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Reviews S. Quideau et al. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000044 Natural Products Plant Polyphenols: Chemical Properties, Biological Activities, and Synthesis** Stphane Quideau,* Denis Deffieux, Cline Douat-Casassus, and Laurent Pouysgu Keywords: Dedicated to Professor Edwin Haslam antioxidants · biological activity · natural products · polyphenols · total synthesis Angewandte Chemie 586 www.angewandte.org 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 586 – 621 Natural Products Eating five servings of fruits and vegetables per day! This is what is From the Contents highly recommended and heavily advertised nowadays to the general public to stay fit and healthy! Drinking green tea on a regular basis, 1. A Little Bit of History 587 eating chocolate from time to time, as well as savoring a couple of 2. What Are Plant Polyphenols glasses of red wine per day have been claimed to increase life Really? 590 expectancy even further! Why? The answer is in fact still under scientific scrutiny, but a particular class of compounds naturally 3. Why Bother with Plant occurring in fruits and vegetables is considered to be crucial for the Polyphenols? 594 expression of such human health benefits: the polyphenols! What are 4. How To Access Polyphenols? 607 these plant products really? What are their physicochemical proper- ties? How do they express their biological activity? Are they really 5. What About the Future? valuable for disease prevention? Can they be used to develop new Remaining Challenges … 614 pharmaceutical drugs? What recent progress has been made toward their preparation by organic synthesis? This Review gives answers from a chemical perspective, summarizes the state of the art, and highlights the most significant advances in the field of polyphenol bracho heartwood, produced at the research. time almost exclusively on a large scale in Argentina and Paraguay. During this tormented period of history, bel- “The same wine, either because it will have changed itself, or ligerant nations engaged in sustained efforts to find a because our body will have changed, can taste sweet at such a substitute to quebracho extracts. For example, the German time, and, at such another time, bitter …” leather industry developed the production of tanning materi- Aristotle, Metaphysics als from oak trees growing in the south of the country, and From the French translation by Jean Tricot 1933, tome 1, G, 5, p. 146 hence, gradually became independent from the importation (Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1991) of quebracho from South America by the time of the Second World War.[3] It will certainly not come as a surprise that chemists got 1. A Little Bit of History involved in this “vegetable tannins” affair. The International Association of Leather Trades Chemists was founded in Before being called polyphenols, these plant-derived London in 1897, and is still active today under the name of the natural products were globally referred to as “vegetable Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists. The Amer- tannins” as a consequence of the use of various plant extracts ican Leather Chemists Association was founded in 1903, and containing them in the conversion of animal skins into is also still active today. This association banded together leather. The origins of this leather-making process get lost chemists mainly concerned with finding an accurate method in the depths of the most ancient records of the history of for analyzing tanning extracts used in the leather industry. human civilizations, but literature sources seem to agree that This was indeed a valuable and quite honorable objective, but the Ancient Greeks of the archaic period (ca. 800–500 BC) far from trivial given the means of chemical analysis available were the first in Europe to develop the technology by relying at the time. Even the determination of the polyphenolic on the use of oak galls.[1] The first mentions of vegetable nature of “vegetable tannins” was not a simple matter, and it tanning in the classical literature are accredited to Theo- was further complicated by the variety of plant sources phrastus of Eressus (371–286 BC), the acclaimed founder of containing tanning materials of different chemical composi- the science of botany, in his Historia Plantarum plant tions. Considerable efforts were thus devoted from the encyclopedia. Over the centuries, “vegetable tannins” have never ceased to garner general (and commercial) interest, as [2] [*] Prof. S. Quideau, Dr. D. Deffieux, Dr. C. Douat-Casassus, well as scientific curiosity, and the Dr. L. Pouysgu development of the leather industry as Universit de Bordeaux a source of raw materials for the manu- Institut des Sciences Molculaires (CNRS-UMR 5255) and Institut facture of not only various commodity Europen de Chimie et Biologie products but also of numerous heavy 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac Cedex (France) + leather-made articles that equipped Fax : ( 33)5-4000-2215 E-mail: [email protected] armed forces in times of war clearly had [**] The background of the frontispiece is one of the masterpieces of something to do with such a continuous Giuseppe Arcimboldo (Italian painter, 1527–1593) which shows a infatuation. In the first half of the 20th portrait of Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor, House of Habsburg) as century, one of the main sources of Vertumnus (roman god of seasons, plant growth, garden, and fruit natural tanning materials was the que- trees) made entirely of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 586 – 621 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 587 Reviews S. Quideau et al. beginning of the 20th century onwards lying their significance not only as major and ubiquitous plant to the study of the chemistry of secondary metabolites, but also as compounds that express tanning plant extracts in an attempt properties with numerous implications and potential exploi- to tackle the structural characteriza- tations in various domains of general public and commercial tion of their polyphenolic constituents. interests. During the second half of the 20th century, research Even the tenacity and major contribu- on polyphenols started to address objectives beyond those tions of the German Nobel Laureate related to leather manufacture. The first glimpses of a Emil Fischer and those of several of definition of “plant polyphenols” can, however, be found in his disciples, such as Karl Freuden- the scientific literature pertaining to this ancestral utilization berg[4] only unveiled the complexity of of polyphenolic plant extracts. In 1957 Theodore White, an the problem and fell short of placing industrial chemist who worked for the British corporation, research on “vegetable polyphenols” The Forestal Land, Timber and Railway, Ltd., a major player as a priority theme in analytical in the aforementioned quebracho extract industry, pointed organic chemistry. The lack of high- out that the term “tannin” should strictly refer to plant performance analytical tools in these polyphenolic materials having molecular masses between 500 early days is certainly a reason for the and 3000 Da and a sufficiently large number of phenolic shortfall of knowledge on complex groups to be capable of forming hydrogen-bonded cross- polyphenols at the molecular level linked structures with collagen molecules (the act of tanning). and, consequently, for the unfortunate White was also among the first chemists to stress that many absence of better recognition of the simpler plant (poly)phenolic substances such as gallic acid topic by chemists. This regrettable sit- and catechin, which give some of the diagnostic reactions of uation has without question improved phenolic compounds—such as formation of intense blue- greatly today, but is still in some black complexes upon treatment with iron(III) salts and respects unchanged, as the study of oxidation with permanganate—do not cross-link collagen, plant polyphenols still remains a special and hence have no tanning action, even though they are and rather exotic topic in modern organic chemistry. adsorbed by animal skin and can precipitate gelatin, the Fortunately, over the years, botanists, plant physiologists, hydrolytically and thermally denaturated form of collagen.[2,5] phytochemists, and biochemists, as well as a few obstinate In brief, all vegetable tannins are polyphenolics, but the organic chemists, kept on studying polyphenols and under- reciprocal is not necessarily true. Stphane Quideau received his PhD in 1994 Cline Douat-Casassus received her PhD in with Prof. J. Ralph from the University of 2001 with Dr. J.-A. Fehrentz in Prof. J. Wisconsin-Madison. After postdoctoral Martinez’s group in Montpellier for her work research at The Pennsylvania State Univer- on solid-phase synthesis of lipopeptides. She sity with Prof. K. S. Feldman, he moved to then joined the group of Prof. J.-L. Rey- Texas Tech University as an Assistant Profes- mond’s at Bern University, where she con- sor. In 1999, he moved to the University of tributed to the development of catalytic Bordeaux, and joined the European Institute peptide dendrimers. In 2004, she moved to of Chemistry and Biology in 2003. After Bordeaux to Prof. S. Quideau’s group, where being nominated as junior member of the she worked on the synthesis of antigenic “Institut Universitaire de France” in 2004, peptidomimetics. Since 2007, she has been he was promoted to Full Professor in 2005. a CNRS researcher in the group. Her In 2008 he received the Scientific Prize of research interests include the solid-phase syn- the “Groupe Polyphnols” society, and was thesis of polyphenolic ellagitannin deriva- elected President of this society. tives. Denis Deffieux received his PhD in 1993 Laurent Pouysgu studied chemistry at the with Prof. C. Biran from the University of University of Bordeaux, and received his Bordeaux for his work on the electrochemical PhD in 1997 with Prof. B. De Jso for his silylation of polyhalogenated aromatic com- work on carbohydrate chemistry. He then pounds. He then joined the group of Prof.