Designing and Fabrication of Hybrid Bicycle Rajan Verma1, Tapas Sharma2, Aishwarya Vardhan3, Pravin Kumar Singh4

Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 5

UG Scholar1, 2, 3, Assistant Professor4 Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering Amity University, Lucknow, India

Abstract: As we all know the fuel prices especially the petrol is rising steadily day by day. Again the pollution due to vehicles in metro cities & urban areas is increasing continuously. To overcome these problems, an effort is being made to search some other alternative sources of energy for the vehicles. Again, it is also not affordable to purchase vehicles (mopeds, scooters or motorcycles) for all the class of society. Keeping this in mind, a search for some way to cater these economically poor people as well as to provide a solution for the environmental pollution was in progress. The solar assisted bicycle developed is driven by DC motor fitted in front or rear axle housing & operated by solar energy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will charge the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the solar panel will charge the battery. This arrangement will replace the petrol engine, the gear box & the fuel tank in case of a two wheeler or a chain sprocket, chain & gear shifting arrangement of a conventional bicycle being used by most common man. As a part of dissertation work, the solar assisted bicycle is fitted with a dc hub motor on back axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W and with a travelling speed of around 25-30 kmph. It is provided with a pair of lead acid batteries of 12V each, a photovoltaic solar panel with capacity of 10 watt, a voltage regulator of 24V 250 watt, accelerator and motor controller of 48v 25Amp. There is also a provision for charging of the battery with 220- 240V, AC wall outlet supply, in case of poor solar supply due to cloudy weather. There is also a synchronous motor of frequency 50Hz and current 150MA with torque of 3 kg-cm in case the battery drains out while riding.

Literature Review 2013.[Online] Available at: Alonso García, M. & Balenzategui, J., 2004. Estimation of http://www.energimyndigheten.se/Press/Pressmedd photovoltaic module yearly temperature and performance elanden/Fortsatt-starkt-intresse-for-solceller-gav- based on Nominal Operation Cell Temperature. Renewable solcellseffekt-pa-431-MW-under-2013/ [Accessed 13 Energy, Volume 29, pp. 1997-2010. March 2014].

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International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 5212 http://ijesc.org/ I-INTRODUCTION trips made by car in Europe are shorter than 3 km, and Climate change from increased concentration of carbon half of the trips shorter than 5 km. This means that there is dioxide in the atmosphere was acknowledged already a potential for efficiency and air-quality improvement by back in the year 1896 (Arrhenius, 1896). It is however not switching to more energy efficient and less polluting modes until recent decades that discussions have emerged, and of transport that can replace these short distance trips. plans been developed, on how our emissions of Green One alternative is to increase bicycling which could House Gasses (GHG) should be reduced. The transport reduce the need for taking car or public transport short sector accounted for 13percent of the global GHG distances as well as reduce congestion. One of the emissions in 2004. In addition to the global challenge of methods to increase bicycling in cities is to set up Bicycle GHG emissions, many cities around the world face Sharing Systems (BICYCLE) that can be accessed by problems with local air pollution and congestion. locals or tourists for a fee. There are currently more than Decreasing air pollution on a local — and a global — 600 cities with BICYCLE globally. The number of level can be accomplished by switching to vehicles with Bicycles in those systems exceeds 700 000. By providing a fuels that have lower environmental impact than fossil large network of stations with shared bicycles, it is fuels; such as electric vehicles or bio-fuels. However, this possible to supply an efficient, convenient and cheap mode does not directly affect congestion. Around a third of the of transport.

II Data INPUT/OUTPUT

Synchronous Motor Frequency- Voltage Regulator Motor 50Hz Current- 125MA Torque- 3 Voltage- 48 Volt Kg-Cm Power- 250 Watt Power- 0.003 Horse Power Current- 5.21 A Low Voltage Cut off- 42 Volt Degree- 120 degree Celsius

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 5213 http://ijesc.org/ Solar Panel Pre-Defined Values III. METHODOLOGY Maximum Power- 10 Volts This section focuses on the E-Bicycle's power and Voltagemp- 17Volts energy use. Newton's second law of motion states that, Currentmp- 0.59 Ampere Where; m in the case of an Currentsc- 0.61 Ampere {sc-Short Circuit} E-Bicycle is the total mass of the rider and the E- Bicycle (kg); a the acceleration (m/s2 ) and ;F all the Voltageoc- 21.0 Volt {oc-Opern Circuit} different forces (N) that affects the E-Bicycle. When Output Power Tolerance- +3% riding in constant speed there are three forces counteracting the input forces that needs to taken into Maximum System Voltage- 1000 Volt account: Air-drag, rolling resistance and climbing force. The Electrical Characteristics are within The sum of the forces for an E-Bicycle in constant +- 3% of the indicate value of maximum speed is, where; Fhuman is the force provided by power under standard test condition solar pedalling, Fmotor the force provided by the irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and temperature electrical motor ;Fair the air drag; Froll the rolling of 25 degree Celsius. resistance and Fclimb the force when climbing up- or downhill. The power (W) is the force times velocity, = Voltage Temperature Coefficient- -2.0 where; v is the speed relative ground (m/s).If the mVolt input power is larger than the total losses, the Bicycle will accelerate until the equation is balanced. The following sections will present each force and as well as Tested Results the energy use during acceleration. Currentsc- 0.7283 Ampere {sc-Short IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION Circuit} Voltageoc- 21.9780 Volt {oc-Open E-Bicycles are more than thirty times as energy efficient as cars. As a transport mode they have great potential to Circuit} decrease emissions and congestion. They enable ride in Powermp- 13.8305 Watts {mp- Maximum high speed despite strong headwind or hilly conditions where regular cyclists would decrease their speed Power} significantly. Due to the decreased human force needed Currentmp- 0.6999 Ampere {mp- for propulsion, longer rides are also easier making it an alternative to replace for example car commuting. Maximum Power} Combining E- Bicycles with Bicycle pools also opens up Voltagemp- 19.7607 Volts {mp- Maximum their use to a broader audience as the initial cost decreases. The lack of ownership also means that the users Power} do not have to worry about getting their E- Bicycle Module Efficiency- 13.09 % stolen or to pay for maintenance. E-Bicycles can also be a natural extension to public transport. For commuters Estimated Shunt Resistance- 695.7993 there might be a reduction in walking and waiting time ohm to or between public transport station. E-Bicycle stations would also increase the transport network size. Say that an Estimated Series Resistance- 1.7480 ohm E-Bicycle station is placed at a bus station; the area covered by 10 minutes of E-Bicycle ride from that spot is about fifteen times as large as if the person would walk as seen in. Another benefit with E-Bicycle station is that they can be placed more closely to where people start and end their journeys, such as homes or workplaces, than what is possible with for example tram and bus stations.

V. CONCLUSION Solar assisted bicycle is modification of existing bicycle and driven by solar energy. It is suitable for both city and country roads, that are made of cement, asphalt, or mud. This bicycle is cheaper, simpler in construction & can be widely used for short distance travelling especially by school children, college students, office goers, villagers, postmen etc. It is very much suitable for young, aged, handicap people and caters the need of economically poor class of society. It can be operated throughout the year International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 5214 http://ijesc.org/ free of cost. The most important feature of this bicycle is 237- 276. that it does not consume valuable fossil fuels thereby saving crores of foreign currencies. It is ecofriendly & 3. De Hartog, J. J., Boogaard, H. & Hoek, G., 2010. Do the pollution free, as it does not have any emissions. Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?. Moreover it is noiseless and can be recharged with the Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(8), pp. 1109- AC adapter in case of emergency and cloudy weather. 1116. The operating cost per kilometer is minimal. It can be driven by manual pedaling in case of any problem with 4. Dimroth, F., 2013. Press Releases 2013: World Record the solar system. It has fewer components, can be easily Solar Cell with 44.7% Efficiency. [Online] Available mounted or dismounted, thus needs less maintenance. at: http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press- and- From a future energy system perspective, it is important media/press- releases/presseinformationen-2013/world- to identify new ways of transport and generation of record-solar-cell-with-44.7-efficiency [Accessed 27 electricity and solar powered The main benefit of January 2014]. introducing a buffer battery is that it enables origin marking of the electricity when the grid has not been 5. EcoRide, 2014. EcoRide. [Online] Available at: used and that the system efficiency increases as less http://www.ecoride.se/ [Accessed 24 February energy from the solar panel is converted to AC. 2014]. Increasing the charging current reduces the battery lifetime so unless there are problems with a certain 6. Energimyndigheten, 2014. Fortsatt starkt intresse för level there is no reason to increase it. solceller gav solcellseffekt på 43,1 MW under 2013. [Online] Available at: VI. FUTURE SCOPE http://www.energimyndigheten.se/Press/Pr essmeddelanden/Fortsatt-starkt-intresse- for-solceller- Regenerative braking gav-solcellseffekt-pa-431- MW-under-2013/ It is possible to utilize the same method for energy [Accessed 13 March 2014]. regeneration on E-Bicycles as on hybrid cars. The main strategy in a hybrid car is to store energy that otherwise 7. The Pandit G. Patil, Energy Systems Division, would be wasted as heat. When braking a vehicle with Argonne National Laboratory “Advanced Battery regeneration, instead of using regular friction brakes, an Technology for Electric Two-Wheelers” Journal of electric motor is activated that acts as a generator and Energy Systems Division, Argonne National supplies power to a battery. In this way, it is possible to Laboratory June 2009. store energy when for example stopping at traffic lights or going downhill. The amount of recoverable energy is 8. An MIT Energy Initiative Symposium, however questionable on E- Bicycles. Morchin and Oman “Electrification of the Transportation System”. (2006) computed that the recoverable energy on an E- Journal paper of An MIT Energy Initiative Bicycle was about 1.3percent of what was used. One Symposium April 8, 2010. reason for the low value can be differences in rider characteristics between cyclists and drivers. When you 9. Chetan Kumaar Maini, Deputy Chairman and Chief supply power of your own you get more energy efficient Technology officer, Reva Electric Car Company, by for example trying to glide towards a red light hoping India “Development of a next generation Electric for it to turn green in time. Another issue can be that there Car for World Markets” Journal of EVS 24 is a difference in speed up- and downhill for cyclists. A car Stavanger, Norway, May13- 16,2009. usually has about the same speed up- and downhill to follow speed regulations. When cycling however, people 10. V.B. Bhandari, Design of machine elements, The are used to go slow uphill and fast downhill. It may thus be McGraw. Hill Companies, Second Edition the case that it is preferred to ride in high speeds downhill and let the wind resistance act as one of the main braking forces instead. In such case, there would be low energy available for regeneration. It is not common to have regeneration on E- Bicycles today as it requires more complex motor control (Muetze & Tan, 2007). As few E- Bicycles with regenerative braking are available on the market, it however assumed that E-Bicycles for a pool project will use friction brakes only.

REFRENCES 1. Alonso García, M. & Balenzategui, J., 2004. Estimation of photovoltaic module yearly temperature and performance based on Nominal Operation Cell Temperature. Renewable Energy, Volume 29, pp. 1997- 2010.

2. Arrhenius, S., 1896. On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, pp. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 5215 http://ijesc.org/