Glossary of Symbols 2. Wind Erosion Type ¥low - will be damaged by high winds ShR sheet and rill erosion ¥moderate - will tolerate strong winds with Wwind erosion only minor damage, but will not grow well in c especially suited to coastal persistent prevailing winds situations ¥high - will tolerate strong to gale force winds LAND MANAGEMENT Sc scree creep, mostly in mountain lands with little, or no damage, but drought Mmass movement, including slips, slumps, susceptible species will do poorly in hot, dry and flows; most species listed under ShR winds. NATIVE TREES can help prevent mass movement, but few 3. Drought New Zealand Native for Erosion Control can be used on active mass movements or ¥low - may withstand a day or two of mild highly unstable surfaces. moisture stress, but will rapidly lose vigour, G gully erosion or suffer permanent damage under longer Introduction Succession often begins with lichens, Sb streambank erosion periods of moisture stress. This Environment Topic provides mosses and small herbs, progressing as Successional Status ¥moderate - can withstand seasonal information about the types of native trees, soil and fertility builds, through hardy Ppioneer or colonizing species, for planting droughts provided soil moisture levels do shrubs and grasses you can successfully shrubs and small trees, to taller trees, and on bare, often infertile soils or subsoils not fall below wilting point for several weeks to in an eroding area. eventually, as protection and shade S1 a colonizing species suited to stabilized or more. develops, to canopy species. Why use native plants for erosion surfaces, often requiring extra fertiliser on ¥high - can withstand prolonged seasonal By careful planning and species selection, infertile soils. Suited to planting on slip drought, and in some cases semi-arid control? The increased use of native plants for and by controlling weeds and exotics, faces or earthworks and useful as a nurse conditions. which will also colonise bare and disturbed crop. erosion control has resulted from interest in 4. Frost tolerance (winter maximum) sites, it is possible to imitate this natural S2 successional species requiring better soil the conservation of native vegetation and ¥low - generally tender and will be damaged succession, and over time establish a and some shelter, but will provide shelter the habitats they form. by cold winds or frost of -20C or -30C permanent native plant cover. for other species once established. ¥moderate - will tolerate frosts of -30C to -60C Using indigenous plants enhances the Llater successional species, used to Species selection will depend on both the ¥high - generally considered as frost hardy in aesthetic and ecological integrity of the complete the landscape effect and, being type and severity of the actual or potential most lowland and lower mountain districts vegetation, and results in long term long lived, to provide long-term shelter and erosion, and the characteristics of the site, and will tolerate frost temperatures of -70C protection when compared to that provided stability. or lower. by many exotic species. especially the local climate. An indication Growth Form of likely species can be gained by checking 5. Waterlogging Native plants have evolved over centuries, S shrub the species content of local areas of bush. ¥low - will not tolerate roots being in and are well adapted to the soil and T tree - forms a distinct trunk, though waterlogged soil for more than several days climatic conditions of New Zealand. sometimes short Native seedlings being grown on a Hawke's Bay in succession ST shrub or small tree Unfortunately not many of New Zealand’s farm for planting out onto an eroding site. ¥moderate - will withstand frequent Ggrass or sedge species can be regarded as efficient waterlogging, but not continual waterlogging H herbaceous plant colonisers. Generally our slow growing for long periods p prostrate or low growing native vegetation will develop on bare or ¥high - can withstand roots continually in wet s spreading or forming a wide canopy disturbed sites through a series of stages, or waterlogged soil; growth may be slower, divaricating, often only in juvenile stage or natural succession. but otherwise plants will not be affected. t tussock forming Native plants being used for the dual purpose of erosion cmat or creeping control and protecting the margin of existing native bush. Environmental Tolerances (may vary within species and time of year. Tolerances depend on growth stage, and adaptation or acclimatisation to a particular environment) For further information 1. Salt Spray (wind borne) For further information ask for the other titles ¥low - little or no capacity to withstand salt on in this series or contact Land Management leaves Officers at the Hawke’s Bay Regional Council ¥moderate - tolerates some salt but will lose for advice: vigour rapidly with heavy or frequent deposits Wairoa 06 838 8527 ¥ high - tolerates salt laden winds and salt Napier 06 835 9200 spray, and some salt in ground water Waipukurau 06 858 8636 TOLL FREE 0800 108 838 www.hbrc.govt.nz ET:LM:NT1:November 2004 Regional Council Safeguarding Your Environment A glossary of

.

ore erosion begins

or restoration of disturbed or depleted sites bef or restoration

le.

to control and height

sand dunes

ShR P S1 S2 sS 4m mod mod mod mod low

ShR S1S2 S 1m low high low high mod ShR S1S2 sS 3m low mod mod high mod

hai

le for general revegetation, and f revegetation, general le for

bonwood

b

ohuhu

native broomnative ShR PS1 S 2m low low-high mod-high high low

cottonwood sand dunes

cottonwood sandW dunes ShR S1 P S 2m mod mod mod mod high coprosma

leafy ShR S1S2 ST 5m low mod mod high low coprosma

boxwood ShR S1S2 sS 1-2m low high low high mod

lacebark W ShR S1 S2T 10m low mod mod mod mod lacebark W ShR S2 ST 8m low mod mod mod mod

honey-suckle

beech

k

ri

Hall’s totaraHall’s W ShR S2 L T 10-20m low mod high high mod

North IslandW ShR Sb S2L T 12m low mod mod high low kow

le For Soil Erosion Control le For Soil Erosion

tukutuku ShR W Sc S1 S2 sT 12m low mod low mod mod

whaiW ShR Sb S2L dT 10m low mod mod high mod

orokio W ShR G S1 S2 ds 3m mod high mod high low

ohuhu ShR S1S2 ST 10m low mod mod high low

angiora rangioraW (SB) ShR S1 S2 sST 7m mod mod mod mod low

ata northern rata Wc ShR S2 L 15-25m sT low mod mod mod low ata southern rata ShR S2L sT 15m high high low mod low

autawhiri mapou black W ShR S1S2 ST 10m low mod mod high mod

Name Name erosion Status form to salt spray to wind to drought to frost to waterlogging

titoki titoki M S2 ST 8m mod mod mod mod mod makomako wineberry ShR (SC) G S1 ST 9m low mod low high mod r

tauhinu golden ShR Wc (G) PS1 S 2m mod mod high high high

tauhinu cottonwood ShR (G) P S1 S 5m mod mod high mod low tauhinu mountain ShR (G) S1 S2 S 2m mod mod mod high low

karamu ShR S2L ST 6m mod mod low mod mod

mingimingi ShR S1S2 ST 7m low mod mod high mod taupata Wc ShR S1 S2 ST 8m high high mod mod low karamu ShR W S1 S2 ST 6m mod mod mod mod mod ti kouka tree cabbage W M G S2 L T 5-13m mod high mod high high tutu ShR G S1 P S 6m low mod mod mod low mountain tutu ShR S1 PS 0.5m low mod low mod low

mountain tutu ShR S1 S 1m low mod low mod low k karaka Wc S2L T 16m high high mod low low

kahikatea white pine W M S1 S2 T 25-50m low mod mod mod high

ake akeake Wc ShR G S1 S2 L sST 7m high high high mod low

ko

koromiko houhere lacebark W ShR S2 L T 10m low mod low mod mod

rewarewa NZ W S2L T 20-30m low mod mod mod low

kanuka white teatreeW ShR G P S1 S2 ST 15m low mod high high mod manuka red teatreeW ShR G P S1 S2TM s mod mod high high high

mahoe whitey-wood ShR G S2 10m sT low mod mod mod mod r r

ngaio Wc ShR S2 L ST 10m high high mod mod low

tawhairau-nui red beech WShR S2L T 25-30m low mod mod high mod tawhai beech silver ShR S2l sT 20-30m low mod mod high mod tawhairau-riki beech black ShR S2L T 25m low high high high mod

tawhairau-riki mountain ShR S2L sT 15m low mod high high mod

akiraho Wc S1S2 ST 7m high mod mod high low r tarata lemonwood W ShR S1S2 ST 12m low mod low mod mod

karo Ralph’s WcShR S1S2 ST 6m high high mod mod low

k

manatu ribbonwood W S2L sT 10-15m low mod mod mod mod makaka shore Wc estuarine S1S2 S 2m high high mod mod high saline

totara W ShR S1S2 L 10-30m T low mod mod high mod

puahou five-finger ShR W S1S2 ST 8m low mod mod mod low

pate ShR S1S2 L 8m S low low low mod mod

ko

kamahi ShR Wc S1S2L sT 25m low mod mod mod mod

piripiri bidibidi ShR S1 Hc 0.2m low mod low mod low-mod toetoeWc Sb G ShR P S1 S2 Gt 2.5m mod high mod mod mod harakeke flax Wc ShR G Sb S1 S2 L Ht 2-3m high high mod high high

breviations used is at the end of this tab breviations

inmannia racemosa

r solandri r cliffortiodes unzia ericoides odocarpus totara odocarpus hallii

Botanical NameAlectryon excelsus MaoriAristotelia serrata repanda Brachyglottis Carmichaelia species CommonCassinia fulvida of Type Cassinia leptophyla Cassinia vauvilliersitt SuccessionCoprosma acerosa GrowthCoprosma lucida Coprosma parvifolia ToleranceCoprosma propinqua ToleranceCoprosma repens Coprosma robusta ToleranceCordyline australis Coriaria arborea ToleranceCoriaria plumosa Coriaria sarmentosa Tolerance Corokia cotoneaster Coryncarpus laevigatus Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Dodonea viscosa Fuchsia excorticata Hebe odora Hebe stricta angustifolia Hoheria sexstylosa Knightia excelsa K Leptospermum scoparium Melicytus ramiflorus Metrosideros robusta Metrosideros umbellata laetum Myoporum fusca Nothofagus menziesii Nothofagus solandri Nothofagus va solandri Nothofagus va Olearia paniculata Pittosporum colensoi Pittosporum eugenioides Pittosporum ralphii Pittosporum tenuifolium Plagianthus betulinus Plagianthus divaricatus P P Pseudopanax arboreus digitata Schefflera Senecio bidwillii Senecio elaeagnifolius microphylla Sophora tetraptera Sophora We Grasses & Herbs Acaena spp Cortaderia spp Phormium tenax

Many of these plants are also suitab Many New Zealand Plants Suitab New the symbols and ab Glossary of Symbols 2. Wind Erosion Type ¥low - will be damaged by high winds ShR sheet and rill erosion ¥moderate - will tolerate strong winds with Wwind erosion only minor damage, but will not grow well in c species especially suited to coastal persistent prevailing winds situations ¥high - will tolerate strong to gale force winds LAND MANAGEMENT Sc scree creep, mostly in mountain lands with little, or no damage, but drought Mmass movement, including slips, slumps, susceptible species will do poorly in hot, dry and flows; most species listed under ShR winds. NATIVE TREES can help prevent mass movement, but few 3. Drought New Zealand Native Plants for Erosion Control can be used on active mass movements or ¥low - may withstand a day or two of mild highly unstable surfaces. moisture stress, but will rapidly lose vigour, G gully erosion or suffer permanent damage under longer Introduction Succession often begins with lichens, Sb streambank erosion periods of moisture stress. This Environment Topic provides mosses and small herbs, progressing as Successional Status ¥moderate - can withstand seasonal information about the types of native trees, soil and fertility builds, through hardy Ppioneer or colonizing species, for planting droughts provided soil moisture levels do shrubs and grasses you can successfully shrubs and small trees, to taller trees, and on bare, often infertile soils or subsoils not fall below wilting point for several weeks to plant in an eroding area. eventually, as protection and shade S1 a colonizing species suited to stabilized or more. develops, to canopy species. Why use native plants for erosion surfaces, often requiring extra fertiliser on ¥high - can withstand prolonged seasonal By careful planning and species selection, infertile soils. Suited to planting on slip drought, and in some cases semi-arid control? The increased use of native plants for and by controlling weeds and exotics, faces or earthworks and useful as a nurse conditions. which will also colonise bare and disturbed crop. erosion control has resulted from interest in 4. Frost tolerance (winter maximum) sites, it is possible to imitate this natural S2 successional species requiring better soil the conservation of native vegetation and ¥low - generally tender and will be damaged succession, and over time establish a and some shelter, but will provide shelter the habitats they form. by cold winds or frost of -20C or -30C permanent native plant cover. for other species once established. ¥moderate - will tolerate frosts of -30C to -60C Using indigenous plants enhances the Llater successional species, used to Species selection will depend on both the ¥high - generally considered as frost hardy in aesthetic and ecological integrity of the complete the landscape effect and, being type and severity of the actual or potential most lowland and lower mountain districts vegetation, and results in long term long lived, to provide long-term shelter and erosion, and the characteristics of the site, and will tolerate frost temperatures of -70C protection when compared to that provided stability. or lower. by many exotic species. especially the local climate. An indication Growth Form of likely species can be gained by checking 5. Waterlogging Native plants have evolved over centuries, S shrub the species content of local areas of bush. ¥low - will not tolerate roots being in and are well adapted to the soil and T tree - forms a distinct trunk, though waterlogged soil for more than several days climatic conditions of New Zealand. sometimes short Native seedlings being grown on a Hawke's Bay in succession ST shrub or small tree Unfortunately not many of New Zealand’s farm for planting out onto an eroding site. ¥moderate - will withstand frequent Ggrass or sedge species can be regarded as efficient waterlogging, but not continual waterlogging H herbaceous plant colonisers. Generally our slow growing for long periods p prostrate or low growing native vegetation will develop on bare or ¥high - can withstand roots continually in wet s spreading or forming a wide canopy disturbed sites through a series of stages, or waterlogged soil; growth may be slower, divaricating, often only in juvenile stage or natural succession. but otherwise plants will not be affected. t tussock forming Native plants being used for the dual purpose of erosion cmat or creeping control and protecting the margin of existing native bush. Environmental Tolerances (may vary within species and time of year. Tolerances depend on growth stage, and adaptation or acclimatisation to a particular environment) For further information 1. Salt Spray (wind borne) For further information ask for the other titles ¥low - little or no capacity to withstand salt on in this series or contact Land Management leaves Officers at the Hawke’s Bay Regional Council ¥moderate - tolerates some salt but will lose for advice: vigour rapidly with heavy or frequent deposits Wairoa 06 838 8527 ¥ high - tolerates salt laden winds and salt Napier 06 835 9200 spray, and some salt in ground water Waipukurau 06 858 8636 TOLL FREE 0800 108 838 www.hbrc.govt.nz ET:LM:NT1:November 2004 Regional Council Safeguarding Your Environment