English Final Examination 2012 / Written Part 21 May 2012
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English Final Examination 2012 / Written Part 21 May 2012 Cover Sheet Version B Instructions, Points & Markings Name: ……………………………….…………………. First Name: …………………………………..…………………. Your exam consists of the following three parts: Total time: 120 minutes A Reading Comprehension 40 points B Grammar & Structures 44 points C Writing 44 points All parts are handed out at the beginning of the exam. Manage your timing well. You cannot use a dictionary or smartphone during the exam. Points part A: ………/ 40 Points part B: ………/ 44 Points part C: ………/ 44 Total: ………/128 Final Mark: …………. Good LuckLuck!!!! P Millard/J Herzig Part A: Reading Comprehension (40 points) Bright Ideas by Sarah Boseley, health editor guardian.co.uk, Friday 28/9/2011 (adapted by hje/mip) (italic & bold words are translated in the glossary p.4) Sometimes the simplest ideas are the best and most effective way of solving a problem, particularly for developing countries where money and resources can be scarce. Bright ideas often take the local conditions into consideration and work with local constraints . 5 One example of identifying a problem and finding a simple solution was the wind-up radio. Trevor Baylis got his inspiration in 1993 from watching a television programme about the spread of AIDS in Africa and that a way to halt the spread of the 10 disease would be by education and information using radio broadcasts. It brought home to him that what was needed was a radio that could work without batteries or electricity. He had realised that in many areas of Africa, people’s only means 15 of communication was the radio, but that batteries or electricity were either too expensive or too difficult to find. Before the programme had finished he had went to his workshop and assembled the first prototype of his most well-known invention, the wind-up radio: a clockwork radio that only needs winding up and plays while the spring is winding down. This award-winning solution was so simple and effective that it transformed 20 people’s lives. The original prototype included a small transistor radio, an electric motor from a toy car, and the clockwork mechanism from a music box. He patented the idea and then tried to get it into production, but was met with rejection from everyone he approached. The turning point came when his prototype was featured on the BBC TV programme Tomorrow's 25 World in April 1994. With money from investors he formed a company called Freeplay Energy and in 1996 the Freeplay radio was awarded the BBC Design Award for Best Product and Best Design. In the same year Baylis met Queen Elizabeth II and Nelson Mandela at a state banquet, and also travelled to Africa with the Dutch Television Service to produce a documentary about his life . He was awarded the 1996 World Vision Award for Development Initiative that year. 30 Baylis filed his first patent in 1992. 1997 saw the production in South Africa of the new generation Freeplay radio, a smaller lighter model designed for the Western consumer market with a running time of up to an hour on twenty seconds of winding. This radio has since been updated to include a solar panel so that it runs in sunshine without winding. Numerous tours, interviews and television appearances have followed, and Baylis has been awarded 35 many honours including the OBE (Order of the British Empire) in 1997, and eleven honorary degrees from UK universities. He continues to invent, and in 2001 he completed a 100 mile walk across the Namib Desert demonstrating his electric shoes and raising money for the Mines Advisory Group. The "electric shoes" use piezoelectric contacts in the heels to charge a small battery that can be used to operate a radio transceiver or cellular telephone. BMP English 2012, Version B P Millard/J Herzig 2/12 40 Following his own experience of the difficulties faced by inventors, Baylis set up the Trevor Baylis Foundation to "promote the activity of Invention by encouraging and supporting Inventors and Engineers". This led to the formation of the company Trevor Baylis Brands PLC which provides inventors with professional partnership and services to enable them to establish the originality of their ideas, to patent or otherwise protect them, and to get their products to market . Their primary 45 goal is to secure license agreements for inventors, but they also consider starting up new companies around good ideas. The company is based in Richmond, London. Another example of thinking ‘outside the box’ is Marc Koska’s self-destructing syringe . He was inspired by a 50 video of children and babies being injected with used needles, a highly dangerous practice. The problem was how to stop people reusing syringes. His innovative idea after many years of research was a design with a plunger which simply breaks if reused. This could help 55 save over a million deaths annually because of the reuse of syringes. Fortunately, Tanzania has become the first country in the world to move exclusively to using syringes that self-destruct thanks to this British entrepreneur. Marc Koska, who was also a founder of a charity called SafePoint, went to the Tanzanian government with a video of a nurse injecting a man 60 who had HIV and syphilis – and then reusing the needle on a one-year-old baby! "I went to see the minister of health in Tanzania and showed her the film. She was so distressed and said: What are we talking about here? She said, 'What's the solution? Let's get on with it.' A meeting scheduled for 10 minutes went on for two hours. Then I knew I had made my breakthrough ," Koska told the Guardian. Koska is now a man on a mission. He hopes to persuade four other countries in east Africa to follow 65 suit – Kenya, Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda – before he takes on the rest of the world. The situation is worse than most people imagine . Some 1.3 million people die every year because of the reuse of syringes, according to the World Health Organisation. That's more than malaria kills, Koska points out. "This is not a mosquito-borne disease. This is man-made," he said.' There are 23 million transmissions of hepatitis, which cost £74 billion every year in medical and lost production 70 costs. In Africa, around 20 million injections contaminated with HIV are given every year. In the developing world, every syringe is used on average four times. That's Russian Roulette ,' he says, 'and disastrous '. "The village quack has one syringe for 200 people," he said. "I've seen him take it out of his hair, use it and then stick it back in the roof of the hut where the insects are." The healthy start to life that 75 children are given is so easily undermined . No vast sums are needed for this idea to be implemented. At 3 Pence (10Rp) each, syringes are very cheap to make. However, they are manufactured by a small number of big companies who charge a lot for them as they sell fewer syringes in the long run – because people get well. Koska hopes to persuade families to demand safe injections from needles carrying a LifeSaver logo. In 80 Tanzania, health workers will ask people given such injections to send a free text to the health ministry. Health workers who get 500 text "votes" receive congratulations and a status-conveying badge. Koska tells of seeing parents asked to choose the needle to be used on their child from a tray of reused ones. If families understood the danger, they would insist on a new one, Koska believes. BMP English 2012, Version B P Millard/J Herzig 3/12 Twenty-seven years ago, he was kicking his heels in the Caribbean looking for something interesting 85 to do with his life. “In May 1984, I read an article predicting that syringes would be a major transmission route for HIV in the future. Immediately I knew that was my calling." It took years of studying the problem and learning about plastics, before he hit on his design, in which the plunger breaks as soon as it is pulled back for reuse. He has now sold 3 billion of them and last month, he finally signed a contract with the world's biggest syringe-maker to produce his auto- 90 disable design. Finally, one of the most recent innovations is called Solar Bottle Light. Sadly the inventor is unknown but claims have been made in 95 Manila and Sao Paulo. This is a truly ‘bright’ idea for shanty towns , where houses are so close that they don’t get much sunlight. It’s a light bulb made from a plastic bottle filled with water and a little bleach . A hole is cut in 100 the metal roof and the bottle is inserted half way through. A simple hole in the roof would only provide light directly below the hole, but when light hits the water it spreads light in all directions. A litre bottle light provides the equivalent of a 60-watt light bulb. It uses local 105 materials, costs about two or three dollars to make and lasts for about five years. This is already making a life-changing difference to people in Brazil and the Philippines. Who would have thought that all those PET bottles could make such a contribution to the developing world? Coming up with a bright idea to solve a problem requires a lot of dedication and the ability to bounce back when things don’t work out. As the old saying goes: ‘If at first you don’t succeed, try, try 110 again.’ Glossary constraints Einschränkungen syr inge (In jektions)Spritze plunger Einspritzkolben charity Wohltätigeitsorganisation quack Quacksalber (selbsternannter Arzt) kick his heels Warten/Daumen drehen undermined verderbt shanty town Barackensiedlung, Slums bleach Chavelwasser/Bleichmittel dedication Engagement BMP English 2012, Version B P Millard/J Herzig 4/12 A1 True or False? (20 points) Cross (W) the statement as true (T) or false (F): if it’s false, correct it! See (0) T F 0.