Introduction Olshanitsky quarry – from anthropogenic to semi-natural ecosystems. This is a project that brought together a team of teachers and students from the botany department of Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology" (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine). The goal of our project is to identify the ways and rates of the primary succession of the anthropogenically altered landscapes. That helps us to optimize environmentally reasonable usage and reclamation of the granite quarries on the example of Olshanitsky quarry. The major task is - learn and evaluate the diversity of fungi, algae and vascular on the Olshanitsky quarry territory.

The research was carried-out in three main directions: Investigation of the vascular plants vegetation (PhD Senchylo O.A., Tareev Ⱥ.S.) It includes an inventory of the species composition of higher plants, definition of current succession stage by means of full geobotanical descriptions, identification of the spots with maximum species richness, detection of rare, endangered and endemic species that are protected in the territory of Ukraine, predicting the further course of succession, searching the ways of the early recovering, conservation and enhancement of the diversity of plants. Investigation of the mycological variety (PhD Dzhagan V.V., Scherbakova Yu.V.) It includes species composition identification of fungi and fungi-like organisms with subsequent systematic analysis, analysis of an environmental and trophic structure, altitude differentiation of mycobiota of the quarry and revealing fungal- communities associations. Investigation of algae diversity (PhD Kryvenda ȺȺ., Kryvosheya Ɉ.N., Molchanova Ɇ.V., Nenyuk M.S., Podorozhnaya L.Ʉ., Romanchuk I.Yu.) It includes sampling algae from water, soil and aerophytic substrates, identification and species composition analysis, isolation of unialgal cultures, assessment of water bodies environmental status via diatom indexes.

The Olshanitsky granite quarry is situated on the left bank of Ros river in 6 km southwest from Olshanitsa station on Rokitnanskij district in Kyivskaja region and 12 km west from a small town Rokitnoe. The quarry is connected with the town via auto-road. The quarry is situated at the Rossavo-Rosskaja lowland. The landscape is almost flat moderately elevated towards the north and northeast. The landmarks vary from 136 till 141 meters above the sea level. The major waterbody of the district is river Ros, which flows from west to east. River Ros is a lowland river. The water level is 132,68 meters above the sea level, the water level is rising up to 2 – 3 meters during spring flood. The district is mainly agricultural. Also the mining industry is developed well. The climate is temperate continental. The maximum air temperature is +30 ºɋ during July- August period, the minimum air temperature is -36 ºɋ in January and February. The depth of soil freezing is 1,1 meter. The snow cover height is 15-20 cm, the number of days with snow cover observed is 100 – 105. The rainfall quantity is 520 mm. The geological composition of the quarry is presented by Precambrian crystalline rocks and it their alluvial crust, tertiary and quaternary deposits. The explored area of the Olshanitsky granite quarry belongs to nonagricultural lands and belongs to Boguslav forestry. It's covered with pine forest. The flora and fauna of this region are typical for the Southern Ukrainian Polyssa.

Materials and Methods:

The samples were collected during field expeditions. The information about localization, substrate type and general view of the sampling points was recorded during the sampling. The collected material was treated according to widely used standard methods. The species identification was conducted using appropriate identification keys, monographs and atlases. The analysis of flora, plant communities’ structure, succession rates and ecological cenotic characteristic was performed by following methods: geobotanical description and transect method. The valid Latin names of identified species were listed according to databases of International mycological association «MycoBank» and International mycological institute CABI, «Index Fungorum». The material was examined using light microscope Carl Zeiss Primo Star. Photographs were taken with a digital camera Scope Tek Etrek DCM-510. The microscopic sections were studied in water and 10 % KOH solution. A Melzer's reagent was used for detecting amyloid reaction on the asci apexes. In order to investigate the morphology of fruit bodies (incl. hairs, cell types and spores cell wall structure) we have used a 6% ammonia solution of Congo Red. The new records of fungi were confirmed by «Fungi of Ukraine: preliminary checklist» and “CYBERTRUFFLE” database (www.cybertruffle.org.uk). The trophical and ecological groups of fungi were detected based on field observations and relevant earlier researches. The herbarium of fungi specimens from territory of Olshanitski granite quarry is preserved in the Mycological herbarium of botanical department Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (KWU) Soil samples were collected according to standard procedures (Kostikov, 2001) in areas with different levels of anthropogenic pressure. Samples form the spots with terrestrial algae blooms were collected in 1.5 ml microtubes with liquid medium, samples of water and periphytic algae - in the test tubes. After the samples were inoculated with a modified Bold Basal Medium (Kryvenda A., 2007), or fixed with 2% formalin solution for storage. Permanent slides of diatoms frustules were made using a hot hydrogen peroxide. The species identification and relative abundance counts were made. Diatom indices SLA (Sladechek Index) IPS (Index of Sensitivity to Pollution) and IBD (Biological Diatom Index) were calculated using the software package Omnidia v. 3.

Results:

Flora and vegetation analysis of the Olshanitski granite quarry

As a result of the field studies in Olshanitsky quarry we have identified nearly species of higher plants which belong to 4 phyla, 6 classes, 11 orders and 14 families. We have made a total of 4 full geobotanical descriptions and collected herbarium material for scientific KWU herbarium as well. Moreover, the check-list of higher plant species occurring in the anthropogenically altered area was composed. During the contest period our team took part in 7 expeditions at different seasons, so the seasonal dynamics of plant communities was observed. This project provides us with opportunity to acquainted students of Botany Department of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv with the features of flora and vegetation of technogenically disturbed ecosystem. The Olshanitskii Quarry has different altitude zones. Some parts of the top-zone of the quarry can be classified as intact ecotope. Forest vegetation of this zone is typical for pine terraces of forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. There are communities from class Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 and class Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris Oberdorfer, 1992. Some fragments of highest altitude zone of the quarry can be classified as an intact ecotopes. Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus robur L. are dominant in the arboreal storey. Grass cover has a distinct seasonal dynamics. Among ephemeroids we noted pratensis L., which is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, Gageae erubescens Schult.f., and Corydalis solida (L.) Clairw. The middle layers are granite outcrops without of specific petrophytic vegetation. The derivative communities formed by Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh were found there. This observation can be explained by the lack of petrophytes’ diasporas. The lowest altitude zone resembles a wetland. This ecotope type characterized by specific plant communities from class Phragmito-Magnocaricetea with participation of L., Polygonum L., Salix L., Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla, Alisma plantago-aquatica L., Veronica beccabunga L. Also the communities from Cypero fusci - Limoselletum association aquaticae from Isoeto- Nanojuncetea class grow on periodically submerged places.

Fig.1 Pulsatilla pratensis L., listed in Red Book of Plants of Ukraine

Analysis of mycological biodiversity from Olshanitski granite quarry During the vegetation season of 2012 we collected and investigated 217 herbarium specimens of fungi from territory of Olshanitski granite quarry. We have identified 114 species from 87 , 52 families, 22 orders, 9 classes and 3 phyla’s in total. The majority of species belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota: 87 species (76.3% from all identified species) which belong to 61 genera, 34 families, 11 orders and 3 classes. The highest species richness was characteristic for order Agaricales (31 species). Order Polyporales (25 species) was the second richest. Such distribution pattern is typical for the forests of Ukraine. Phylum Ascomycota was presented by 21 species (18.4% of the total number) which belongs to 20 genera, 13 families, 7 orders, 4 classes. Prevailing orders of phylum Ascomycota in the study area were: Pezizales (7 species) and Hypocreales (4 species). This is due to the fact that the representatives of the first order are the main humus saprotrophs associated with rich soils on Ukrainian Polissia. Species of second order are mainly xylosaprotrophic. So their growth is facilitated by the abundance of the substrate (dead wood). We have also detected 6 species of fungi-like organisms from classes Myxomycetes and Protosteliomycetes, which belong to 6 genera, 5 families and 4 orders.

Based on an analysis of literature on fungi of Kyiv region (Fungi of Ukraine: A Preliminary Checklist / KIEV OBLAST) and Ukraine in general we determined that 47 species are new for this region. These are 4 representatives of Ascomycota, 42 species from Basidiomycota, and one representative of Myxomycota.

One species from Discomycetes group Barlaea constellatio (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. was new for the territory of Ukraine (Fig. 1.). It was found on bare sandy ground on road- and path sides, among mosses and on burned ground in July-September. Widespread, but not common. Fruiting body 1-12 mm, turbinate to cushionlike, hymenium bright orange-red and sometimes undulating. Outer surface lighter to whitish-pink, often drawn strongly sinuous. Growing singly to gregariously or in clusters. Spores round, hyaline, smooth, with one or several drops, 13-17 µm. Asci eight-spored 200- 250 × 18 µm, Melzer's-negative reaction Paraphyses cylindrical, splender, tips bent over like a cane and not thickened, not septate but forked.

Fig. 2. Barlaea constellatio (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. a – Apothecia, b – Asc with spores, ɫ – Himenium layer, d – Paraphyses.

Most various growth conditions and trophic relations of mushrooms accessible to them substrates are responsible to formation of their major environmental groups.

Fungi and fungi-like organisms from Olshanitski granite quarry can be divided into three groups: biotrophic (parasites), symbiotrophic (mycorrhizal) and saprotrophic fungi. The largest group is saprotrophic fungi, which thrive on organic matter of dead remains. 94 species (81, 4% from total number) which can be distributed between 5 ecological groups were found on the territory of the quarry Xylotrophs is the largest trophic group of saprotrophic fungi. This group is the most widespread on this territory (64 species). They are characterized by the highest stability of species composition in plant communities. Most xylotrophic saprotroph were associated the three main tree species – Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur and Corylus avellana. Daedaleopsis confragosa, Daedalea quercina, Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Nectria cinnabarina and Diartrype disciformis were dominant. Humus saprotrophs – fungi, which mycelium develops in the lower layer of forest floor in the humus-accumulative soil horizon. This group comprises 15 species. Wood litter saprotrophs are represented by 8 species. Mycelium of this species localized in forest floor. Briotrophic or fungi that decompose dead part of mosses. To this group we have assigned 6 species: Hypholoma elongatum, Omphalina galericolor, O. pyxidata, Neotiella rutilans, Anthracobia melaloma and Barlaea constellatio. Carbotrophic fungi is a specific group of fungi, which use a blend of mineral soil particles with the charred remains of wood as substrate, and thus prepare the substrate for further settlement of higher plants.On studied area they are represented by only one species Rhizina undulata. Mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi is one of the most well-known plant–fungus associations and is of significant importance for plant growth and persistence in many ecosystems. We found 9 species (7.83% from all identification species), which engage in mycorrhizal relationships with Pinus sylvestris, Quercus roburɢ Betula pendula. Representatives the families of Boletaceae and Amanitaceae are dominated. 12 species were plant parasite which can be distributed among the three trophic groups: xylotrophic, phytotrophic and mycotrophic fungi. Phytotrophic fungi – macro- and micromycetes, which feed on tissues of vascular plants. We have detected 6 species from this group. These are Rhytisma acerinum on leafs of Acer platanoides, Phyllosticta cruenta associated with species of genus Polygonatum, and Lophodermium pinastri on fir- needles of Pinus sylvestris. Xylotrophic group was represented by 5 species, which live on wood of impaired plants (mainly of the genus Phellinus). We also detected one representative of mycotrophic group (Hypomyces aurantius) on fruiting bodies of other mushrooms. Thus mycological diversity of GQ Olshanitski is represented by 3 ecological and 9 trophical groups. The largest group was saproxylotrophical fungi.

We had an opportunity to observe the species composition of vegetation at different stages of succession, depending on the depth of the quarry.

The highest diversity of fungi was characteristic for the upper terrace (141-143 m above sea level). We found 95 species of fungi and fungi-like organisms. Such a high species number is due to the fact that this site has not been exploited, so its vegetation reached the climax state. 123-126 m asl - Terrace on which the vegetation and mycobiota presented relatively weak. here there were only 6 species. 101-103 m asl - Terrace with Corylus avellana as subdominant, where we found 34 species of fungi. On the lower terrace, as well as on the floor of the quarry we have not detected mycological component. 4 mycocommunities can be distinguished according to main phytocenoses studied: 1. The upper terrace where Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur and Corylus avellana were dominants. 95 species of fungi and fungi-like organisms were identified, mainly xylotrophs. 2. The self-seeding of pines on the surface exploited granite extraction works – 13 species, mostly they were phycotrophic. 3, Granite associated species. Only 6 species were identified, including rare for the territory of Ukraine medicinal mushroom - Calvatia gigantea 4. Association with Corylus avellana as subdominant– 34 species, mostly saprotrophic and associated with mosses.

Analysis of algological biodiversity from Olshanitski granite quarry The diversity of soil and freshwater algae of Olshanitsky granite quarry was studied. Algae of terrestrial (lithophytic and soil) and water (from water column and biofilms on aquatic vegetation) habitats were sampled. We have collected a total of 49 samples including 6 combined samples of the soil. Soil samples were taken at two different spots on the following sites: the first site: pine-oak forest of the upper-level terrace, where no granite extraction works were performed. The second site is bordered by roadsides, and is also located on the upper terrace. Green algae were dominant in soil samples from the forest area (genus Chlamydomonas sp., Characium sp.). There weren’t any representatives of Cyanophyta. However, Cyanophyta appeared in the algaecommunity from the area near the road due to it’s soil compaction caused by anthropogenic and tehnogenic influence and lack of coniferous litter. Cyanophyta were represented by macroscopic colonies of the Nostoc commune, as well as by genera Phormidium and Leptolyngbya (Phormidium autumnale (Agardh) Gomont, Leptolyngbya frigida (Fritsch) Anagnostidis et Komarek). Lithophytic species were represented by aqua-lithophytic species from a wet quarry wall on which little streams flow down. Though they are surrounded by air, but constantly wetted by condensed moisture. Among the epilithic algae (growing on rocks and cliffs without constant moisture) green algae (Klebsormidium sp., Desmococcus sp., Stichococcus sp.) were dominant. Additionally diatoms (Luticola sp.) were present. Diatoms and green algae were dominants in water. Macroscopic growths of green algae form the class Zygnematophyceae: Spirogira sp., Mougeotia sp., and Zygonema sp. Also various and numerous representatives of Euglenophyta (Euglena viridis Ehr., Euglena Spirogyra Ehr., Phacus sp.). Among the Cyanophyta representatives of the genera Oscillatoria and Lyngbya were dominants. There were representatives of the Xanthopyta (Tribonema sp.), which is characteristic for standing water. Achnantidium minutisimum, Fragilaria ulna, Nitzschia frustulum, Meridion circulare were most widespread in periphytic communities. According to diatom Indexes values the water pollution of the lower quarry’s level was estimated. The quarry waters belong to the ȕ-mesosaprobic zone (SLA - 12,5). The level of organic pollution – medium (IPS - 14,7). The overall quality of the water, determined by the index of IBD, shows that water refers to the class II. The class II includes water of good quality; this is due to the lack of agricultural activity. In the process of unialgal strains isolation are 6 strains of diatoms, 6 of and 5 Cyanophyta. The two strains of Mayamia atomus from soil samples were isolated in monoculture. All isolated strains will be transferred to the Algae Collection of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University (ACKU).

Conclusion The species diversity of fungi algae and higher plants was relatively high for the man-made landscapes. The quarry has variety of habitats with different environmental conditions. These habitats are divided between four altitude zones with different succession rates. The Olshanitsky granite quarry is an example of a facility with low production volume, small mining area (64 ha), and relatively small number of mining equipment. Therefore the significant impact on the microclimatic conditions is absent and is not to be expected in the future. However, as far as the quarry is operational facility with continuous granite mining, the lower and middle storeys of forest are unstable and migrating.

The advices for the quarry revegetation Since the habitats of the lower and middle storeys and substantial part of upper storey will be transformed during the mining it is necessary to transfer the diaspores of rare and endangered species to the equivalent habitats in order to conserve them. As far as the quarry lower part will be flooded with underground waters, the introduction of the water higher plants to created de novo ecosystem will be appropriate. The succession rates acceleration is expected on the not flooded granite outcrops. At unflooded areas of granite outcrops after finishing of exploitation the acceleration of the succession processes. We can to recommend the introduction of some shrubs as Rosa canina L., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Prunus spinosa L., Amygdallus nana L., Cerasus fruticosa (Pall.) G. Woron, and different species of Cotoneaster genus. This may be able to create favorable conditions for strengthening anti-scree slopes. In addition we can recommend the introduction of species complexes that are specific for natural granite outcrops and now are devoted as rare and endemic to the territory of Ukraine. Also we can to recommend the usage of petrophytes’ diasporas for the complete floristic complexes formation of the granite outcrops from nearest granite quarries where the excavation of minerals had already finished. Such quarries are located in Kirovograd and Mykolayiv regions and also natural granite outcrops are located in Cherkasy region (near the river Synyukha). Thus the Olshanitsky granite quarry can be converted into the center of biodiversity protection and preservation. Application ʋ1

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɫɩɢɫɨɤɜɢɞɨɜɜɵɫɲɢɯɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣȽɄ «Ɉɥɶɲɚɧɢɰɤɢɣ» Taxonomical list of higher plants from the quarry “Olshanitskii”

Bryophyta Polytrichopsida Polytrichales Polytrichaceae Polytrichum sp. Bryopsida Dicranales Dicranaceae Dicranum sp.

Polypodiophyta Polypodiopsida Blechnales Woodsiaceae Athyrium filix-femina Cystopteris fragilis Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris filix-mas Dicksoniales Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum Pinophyta Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris

Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fagales Fagaceae Quercus robur Quercus rubra Betulaceae Betula pendula Betula pubescens Corylaceae Corylus avellana Sapindales Aceraceae Acer platanoides Acer negundo Salicales Salicaceae Salix acutifolia Salix caprea Salix cinerea Aristolochiales Aristolochiaceae Asarum europaea Pulsatilla pratensis Saxifragales Crassulaceae Hylotelephium ruprechtii Asterales Asteraceae Achillea submillefolium Sonchrus luteus Cichorium intybus Artemisia absintium Artemisia vulgare Taraxacumofficinale Anthemis sp. Leucanthemum sp. Fabales Fabaceae Medicago lupulina Myrtales Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria

Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Veronica beccabunga Verbascumursinum Papaverales Fumariaceae Corydalis solida Rubiales Rubiaceae Galium aparine Galium verum Adoxales Sambucaceae Sambucus nigra Urticales Urticaceae Urtica dioica Balsaminales Balsaminaceae Impatiens parviflora Araliales Apiaceae Aegopodiumpodagraria Oxalidales Oxalidaceae Oxalis acetosella Poaceae Agrostis tenuis Agropyron pectinatum Anisantha tectorum Calamagrostis epigeios Poa nemoralis Elytrigia repens Koeleria glauca Polygonales Polygonaceae Polygonum arviculare Solanales Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara Alismatales Alismataceae Alisma plantago-aquatica

Liliopsida Typhales Typha laxmannii Typha angustifolia Typha latifolia Juncales Juncaceae Juncusbuffonius Juncusgerardii Liliales Liliaceae Gagea erubescens Cyperales Cyperaceae Carex pseudocyperus Schoenoplectus lacustris

Application ʋ2

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɫɩɢɫɨɤɜɢɞɨɜɝɪɢɛɨɜɢɝɪɢɛɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ȽɄ «Ɉɥɶɲɚɧɢɰɤɢɣ» Check-list of fungi and fungal-like organisms from the quarry “Olshanitskii”

Fungi Ascomycota R.H. Whittaker

Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & P. Syd. Phyllosticta Pers. P. cruenta (Kunze ex Fr.) J. Kickx f.

Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Leotiomycetidae Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan Erysiphaceae Tul. & C. Tul. Microsphaera Lév. M. alphitoides Griffon & Maubl.

Helotiales Nannf. Dermateaceae Fr. Tapesia (Pers.) Fuckel T. fusca (Pers.) Fuckel Rutstroemiaceae Holst-Jensen, L.M. Kohn & T. Schumach. Rutstroemia P. Karst. R. bolaris (Batsch) Rehm Sclerotiniaceae Whetzel Monilinia Honey M. fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey

Rhytismatales M.E. Barr ex Minter Rhytismataceae Chevall. Lophodermium Chevall. L. foliicola (Fr.) P.F. Cannon & Minter L. pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall. Rhytisma Fr. R. acerinum (Pers.) Fr.

Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Pezizomycetidae Locq. Pezizales J. Schröt. Helvellaceae Fr. Helvella L. H. atra J. König Pyronemataceae Corda Anthracobia Boud. A. melaloma (Alb. & Schwein.) Boud. Barlaea Sacc. B. constellatio (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. Humaria Fuckel H. hemisphaerica (Hoffm.) Fuckel Neottiella (Cooke) Sacc. N. rutilans (Fr.) Dennis Tarzetta (Cooke) Lambotte T. catinus (Holmsk.) Korf & J.K. Rogers Rhizinaceae Bonord. Rhizina Fr. R. undulata Fr.

Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka Hypocreales Lindau Hypocreaceae De Not. Hypocrea Fr. H. sulphurea (Schwein.) Sacc. Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. H. aurantius (Pers.) Tul. Trichoderma Pers. T. viride Pers. Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. Nectria (Fr.) Fr. N. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka Xylariales Nannf. Diatrypaceae Nitschke Diatrype Fr. D. disciformis (Hoffm.) Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul. Daldinia Ces. & De Not. D. concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not.

Basidiomycota Whittaker ex Moore Agaricomycotina Doweld Agaricomycetes Doweld

Hymenochaetales Oberw. Hymenochaetaceae Imazeki & Toki Hymenochaete Lév. H. rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lév. Phellinus Quél. P. punctatus (P. Karst.) Pilát P. robustus (P. Karst.) Bourdot & Galzin P. tremulae (Bondartsev) Bondartsev & P.N. Borisov Schizoporaceae Jülich Schizopora Velen. S. paradoxa (Schrad.) Donk

Polyporales Gäum. Fomitopsidaceae Jülich Daedalea Pers. D. quercina (L.) Pers. Fomitopsis P. Karst. F. pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. Laetiporus Murrill L. sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill Piptoporus P. Karst. P. betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst. Postia Fr. P. caesia (Schrad.) P. Karst. Meruliaceae Rea Bjerkandera P. Karst. B. adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. Cerocorticium Henn. C. molare (Chaillet ex Fr.) Jülich & Stalpers Hyphoderma Wallr. H. radula (Fr.) Donk Phanerochaetaceae Jülich Irpex Fr. I. lacteus (Fr.) Fr. Phanerochaete P. Karst. P. laevis (Fr.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden P. sanguinea (Fr.) Pouzar Polyporaceae Corda Ceriporia Donk C. reticulata (Hoffm.) Domanski Coriolopsis Murrill C. trogii (Berk.) Domanski Daedaleopsis J. Schröt. D. confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt. D. tricolor (Bull.) Bondartsev & Singer Fomes (Fr.) Fr. F. fomentarius (L.) Fr. Hapalopilus P. Karst. H. rutilans (Pers.) Murrill Polyporus P. Micheli ex Adans. P. alveolaris Bosc P. arcularius (Batsch) Fr. P. varius (Pers.) Fr. Trametes Fr. T. gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. T. hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát T. versicolor (L.) Lloyd Trichaptum Murrill T. abietinum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Ryvarden T. biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden T. hollii (J.C. Schmidt) Kreisel

Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David Auriscalpiaceae Maas Geest. Auriscalpium Gray A. vulgare Gray Peniophoraceae Lotsy Peniophora Cooke P. cinerea (Pers.) Cooke P. quercina (Pers.) Cooke Russulaceae Lotsy Russula Pers. R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. Stereaceae Pilát Stereum Hill ex Pers. S. hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. S. rameale (Schwein.) Massee S. rugosum Pers. S. subtomentosum Pouzar

Thelephorales Corner ex Oberw. Thelephoraceae Chevall. Thelephora Ehrh. ex Willd. T. terrestris Ehrh.

Agaricomycetidae Locq. Agaricales Underw. Agaricaceae Chevall. Bovista Pers. B. plumbea Pers. Calvatia Fr. C. excipuliformis (Scop.) Perdeck C. gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd Cyathus Haller C. striatus (Huds.) Willd. Lycoperdon Pers. L. nigrescens Wahlenb. L. perlatum Pers. Macrolepiota Singer M. procera (Scop.) Singer Tulostoma Pers. T. fimbriatum var. campestre (Morgan) G. Moreno Amanitaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar Amanita Pers. A. muscaria (L.) Lam. A. rubescens Pers. Cyphellaceae Lotsy Cylindrobasidium Jülich C. evolvens (Fr.) Jülich Coprinaceae Overeem & Weese Coprinus Pers. C. micaceus (Bull.) Fr. Fistulinaceae Lotsy Fistulina Bull. F. hepatica (Schaeff.) With. Hydnangiaceae Gäum. & C.W. Dodge Laccaria Berk. & Broome L. bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton L. laccata (Scop.) Cooke Inocybaceae Jülich Crepidotus (Fr.) Staude C. variabilis (Pers.) P. Kumm. Marasmiaceae Roze ex Kühner Gymnopus (Pers.) Roussel G. androsaceus (L.) J.L. Mata & R.H. Petersen G. dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill Marasmius Fr. M. bulliardii Quél. Mycenaceae Overeem Mycena (Pers.) Roussel M. galericulata (Scop.) Gray M. inclinata (Fr.) Quél. Pleurotaceae Kühner Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kumm. P. ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Pouzar Pluteus Fr. P. cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. Psathyrellaceae Vilgalys, Moncalvo & Redhead Coprinellus P. Karst. C. disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. Lange Parasola Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple P. plicatilis (Curtis) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple Schizophyllaceae Quél. Auriculariopsis Maire A. ampla (Lév.) Maire Schizophyllum Fr. S. commune Fr. Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Sm. Hypholoma (Fr.) P. Kumm. H. elongatum (Pers.) Ricken H. fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm. Pholiota (Fr.) P. Kumm. P. squarrosa (Oeder) P. Kumm. Tricholomataceae R. Heim ex Pouzar Omphalina Quél. O. galericolor (Romagn.) Bon O. pyxidata (Bull.) Quél.

Boletales E.-J. Gilbert Boletaceae Chevall. Boletus L. B. badius (Fr.) Fr. B. edulis Bull. Leccinum Gray L. versipelle (Fr. & Hök) Snell Xerocomus Quél. X. chrysenteron (Bull.) Quél. Paxillaceae Lotsy Paxillus Fr. P. involutus (Batsch) Fr. Suillaceae (Singer) Besl & Bresinsky Suillus Gray S. luteus (L.) Roussel Auriculariomycetidae Jülich Auriculariales J. Schröt. Auriculariaceae Fr. ex Lindau Auricularia Bull. ex Juss. A. auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schröt. A. mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers.

Phallomycetidae K. Hosaka, Castellano & Spatafora Geastrales K. Hosaka & Castellano Geastraceae Corda Geastrum Pers. Geastrum pectinatum Pers. Sphaerobolaceae J. Schröt. Sphaerobolus Tode S. stellatus Tode

Gomphales Jülich Gomphaceae Donk Ramaria Fr. ex Bonord. R. myceliosa (Peck) Corner

Dacrymycetes Doweld Dacrymycetales Lindau Dacrymycetaceae Bref. Dacrymyces Nees D. capitatus Schwein. D. stillatus Nees

Tremellomycetes Doweld Tremellomycetidae Locq. Tremellales Fr. Exidiaceae R.T. Moore Exidia Fr. E. glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. Exidiopsis (Bref.) A. Møller E. calcea (Pers.) K. Wells Tremellaceae Fr. Tremella Pers. T. foliacea Pers. T. mesenterica (Schaeff.) Retz.

Myxomycota Whittaker Myxomycetes Liceales E. Jahn Reticulariaceae Chevall. Lycogala Pers. L. epidendrum (L.) Fr.

Physarales T. Macbr. Didymiaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke Mucilago P. Micheli ex Battarra M. crustacea P. Micheli ex F.H. Wigg. Physaraceae Chevall. Fuligo Haller F. septica (L.) F.H. Wigg.

Trichiales T. Macbr. Arcyriaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke Arcyria Hill ex F.H. Wigg. A. obvelata (Oeder) Onsberg

Protosteliomycetes Alexop. & Mims Protosteliales L.S. Olive Ceratiomyxaceae J. Schröt. Ceratiomyxa J. Schröt. C. fruticulosa (O.F. Müll.) T. Macbr

Application ʋ3

ɋɩɢɫɨɤɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɣɚɥɶɝɨɮɥɨɪɵɈɥɶɲɚɧɢɰɤɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɢɬɧɨɝɨɤɚɪɶɟɪɚ Check-list of agae from the quarry “Olshanitskii”

Chlorophyta Chlamydophyceae Chlamydomonadales Chlamydomonodaceae Chlamydomonas Ehr. ɋhlamydomonas globosa Snow. Chlamydomonas noctigama Korschikoff in Pasher Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff Chlamydomonas reinchardii Dang Chlamydomonas sp.1 Chlamydomonas sp.2 Chloromonas Gobi em. Wille Choromonas sp. Chlorococcum Menegh. Chlorococcum cf acidum Archibald and Bold Characiaceae Characium A. Braun Characium strictum A. Braun Characium acuminatum A.Braun in Kützing Chorellaceae Chlorella Beijer. Chlorella cf vulgaris Beijer. Scotilopsis Vinatzer Scotielopsis cf levicostata (Gollerbach) Pucocharova Kalinina Scenodesmaceae Scenodesmus Meyen Scenodesmus ellipticus Corda Scenodesmus bicaudatus Deduss.

Neochloridaceae Bracteococcus Tereg. Bracteococcus giganteus Bischoff et Bold Oedogoniales Oedogoniaceae Oedogonium Link Oedogonium sp Zygenemaphyceae Zygnematales Desmidiaceae Cosmarium Corda et Ralfs Cosmarium botrytis Menegh. Cosmarium obtusatum Zygnemataceae Mougeotia Ag. Mougeotia sp. Spirogira Link Spirogira longata Spirogira sp.1 Spirogira sp.2 Zygnema sp. Ulotrichaceae Ulotrix Kutz. Ulotrix sp Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora Kutz. Cladophora sp.

Chrysophyta Heterochrysophyceae Chromulinales Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon Her. Dinobryon sp.

Xantophyta Xantophyceae Tribonematales Tribonemataceae Tribonema Derb. Tribonema sp.

Eustigmatophyceae Eustigmatales Eustigmataceae Eustigmatos Eustigmatos magnus (Pet) Hibb.

Euglenophyta Euglenophyceae Euglenales Euglenaceae Euglena Ehr. Euglena viridis Ehr. Euglena sp.1 Euglena sp.2 Phacus Duj. Phacus sp. Trachelomonas Ehr. Trachelomonas sp.

Cryptophyta Cryptophyceae Cryptomonadales Cryptomonadaceae Cryptomonas Ehr. Cryptomonas parameium Hoef-Emden & Melkonian Pyrenomonadales Pyrenomonadaceae Rhodomonas Karst. Rhodomonas salina Hill & R.Wetherbee

Bacillariophyta Bacillariophyceae Fragilariophycidae Fragilariophycanae Fragilariales Fragilariaceae Fragilaria Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch) Lange-Bertalot Fragilaria capucina Desmazières Fragilaria virescens Ralfs

Meridion Meridion circulare (Greville) C.Agardh Bacillariophycidae Bacillarianae Achnanthales Achnanthidiaceae Achnanthidium Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki

Cocconeidaceae Cocconeis Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg

Cymbellales Cymbellaceae Cymbella Cymbella helvetica Kützing Cymbella leptoceros (Ehrenberg) Kützing

Gomphonemataceae Gomphonema Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg Gomphonema micropus Kützing

Rhoicospheniaceae Rhoicosphenia Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C.Agardh) Lange-Bertalot

Bacillariales Bacillariaceae Nitzschia Nitzschia frustulum (Kützing) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W.Smith Nitzschia linearis (C.Agardh) W.Smith Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Grunow Eunotiales Eunotiaceae Eunotia Ehrenb. Eunotia bilunaris Kütz Eunotia incisa Smith ex Gregory Eunotia exigua (Brébisson ex Kützing) Rabenhorst Eunotia fallax Cleve Eunotia paludosa Grunow

Naviculales Pinnulariaceae Pinnularia Ehrenb Pinnularia borealis Naviculaceae Neidiaceae Mayamaea Lange-Bert. Mayamaea atomus Kutz. Navicula Navicula cryptocephala Kützing Navicula cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot Navicula veneta Kützing

Surirellales Surirellaceae Surirella Surirella brebissonii Krammer & Lange-Bertalot Surirella angusta Kützing Thalassiophysales Catenulaceae Amphora Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow ex A.Schmidt

Cyanophyta Chroococcophyceae Microcystidaceae Mycrocystis (Kutz) Elenk. Micricystis sp. Gloeocapsaceae Gloeocapsa Hollerb. Gloeocapsa minor Hollerb

Charophyta Klebsormidiophyceae Klebsormidiales Klebsormidium Klebsormidium sp.1 Klebsormidium sp.2 ɋharophyceae Charales Characeae Chara Linnaeus Chara sp.

Application ʋ4

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɫɩɢɫɨɤɝɪɢɛɨɜ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɜɵɫɨɬɧɚɹɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹɢɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɡɚɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦɢɫɛɨɪɚ list of fungi, ecological and trophic groups, altitude differentiation and distribution depend on time of samples’ collection

Phylum Ascomycota

-mycotina -mycetes -mycetidae -ales -aceae Genus Species Eco-Troph 1 2 3 4 Sp S A ʋ

Pezizo Dothideo Botryosphaeri Botryosphaeri Phyllosticta P. cruenta B-Hɟ + + + + 1 Leotio Leotio Erysiph Erysiph Microsphaera M. alphitoides B-Hɟ + + + 2 Heloti Dermate Tapesia T. fusca S-X + + 3 Rutstroemi Rutstroemia R. bolaris S-X + + 4 Sclerotini Monilinia M. fructigena B-Hɟ + + + 5 Rhytismat Rhytismat Lophodermium L. foliicola B-Hɟ + + + 6 L. pinastri B-Hɟ + + + + 7 Rhytisma R. acerinum B-Hɟ + + + + 8 Pezizo Pezizo Peziz Helvell Helvella H. atra S-Hu + + 9 Pyronemat Anthracobia A. melaloma S-Br + + 10 Barlaea B. constellatio S-Br + + 11 Humaria H. hemisphaerica S-Hu + + 12 Neottiella N. rutilans S-Br + + 13 Tarzetta T. catinus S-Hu + + 14 Rhizin Rhizina R. undulata S-Cɚ + + 15 Sordario Hypocreo Hypocre Hypocre Hypocrea H. sulphurea S-X + + 16 Hypomyces H. aurantius B-Ɇ + + + + 17 Trichoderma T. viride S-X + + + + + 18 Nectri Nectria N. cinnabarina S-X + + + + + 19 Xylario Xylari Diatryp Diatrype D. disciformis S-X + + + + + 20 Xylari Daldinia D. concentrica S-X + + + 21 1 4 4 7 13 20 21 13 5 - 11 4 12 18 ȼɿɞɞɿɥ Basidiomycota

-mycotina -mycetes -mycetidae -ales -aceae Genus Species Eco-Troph 1 2 3 4 Sp S A ʋ

Agarico Agarico Hymenochaet Hymenochaet Hymenochaete H. rubiginosa S-X + + + + 22 Phellinus P. punctatus B-X + + + 23 P. robustus B-X + + + + 24 P. tremulae B-X + + 25 Schizopor Schizopora S. paradoxa S-X + + 26 Polypor Fomitopsid Daedalea D. quercina S-X + + + + 27 Fomitopsis F. pinicola S-X + + + + 28 Laetiporus L. sulphureus B, S-X + + + + 29 Piptoporus P. betulinus B-X + + + + 30 Postia P. caesia S-X + + 31 Meruli Bjerkandera B. adusta S-X + + + 32 Cerocorticium C. molare S-X + + 33 Hyphoderma H. radula S-X + + 34 Phanerochaet Irpex I. lacteus S-X + + 35 Phanerochaete P. laevis S-X + + 36 P. sanguinea S-X + + 37 Polypor Ceriporia C. reticulate S-X + + 38 Coriolopsis C. trogii S-X + + 39 Daedaleopsis D. confragosa S-X + + + + + 40 D. tricolor S-X + + + + 41 Fomes F. fomentarius S-X + + 42 Hapalopilus H. rutilans S-X + + 43 Polyporus P. alveolaris S-X + + + 44 P. arcularius S-X + + + 45 P. varius S-X + + + + 46 Trametes T. gibbosa S-X + + + + 47 T. hirsuta S-X + + + + 48 T. versicolor S-X + + + + + 49 Trichaptum T. abietinum S-X + + + 50 T. biforme S-X + + 51 T. hollii S-X + + 52 Russul Auriscalpi Auriscalpium A. vulgare S-WL + + 53 Peniophor Peniophora P. cinerea S-X + + + 54 P. quercina S-X + + + 55 Russula R. cyanoxantha Ɇ + + 56 Stere Stereum S. hirsutum S-X + + + + 57 S. rameale S-X + + + 58 S. rugosum S-X + + + 59 S. subtomentosum S-X + + 60 Thelephor Thelephor Thelephora T. terrestris S-Hu + + + 61 Agarico Agaric Agaric Bovista B. plumbea S-Hu + + + + 62 Calvatia C. excipuliformis S-Hu + + 63 C. gigantea S-Hu + + 64 Cyathus C. striatus S-X + + 65 Lycoperdon L. nigrescens S-Hu + + 66 L. perlatum S-Hu + + + + + + 67 Macrolepiota M. procera S-Hu + + + 68 T. fimbriatum var. Tulostoma S-Hu + + + + ɋampestre 69 Amanit Amanita A. muscaria Ɇ + + 70 A. rubescens Ɇ + + 71 Cyphell Cylindrobasidium C. evolvens S-X + + 72 Coprin Coprinus C. micaceus S-Hu + + + + 73 Fistulin Fistulina F. hepatica S-X + + + 74 Hydnangi Laccaria L. bicolor S-Hu + + + + 75 L. laccata S-Hu + + + + 76 Inocyb Crepidotus C. variabilis S-X + + + 77 Marasmi Gymnopus G. androsaceus S-WL + + + + 78 G. dryophilus S-WL + + + + 79 Marasmius M. bulliardii S-WL + + + + 80 Mycen Mycena M. galericulata S-WL + + 81 M. inclinata S-WL + + + 82 Pleurot Pleurotus P. ostreatus S-X + + 83 Plute Pluteus P. cervinus S-X + + + 84 Psathyrell Coprinellus C. disseminatus S-Hu + + 85 Schizophyll Auriculariopsis A. ampla S-X + + + 86 Schizophyllum S. commune S-X + + + + 87 Strophari Hypholoma H. elongatum S-Br + + 88 H. fasciculare S-X + + 89 Pholiota P. scuarrosa S-X + + 90 Tricholomat Omphalina O. galericolor S-Br + + + 91 O. pyxidata S-Br + + 92 Bolet Bolet Boletus B. badius Ɇ + + 93 B. edulis Ɇ + + 94 Leccinum L. versipelle Ɇ + + 95 Xerocomus X. chrysenteron Ɇ + + 96 Paxill Paxillus P. involutus Ɇ + + 97 Suill Suillus S. luteus Ɇ + + + 98 Auriculario Auriculari Auriculari Auricularia A. auricula-judae S-X + + + + + 99 A. mesenterica S-X + + 100 Phallo Geastr Sphaerobol Sphaerobolus S. stellatus S-WL + + + 101 Gomph Gomph Ramaria R. myceliosa S-WL + + 102 Dacry Dacry Dacry Dacrymyces D. capitatus S-X + + 103 D. stillatus S-X + + + + 104 Tremello Tremello Tremell Exidi Exidia E. glandulosa S-X + + + + + 105 Exidiopsis E. calcea S-X + + 106 Tremell Tremella T. mesenterica S-X + + + + + 107 T. foliacea S-X + + + + + 108 1 3 4 11 34 61 87 79 5 5 22 20 63 69 ȼɿɞɞɿɥ Myxomycota

-mycotina -mycetes -mycetidae -ales -aceae Genus Species Eco-Troph 1 2 3 4 Sp S A ʋ

Myxo Lice Reticulari Lycogala L. epidendrum S-X + + + + + 109 Tubulifera T. arachnoidea S-X + + 110 Physar Didymi Mucilago M. crustacea S-X + + + 111 Physar Fuligo F. septica S-X + + + + + 112 Trichi Arcyri Arcyria A. obvelata S-X + + + 113 Protostelio Protosteli Ceratiomyx Ceratiomyxa C. fruticulosa S-X + + + + + 114 - 2 - 4 5 6 6 4 3 1 1 5 5 4

5 3 4 9 0 1 6

2 9 8 22 52 87 114 9 1 3 2 8 9

…….. – trivial species for Kyiv region / ȼɢɞ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣɞɥɹɄɢɟɜɫɤɨɣɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ …….. – new record from Kyiv region / ȼɢɞ, ɧɨɜɵɣɞɥɹɄɢɟɜɫɤɨɣɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ …….. – new record from Ukraine / ɇɨɜɚɹɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɞɥɹɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ

S-X – Sapro- xylotrophic fungi / ɋɚɩɪɨɤɫɢɥɨɬɪɨɮɵ S-Hu – Humus saprotrophic fungi / Ƚɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɟɫɚɩɪɨɬɨɮɵ S-Br – Ⱥssociated with mosses / ɋɚɩɪɨɛɪɢɨɬɪɨɮɵ S-WL – Wood litter saprotrophic group / ɉɨɞɫɬɢɥɨɱɧɵɟɫɚɩɪɨɬɪɨɮɵ S-Ca – Carbotrophic fungi / ɋɚɩɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɬɪɨɮɵ M – Mycorrhizal fungi / Ɇɢɤɨɪɢɡɧɵɟɝɪɢɛɵ B-X – Bio- xylotrophical fungi / Ȼɢɨɤɫɢɥɨɬɪɨɮɵ B-He – Phytotrophic fungi / Ȼɢɨɝɟɪɛɨɬɪɨɮɵ B-M – Mycotrophic group / Ȼɢɨɦɢɤɨɬɪɨɮɵ

1 – 141-143 m above sea level 2 – 141-143 m asl 3 – 123-126 m asl 4 – 101-103 m asl

Sp – Spring / ȼɟɫɧɚ S – Summer / Ʌɟɬɨ A – Autumn / Ɉɫɟɧɶ