DOCSLIB.ORG

Securing Multipath TCP

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Securing Multipath TCP Securing MultiPath TCP Mathieu Jadin and Gautier Tihon Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Emails: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—MultiPath TCP (MPTCP) is a recent TCP extension Application layer protocols can also encrypt and authentic- that enables hosts to send the data belonging to one connection ate data. Transport Layer Security (TLS) [3] was designed for over multiple paths. It is already deployed for various use this purpose. Various documents have analysed the security of cases, notably on smartphones. In parallel with this, there is a growing deployment of encryption and authentication techniques the TLS protocol from different viewpoints [10, 11, 12]. Over to counter various forms of attacks. Tcpcrypt and the Transport the years, various extensions to TLS have been developed and Layer Security (TLS) are some of these security solutions. deployed. Besides attacks on the cryptographic algorithms or In this paper, we propose MPTCPsec, a MultiPath TCP their implementations [10], TLS is also vulnerable to some extension that closely integrates authentication and encryption forms of attacks that affect the underlying TCP protocol [13]. inside the protocol and shows how it counters several types of attacks. In this paper, we propose a security scheme specially designed for Multipath TCP: MPTCPsec (MPTCP secure). I. INTRODUCTION MPTCPsec brings two main improvements compared to using The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the most application layer security protocols such as TLS or SSH above widely used protocol to exchange data over the Internet. MPTCP: It was designed at a time when security was not a major • MPTCPsec can detect and recover from packet injection concern. Multipath TCP [1] is a major extension to TCP attacks by closing a compromised subflow, in constrast that allows data from a single connection to be exchanged with application layer protocols like TLS that just close over different paths. It has already seen significant adoption the TCP connection when they detect an attack. since it is used on all Apple devices to support the Siri voice • MPTCPsec protects the application data (with authentic- recognition application. In Korea, high-end smartphones use ation and encryption) and authenticates the TCP options Multipath TCP to combine WiFi and LTE and achieve higher that are used to control the Multipath TCP connection. bandwidth [2]. This prevents various types of attacks where an attacker During the last decade, security has been a growing concern would try to impact subflows that he does not control. for Internet protocols and various solutions using encryption This paper is organised as follows. We first describe the key and authentication have been deployed. Most of the success- parts of Multipath TCP in Section II. We then detail the main ful deployments are in the application layer with protocols threats that we have considered in our design of MPTCPsec like SSH or TLS [3]. In the network and transport layer, and explain how they can be countrered in Section III. We encryption and authentication have been less successful. When compare MPTCPsec with related work in Section IV. Our IPsec [4] was designed, it was intended as a mandatory part work goes beyond the design of MPTCPsec since we have also of IPv6. IPv6 is now widely deployed but IPsec remains implemented it inside the Linux kernel. Our implementation restricted to some VPNs. In the transport layer, progress has leverages both the reference implementation of Multipath TCP been slower. Three types of solutions have been proposed in the Linux kernel [14] and the Linux crypto API and to improve the security of TCP. A first approach is to tune performs all cryptographic operations inside the kernel. Due the TCP stack to prevent some segment injection attacks. to space limitations, it unfortunately cannot be described in [5, 6]. Another approach is to add authentication to the TCP this short paper. protocol [7]. However, these solutions assume that a secret is shared between the communicating hosts. They are currently II. MULTIPATH TCP only used to authenticate BGP sessions. Another approach is MultiPath TCP [1] uses several paths to exchange data by tcpcrypt [8]. This TCP extension adds authentication and establishing one TCP connection, called subflow in [1], over encryption to TCP. It was designed to provide opportunistic each path. The number of subflows that compose a Multipath encryption. In contrast with application layer solutions such TCP connection is not constant. Subflows can appear and as TLS, it does not use certificates to authenticate the server, disappear during the lifetime of a connection. For example, but allows the client and the server to perform a secure key a smartphone can create a new subflow each time it attaches handshake and negotiate keys. This prevents attacks such as itself to a new WiFi access point. Thanks to the utilisation of pervasive monitoring [9] but does not address man-in-the- multiple subflows, Multipath TCP can support mobility [15] middle attacks. The IETF has formed the tcpinc working and achieve resource pooling [16]. A detailed overview of group to standardise a TCP extension heavily inspired by Multipath TCP may be found in [17]. We focus here on the tcpcrypt [8]. TCP options that are used by Multipath TCP and are relevant 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Host A Host B Address A1 Address A2 Address B1 Kind Length Subtype (reserved) F m M a A SYN + MP_CAPABLE(Key-A) Data ACK (4 or 8 bytes, depending on flags) Data sequence number (4 or 8 bytes, depending on flags) SYN/ACK + MP_CAPABLE(Key-B) ACK + MP_CAPABLE(Key-A, Key-B) Subflow Sequence Number Data-Level Length Checksum SYN + MP_JOIN(Token-B, R-A) Figure 2. Format of the DSS option. SYN/ACK + MP_JOIN(HMAC-B, R-B) ACK + MP_JOIN(HMAC-A) ACK number space of the subflow. It also contains a cumulative acknowledgement field (Data ACK in Figure 2). Thanks to the Figure 1. MPTCP three-way handshake (between addresses A1 and B1) and DSS option, it is possible to retransmit over a subflow data that subflow establishment (between addresses A2 and B1). R-A (resp. R-B) is the was transmitted initially over another subflow without success. random number of Host A (resp. Host B). HMAC-A (resp. HMAC-B) is equal to HMAC(R-A+R-B, Key-A+Key-B) (resp. HMAC(R-B+R-A, Key-B+Key-A)). The DSS option contains an optional Checksum that allows to detect middlebox interference [1]. When packet losses occur, Multipath TCP first retransmits for understanding the security issues that affect Multipath TCP the lost packets over the same subflow. In this case, the retrans- [18, 19]. mitted packet contains the same DSS option as the original one. If a subflow fails, unacknowledged data previously sent A. Connection and subflow establishment on this subflow must be retransmitted on another subflow. This A Multipath TCP connection starts with a three-way hand- is called a re-injection [1]. In this case, a new DSS shake. The Multipath Capable (MP_CAPABLE) option option is computed to map the retransmitted data onto the is used, as shown in the top of Figure1, to negotiate the use of new subflow. MPTCP and exchange 64-bit keys. These keys are sent in clear The DSS option contains a series of flags. The F flag marks during the handshake of the first subflow1. MPTCP uses these the end of the bytestream. DSS options with the F flag set are keys for three different purposes. Firstly, MPTCP hosts derive called DATA-FIN. They are used to terminate Multipath TCP a token that uniquely identifies the Multipath TCP connection connections as the FIN flag is used in TCP to terminate regular from a hash of the key [1]. Secondly, the Initial Data connections. Sequence Number (IDSN) of a connection is also derived C. Address advertisement from these keys. Thirdly, the keys are used to authenticate the establishment of subflows with the MP_JOIN option. To establish subflows between their different interfaces, The Join (MP_JOIN) option enables hosts to attach new hosts that use Multipath TCP must learn the IP addresses of subflows to an existing Multipath TCP connection. This option the remote host. Multipath TCP uses two TCP options for is used during the three-way handshake that establishes the this purpose. The Add Address (ADD_ADDR) and Remove additional subflow. An example is shown in Figure 1. The Address (REMOVE_ADDR) options allow hosts to advertise establishment of the additional subflow is authenticated with a and remove addresses on which subflows can be established. HMAC computed over random numbers exchanged during the These options are typically included in pure acknowledge- handshake (R-A and R-B in Figure 1) with the keys exchanged ments and the host that receives an option can decide to create during the initial TCP handshake. The token is used by Host a subflow or not towards the advertised address. The ability to B to identify the concerned MPTCP connection. advertise addresses creates a security threat that is discussed in [19, 18]. The latest Multipath TCP draft has added a HMAC B. Data transfer in the ADD_ADDR option to authenticate it. Data Sequence Signal DSS The ( ) option, shown in D. Connection release Figure 2, enables the transmission of data over different paths. In a nutshell, Multipath TCP uses two levels of sequence A Multipath TCP connection can be closed gracefully by numbers: (i) the regular TCP sequence numbers at the subflow using a DSS option with the F flag set (called a DATA-FIN) or level and (ii) the Data Sequence Numbers (DSN) at the con- abruptly with the Fast Close (MP_FASTCLOSE) option.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Measurement-Based Study of Multipath TCP Performance Over Wireless Networks
    A Measurement-based Study of MultiPath TCP Performance over Wireless Networks Yung-Chih Chen Yeon-sup Lim Richard J. Gibbens School of Computer Science School of Computer Science Computer Laboratory University of Massachusetts University of Massachusetts University of Cambridge Amherst, MA USA Amherst, MA USA Cambridge, UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Erich M. Nahum Ramin Khalili Don Towsley IBM Thomas J. Watson T-Labs, Deutsche Telekom School of Computer Science Research Center Berlin, Germany University of Massachusetts Yorktown Heights, NY USA [email protected] Amherst, MA USA [email protected] berlin.de [email protected] ABSTRACT Keywords With the popularity of mobile devices and the pervasive use Multi-Path TCP; MPTCP; Congestion Control; Measure- of cellular technology, there is widespread interest in hybrid ments; Wireless; Cellular Networks; 4G; LTE; 3G; CDMA networks and on how to achieve robustness and good per- formance from them. As most smart phones and mobile de- 1. INTRODUCTION vices are equipped with dual interfaces (WiFi and 3G/4G), a promising approach is through the use of multi-path TCP, Many users with mobile devices can access the Internet which leverages path diversity to improve performance and through both WiFi and cellular networks. Typically, these provide robust data transfers. In this paper we explore the users only utilize one technology at a time: WiFi when it is performance of multi-path TCP in the wild, focusing on sim- available, and cellular otherwise. Research has also focused ple 2-path multi-path TCP scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Different Congestion Control Algorithms Over Multipath Fast Ethernet Ipv4/Ipv6 Environments
    Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Applied Informatics Eger, Hungary, January 29–31, 2020, published at http://ceur-ws.org The Effects of Different Congestion Control Algorithms over Multipath Fast Ethernet IPv4/IPv6 Environments Szabolcs Szilágyi, Imre Bordán Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, Hungary [email protected] [email protected] Abstract The TCP has been in use since the seventies and has later become the predominant protocol of the internet for reliable data transfer. Numerous TCP versions has seen the light of day (e.g. TCP Cubic, Highspeed, Illinois, Reno, Scalable, Vegas, Veno, etc.), which in effect differ from each other in the algorithms used for detecting network congestion. On the other hand, the development of multipath communication tech- nologies is one today’s relevant research fields. What better proof of this, than that of the MPTCP (Multipath TCP) being integrated into multiple operating systems shortly after its standardization. The MPTCP proves to be very effective for multipath TCP-based data transfer; however, its main drawback is the lack of support for multipath com- munication over UDP, which can be important when forwarding multimedia traffic. The MPT-GRE software developed at the Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, supports operation over both transfer protocols. In this paper, we examine the effects of different TCP congestion control mechanisms on the MPTCP and the MPT-GRE multipath communication technologies. Keywords: congestion control, multipath communication, MPTCP, MPT- GRE, transport protocols. 1. Introduction In 1974, the TCP was defined in RFC 675 under the Transmission Control Pro- gram name. Later, the Transmission Control Program was split into two modular Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
    [Show full text]
  • SMAPP : Towards Smart Multipath TCP-Enabled Applications
    SMAPP : Towards Smart Multipath TCP-enabled APPlications B. Hesmans ∗, G. Detal y, S. Barre y, R. Bauduin ∗, O. Bonaventure ∗ ∗ Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium y Tessares, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ∗ [email protected] y [email protected] ABSTRACT applications running on a wide range of devices ranging Multipath TCP was designed and implemented as a from smartphones to datacenters. Despite or maybe due backward compatible replacement for TCP. For this rea- to its popularity, TCP continues to evolve. Multipath son, it exposes the standard socket API to the applica- TCP [7, 19] is one of the most recent TCP extensions. It tions that cannot control the utilisation of the different completely changes one of the basic design assumptions paths. This is a key feature for applications that are un- of the original TCP specification : a TCP connection aware of the multipath nature of the network. On the is always identified by a four-tuple (source and desti- contrary, this is a limitation for applications that could nation IP addresses and ports). All the packets that benefit from specific knowledge to use multiple paths are sent for such a connection always contain this four- in a way that fits their needs. As the specific knowl- tuple. An annoying consequence of this coupling is that edge of an application can not be known in advance, on a multihomed host, e.g. a smartphone with a cellular we propose a Multipath TCP path manager that dele- and a WiFi interface or a simple dual-stack PC having gates the management of the paths to the applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Multipath TCP Upstreaming
    Multipath TCP Upstreaming Mat Martineau (Intel) and Matthieu Baerts (Tessares) Plan ● Multipath TCP Overview ● First Patch Set Upstreaming Roadmap ● Advanced Features Roadmap ● Conclusion and links 2 What is MPTCP? 3 Multipath TCP (MPTCP) ● Exchange data for a single connection over different paths, simultaneously ● RFC-6824 and supported by IETF Multipath TCP (MPTCP) working group Smartphone and WiFi icons by Blurred203 and Antü Plasma under CC-by-sa, others from Tango project, public domain 4 Multipath TCP (MPTCP) ● Exchange data for a single connection over different paths, simultaneously ● RFC-6824 and supported by IETF Multipath TCP (MPTCP) working group ● More bandwidth: Smartphone and WiFi icons by Blurred203 and Antü Plasma under CC-by-sa, others from Tango project, public domain 5 Multipath TCP (MPTCP) ● Exchange data for a single connection over different paths, simultaneously ● RFC-6824 and supported by IETF Multipath TCP (MPTCP) working group ● More mobility (walk-out): Smartphone and WiFi icons by Blurred203 and Antü Plasma under CC-by-sa, others from Tango project, public domain 6 Multipath TCP (MPTCP) ● Exchange data for a single connection over different paths, simultaneously ● RFC-6824 and supported by IETF Multipath TCP (MPTCP) working group ● More mobility (walk-out): Smartphone and WiFi icons by Blurred203 and Antü Plasma under CC-by-sa, others from Tango project, public domain 7 Multipath TCP (MPTCP) ● Exchange data for a single connection over different paths, simultaneously ● RFC-6824 and supported by IETF Multipath TCP
    [Show full text]
  • "Measuring and Extending Multipath TCP"
    "Measuring and extending multipath TCP" Tran, Viet Hoang ABSTRACT TCP has been one of the most important Internet protocols since the early days of this network. The initial version of TCP assumed that (1) each device has a single interface, and (2) its network address is permanent. Today's Internet attached devices have multiple interfaces with dynamic addresses. These deployments do not match anymore the design principles of TCP. By decoupling the transport layer from the underneath IP layer, Multipath TCP brings several key benefits in a variety of use cases. However, this major TCP extension is also significantly more complex than the legacy TCP. Despite growing interests in Multipath TCP, there are still many unknowns about its behaviours and performance in the real world. Moreover, most Multipath TCP implementations are based on existing TCP stacks which are part of operating systems kernels. Therefore, it is challenging to build Multipath TCP stacks that adapt to different network scenarios and user requirements. The purpose of this thesis i... CITE THIS VERSION Tran, Viet Hoang. Measuring and extending multipath TCP. Prom. : Bonaventure, Olivier http:// hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225610 Le dépôt institutionnel DIAL est destiné au dépôt DIAL is an institutional repository for the deposit et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques and dissemination of scientific documents from émanents des membres de l'UCLouvain. Toute UCLouvain members. Usage of this document utilisation de ce document à des fin lucratives for profit or commercial purposes is stricly ou commerciales est strictement interdite. prohibited. User agrees to respect copyright L'utilisateur s'engage à respecter les droits about this document, mainly text integrity and d'auteur lié à ce document, principalement le source mention.
    [Show full text]
  • Multipath TCP: from Theory to Practice
    MultiPath TCP: From Theory to Practice Sébastien Barré, Christoph Paasch, and Olivier Bonaventure ⋆ ICTEAM, Université catholique de Louvain B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium {firstname.lastname}@uclouvain.be Abstract. The IETF is developing a new transport layer solution, Mul- tiPath TCP (MPTCP), which allows to efficiently exploit several Internet paths between a pair of hosts, while presenting a single TCP connection to the application layer. From an implementation viewpoint, multiplex- ing flows at the transport layer raises several challenges. We first explain how this major TCP extension affects the Linux TCP/IP stack when considering the establishment of TCP connections and the transmission and reception of data over multiple paths. Then, based on our imple- mentation of MultiPath TCP in the Linux kernel, we explain how such an implementation can be optimized to achieve high performance and report measurements showing the performance of receive buffer tuning and coupled congestion control. Keywords: TCP, multipath, implementation, measurements 1 Introduction The Internet is changing. When TCP/IP was designed, hosts had a single in- terface and only routers were equipped with several physical interfaces. Today, most hosts have more than one interface and the proliferation of smart-phones equipped with both 3G and WiFi will bring a growing number of multihomed hosts on the Internet. End-users often expect that using multihomed hosts will increase both redundancy and performance. Unfortunately, in practice this is not always the case as more than 95% of the total Internet traffic is still driven by TCP and TCP binds each connection to a single interface. This implies that TCP by itself is not capable of efficiently and transparently using the interfaces available on a multihomed host.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Securing the Mobile Ecoomy – www.neohapsis.com MULTIPATH TCP, PWNIN G TODAY’S NETWORKS W ITH TOMORROW’S PROTOCOLS . Catherine Pearce – [email protected], twitter: @secvalve ABSTRACT: MultiPath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to TCP that enables sessions to use multiple network endpoints and multiple network paths at the same time, and to change addresses in the middle of a connection. MPTCP works transparently over most existing network infrastructure, yet very few security and network management tools can correctly interpret MPTCP streams. With MPTCP network security is changed: how do you secure traffic when you can't see it all and when the endpoint addresses change in the middle of a connection? This paper briefly discusses how MPTCP breaks assumptions about how TCP works, and how this can be used to evade security controls. We will also discuss tools and strategies for understanding and mitigating the risk of MPTCP-capable devices on a network. INTRODUCTION Ubiquitous in modern networking, with much of the world's infrastructure depending upon it, but its single path nature is a significant shortcoming in many modern uses. Where there is a need to combine the bandwidth of multiple network connections, or to roam across different network locations while maintaining a connection, TCP falls short. This has motivated both research and proposed solutions. While many proposed solutions have been revolutionary (comprising complete replacements, notably Stream Control Transmission Control Protocol (SCTP)), recent proposals have been more evolutionary extensions of TCP itself. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is one such expansion. It adds the ability to split TCP flows over multiple network endpoints, and to change network endpoints seamlessly without dropping the connection.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Alternative Routes Using Multipath TCP
    EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE ROUTES USING MULTIPATH TCP by STEPHEN BRENNAN Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2017 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis of Stephen Brennan candidate for the degree of Master of Science*. Committee Chair Michael Rabinovich Committee Member Vincenzo Liberatore Committee Member Mark Allman Date of Defense June 5, 2017 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Contents List of Tables iii List of Figures iii Abstract v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Internet Routing Inefficiencies . .1 1.2 Access Link Underutilization . .2 1.3 Concept . .3 1.4 Contributions . .4 2 Background 6 2.1 Multipath TCP . .6 2.2 Mininet . 10 3 Related Work 13 3.1 Link Layer . 13 3.2 Network Layer . 14 3.3 Transport Layer . 19 3.4 Application Layer . 21 i CONTENTS CONTENTS 4 Implementation 24 4.1 Detour Daemon . 26 4.2 Path Manager . 33 4.3 Client Daemon . 37 4.4 Security Considerations . 38 5 Evaluation 40 5.1 Mininet Experiments . 41 5.2 AWS Experiment . 51 6 Future Work 53 6.1 Detour Collective . 53 6.2 Detour Traffic Attribution . 54 6.3 Dynamic Source Routing . 55 6.4 Data Scheduling . 56 6.5 0-RTT NAT Establishment . 56 7 Conclusion 58 Data 60 ii List of Tables 1 Mininet experiment throughput . 60 2 Bytes transmitted across subflows . 61 iii List of Figures 1.1 Conceptual overview of the mechanism .
    [Show full text]
  • A First Look at Real Multipath TCP Traffic
    A First Look at Real Multipath TCP Traffic B Benjamin Hesmans( ), Hoang Tran-Viet, Ramin Sadre, and Olivier Bonaventure ICTEAM, Universit´ecatholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium [email protected] Abstract. Multipath TCP is a new TCP extension that attracts a grow- ing interest from both researchers and industry. It enables hosts to send data over several interfaces or paths and has use cases on smartphones, datacenters or dual-stack hosts. We provide the first analysis of the oper- ation of Multipath TCP on a public Internet server based on a one-week long packet trace. We analyse the main new features of Multipath TCP, namely the utilisation of subflows, the address advertisement mechanism, the data transfers and the reinjections and the connection release mech- anisms. Our results confirm that Multipath TCP operates correctly over the real Internet, despite the presence of middleboxes and that it is used over very heterogeneous paths. 1 Introduction The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [23] was designed when hosts were equipped with a single interface. When two hosts exchange data through a TCP connection, all packets generated by the client (resp. server) must be sent from the same IP address. This remains true even if the communicating hosts have sev- eral interfaces and thus IP addresses that could be used to improve performance or resilience. In today’s networks, this limitation is becoming a major drawback. Cellular and WiFi networks are available in most cities and smartphone users would like to be able to start a TCP connection in a WiFi hotspot and continue it later via their 3G interface.
    [Show full text]
  • MPTCP and Product Support Overview
    MPTCP and Product Support Overview Contents Introduction MPTCP Overview Background Information Session Establishment Join Additional Sub-flows Add Address Segmentation, Multipath, and Reassembly Impact on Flow Inspection Cisco Products Impacted by MPTCP ASA TCP Operations Protocol Inspection Cisco Firepower Threat Defense TCP Operations Cisco IOS Firewall Context-Based Access Control (CBAC) Zone-Based Firewall (ZBFW) ACE Cisco Products not Impacted by MPTCP Introduction This document provides an overview of Multipath TCP (MPTCP), its impact on flow inspection, and the Cisco products that are and are not affected by it. MPTCP Overview Background Information Hosts connected to the Internet or within a data center environment are often connected by multiple paths. However, when TCP is used for data transport, communication is restricted to a single network path. It is possible that some paths between the two hosts are congested, whereas alternate paths are underutilized. A more efficient use of network resources is possible if these multiple paths are used concurrently. In addition, the use of multiple connections enhances the user experience, because it provides higher throughput and improved resilience against network failures. MPTCP is a set of extensions to regular TCP that enables a single data flow to be separated and carried across multiple connections. Refer to RFC6824: TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses for more information. As shown in this diagram, MPTCP is able to separate the 9mbps flow into three different sub-flows on the sender node, which is subsequently aggregated back into the original data flow on the receiving node. The data that enters the MPTCP connection acts exactly as it does through a regular TCP connection; the transmitted data has guaranteed an in-order delivery.
    [Show full text]
  • MP-H2: a Client-Only Multipath Solution for HTTP/2
    MP-H2: A Client-only Multipath Solution for HTTP/2 Ashkan Nikravesh Yihua Guo† Xiao Zhu Feng Qian‡ Z. Morley Mao University of Michigan – Ann Arbor †Uber Technologies, Inc. ‡University of Minnesota – Twin Cities ABSTRACT 33, 39, 44]. Multipath TCP (MPTCP [47]) is the state-of-the- MP-H2 is a client-only, HTTP-based multipath solution. It art solution of multipath transport. It is attractive in several enables an HTTP client to fetch content (an HTTP object) aspects such as application transparency, mobile-friendliness, over multiple network paths such as WiFi and cellular on and good performance. However, there are several major hur- smartphones. Compared to MPTCP, MP-H2 offers several dles that considerably slow down the deployment of MPTCP. key advantages including server transparency, middlebox First, MPTCP requires changes on both the client and the compatibility, and friendliness to CDN, anycast, and load server side at the OS kernel level. Second, many middleboxes balancing. MP-H2 strategically splits the file into byte range are not compatible with MPTCP in that they strip MPTCP requests sent over multipath, and dynamically balances the options from TCP packets [44]. Third, MPTCP is not friendly workload across all paths. Furthermore, MP-H2 leverages to many other critical protocols and infrastructures such as new features in HTTP/2 including stream multiplexing, flow Content Distribution Networks (CDN), anycast, and flow- control, and application-layer PING to boost the performance. level load balancing. For example, today’s DNS-based CDN MP-H2 also supports multi-homing where each path contacts server selection is not aware of MPTCP; as a result, the se- a different CDN server for enhanced performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Path NIDS Evasion and Countermeasures
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2016-09 "Why does MPTCP have to make things so complicated?": cross-path NIDS evasion and countermeasures Foster, Henry August Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/50546 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS “WHY DOES MPTCP HAVE TO MAKE THINGS SO COMPLICATED?”: CROSS-PATH NIDS EVASION AND COUNTERMEASURES by Henry August Foster September 2016 Thesis Advisor: Geoffrey Xie Second Reader: Robert Beverly Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2016 Master’s Thesis 06-29-2014 to 09-23-2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS “WHY DOES MPTCP HAVE TO MAKE THINGS SO COMPLICATED?”:CROSS- PATH NIDS EVASION AND COUNTERMEASURES 6. AUTHOR(S) Henry August Foster 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8.
    [Show full text]