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TERRITORI – 9 – DIRETTRICE Daniela Poli TERRITORI – 9 – DIRETTRICE Daniela Poli COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Alberto Magnaghi (Università di Firenze, presidente) Carlo Alberto Garzonio (Università di Firenze) Paolo Baldeschi (Università di Firenze) Giancarlo Paba (Università di Firenze) Iacopo Bernetti (Università di Firenze) Rossano Pazzagli (Università del Molise) Luisa Bonesio (Università di Pavia) Daniela Poli (Università di Firenze) Lucia Carle (EHESS) Massimo Quaini (Università di Genova) Luigi Cervellati (Università di Venezia) Bernardino Romano (Università dell’Aquila) Giuseppe Dematteis (Politecnico e Università di Torino) Leonardo Rombai (Università di Firenze) Pierre Donadieu (ENSP) Bernardo Rossi-Doria (Università di Palermo) André Fleury (ENSP) Wolfgang Sachs (Wuppertal institute) Giorgio Ferraresi (Politecnico di Milano) Bruno Vecchio (Università di Firenze) Roberto Gambino (Politecnico di Torino) Sophie Watson (Università di Milton Keynes) COMITATO DI REDAZIONE Daniela Poli (Università di Firenze, responsabile) Alberto Magnaghi (Università di Firenze) Iacopo Bernetti (Università di Firenze) Giancarlo Paba (Università di Firenze) Leonardo Chiesi (Università di Firenze) Gabriele Paolinelli (Università di Firenze) Claudio Fagarazzi (Università di Firenze) Camilla Perrone (Università di Firenze) David Fanfani (Università di Firenze) Claudio Saragosa (Università di Firenze) Fabio Lucchesi (Università di Firenze) La collana Territori nasce per iniziativa di ricercatori e docenti dei corsi di laurea interfacoltà – Archi- tettura e Agraria – dell’Università di Firenze con sede ad Empoli. Il corso di laurea triennale (Pianifi- cazione della città e del territorio e del paesaggio) e quello magistrale (Pianificazione e progettazione della città e del territorio), svolti in collaborazione con la Facoltà di Ingegneria, sviluppano in senso multidisciplinare i temi del governo e del progetto del territorio messi a punto dalla “scuola territo- rialista italiana”. L’approccio della “scuola di Empoli” assegna alla didattica un ruolo centrale nella formazione di figure professionali qualificate nella redazione e nella gestione di strumenti ordinativi del territorio, in cui i temi dell’identità, dell’ambiente, del paesaggio, dell’empowerment sociale, dello sviluppo locale rappresentano le componenti più rilevanti. La collana Territori promuove documenti di varia natura (saggi, ricerche, progetti, seminari, convegni, tesi di laurea, didattica) che sviluppano questi temi, accogliendo proposte provenienti da settori nazionali e internazionali della ricerca. Housing Frontline Inclusione sociale e processi di autocostruzione e autorecupero a cura di Corrado Marcetti, Giancarlo Paba, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, Nicola Solimano Firenze University Press 2011 Housing Frontline : inclusione sociale e processi di auto- costruzione e autorecupero / a cura di Corrado Marcetti, Giancarlo Paba, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, Nicola Solimano. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2011. (Territori ; 9) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866550822 ISBN 978-88-6655-076-1 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-082-2 (online) Progetto grafico di Alberto Pizarro Fernández Questo volume è pubblicato con il contributo finanziario della Regione Toscana al progetto di ricer- ca "Housing Frontline: modelli di inclusione abitativa e sociale attraverso processi di autocostruzione e autorecupero" (Bando ricerca e innovazione in campo territoriale e ambientale 2007). Certificazione scientifica delle Opere Tutti i volumi pubblicati sono soggetti ad un processo di referaggio esterno di cui sono responsabili il Consiglio editoriale della FUP e i Consigli scientifici delle singole collane. Le opere pubblicate nel catalogo della FUP sono valutate e approvate dal Consiglio editoriale della casa editrice. Per una descrizione più analitica del processo di referaggio si rimanda ai documenti ufficiali pubblicati sul sito-catalogo della casa editrice (http://www.fupress.com). Consiglio editoriale Firenze University Press G. Nigro (Coordinatore), M.T. Bartoli, M. Boddi, F. Cambi, R. Casalbuoni, C. Ciappei, R. Del Punta, A. Dolfi, V. Fargion, S. Ferrone, M. Garzaniti, P. Guarnieri, G. Mari, M. Marini, M. Verga, A. Zorzi. © 2011 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press Borgo Albizi, 28, 50122 Firenze, Italy http://www.fupress.com/ Printed in Italy SommarioSommario Architettura e povertà 1 Giancarlo Paba Uno sguardo sulle pratiche internazionali di autoproduzione abitativa 11 Anna Lisa Pecoriello Esperienze italiane di autocostruzione e autorecupero 91 Massimo Colombo, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, Nicola Solimano Esclusione e disagio abitativo 131 Nicola Solimano, Sabrina Tosi Cambini Favorire l’innovazione: elementi per una legge regionale in Toscana 153 Corrado Marcetti, Nicola Solimano L’ex-sanatorio Luzzi: racconto di un’esperienza tra emergenza abitativa, progettualità sociale e impotenza delle politiche 169 Corrado Marcetti, Giancarlo Paba, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, Sabrina Tosi Cambini Corrado Marcetti, Giancarlo Paba, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, Nicola Solimano (a cura di), Housing Frontline : inclusione sociale e processi di autocostruzione e autorecupero ISBN 978-88-6655-076-1 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-082-2 (online) © 2011 Firenze University Press Questa pubblicazione è l’esito di un percorso di ricerca dal titolo “Housing Frontline: modelli di inclusione abitativa e sociale attraverso processi di autocostruzione e auto- recupero” vincitore del bando della Regione Toscana “Ricerca e innovazione in campo territoriale e ambientale – contributi alle università, enti ed istituti di ricerca di dirit- to pubblico”. Il gruppo di ricerca era composto da: Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Urbanistica e Pianificazione del Territorio: Giancarlo Paba (coordi- natore), Anna Lisa Pecoriello (ricercatrice/borsista); Fondazione Michelucci : Massimo Colombo, Corrado Marcetti, Nicola Solimano, Sabrina Tosi Cambini. Hanno inoltre partecipato alla ricerca: Laura Bernardini, Fabio Bonfiglioli, Marco Ceccarelli, Giulia Cordella, Mariangela Martellotta, Benedetta Masiani, Eleonora Moscardi, Antonio Tosi; nella fase iniziale di impostazione del caso Luzzi ha collaborato, per gli aspetti paesaggistici, il Giorgio Pizziolo. Architettura e povertà Giancarlo Paba 1. Ragioni e sviluppi di una ricerca La ricerca che viene raccontata attraverso i materiali raccolti in questo volume si è svolta in un momento e in un contesto difficile, su una serie di problemi (immigra- zione, accoglienza, esclusione o vulnerabilità abitativa, povertà e disagio sociale, dirit- to a una cittadinanza piena e a una vita decente) che stanno acquistando, nelle città del mondo, contorni sempre più gravi e qualche volta drammatici. Si svolge inoltre in un momento storico nel quale ugualmente forti e diffuse sono le pratiche sociali auto-organizzate che, nella totale mancanza o nell’inefficacia ormai consolidata delle politiche pubbliche, affermano il diritto di conquistare o auto-produrre il proprio ambiente di vita, come diritto di ogni persona alla sopravvivenza, da qualunque parte del mondo provenga e ovunque voglia dirigere il proprio progetto di vita. Il tema originario della ricerca era quello del ruolo che possono avere, nel dise- gno delle politiche abitative, le pratiche di auto-costruzione, auto-ristrutturazione e auto-recupero, ma questo tema si è trasformato e ampliato nel corso del lavoro, con- frontandosi con la realtà dell’immigrazione nell’area metropolitana fiorentina, con i drammi sociali che ne sono seguiti, con l’incapacità del sistema istituzionale di tratta- re i conflitti in modo efficace, con la difficoltà delle associazioni e delle stesse forme alternative di organizzazione sociale a gestire le contraddizioni esistenti, con l’insuffi- cienza e l’incapacità delle strutture di ricerca-azione di indicare sentieri percorribili di comprensione e di governo delle situazioni più gravi di disagio e di contrapposizione sociale. Il lavoro si è quindi complicato: abbiamo affrontato questioni teoriche di carat- tere generale; abbiamo discusso definizioni e categorie interpretative; la ricognizio- ne sulle esperienze di auto-produzione dell’abitazione è cresciuto di importanza nel Nella pagina a fronte: ri- corso della ricerca, rivelando l’incredibile creatività architettonica e sociale dispiegata produzione di una del- in una varietà impressionante di azioni collettive (e certo scoprendo anche i limiti e le foto sull’autocostruzio- ne delle case negli anni le difficoltà, e in particolare la criticità delle relazioni tra pratiche sociali e politiche Settanta esposte dagli istituzionali). abitanti di Walter’s Way a Anche l’interpretazione della situazione abitativa in Toscana si è rivelata un campo Lewisham durante l’Open House Day del 18 settem- essenziale di conoscenza per il gruppo di ricercatori, che hanno potuto usufruire della bre 2011 (foto Anna Lisa base di dati accumulati in questi anni dalla Fondazione Michelucci. Pecoriello). Corrado Marcetti, Giancarlo Paba, Anna Lisa Pecoriello, Nicola Solimano (a cura di), Housing Frontline : inclusione sociale e processi di autocostruzione e autorecupero ISBN 978-88-6655-076-1 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-082-2 (online) © 2011 Firenze University Press 2 Giancarlo Paba Su una ricerca che doveva all’inizio svilupparsi soprattutto in termini analitici e teorico-metodologici (e di osservazione-descrizione di alcuni casi studio) si è abbattu- to con violenza il caso Luzzi, un ex sanatorio sulle colline intorno a Firenze occupato da quasi 400 migranti e senza casa del quale la Regione ci ha chiesto di occuparci,
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